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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Establishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communist_Party_of_Romania_(1921–1948)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communist_Party_of_Romania_(1921–1948)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Communist Party of Romania (1921–1948)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communist_Party_of_Romania_(1921–1948)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comintern_and_internal_wing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comintern_and_internal_wing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Comintern and internal wing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comintern_and_internal_wing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1944_Coup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1944_Coup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>1944 Coup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1944_Coup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_opposition_to_Sănătescu_and_Rădescu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_opposition_to_Sănătescu_and_Rădescu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>In opposition to Sănătescu and Rădescu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_opposition_to_Sănătescu_and_Rădescu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Groza_cabinet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Groza_cabinet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5</span> <span>First Groza cabinet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Groza_cabinet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1945_restructuring_and_second_Groza_cabinet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1945_restructuring_and_second_Groza_cabinet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.6</span> <span>1945 restructuring and second Groza cabinet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1945_restructuring_and_second_Groza_cabinet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romanian_Workers'_Party_(1948–1965)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanian_Workers'_Party_(1948–1965)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Romanian Workers' Party (1948–1965)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanian_Workers'_Party_(1948–1965)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Creation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Creation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_purges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_purges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Internal purges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_purges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gheorghiu-Dej_and_de-Stalinization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gheorghiu-Dej_and_de-Stalinization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Gheorghiu-Dej and de-Stalinization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gheorghiu-Dej_and_de-Stalinization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gheorghiu-Dej_and_the_"national_path"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gheorghiu-Dej_and_the_"national_path""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>Gheorghiu-Dej and the "national path"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gheorghiu-Dej_and_the_"national_path"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romanian_Communist_Party_(1965–1989)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanian_Communist_Party_(1965–1989)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Romanian Communist Party (1965–1989)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanian_Communist_Party_(1965–1989)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ceaușescu's_rise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceaușescu's_rise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Ceaușescu's rise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceaușescu's_rise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ceaușescu's_supremacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceaușescu's_supremacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Ceaușescu's supremacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceaușescu's_supremacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_1970s_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_1970s_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3</span> <span>Late 1970s crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_1970s_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.4</span> <span>1980s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Downfall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Downfall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.5</span> <span>Downfall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Downfall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_secretaries_(1921–1989)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_secretaries_(1921–1989)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>General secretaries (1921–1989)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-General_secretaries_(1921–1989)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle General secretaries (1921–1989) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-General_secretaries_(1921–1989)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Party_congresses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_congresses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Party congresses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Party_congresses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Electoral history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Electoral_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Electoral history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Electoral_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-President_of_the_State_Council_and_Presidential_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#President_of_the_State_Council_and_Presidential_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>President of the State Council and Presidential elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-President_of_the_State_Council_and_Presidential_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_National_Assembly_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_National_Assembly_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Great National Assembly elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_National_Assembly_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Romanian Communist Party</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="الحزب الشيوعي الروماني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحزب الشيوعي الروماني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part%C3%ADu_Comunista_Rumanu" title="Partíu Comunista Rumanu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Partíu Comunista Rumanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum%C4%B1niya_Kommunist_Partiyas%C4%B1" title="Rumıniya Kommunist Partiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rumıniya Kommunist Partiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Румынская камуністычная партыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Румынская камуністычная партыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Румънска комунистическа партия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Румънска комунистическа партия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partit_Comunista_Roman%C3%A8s" title="Partit Comunista Romanès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Partit Comunista Romanès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunistick%C3%A1_strana_Rumunska" title="Komunistická strana Rumunska – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Komunistická strana Rumunska" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum%C3%A4nische_Kommunistische_Partei" title="Rumänische Kommunistische Partei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rumänische Kommunistische Partei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumeenia_Kommunistlik_Partei" title="Rumeenia Kommunistlik Partei – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rumeenia Kommunistlik Partei" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%9A%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%A1%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Κομμουνιστικό Κόμμα Ρουμανίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κομμουνιστικό Κόμμα Ρουμανίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Comunista_Rumano" title="Partido Comunista Rumano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Partido Comunista Rumano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumana_Komunista_Partio" title="Rumana Komunista Partio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rumana Komunista Partio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_communiste_roumain" title="Parti communiste roumain – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parti communiste roumain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0rtaidh_Comunnach_Rom%C3%A0inia" title="Pàrtaidh Comunnach Romàinia – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pàrtaidh Comunnach Romàinia" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Comunista_Roman%C3%A9s" title="Partido Comunista Romanés – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Partido Comunista Romanés" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EB%A7%88%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84_%EA%B3%B5%EC%82%B0%EB%8B%B9" title="루마니아 공산당 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루마니아 공산당" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ռումինիայի կոմունիստական կուսակցություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռումինիայի կոմունիստական կուսակցություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Komunis_Rumania" title="Partai Komunis Rumania – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Partai Komunis Rumania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partito_Comunista_Rumeno" title="Partito Comunista Rumeno – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Partito Comunista Rumeno" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="המפלגה הקומוניסטית הרומנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המפלגה הקומוניסטית הרומנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factio_communistica_Dacoromanica" title="Factio communistica Dacoromanica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Factio communistica Dacoromanica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A1n_Kommunista_P%C3%A1rt" title="Román Kommunista Párt – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Román Kommunista Párt" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roemeense_Communistische_Partij" title="Roemeense Communistische Partij – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Roemeense Communistische Partij" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A3%E5%85%9A" title="ルーマニア共産党 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルーマニア共産党" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_rumenske_kommunistparti" title="Det rumenske kommunistparti – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det rumenske kommunistparti" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumu%C5%84ska_Partia_Komunistyczna" title="Rumuńska Partia Komunistyczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rumuńska Partia Komunistyczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Comunista_Romeno" title="Partido Comunista Romeno – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Partido Comunista Romeno" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partidul_Comunist_Rom%C3%A2n" title="Partidul Comunist Român – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Partidul Comunist Român" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Румынская коммунистическая партия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Румынская коммунистическая партия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Romanian Communist Party" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Румунска комунистичка партија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Румунска комунистичка партија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_kommunistinen_puolue" title="Romanian kommunistinen puolue – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Romanian kommunistinen puolue" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum%C3%A4nska_kommunistpartiet" title="Rumänska kommunistpartiet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rumänska kommunistpartiet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Komunista_Rumano" title="Partido Komunista Rumano – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Partido Komunista Rumano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="พรรคคอมมิวนิสต์โรมาเนีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พรรคคอมมิวนิสต์โรมาเนีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ҳизби коммунистии Руминия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳизби коммунистии Руминия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Ruling party of Romania from 1953 to 1989</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Communitarian_Party_of_Romania" title="Communitarian Party of Romania">Communitarian Party of Romania</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #CC0000; border-bottom:2px solid #CC0000; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Romanian Communist Party</div> <div style="font-size: 0.8em; padding-top:0.3em;" class="nickname">Partidul Comunist Român</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_PCR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Coat_of_arms_of_PCR.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_PCR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Coat_of_arms_of_PCR.svg/270px-Coat_of_arms_of_PCR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Coat_of_arms_of_PCR.svg/360px-Coat_of_arms_of_PCR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="916" data-file-height="1084" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Party_leader" title="Party leader">Leader</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Cristescu" title="Gheorghe Cristescu">Gheorghe Cristescu</a> (first)<br /><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a> (last)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">8 May 1921<span class="noprint">; 103 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1921-05-08</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">22 December 1989<span class="noprint">; 35 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">1989-12-22</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Romania" title="Socialist Party of Romania">Socialist Party of Romania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Labour" title="Socialist Party of Labour">Socialist Party of Labour</a> (faction)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, Romania</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Newspaper</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Sc%C3%AEnteia" title="Scînteia">Scînteia</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Youth_wing" title="Youth wing">Youth wing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Communist_Youth" title="Union of Communist Youth">Union of Communist Youth</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_movement" title="Pioneer movement">Pioneer wing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Organization" title="Pioneer Organization">Pioneer Organization</a><sup id="cite_ref-pion_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pion-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="nowrap">Paramilitary wing</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Guards_(Romania)" title="Patriotic Guards (Romania)">Patriotic Guards</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Membership <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(1989 <abbr title="estimation">est.</abbr>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">3.6 million–4 million<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><b>Before <a href="/wiki/July_Theses" title="July Theses">6 July 1971</a>:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> (<a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization_in_Romania" title="De-Stalinization in Romania">until 1956</a>)<br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_patriotism" title="Socialist patriotism">Socialist patriotism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing nationalism</a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Romanian_nationalism" title="Romanian nationalism">Romanian nationalism</a><br /><b>After 6 July 1971:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/National_Communism_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="National Communism in Romania">National communism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Petrescu_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petrescu-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinism</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">National affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Front_(Romania)" title="People's Democratic Front (Romania)">FND/BPD</a> (1944–1968)<br /><a href="/wiki/Front_of_Socialist_Unity_and_Democracy" title="Front of Socialist Unity and Democracy">FDUS</a> (1968–1989)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/European_political_party" title="European political party">European affiliation</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Federation#Balkan_Communist_Federation" title="Balkan Federation">Balkan Communist Federation</a> (1921–1939)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">International affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Comintern</a> (1921–1943)<br /><a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a> (1947–1956)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colours</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CC0000; color:white;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Gold_(color)" title="Gold (color)">Gold</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Anthem</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">"<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>"</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Party flag</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_PCR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_PCR.svg/200px-Flag_of_PCR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_PCR.svg/300px-Flag_of_PCR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_PCR.svg/400px-Flag_of_PCR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #CC0000;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Romania" title="Politics of Romania">Politics of Romania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Romania" title="List of political parties in Romania">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Romania" title="Elections in Romania">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Romanian Communist Party</b> (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i lang="ro">Partidul Comunist Român</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ro-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian" title="Help:IPA/Romanian">[parˈtidul<span class="wrap"> </span>komuˈnist<span class="wrap"> </span>roˈmɨn]</a></span>; <b>PCR</b>) was a <a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">communist party</a> in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>. The successor to the pro-<a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> wing of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Romania" title="Socialist Party of Romania">Socialist Party of Romania</a>, it gave an ideological endorsement to a <a href="/wiki/Communist_revolution" title="Communist revolution">communist revolution</a> that would replace the social system of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a>. After being outlawed in 1924, the PCR remained a minor and illegal grouping for much of the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a> and submitted to direct <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a> control. During the 1920s and the 1930s, most of its activists were imprisoned or took refuge in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, which led to the creation of competing factions that sometimes came into open conflict. That did not prevent the party from participating in the political life of the country through various <a href="/wiki/Front_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Front organizations">front organizations</a>, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Peasant_Workers%27_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Peasant Workers' Bloc">Peasant Workers' Bloc</a>. In 1934–1936, PCR reformed itself in the mainland of Romania properly, with foreign observers predicting a possible communist takeover in Romania.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party emerged as a powerful actor on the Romanian political scene in August 1944, when it became involved in the <a href="/wiki/King_Michael%27s_Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="King Michael's Coup">royal coup that toppled</a> the pro-<a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi</a> government of <a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a>. With support from <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Soviet occupational forces</a>, the PCR pressured <a href="/wiki/King_of_Romania" title="King of Romania">King</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_I_of_Romania" title="Michael I of Romania">Michael I</a> into abdicating, and it established the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_People%27s_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian People's Republic">Romanian People's Republic</a> in December 1947. </p><p>The party operated as the <b>Romanian Workers' Party</b> (<i>Partidul Muncitoresc Romîn</i> between 1948 and 1964 and <i>Partidul Muncitoresc Român</i> in 1964 and 1965) until it was officially renamed by <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a>, who had just been elected secretary general. Other legal, political parties existed in Romania, but their influence was limited and they were subordinate to the constitutionally-authorised leading role of the PCR. All other legal parties and entities were part of the Communist-dominated <a href="/wiki/Front_of_Socialist_Unity_and_Democracy" title="Front of Socialist Unity and Democracy">National Front</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The PCR was a <a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">communist party</a>, organized based on <a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">democratic centralism</a>, a principle conceived by Russian Marxist theoretician <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, which entails a democratic and open discussion on policy on the condition of unity in upholding the agreed-upon policies. The highest body within the PCR was the <a href="#Party_Congresses">Party Congress</a>, which began in 1969 to convene every five years. The Central Committee was the highest body when Congress was not in session. Because the Central Committee met only twice a year, most day-to-day duties and responsibilities were vested in Politburo. The party leader held the office of General Secretary and, after 1945, held significant influence over the government. Between 1974 and 1989, the General Secretary also held the office of <a href="/wiki/President_of_Romania" title="President of Romania">President of Romania</a>. </p><p>Ideologically, the PCR was committed to <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a>, a fusion of the original ideas of German philosopher and economic theorist <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, and Lenin, was introduced in 1929 by the Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, as the party's guiding ideology and would remain so through much of its existence. In 1948, the Communist Party absorbed the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Social_Democratic_Party_(1927%E2%80%931948)" title="Romanian Social Democratic Party (1927–1948)">Romanian Social Democratic Party</a> and attracted various new members. In the early 1950s, the group around <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a>, with support from Stalin, defeated all other factions and achieved full control over the party and country. After 1953, the party gradually theorized a "national path" to communism. At the same time, however, the party delayed the time to join its <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> brethren in <a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization_in_Romania" title="De-Stalinization in Romania">de-Stalinization</a>. The PCR's <a href="/wiki/Romanian_nationalism" title="Romanian nationalism">nationalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Communism_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="National Communism in Romania">national communist</a> stance was continued under the leadership of Nicolae Ceaușescu. Following an episode of <a href="/wiki/Liberalization" title="Liberalization">liberalization</a> in the late 1960s, Ceaușescu again adopted a hard line by imposing the "<a href="/wiki/July_Theses" title="July Theses">July Theses</a>", re-Stalinizing the party's rule by intensifying the spreading of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist ideology</a> in Romanian society and at the same time consolidating his grip on power whilst using the Party's authority to brew a persuasive <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu's cult of personality">cult of personality</a>. Over the years, the PCR massively increased to become entirely submitted to Ceaușescu's will. From the 1960s onward, it had a reputation for being far more independent of the Soviet Union than its brethren in the Warsaw Pact. However, it also became the most hardline party in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>, which harmed its relationship with even the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a>. It collapsed in 1989 in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution">Romanian Revolution</a>, but Romania kept its socialist-era constitution until 1991. Romania also retained its membership in the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> until its dissolution on 1 July 1991; that role had been largely symbolic since the late 1960s. </p><p>The PCR co-ordinated several organizations during its existence, including the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Communist_Youth" title="Union of Communist Youth">Union of Communist Youth</a>, and organized training for its cadres at the <a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Gheorghiu_Academy" title="Ștefan Gheorghiu Academy">Ștefan Gheorghiu Academy</a> (future <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Political_Studies_and_Public_Administration" title="National University of Political Studies and Public Administration">SNSPA</a>). In addition to <i><a href="/wiki/Sc%C3%AEnteia" title="Scînteia">Scînteia</a></i>, its official platform and main newspaper between 1931 and 1989, the party issued several local and national publications at various points in its history (including, after 1944, <i><a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nia_Liber%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="România Liberă">România Liberă</a></i>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment">Establishment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Establishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Romania" title="Socialist Party of Romania">Socialist Party of Romania</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TonitzaSiFiulMeu.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/TonitzaSiFiulMeu.PNG/220px-TonitzaSiFiulMeu.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/TonitzaSiFiulMeu.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="309" /></a><figcaption>Criticism among socialist groups, as illustrated in a December 1922 caricature by <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Tonitza" title="Nicolae Tonitza">Nicolae Tonitza</a>. <i>The mine owner to the miner: "A socialist, you say? My son is a socialist too, but without going on strike..., that is why he already has his own capital..."</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The party was founded in 1921 when the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a>-inspired <a href="/wiki/Maximum_programme" title="Maximum programme">maximalist</a> faction won control of Romania's <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social-Democratic</a> party—the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Romania" title="Socialist Party of Romania">Socialist Party of Romania</a>, successor to the defunct <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Social-Democratic_Workers%27_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Social-Democratic Workers' Party">Romanian Social-Democratic Workers' Party</a> and the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Romania_(1910-1918)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Democratic Party of Romania (1910-1918)">Social Democratic Party of Romania</a> (the latter was refounded in 1927, reuniting those opposed to communist policies).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The establishment was linked with the socialist group's affiliation to the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a> (just before the latter's Third Congress): after a delegation was sent to <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Bolshevist Russia</a>, a group of moderates (including <a href="/wiki/Ioan_Fluera%C8%99" title="Ioan Flueraș">Ioan Flueraș</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iosif_Jumanca" title="Iosif Jumanca">Iosif Jumanca</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Ghelerter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leon Ghelerter (page does not exist)">Leon Ghelerter</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Popovici_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantin Popovici (politician) (page does not exist)">Constantin Popovici</a>) left at different intervals beginning with January 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party renamed itself the <b>Socialist-Communist Party</b> (<span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Partidul Socialist-Comunist</i></span>)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (December 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> and, soon after, the <b>Communist Party of Romania</b> (<span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Partidul Comunist din România</i></span> or <i>PCdR</i>). Government crackdown and competition with other socialist groups brought a drastic reduction in its membership—from the ca. 40,000 members the Socialist Party had, the new group was left with as much as 2,000<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or as little as 500<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (December 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup>;<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution_of_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution of 1989">fall of one-party rule in 1989</a>, Romanian historians generally asserted that the party only had around 1,000 members at the end of World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other researchers argue that this figure may have been intentionally based on the Muscovite faction figures and, as such, underestimated to undermine the influence of the internal faction; this estimate was afterwards promoted in post-communist historiography to reinforce a stereotypical image of the regime as illegitimate.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early Communist Party had little influence in Romania. This was due to a number of factors: the country's lack of <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrial development</a>, which resulted in a relatively small working class (with industry and mining employing fewer than 10% of the active population<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and a large peasant population; the minor impact of <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> among Romanian <a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">intellectuals</a>; the success of state repression in driving the party underground and limiting its activities; and finally, the party's "anti-national" policy, as it began to be stated in the 1920s—supervised by the Comintern, this policy called for the breakup of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Greater Romania</a>, which was regarded as a colonial entity "illegally occupying" <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dobruja" title="Dobruja">Dobruja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a> (regions that, the communists argued, had been denied the right of <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1924, the Comintern provoked Romanian authorities by encouraging the <a href="/wiki/Tatarbunary_Uprising" title="Tatarbunary Uprising">Tatarbunary Uprising</a> in southern Bessarabia, in an attempt to create a <a href="/wiki/Moldovenism" title="Moldovenism">Moldavian</a> republic on Romanian territory;<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also in that year, a <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic</a>, roughly corresponding to <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a>, was established inside the Soviet Union. </p><p>At the same time, the left-wing political spectrum was dominated by <a href="/wiki/Poporanism" title="Poporanism">Poporanism</a>, an original ideology which partly reflected <a href="/wiki/Narodnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Narodnik">Narodnik</a> influence, placed its focus on the peasantry (as it notably did with the early advocacy of <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperative farming">cooperative farming</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ion_Mihalache" title="Ion Mihalache">Ion Mihalache</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Party_(Romania)" title="Peasants' Party (Romania)">Peasants' Party</a>), and usually strongly supported the post-1919 territorial status quo—although they tended to oppose the <a href="/wiki/Centralized_government" title="Centralized government">centralized system</a> it had come to imply. (In turn, the early conflict between the PCdR and other minor socialist groups has been attributed to the legacy of <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Dobrogeanu-Gherea" title="Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea">Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea</a>'s quasi-Poporanist ideas inside the latter, as an intellectual basis for the rejection of <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a>.)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The PCdR's "foreign" image was because <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">ethnic Romanians</a> were a minority in its ranks until after the end of World War II:<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> between 1924 and 1944, none of its <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="General Secretary">general secretaries</a> was of Romanian ethnicity. <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar</a> Romania had a minority population of 30%, and it was largely from this section that the party drew its membership—a large percentage of it was <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_minority_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian minority in Romania">Hungarians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Actual or perceived ethnic discrimination against these minorities added to the appeal of <a href="/wiki/Communist_revolution" title="Communist revolution">revolutionary</a> ideas in their midst.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle">Communist movement in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_star_with_hammer_and_sickle.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Communist star"><img alt="Communist star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Red_star_with_hammer_and_sickle.svg/100px-Red_star_with_hammer_and_sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Red_star_with_hammer_and_sickle.svg/150px-Red_star_with_hammer_and_sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Red_star_with_hammer_and_sickle.svg/200px-Red_star_with_hammer_and_sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="1175" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:pink;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Core Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romanian Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Communist_Youth" title="Union of Communist Youth">Union of Communist Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unitary_Trade_Unions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unitary Trade Unions (page does not exist)">Unitary Trade Unions</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ajutorul_Ro%C8%99u&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ajutorul Roșu (page does not exist)">Ajutorul Roșu</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Ap%C4%83rarea_Patriotic%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Apărarea Patriotică">Apărarea Patriotică</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:pink;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Front Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prietenii_Naturii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prietenii Naturii (page does not exist)">Prietenii Naturii</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_Rights_League_(Romania)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human Rights League (Romania) (page does not exist)">Human Rights League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker-Peasant_Bloc" title="Worker-Peasant Bloc">Worker-Peasant Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dobrujan_Revolutionary_Organisation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dobrujan Revolutionary Organisation (page does not exist)">Dobrujan Revolutionary Organisation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Workers%27_Party_of_Romania" title="Ukrainian Workers' Party of Romania">Vyzvolennia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolutionary_Peasants%27_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revolutionary Peasants' Union (page does not exist)">Revolutionary Peasants' Union</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amicii_URSS" title="Amicii URSS">Amicii URSS</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ploughmen%27s_Front" title="Ploughmen's Front">Ploughmen's Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Union" title="Hungarian People's Union">MADOSZ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Bloc_(Romania)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democratic Bloc (Romania) (page does not exist)">Democratic Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Students%27_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democratic Students' Front (page does not exist)">Democratic Students' Front</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Antifascist_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Antifascist Committee (page does not exist)">National Antifascist Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Popular_Party_(Romania)" title="National Popular Party (Romania)">Union of Patriots</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:pink;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Leaders</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Cristescu" title="Gheorghe Cristescu">Gheorghe Cristescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elek_K%C3%B6bl%C3%B6s" title="Elek Köblös">Elek Köblös</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitali_Holostenco" title="Vitali Holostenco">Vitali Holostenco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Danieliuk-Stefanski" title="Alexander Danieliuk-Stefanski">Alexander Danieliuk-Stefanski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Stefanov" title="Boris Stefanov">Boris Stefanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Breiner" title="Béla Breiner">Béla Breiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Fori%C8%99" title="Ștefan Foriș">Ștefan Foriș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:pink;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Publications</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lupta_de_clas%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lupta de clasă (page does not exist)">Lupta de clasă</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialismul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Socialismul (page does not exist)">Socialismul</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sc%C3%AEnteia" title="Scînteia">Scînteia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Via%C8%9Ba_Muncitoare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viața Muncitoare (page does not exist)">Viața Muncitoare/Munkásélet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Enainte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Înainte (page does not exist)">Înainte/Előre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Korunk" title="Korunk">Korunk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bluze_albastre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bluze albastre (page does not exist)">Bluze albastre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Era_nou%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Era nouă (page does not exist)">Era nouă</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reporter_(Romanian_weekly)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reporter (Romanian weekly) (page does not exist)">Reporter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nia_liber%C4%83" title="România liberă">România liberă</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:pink;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Repression</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Repression_of_communists_in_the_Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Repression of communists in the Kingdom of Romania">Repression of communists</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communists_imprisoned_by_the_Kingdom_of_Romania" title="List of communists imprisoned by the Kingdom of Romania">List of imprisoned communists</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dealul_Spirii_Trial" title="Dealul Spirii Trial">1922 Dealul Spirii Trial</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1924_M%C3%A2rzescu_Law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1924 Mârzescu Law (page does not exist)">1924 Mârzescu Law</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Craiova_Trial" title="1936 Craiova Trial">1936 Craiova Trial</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:pink;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Activism</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tatarbunary_Uprising" title="Tatarbunary Uprising">Tatarbunary Uprising</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grivi%C8%9Ba_strike_of_1933" title="Grivița strike of 1933">Grivița strike of 1933</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Romanian resistance movement during World War II">Anti-fascist resistance</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communism_in_the_Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Template:Communism in the Kingdom of Romania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communism_in_the_Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Template talk:Communism in the Kingdom of Romania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communism_in_the_Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communism in the Kingdom of Romania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communist_Party_of_Romania_(1921–1948)"><span id="Communist_Party_of_Romania_.281921.E2.80.931948.29"></span>Communist Party of Romania (1921–1948)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Communist Party of Romania (1921–1948)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Comintern_and_internal_wing">Comintern and internal wing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Comintern and internal wing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Repression_of_communists_in_the_Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Repression of communists in the Kingdom of Romania">Repression of communists in the Kingdom of Romania</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Stalinism" title="Category:Stalinism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stalin_vector_portraits_(cropped).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Stalin_vector_portraits_%28cropped%29.svg/85px-Stalin_vector_portraits_%28cropped%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Stalin_vector_portraits_%28cropped%29.svg/128px-Stalin_vector_portraits_%28cropped%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Stalin_vector_portraits_%28cropped%29.svg/170px-Stalin_vector_portraits_%28cropped%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="152" data-file-height="180" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intensification_of_the_class_struggle_under_socialism" title="Intensification of the class struggle under socialism">Aggravation of class struggle under socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-revisionism">Anti-revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Joseph Stalin's cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Five-year plans of the Soviet Union">Five-year plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Break_(USSR)" title="Great Break (USSR)">Great Break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korenizatsiia" title="Korenizatsiia">Korenizatsiia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Soviet_man" title="New Soviet man">New Soviet man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_front" title="Popular front">Popular front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-criticism_(Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-criticism (Marxism–Leninism)">Self-criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">Socialism in one country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_socialist_patriotism" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet socialist patriotism">Soviet socialist patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stakhanovite_movement" title="Stakhanovite movement">Stakhanovite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plan_for_the_Transformation_of_Nature" title="Great Plan for the Transformation of Nature">Transformation of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">Vanguardism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemelyan_Yaroslavsky" title="Yemelyan Yaroslavsky">Yemelyan Yaroslavsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Kliment Voroshilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">William Z. Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Dimitrov" title="Georgi Dimitrov">Georgi Dimitrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann" title="Ernst Thälmann">Ernst Thälmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergo_Ordzhonikidze" title="Sergo Ordzhonikidze">Sergo Ordzhonikidze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_Kuybyshev" title="Valerian Kuybyshev">Valerian Kuybyshev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Pollitt" title="Harry Pollitt">Harry Pollitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut" title="Bolesław Bierut">Bolesław Bierut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_R%C3%A1kosi" title="Mátyás Rákosi">Mátyás Rákosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Ulbricht" title="Walter Ulbricht">Walter Ulbricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Lazar Kaganovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan" title="Khorloogiin Choibalsan">Khorloogiin Choibalsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Zhdanov" title="Andrei Zhdanov">Andrei Zhdanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valko_Chervenkov" title="Valko Chervenkov">Valko Chervenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Georgy Malenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikos_Zachariadis" title="Nikos Zachariadis">Nikos Zachariadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ochab" title="Edward Ochab">Edward Ochab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C5%9Fescu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolae Ceauşescu">Nicolae Ceauşescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kryuchkov" title="Vladimir Kryuchkov">Vladimir Kryuchkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nina_Andreyeva" title="Nina Andreyeva">Nina Andreyeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov" title="Gennady Zyuganov">Gennady Zyuganov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Aleksandr Dugin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Leninism" title="Foundations of Leninism">Foundations of Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(Bolsheviks)" class="mw-redirect" title="The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)">The History of the Communist Party<br />of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_and_Historical_Materialism" title="Dialectical and Historical Materialism">Dialectical and Historical Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Problems_of_Socialism_in_the_USSR" title="Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR">Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentals_of_Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism">Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%931953)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)">1927–1953</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_five-year_plan_(Soviet_Union)" title="First five-year plan (Soviet Union)">First five-year plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Break_(USSR)" title="Great Break (USSR)">Great Break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivisation in the Soviet Union">Collectivisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrialisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialisation in the Soviet Union">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_trials" title="Moscow trials">Moscow trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_atomic_bomb_project" title="Soviet atomic bomb project">Soviet atomic bomb project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Joseph_Stalin" title="Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin">Death and funeral of Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">De-Stalinization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">20th Congress of the Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" title="Khrushchev Thaw">Khrushchev Thaw</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist–Leninist)">Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist–Leninist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Union_Communist_Party_of_Bolsheviks_(1991)" title="All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (1991)">All-Union Communist Party Bolsheviks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Party_of_Labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Party of Labour">Albanian Party of Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist Party of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Greece" title="Communist Party of Greece">Communist Party of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Party" title="Italian Marxist–Leninist Party">Italian Marxist–Leninist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CARC_Party" title="CARC Party">CARC Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_New_Zealand" title="Communist Party of New Zealand">Communist Party of New Zealand</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romanian Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Workers' Party of Korea">Workers' Party of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Communist Party of the Russian Federation">Communist Party of the Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevik_Party" title="National Bolshevik Party">National Bolshevik Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Other_Russia_of_E._V._Limonov" title="The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov">The Other Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin_Bloc_%E2%80%94_For_the_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin Bloc — For the USSR">Stalin Bloc — For the USSR</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">Anti-Stalinist left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">De-Stalinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_Joseph_Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of Joseph Stalin">Rise of Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin_and_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin and antisemitism">Stalin and antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%931953)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)">Stalin era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin_Society" title="Stalin Society">Stalin Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet_agitation" title="Anti-Soviet agitation">Anti-Soviet agitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">Authoritarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Nazism_and_Stalinism" title="Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism">Comparison to Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">National communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fascism" title="Red fascism">Red fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino–Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Soviet–Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="font-weight:normal; border-top:1px solid #CC0000; border-bottom solid #CC0000;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stalinism_sidebar" title="Template:Stalinism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stalinism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Stalinism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stalinism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stalinism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Shortly after its creation, the PCdR's leadership was alleged by authorities to have been involved in <a href="/wiki/Max_Goldstein" title="Max Goldstein">Max Goldstein</a>'s bomb attack on the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Romania" title="Parliament of Romania">Parliament of Romania</a>; all major party figures, including the general secretary <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Cristescu" title="Gheorghe Cristescu">Gheorghe Cristescu</a>, were prosecuted in the <a href="/wiki/Dealul_Spirii_Trial" title="Dealul Spirii Trial">Dealul Spirii Trial</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Argetoianu" title="Constantin Argetoianu">Constantin Argetoianu</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Romanian_Ministers_of_the_Interior" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Romanian Ministers of the Interior">Minister of the Interior</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Averescu" title="Alexandru Averescu">Alexandru Averescu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Take_Ionescu" title="Take Ionescu">Take Ionescu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ion_I._C._Br%C4%83tianu" title="Ion I. C. Brătianu">Ion I. C. Brătianu</a> cabinets, equated Comintern membership with <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy (political)">conspiracy</a>, ordered the first in a series of repressions, and, in the context of trial, allowed for several communist activists (including <a href="/wiki/Leonte_Filipescu" title="Leonte Filipescu">Leonte Filipescu</a>) to be shot while in custody—alleging that they had attempted to flee.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, Argetoianu stated his belief that"communism is over in Romania",<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which allowed for a momentary relaxing of pressures—begun by <a href="/wiki/King_of_Romania" title="King of Romania">King</a> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Romania" title="Ferdinand I of Romania">Ferdinand</a>'s granting of an <a href="/wiki/Amnesty" title="Amnesty">amnesty</a> to the tried PCdR.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The PCdR was thus unable to send representatives to the Comintern, and was virtually replaced abroad by a delegation of various activists who had fled to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> at various intervals (Romanian groups in Moscow and <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a>, the sources of a "<i>Muscovite wing</i>" in the following decades).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Deletant_&_Ionescu,_p.4–5_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deletant_&_Ionescu,_p.4–5-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interior party only survived as an underground group after it was outlawed by the Brătianu government through the <i>Mârzescu Law</i> (named after its proponent, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Justice (Romania)">Minister of Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gh._M%C3%A2rzescu" title="Gheorghe Gh. Mârzescu">Gheorghe Gh. Mârzescu</a>), passed in early 1924; Comintern sources indicate that, around 1928, it was losing contact with Soviet overseers.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1925, the question of Romania's borders as posed by the Comintern led to protests by Cristescu and, eventually, to his exclusion from the party (<i>see <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Communist_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan Communist Federation">Balkan Communist Federation</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around the time of the party's Fifth Congress in 1931, the Muscovite wing became the PCdR's main political factor: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> replaced the entire party leadership, including the general secretary <a href="/wiki/Vitali_Holostenco" title="Vitali Holostenco">Vitali Holostenco</a>—appointing instead <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stefanski" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stefanski">Alexander Stefanski</a>, who was at the time a member of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Poland" title="Communist Party of Poland">Communist Party of Poland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The interior wing began organizing itself as a more efficient conspiratorial network through regained Comintern control.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The onset of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Romania" title="Great Depression in Romania">Great Depression in Romania</a>, and the series of strikes infiltrated (and sometimes provoked) by the interior wing signified relative successes (<i>see <a href="/wiki/Lupeni_Strike_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Lupeni Strike of 1929">Lupeni Strike of 1929</a></i>), but gains were not capitalized—as lack of ideological appeal and suspicion of <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinist</a> directives remained notable factors.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In parallel, its leadership suffered changes that were meant to place it under an ethnic Romanian and working-class leadership—the emergence of a Stalin-backed group around <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a> before and after the large-scale <a href="/wiki/Grivi%C8%9Ba_Strike_of_1933" class="mw-redirect" title="Grivița Strike of 1933">Grivița Strikes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1934, Stalin's <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular Front">Popular Front</a></i> doctrine was not fully passed into the local party's politics, mainly due to the Soviet territorial policies (culminating in the 1939 <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a>) and the widespread suspicion other left-wing forces maintained toward the Comintern.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pokivailova,_p.48_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pokivailova,_p.48-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Communists did, nevertheless, attempt to reach consensus with other groupings on several occasions (in 1934–1943, they established alliances with the <a href="/wiki/Ploughmen%27s_Front" title="Ploughmen's Front">Ploughmen's Front</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Union_(Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian People's Union (Romania)">Hungarian People's Union</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Peasants%27_Party" title="Socialist Peasants' Party">Socialist Peasants' Party</a>), and small Communist groups became active in the leftist sections of mainstream parties.<sup id="cite_ref-Veiga,_p.223_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veiga,_p.223-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1934, <a href="/wiki/Petre_Constantinescu-Ia%C8%99i" title="Petre Constantinescu-Iași">Petre Constantinescu-Iași</a> and other PCdR supporters created <i><a href="/wiki/Amicii_URSS" title="Amicii URSS">Amicii URSS</a></i>, a pro-Soviet group reaching out to <a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">intellectuals</a>, itself banned later in the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/1937_Romanian_general_election" title="1937 Romanian general election">1937 elections</a>, the Communists backed <a href="/wiki/Iuliu_Maniu" title="Iuliu Maniu">Iuliu Maniu</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Peasants%27_Party" title="National Peasants' Party">National Peasants' Party</a> against King <a href="/wiki/Carol_II_of_Romania" title="Carol II of Romania">Carol II</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_T%C4%83t%C4%83rescu" title="Gheorghe Tătărescu">Gheorghe Tătărescu</a> government (who had intensified repression of Communist groups),<sup id="cite_ref-Veiga,_p.223_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veiga,_p.223-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> finding themselves placed in an unusual position after the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a>, a fascist movement, signed an electoral pact with Maniu;<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> participation in the move was explained by Communist <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a> as provoked by the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Social_Democratic_Party_(1927%E2%80%9348)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Social Democratic Party (1927–48)">Social-Democrats</a>' refusal to collaborate with the PCdR.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the years following the elections, the PCdR entered a phase of rapid decline, coinciding with the increasingly <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a> tone of King Carol's regime (but in fact inaugurated by the <a href="/wiki/1936_Craiova_Trial" title="1936 Craiova Trial">1936 Craiova Trial</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ana_Pauker" title="Ana Pauker">Ana Pauker</a> and other high-ranking Communists).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Journals viewed as associates of the party were closed down, and all suspected PCdR activists faced detention (<i>see <a href="/wiki/Doftana_Prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Doftana Prison">Doftana Prison</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Pokivailova,_p.48_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pokivailova,_p.48-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Siguran%C8%9Ba_Statului" class="mw-redirect" title="Siguranța Statului">Siguranța Statului</a>, the Romanian <a href="/wiki/Secret_police" title="Secret police">secret police</a>, infiltrated the small interior wing and probably obtained valuable information about its activities.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The financial resources of the party, ensured by Soviet support and by various satellite organizations (collecting funds in the name of causes such as <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifism</a> or support for the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Republican</a> side in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>), were severely drained—by political difficulties at home, as well as, after 1939, by the severing of connections with Moscow in France and <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="First Republic of Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Consequently, the executive committee of the Comintern called on Romanian Communists to infiltrate the <a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Front" title="National Renaissance Front">National Renaissance Front</a> (FRN), the newly created sole legal party of Carol's dictatorship, and attempt to attract members of its structures to the revolutionary cause.<sup id="cite_ref-Pokivailova,_p.48_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pokivailova,_p.48-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until 1944, the group active inside Romania became split between the "<i>prison faction</i>" (<a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">political prisoners</a> who looked to Gheorghiu-Dej as their leader) and the one around <a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Fori%C8%99" title="Ștefan Foriș">Ștefan Foriș</a> and <a href="/wiki/Remus_Koffler" title="Remus Koffler">Remus Koffler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Deletant_&_Ionescu,_p.4–5_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deletant_&_Ionescu,_p.4–5-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exterior faction of the party was decimated during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a>: an entire generation of party activists was killed on Stalin's orders, including, among others, <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Dobrogeanu-Gherea" title="Alexandru Dobrogeanu-Gherea">Alexandru Dobrogeanu-Gherea</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Fabian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Fabian (page does not exist)">David Fabian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecaterina_Arbore" title="Ecaterina Arbore">Ecaterina Arbore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imre_Aladar" class="mw-redirect" title="Imre Aladar">Imre Aladar</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elena_Filipescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elena Filipescu (page does not exist)">Elena Filipescu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumitru_Grofu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dumitru Grofu (page does not exist)">Dumitru Grofu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ion_Dic_Dicescu" title="Ion Dic Dicescu">Ion Dic Dicescu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Rozvan" title="Eugen Rozvan">Eugen Rozvan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Pauker" title="Marcel Pauker">Marcel Pauker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stefanski" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stefanski">Alexander Stefanski</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timotei_Marin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timotei Marin (page does not exist)">Timotei Marin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elek_K%C3%B6bl%C3%B6s" title="Elek Köblös">Elek Köblös</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was to be <a href="/wiki/Ana_Pauker" title="Ana Pauker">Ana Pauker</a>'s mission to take over and reshape the surviving structure.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_II">World War II</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania in World War II</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:N._Ceau%C8%99escu_%C8%99i_al%C8%9Bi_de%C8%9Binu%C8%9Bi_politici_%C3%AEn_lag%C4%83rul_de_la_Tg._jiu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/N._Ceau%C8%99escu_%C8%99i_al%C8%9Bi_de%C8%9Binu%C8%9Bi_politici_%C3%AEn_lag%C4%83rul_de_la_Tg._jiu.jpg/320px-N._Ceau%C8%99escu_%C8%99i_al%C8%9Bi_de%C8%9Binu%C8%9Bi_politici_%C3%AEn_lag%C4%83rul_de_la_Tg._jiu.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/N._Ceau%C8%99escu_%C8%99i_al%C8%9Bi_de%C8%9Binu%C8%9Bi_politici_%C3%AEn_lag%C4%83rul_de_la_Tg._jiu.jpg/480px-N._Ceau%C8%99escu_%C8%99i_al%C8%9Bi_de%C8%9Binu%C8%9Bi_politici_%C3%AEn_lag%C4%83rul_de_la_Tg._jiu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/N._Ceau%C8%99escu_%C8%99i_al%C8%9Bi_de%C8%9Binu%C8%9Bi_politici_%C3%AEn_lag%C4%83rul_de_la_Tg._jiu.jpg/640px-N._Ceau%C8%99escu_%C8%99i_al%C8%9Bi_de%C8%9Binu%C8%9Bi_politici_%C3%AEn_lag%C4%83rul_de_la_Tg._jiu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1105" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">Political prisoners</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a> regime, photographed in <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgu_Jiu" title="Târgu Jiu">Târgu Jiu</a> camp in 1943 (<a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a>, future leader of <a href="/wiki/Communist_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Romania">Communist Romania</a>, is second from left)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1940, Romania had to cede Bessarabia and <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Northern Bukovina</a> to the Soviet Union and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Dobruja" title="Southern Dobruja">Southern Dobruja</a> to Bulgaria (<i>see <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia">Soviet occupation of Bessarabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Craiova" title="Treaty of Craiova">Treaty of Craiova</a></i>); in contrast with the general mood, the PCdR welcomed both gestures along the lines of its earlier activism.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Official history, after ca. 1950, stated that the PCdR protested <a href="/wiki/Northern_Transylvania" title="Northern Transylvania">Northern Transylvania</a>'s cession to Hungary later in the same year (the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vienna_Arbitration" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Vienna Arbitration">Second Vienna Arbitration</a>), but evidence is inconclusive<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (party documents attesting the policy are dated after <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">invasion of the Soviet Union</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the border changes sparked a political crisis leading to an Iron Guard takeover—the <a href="/wiki/National_Legionary_State" title="National Legionary State">National Legionary State</a>—the interior wing's confusion intensified: the upper echelon faced investigation from <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Dimitrov" title="Georgi Dimitrov">Georgi Dimitrov</a> (as well as other Comintern officials) on charges of "<a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-Pokivailova,_p.48_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pokivailova,_p.48-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, since the FRN had crumbled, several low-ranking party officials actually began collaborating with the new regime.<sup id="cite_ref-Pokivailova,_p.48_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pokivailova,_p.48-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At around the same time, a small section of the exterior wing remained active in France, where it eventually joined the <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">Resistance</a> to <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_France_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of France in World War II">German occupation</a>—it included <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gaston_Marin" title="Gheorghe Gaston Marin">Gheorghe Gaston Marin</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Francs-tireurs" title="Francs-tireurs">Francs-tireurs</a>'</i> <a href="/wiki/Olga_Bancic" title="Olga Bancic">Olga Bancic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Cristea_(communist)" title="Nicolae Cristea (communist)">Nicolae Cristea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Boczov" title="Joseph Boczov">Joseph Boczov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Romania came under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a> and, as an <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis</a> country, joined in the German <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">offensive against the Soviets</a>, the Communist Party began approaching traditional parties that were engaged in semi-clandestine opposition to Antonescu: alongside the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Social_Democratic_Party_(1927%E2%80%931948)" title="Romanian Social Democratic Party (1927–1948)">Social Democrats</a>, it began talks with the <a href="/wiki/National_Peasants%27_Party" title="National Peasants' Party">National Peasants</a>' and the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Romania,_1875)" title="National Liberal Party (Romania, 1875)">National Liberal</a> parties. At the time, virtually all the interior leadership was imprisoned at various locations (most of them <a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">interned</a> at <a href="/wiki/Caransebe%C8%99" title="Caransebeș">Caransebeș</a> or in a <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camp</a> near <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgu_Jiu" title="Târgu Jiu">Târgu Jiu</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some communists, such as <a href="/wiki/Petre_Gheorghe" title="Petre Gheorghe">Petre Gheorghe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filimon_S%C3%A2rbu" title="Filimon Sârbu">Filimon Sârbu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francisc_Panet" title="Francisc Panet">Francisc Panet</a> or <a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Plav%C4%83%C8%9B" title="Ștefan Plavăț">Ștefan Plavăț</a>, tried to establish organised resistance groups; however, they were quickly captured by the Romanian authorities and executed, as were some of the more active propagandists, such as <a href="/wiki/Pompiliu_%C8%98tefu" title="Pompiliu Ștefu">Pompiliu Ștefu</a>. A statistic of the <i><a href="/wiki/Siguran%C5%A3a" class="mw-redirect" title="Siguranţa">Siguranţa</a></i> reports that, in Bucharest, between January 1941 and September 1942, 143 individuals were tried for communism, of which 19 were sentenced to death and 78 to prison terms or <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">forced labour</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a> Antonescu regime established a distinction between PCdR members of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Jewish Romanian</a> origin and those of <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">ethnic Romanian</a> or other heritage, deporting the majority of the former, alongside Romanian and <a href="/wiki/Bessarabian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Bessarabian Jews">Bessarabian Jews</a> in general, to camps, prisons and makeshift <a href="/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto">ghettos</a> in occupied <a href="/wiki/Transnistria_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transnistria (World War II)">Transnistria</a> (<i>see <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust in Romania">Holocaust in Romania</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Jews from the PCdR category were held in <a href="/wiki/Vapniarka" title="Vapniarka">Vapniarka</a>, where improper feeding caused an outbreak of paralysis, and in <a href="/wiki/R%C3%AEbni%C8%9Ba" title="Rîbnița">Rîbnița</a>, where some 50 were victims of the authorities' <a href="/wiki/Criminal_negligence" title="Criminal negligence">criminal negligence</a> and were shot by retreating German troops in March 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1943, at a time when troops were suffering major defeats on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a>, the PCdR proposed that all parties form a <i>Blocul Național Democrat</i> ("National Democratic Bloc"), in order to arrange for Romania to withdraw from its alliance with Nazi Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ensuing talks were prolonged by various factors, most notably by the opposition of National Peasants' Party leader <a href="/wiki/Iuliu_Maniu" title="Iuliu Maniu">Iuliu Maniu</a>, who, alarmed by Soviet successes, was trying to reach a satisfactory compromise with the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Western Allies</a> (and, together with the National Liberals' leader <a href="/wiki/Dinu_Br%C4%83tianu" title="Dinu Brătianu">Dinu Brătianu</a>, continued to back negotiations initiated by Antonescu and <a href="/wiki/Barbu_%C8%98tirbey" title="Barbu Știrbey">Barbu Știrbey</a> with the United States and the United Kingdom).<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1944_Coup">1944 Coup</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1944 Coup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/King_Michael%27s_Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="King Michael's Coup">King Michael's Coup</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Army_greeted_in_Bucharest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Red_Army_greeted_in_Bucharest.jpg/300px-Red_Army_greeted_in_Bucharest.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Red_Army_greeted_in_Bucharest.jpg/450px-Red_Army_greeted_in_Bucharest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Red_Army_greeted_in_Bucharest.jpg/600px-Red_Army_greeted_in_Bucharest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption>People in <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> greet Romania's new ally, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>, on 31 August 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>In early 1944, as the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> reached and crossed the <a href="/wiki/Prut_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Prut River">Prut River</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_Offensive_(August_1944)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jassy–Kishinev Offensive (August 1944)">Second Jassy–Kishinev Offensive</a>, the self-confidence and status gained by the PCdR made possible the creation of the Bloc, which was designed as the basis of a future anti-Axis government.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parallel contacts were established, through <a href="/wiki/Lucre%C8%9Biu_P%C4%83tr%C4%83%C8%99canu" title="Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu">Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emil_Bodn%C4%83ra%C8%99" title="Emil Bodnăraș">Emil Bodnăraș</a>, between the PCdR, the Soviets, and <a href="/wiki/King_of_Romania" title="King of Romania">King</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael of Romania">Michael</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A seminal event also occurred during those months: <a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Fori%C8%99" title="Ștefan Foriș">Ștefan Foriș</a>, who was still general secretary, was deposed by with Soviet approval by the rival "<i>prison faction</i>"(at the time, it was headed by former inmates of Caransebeș prison); replaced with the <a href="/wiki/Troika_(triumvirate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Troika (triumvirate)">troika</a> formed by <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantin_P%C3%AErvulescu" title="Constantin Pîrvulescu">Constantin Pîrvulescu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iosif_Ranghe%C8%9B" title="Iosif Rangheț">Iosif Rangheț</a>, Foriș was discreetly assassinated in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several assessments view Foriș's dismissal as the complete rupture in historical continuity between the PCdR established in 1921 and what became the ruling party of <a href="/wiki/Communist_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Romania">Communist Romania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 23 August 1944, King Michael, a number of <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Armed_Forces" title="Romanian Armed Forces">Romanian Armed Forces</a> officers, and armed Communist-led civilians supported by the National Democratic Bloc arrested dictator <a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a> and seized control of the state (<i>see <a href="/wiki/King_Michael%27s_Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="King Michael's Coup">King Michael's Coup</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King Michael then proclaimed the old <a href="/wiki/1923_Constitution_of_Romania" title="1923 Constitution of Romania">1923 Constitution</a> in force, ordered the Romanian Army to enter a <a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">ceasefire</a> with the Red Army on the <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavian</a> front, and withdrew Romania from the Axis.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later party discourse tended to dismiss the importance of both the Soviet offensive and the dialogue with other forces (and eventually described the coup as a revolt with large popular support).<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The King named General <a href="/wiki/Constantin_S%C4%83n%C4%83tescu" title="Constantin Sănătescu">Constantin Sănătescu</a> as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Romania">prime minister</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition government</a> which was dominated by the military, but included one representative each from the National Liberal Party, National Peasants' Party and Social Democratic Party, with Pătrășcanu as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Justice (Romania)">Minister of Justice</a>—the first Communist to hold high office in Romania. The Red Army entered <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> on 31 August, and thereafter played a crucial role in supporting the Communist Party's rise to power as the Soviet military command virtually ruled the city and the country (<i>see <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Soviet occupation of Romania</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_opposition_to_Sănătescu_and_Rădescu"><span id="In_opposition_to_S.C4.83n.C4.83tescu_and_R.C4.83descu"></span>In opposition to Sănătescu and Rădescu</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In opposition to Sănătescu and Rădescu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:8_Oct_1944_FND_meeting_Bucharest_(ANEF).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/8_Oct_1944_FND_meeting_Bucharest_%28ANEF%29.jpg/300px-8_Oct_1944_FND_meeting_Bucharest_%28ANEF%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/8_Oct_1944_FND_meeting_Bucharest_%28ANEF%29.jpg/450px-8_Oct_1944_FND_meeting_Bucharest_%28ANEF%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/8_Oct_1944_FND_meeting_Bucharest_%28ANEF%29.jpg/600px-8_Oct_1944_FND_meeting_Bucharest_%28ANEF%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1696" data-file-height="1230" /></a><figcaption>October 1944 rally in support of the National Democratic Front, held at <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>'s ANEF Stadium</figcaption></figure> <p>After having been underground for two decades, the Communists enjoyed little popular support at first, compared to the other opposition parties (however, the decrease in popularity of the National Liberals was reflected in the forming of a splinter group around <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_T%C4%83t%C4%83rescu" title="Gheorghe Tătărescu">Gheorghe Tătărescu</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party-T%C4%83t%C4%83rescu" class="mw-redirect" title="National Liberal Party-Tătărescu">National Liberal Party-Tătărescu</a>, who later entered an alliance with the Communist Party). Soon after 23 August, the Communists also engaged in a campaign against Romania's main political group of the time, the National Peasants' Party, and its leaders <a href="/wiki/Iuliu_Maniu" title="Iuliu Maniu">Iuliu Maniu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ion_Mihalache" title="Ion Mihalache">Ion Mihalache</a>. In <a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Frunz%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor Frunză (page does not exist)">Victor Frunză</a>'s account, the conflict's first stage was centered on Communist allegations that Maniu had encouraged violence against the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_minority_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian minority in Romania">Hungarian community</a> in newly recovered <a href="/wiki/Northern_Transylvania" title="Northern Transylvania">Northern Transylvania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Communist Party, engaged in a massive recruitment campaign,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was able to attract ethnic Romanians in large numbers—workers and intellectuals alike, including some former members of the fascist <a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1947, it grew to around 710,000 members.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the PCR was still highly disorganized and factionalized,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it benefited from Soviet backing (including that of <a href="/wiki/Vladislav_Petrovich_Vinogradov" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladislav Petrovich Vinogradov">Vladislav Petrovich Vinogradov</a> and other Soviet appointees to the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Commission" title="Allied Commission">Allied Commission</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1944, it was leading a paramilitary wing, the Patriotic Defense (<i>Apărarea Patriotică</i>, disbanded in 1948),<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (October 2016)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Romanian_Communist_Party#Dubious" title="Talk:Romanian Communist Party">discuss</a></i>]</sup> and a cultural society, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_Society_for_Friendship_with_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romanian Society for Friendship with the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Romanian Society for Friendship with the Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On PCdR initiative, the National Democratic Bloc was dissolved on 8 October 1944; instead, the Communists, Social Democrats, the <a href="/wiki/Ploughmen%27s_Front" title="Ploughmen's Front">Ploughmen's Front</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mihai_Ralea" title="Mihai Ralea">Mihai Ralea</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Peasants%27_Party" title="Socialist Peasants' Party">Socialist Peasants' Party</a> (which was absorbed by the former in November),<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Union" title="Hungarian People's Union">Hungarian People's Union</a> (MADOSZ), and <a href="/wiki/Miti%C5%A3%C4%83_Constantinescu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitiţă Constantinescu">Mitiţă Constantinescu</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Patriots_(Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Patriots (Romania)">Union of Patriots</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Front_(Romania)" title="People's Democratic Front (Romania)">National Democratic Front</a> (FND), which campaigned against the government, demanding the appointment of more Communist officials and sympathizers, while claiming democratic legitimacy and alleging that Sănătescu had dictatorial ambitions.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FND was soon joined by the Liberal group around Tătărescu, <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_L._Lupu" title="Nicolae L. Lupu">Nicolae L. Lupu</a>'s <i>Democratic Peasants' Party</i> (the latter claimed the legacy from the defunct <a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Party_(Romania)" title="Peasants' Party (Romania)">Peasants' Party</a>), and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Alexandrescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anton Alexandrescu (page does not exist)">Anton Alexandrescu</a>'s faction (separated from the <a href="/wiki/National_Peasants%27_Party" title="National Peasants' Party">National Peasants' Party</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sănătescu resigned in November, but was persuaded by King <a href="/wiki/Michael_I_of_Romania" title="Michael I of Romania">Michael</a> to form a second government which collapsed within weeks. General <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_R%C4%83descu" title="Nicolae Rădescu">Nicolae Rădescu</a> was asked to form a government and appointed <a href="/wiki/Teohari_Georgescu" title="Teohari Georgescu">Teohari Georgescu</a> to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Romanian_Ministers_of_the_Interior" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Romanian Ministers of the Interior">Ministry of the Interior</a>, which allowed for the introduction of Communists into the security forces.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Communist Party subsequently launched a campaign against the Rădescu government, including the mass demonstration of 24 February that resulted in four deaths among the participants.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Frunză, this culminated in a 13 February 1945 demonstration outside the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Art_of_Romania" title="National Museum of Art of Romania">Royal Palace</a>, and followed a week later by street fighting between Georgescu's Communist forces and supporters of the National Peasants' Party in Bucharest.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a period of escalating chaos, Rădescu called for elections. The Soviet deputy foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Vyshinsky" title="Andrey Vyshinsky">Andrey Vyshinsky</a> went to Bucharest to request the monarch that he appoint Communist sympathizer <a href="/wiki/Petru_Groza" title="Petru Groza">Petru Groza</a> as Prime Minister, with the Soviet government suggesting it would reinstate Romanian sovereignty over <a href="/wiki/Northern_Transylvania" title="Northern Transylvania">Northern Transylvania</a> only in such a scenario.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frunză claimed however that Vyshinsky also intimated a Soviet takeover of the country if the King failed to comply,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that, under pressure from Soviet troops who were supposedly disarming the Romanian military and occupying key installations,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michael agreed and dismissed Rădescu, who fled the country.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_Groza_cabinet">First Groza cabinet</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: First Groza cabinet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:038.Conferinta_Nationala_a_PCR_din_octombrie_1945_(aspect_din_sala)_(16-21_oct.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/038.Conferinta_Nationala_a_PCR_din_octombrie_1945_%28aspect_din_sala%29_%2816-21_oct.jpg/320px-038.Conferinta_Nationala_a_PCR_din_octombrie_1945_%28aspect_din_sala%29_%2816-21_oct.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/038.Conferinta_Nationala_a_PCR_din_octombrie_1945_%28aspect_din_sala%29_%2816-21_oct.jpg/480px-038.Conferinta_Nationala_a_PCR_din_octombrie_1945_%28aspect_din_sala%29_%2816-21_oct.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/038.Conferinta_Nationala_a_PCR_din_octombrie_1945_%28aspect_din_sala%29_%2816-21_oct.jpg/640px-038.Conferinta_Nationala_a_PCR_din_octombrie_1945_%28aspect_din_sala%29_%2816-21_oct.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1630" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>The Communist Party's National Conference of October 1945. Pictured, left to right: <a href="/wiki/Vasile_Luca" title="Vasile Luca">Vasile Luca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantin_P%C3%AErvulescu" title="Constantin Pîrvulescu">Constantin Pîrvulescu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucre%C8%9Biu_P%C4%83tr%C4%83%C8%99canu" title="Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu">Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ana_Pauker" title="Ana Pauker">Ana Pauker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teohari_Georgescu" title="Teohari Georgescu">Teohari Georgescu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florica_Bagdasar" title="Florica Bagdasar">Florica Bagdasar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Vasilichi" title="Gheorghe Vasilichi">Gheorghe Vasilichi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 6 March, Groza became leader of a Communist-led government and named Communists to lead the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Armed_Forces" title="Romanian Armed Forces">Romanian Armed Forces</a> as well as the ministries of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Romanian_Ministers_of_the_Interior" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Romanian Ministers of the Interior">Interior</a> (Georgescu), <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Justice (Romania)">Justice</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lucre%C8%9Biu_P%C4%83tr%C4%83%C8%99canu" title="Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu">Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_and_Information_Technology_(Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (Romania)">Communications</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a>), Propaganda (<a href="/wiki/Petre_Constantinescu-Ia%C8%99i" title="Petre Constantinescu-Iași">Petre Constantinescu-Iaşi</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Finance_(Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Public Finance (Romania)">Finance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vasile_Luca" title="Vasile Luca">Vasile Luca</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The non-Communist ministers came from the Social Democrats (who were falling under the control of the pro-Communists <a href="/wiki/Lothar_R%C4%83d%C4%83ceanu" title="Lothar Rădăceanu">Lothar Rădăceanu</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Voitec" title="Ștefan Voitec">Ștefan Voitec</a>) and the traditional <a href="/wiki/Ploughmen%27s_Front" title="Ploughmen's Front">Ploughmen's Front</a> ally, as well as, nominally, from the National Peasants' and <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Romania,_1875)" title="National Liberal Party (Romania, 1875)">National Liberal</a> parties (followers of Tătărescu and Alexandrescu's dissident wings).<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Western Allied</a> governments refused to recognize Groza's administration, King Michael called on Groza to resign. When he refused, the monarch went to his summer home in <a href="/wiki/Sinaia" title="Sinaia">Sinaia</a> and refused to sign any government decrees or bills (a period colloquially known as <i>greva regală</i>—"the royal strike").<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following Anglo-American mediation, Groza agreed to include politicians from outside his electoral alliance, appointing two secondary figures in their parties (the National Liberal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mihail_Romniceanu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mihail Romniceanu (page does not exist)">Mihail Romniceanu</a> and the National Peasants' <a href="/wiki/Emil_Ha%C8%9Bieganu" title="Emil Hațieganu">Emil Hațieganu</a>) as <a href="/wiki/Minister_without_Portfolio" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister without Portfolio">Ministers without Portfolio</a> (January 1946).<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, Groza's party and the PCR came to disagree on some issues (with the Front publicly affirming its support for private land ownership), before the Ploughmen's Front was eventually pressured into supporting Communist tenets.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the meantime, the first measure taken by the cabinet was a new <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land reform</a> that advertised, among others, an interest into peasant issues and a respect for property (in front of common fears that a <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninist</a> program was about to be adopted).<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Frunză, although contrasted by the Communist press with its previous equivalent, the measure was supposedly much less relevant—land awarded to individual farmers in 1923 was more than three times the 1945 figures, and all effects were canceled by the 1948–1962 <a href="/wiki/Collectivization" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivization">collectivization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was also then that, through Pătrășcanu and <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Dr%C4%83ghici" title="Alexandru Drăghici">Alexandru Drăghici</a>, the Communists consecrated their control of the legal system—the process included the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_People%27s_Tribunals" title="Romanian People's Tribunals">Romanian People's Tribunals</a>, charged with investigating <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a>, and constantly supported by <a href="/wiki/Agitprop" title="Agitprop">agitprop</a> in the Communist press.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the period, government-backed Communists used various means to exercising influence over the vast majority of the press, and began infiltrating or competing with independent cultural forums.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economic dominance, partly responding to Soviet requirements, was first effected through the <a href="/wiki/SovRoms" class="mw-redirect" title="SovRoms">SovRoms</a> (created in the summer of 1945), directing the bulk of Romanian trade towards the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1945_restructuring_and_second_Groza_cabinet">1945 restructuring and second Groza cabinet</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1945 restructuring and second Groza cabinet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1946_Romanian_general_election" title="1946 Romanian general election">1946 Romanian general election</a></div> <p>The Communist Party held its first open conference (16–22 October 1945, at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mihai_Viteazul_High_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mihai Viteazul High School (page does not exist)">Mihai Viteazul High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>) and agreed to replace the <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a>–<a href="/wiki/Constantin_P%C3%AErvulescu" title="Constantin Pîrvulescu">Constantin Pîrvulescu</a>–<a href="/wiki/Iosif_Ranghe%C8%9B" title="Iosif Rangheț">Iosif Rangheț</a> <a href="/wiki/Troika_(triumvirate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Troika (triumvirate)">troika</a> with a joint leadership reflecting an uneasy balance between the external and internal wings: while Gheorghiu-Dej retained his general secretary position, <a href="/wiki/Ana_Pauker" title="Ana Pauker">Ana Pauker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teohari_Georgescu" title="Teohari Georgescu">Teohari Georgescu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vasile_Luca" title="Vasile Luca">Vasile Luca</a> became the other main leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Central Committee had 27 full members </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Apostol" title="Gheorghe Apostol">Gheorghe Apostol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Bodn%C4%83ra%C8%99" title="Emil Bodnăraș">Emil Bodnăraș</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_C%C3%A2mpeanu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantin Câmpeanu (page does not exist)">Constantin Câmpeanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iosif_Chi%C8%99inevschi" title="Iosif Chișinevschi">Iosif Chișinevschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miron_Constantinescu" title="Miron Constantinescu">Miron Constantinescu</a> – Politburo member</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumitru_Coliu" title="Dumitru Coliu">Dumitru Coliu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba_Cr%C4%83ciun" title="Constanța Crăciun">Constanța Crăciun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teohari_Georgescu" title="Teohari Georgescu">Teohari Georgescu</a> – Politburo member, Secretary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a> – Politburo member, Secretary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasile_Luca" title="Vasile Luca">Vasile Luca</a> – Politburo member, Secretary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Maurer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gheorghe Maurer">Gheorghe Maurer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasile_M%C3%A2rza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasile Mârza (page does not exist)">Vasile Mârza</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasile_M%C3%A2rza" class="extiw" title="ro:Vasile Mârza">ro</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Moghioro%C8%99" title="Alexandru Moghioroș">Alexandru Moghioroș</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrei_Neagu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrei Neagu (page does not exist)">Andrei Neagu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_P%C3%A2rvulescu" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantin Pârvulescu">Constantin Pârvulescu</a> – President of Central Control Commission</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucre%C8%9Biu_P%C4%83tr%C4%83%C8%99canu" title="Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu">Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrei_P%C4%83tra%C8%99cu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrei Pătrașcu (page does not exist)">Andrei Pătrașcu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana_Pauker" title="Ana Pauker">Ana Pauker</a> – Politburo member, Secretary</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Popa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emil Popa (page does not exist)">Emil Popa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilie_Popa_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilie Popa (politician) (page does not exist)">Ilie Popa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iosif_Ranghe%C8%9B" title="Iosif Rangheț">Iosif Rangheț</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontin_Salajan" class="mw-redirect" title="Leontin Salajan">Leontin Silaghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chivu_Stoica" title="Chivu Stoica">Chivu Stoica</a> – Politburo member</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elena_Tudorache&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elena Tudorache (page does not exist)">Elena Tudorache</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Tudorache" class="extiw" title="ro:Elena Tudorache">ro</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasile_Vaida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasile Vaida (page does not exist)">Vasile Vaida</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasile_Vaida" class="extiw" title="ro:Vasile Vaida">ro</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Vasilichi" title="Gheorghe Vasilichi">Gheorghe Vasilichi</a> – Politburo member</li></ul> <p>and 8 candidate members </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liuba_Chi%C8%99inevschi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liuba Chișinevschi (page does not exist)">Liuba Chișinevschi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liuba_Chi%C8%99inevschi" class="extiw" title="ro:Liuba Chișinevschi">ro</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilie_Dr%C4%83gan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilie Drăgan (page does not exist)">Ilie Drăgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Dr%C4%83ghici" title="Alexandru Drăghici">Alexandru Drăghici</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumitru_Foc%C8%99%C4%83neanu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dumitru Focșăneanu (page does not exist)">Dumitru Focșăneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mihai_Mujic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mihai Mujic (page does not exist)">Mihai Mujic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_Petre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ion Petre (page does not exist)">Ion Petre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gheorghe_Radnev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gheorghe Radnev (page does not exist)">Gheorghe Radnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Ro%C8%99ianu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mihai Roșianu">Mihail Roșianu</a></li></ul> <p>The post-1945 constant growth in membership, by far the highest of all <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> countries,<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was to provide a base of support for Gheorghiu-Dej. The conference also saw the first mention of the PCdR as the <b>Romanian Communist Party</b> (PCR), the new name being used as a propaganda tool suggesting a closer connection with the <a href="/wiki/National_interest" title="National interest">national interest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Party control over the security forces was successfully used on 8 November 1945, when the opposition parties organised a demonstration in front of the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Art_of_Romania" title="National Museum of Art of Romania">Royal Palace</a> to express solidarity with King Michael, who was still refusing to sign his name to new legislation, on the occasion of his <a href="/wiki/8_November_(Eastern_Orthodox_liturgics)" class="mw-redirect" title="8 November (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)">name day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Demonstrators were faced with gunshots; around 10 people were killed, and many wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official account, according to which the Groza government responded to a coup attempt,<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was disputed by Frunză.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The PCR and its allies, grouped in the Bloc of Democratic Parties, won the <a href="/wiki/1946_Romanian_general_election" title="1946 Romanian general election">Romanian elections of 19 November</a>, although there is evidence of widespread <a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">electoral fraud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Years later, historian Petre Ţurlea reviewed an incomplete confidential PCR report about the election that confirmed the Bloc won around 48 percent of the vote. He concluded that had the election been conducted fairly, the opposition parties could have won enough votes between them to form a coalition government, albeit with far less than the 80 percent support opposition supporters long claimed.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following months were dedicated to confronting the <a href="/wiki/National_Peasants%27_Party" title="National Peasants' Party">National Peasants' Party</a>, which was annihilated after the <a href="/wiki/T%C4%83m%C4%83d%C4%83u_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Tămădău Affair">Tămădău Affair</a> and <a href="/wiki/Show_trial" title="Show trial">show trial</a> of its entire leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 December 1947, the Communist Party's power was consolidated when King Michael was forced to <a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">abdicate</a>. The Communist-dominated legislature then abolished the monarchy and proclaimed Romania a "<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic">People's Republic</a>", firmly aligned with the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the king, his signature was obtained after the Groza cabinet representatives threatened to kill 1,000 students they had rounded up in custody.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romanian_Workers'_Party_(1948–1965)"><span id="Romanian_Workers.27_Party_.281948.E2.80.931965.29"></span>Romanian Workers' Party (1948–1965)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Romanian Workers' Party (1948–1965)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PMR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/PMR.png/220px-PMR.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/PMR.png/330px-PMR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/PMR.png/440px-PMR.png 2x" data-file-width="2259" data-file-height="2798" /></a><figcaption>Romanian Workers' Party logo</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Creation">Creation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Creation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gheorghiu-Dej,_Ceausescu_%26_delegates_in_Feb_1948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Gheorghiu-Dej%2C_Ceausescu_%26_delegates_in_Feb_1948.jpg/300px-Gheorghiu-Dej%2C_Ceausescu_%26_delegates_in_Feb_1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Gheorghiu-Dej%2C_Ceausescu_%26_delegates_in_Feb_1948.jpg/450px-Gheorghiu-Dej%2C_Ceausescu_%26_delegates_in_Feb_1948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Gheorghiu-Dej%2C_Ceausescu_%26_delegates_in_Feb_1948.jpg/600px-Gheorghiu-Dej%2C_Ceausescu_%26_delegates_in_Feb_1948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1729" data-file-height="1287" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a> with delegates to the February 1948 PCR congress (the young <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a> stands to his left)</figcaption></figure> <p>In February 1948, the Communists ended a long process of infiltrating the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Social_Democratic_Party_(1927%E2%80%931948)" title="Romanian Social Democratic Party (1927–1948)">Romanian Social Democratic Party</a> (ensuring control through electoral alliances and the two-party <i>Frontul Unic Muncitoresc</i>—Singular Workers' Front, the PCR had profited from the departure of <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Titel_Petrescu" title="Constantin Titel Petrescu">Constantin Titel Petrescu</a>'s group from the Social Democrats in March 1946). The Social Democrats merged with the PCR to form the <b>Romanian Workers' Party</b> (<i>Partidul Muncitoresc Român, PMR</i>) which remained the ruling party's official name until 24 July 1965 (when it returned to the designation as <i>Romanian Communist Party</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, Social Democrats were excluded from most party posts and were forced to support Communist policies on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">democratic centralism</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was also reported that only half of the PSD's 500,000 members joined the newly founded grouping.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Capitalizing on these gains, the Communist government shunted most of the remaining parties aside after the <a href="/wiki/1948_Romanian_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Romanian legislative election">1948 elections</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Ploughmen%27s_Front" title="Ploughmen's Front">Ploughmen's Front</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Union" title="Hungarian People's Union">Hungarian People's Union</a> dissolved themselves in 1953).<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The PMR fought the elections as the dominant partner of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Front_(Romania)" title="People's Democratic Front (Romania)">People's Democratic Front</a> (FND), which won with 93.2 percent of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-NS_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NS-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By then, however, the FND had taken on the same character as other "<a href="/wiki/Popular_front" title="Popular front">popular fronts</a>"in the Soviet bloc. The member parties became completely subservient to the PMR, and had to accept its"<a href="/wiki/Vanguard_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanguard party">leading role</a>"as a condition of their continued existence. Groza, however, remained Prime Minister. </p><p>A new series of economic changes followed: the <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Romania" title="National Bank of Romania">National Bank of Romania</a> was passed into full <a href="/wiki/Public_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Public ownership">public ownership</a> (December 1946),<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, in order to combat the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_leu" title="Romanian leu">Romanian leu</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Devaluation" title="Devaluation">devaluation</a>, a surprise <a href="/wiki/Monetary_reform" title="Monetary reform">monetary reform</a> was imposed as a <a href="/wiki/Stabilisation_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Stabilisation policy">stabilization</a> measure in August 1947 (severely limiting the amount convertible by people without an actual job, primarily members of the aristocracy).<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> was being overtly condemned,<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">planned economy</a> were enforced beginning 11 June 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first <a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Five-year plans of Romania">five-year plan</a>, conceived by <a href="/wiki/Miron_Constantinescu" title="Miron Constantinescu">Miron Constantinescu</a>'s Soviet-Romanian committee, was adopted in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of newly enforced measures, the arguably most far-reaching was <a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_Romania" title="Collectivization in Romania">collectivization</a>—by 1962, when the process was considered complete, 96% of the total <a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable land</a> had been enclosed in <a href="/wiki/Collective_farming" title="Collective farming">collective farming</a>, while around 80,000 peasants faced trial for resisting and 17,000 others were uprooted or <a href="/wiki/Penal_transportation" title="Penal transportation">deported</a> for being <i>chiaburi</i> (the Romanian equivalent of <i><a href="/wiki/Kulak" title="Kulak">kulaks</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chiaburs were defined by the Party as the common enemies of communism in Romania. Thus, they were subjected to abuses by the cadres.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1950, the party, which viewed itself as the <a href="/wiki/Vanguard_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanguard party">vanguard of the working class</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reported that people of <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletarian</a> origin held 64% of party offices and 40% of higher government posts, while results of the recruitment efforts remained below official expectations.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Internal_purges">Internal purges</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Internal purges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the period, the central scene of the PMR was occupied by the conflict between the "<i>Muscovite wing</i>", the "<i>prison wing</i>"led by <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a>, and the newly emerged and weaker"<i>Secretariat wing</i>"led by <a href="/wiki/Lucre%C8%9Biu_P%C4%83tr%C4%83%C8%99canu" title="Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu">Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu</a>. After October 1945, the two former groups had associated in neutralizing Pătrăşcanu's—exposed as"<a href="/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">bourgeois</a>"and progressively marginalized, it was ultimately decapitated in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning that year, the PMR leadership officially questioned its own political support, and began a massive campaign to remove"foreign and hostile elements"<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from its rapidly expanded structures.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1952, with Stalin's renewed approval,<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gheorghiu-Dej emerged victorious from the confrontation with <a href="/wiki/Ana_Pauker" title="Ana Pauker">Ana Pauker</a>, his chief "Muscovite"rival, as well as purging <a href="/wiki/Vasile_Luca" title="Vasile Luca">Vasile Luca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teohari_Georgescu" title="Teohari Georgescu">Teohari Georgescu</a>, and their supporters from the party—alleging that their various political attitudes were proof of"<a href="/wiki/Right_Opposition" title="Right Opposition">right-wing deviationism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Out of a membership of approximately one million, between 300,000<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 465,000<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> members, almost half of the party, was removed in the successive purges. The specific target for the "verification campaign", as it was officially called, were former <a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a> affiliates.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The move against Pauker's group echoed <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinist</a> purges of Jews in particular from other Communist Parties in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern bloc">Eastern bloc</a>—notably, the <a href="/wiki/Rootless_cosmopolitan" title="Rootless cosmopolitan">anti-"Cosmopolitan"</a> campaign in which <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> targeted Jews in the Soviet Union, and the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Prague Trials">Prague Trials</a> in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Communist_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Communist Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> which removed Jews from leading positions in that country's Communist government.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, a <a href="/wiki/1952_Constitution_of_Romania" title="1952 Constitution of Romania">new republican constitution</a>, replacing its 1948 precedent, legislated Stalinist tenets,<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and proclaimed that "the people's democratic state is consistently carrying out the policy of enclosing and eliminating capitalist elements".<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gheorghiu-Dej, who remained an orthodox Stalinist,<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> took the position of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Romania">Premier</a> while moving Groza to the presidency of the Presidium of the Great National Assembly (de facto <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Romania">President of the People's Republic</a>). Executive and PMR leaderships remained in Gheorghiu-Dej's hands until his death in 1965 (with the exception of 1954–1955, when his office of PMR leader was taken over by <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Apostol" title="Gheorghe Apostol">Gheorghe Apostol</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the moment it came to power and until Stalin's death, as the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> erupted, the PMR endorsed Soviet requirements for the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>. Aligning the country with the <a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a>, it officially condemned <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">independent actions</a> in <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>; Tito was routinely attacked by the official press, and the Romanian-Yugoslav <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> border became the scene of massive <a href="/wiki/Agitprop" title="Agitprop">agitprop</a> displays (<i>see <a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a> and <a href="/wiki/Informbiro" class="mw-redirect" title="Informbiro">Informbiro</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gheorghiu-Dej_and_de-Stalinization">Gheorghiu-Dej and de-Stalinization</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gheorghiu-Dej and de-Stalinization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization_in_Romania" title="De-Stalinization in Romania">De-Stalinization in Romania</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gheorghiu-Dej_%26_Khrushchev_at_Bucharest%27s_Baneasa_Airport_(June_1960).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gheorghiu-Dej_%26_Khrushchev_at_Bucharest%27s_Baneasa_Airport_%28June_1960%29.jpg/300px-Gheorghiu-Dej_%26_Khrushchev_at_Bucharest%27s_Baneasa_Airport_%28June_1960%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gheorghiu-Dej_%26_Khrushchev_at_Bucharest%27s_Baneasa_Airport_%28June_1960%29.jpg/450px-Gheorghiu-Dej_%26_Khrushchev_at_Bucharest%27s_Baneasa_Airport_%28June_1960%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gheorghiu-Dej_%26_Khrushchev_at_Bucharest%27s_Baneasa_Airport_%28June_1960%29.jpg/600px-Gheorghiu-Dej_%26_Khrushchev_at_Bucharest%27s_Baneasa_Airport_%28June_1960%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1687" data-file-height="1236" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a> (front row, left) seeing off <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> (front row, right) at Bucharest's <a href="/wiki/B%C4%83neasa_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Băneasa Airport">Băneasa Airport</a> upon the close of the PMR's 3rd Congress (June 1960). Nicolae Ceauşescu can be seen at Gheorghiu-Dej's right hand side.</figcaption></figure> <p>Uncomfortable and possibly threatened by the reformist measures adopted by Stalin's successor, <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>, Gheorghiu-Dej began to steer Romania towards a more "independent" path while remaining within the Soviet orbit during the late 1950s. Following the <a href="/wiki/20th_Congress_of_the_CPSU" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Congress of the CPSU">Twentieth Party Congress</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a>, in which Khurshchev initiated <a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">De-Stalinization</a>, Gheorghiu-Dej issued propaganda accusing Pauker, Luca and Georgescu of having been an arch-Stalinists responsible for the party's excesses in the late 1940s and early 1950s (notably, in regard to collectivization)—despite the fact that they had occasionally opposed a number of radical measures advocated by the General Secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After that purge, Gheorghiu-Dej had begun promoting PMR activists who were perceived as more loyal to his own political views; among them were <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C5%9Fescu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolae Ceauşescu">Nicolae Ceauşescu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gheorghe_Stoica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gheorghe Stoica (page does not exist)">Gheorghe Stoica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghizela_Vass" title="Ghizela Vass">Ghizela Vass</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Grigore_Preoteasa" title="Grigore Preoteasa">Grigore Preoteasa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_B%C3%A2rl%C4%83deanu" title="Alexandru Bârlădeanu">Alexandru Bârlădeanu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ion_Gheorghe_Maurer" title="Ion Gheorghe Maurer">Ion Gheorghe Maurer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gaston_Marin" title="Gheorghe Gaston Marin">Gheorghe Gaston Marin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Niculescu-Mizil" title="Paul Niculescu-Mizil">Paul Niculescu-Mizil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_R%C4%83dulescu" class="mw-redirect" title="Gheorghe Rădulescu">Gheorghe Rădulescu</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in parallel, citing Khrushchevite precedents, the PMR briefly reorganized its leadership on a plural basis (1954–1955),<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Gheorghiu-Dej reshaped party doctrine to include ambiguous messages about Stalin's legacy (insisting on the defunct Soviet's leader contribution to Marxist thought, official documents also deplored his <a href="/wiki/Personality_cult" class="mw-redirect" title="Personality cult">personality cult</a> and encouraged Stalinists to <a href="/wiki/Self-criticism" title="Self-criticism">self-criticism</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In this context, the PMR soon dismissed all the relevant consequences of the Twentieth Soviet Congress, and Gheorghiu-Dej even argued that De-Stalinization had been imposed by his team right after 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a party meeting in March 1956, two members of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">Politburo</a> who were supporters of Khruschevite reforms, <a href="/wiki/Miron_Constantinescu" title="Miron Constantinescu">Miron Constantinescu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iosif_Chi%C5%9Finevschi" class="mw-redirect" title="Iosif Chişinevschi">Iosif Chişinevschi</a>, criticized Gheorghiu-Dej's leadership and identified him with Romanian Stalinism.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were purged in 1957, themselves accused of being Stalinists and of having been plotting with Pauker.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through Ceaușescu's voice, Gheorghiu-Dej also marginalized another group of old members of the PMR, associated with <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Doncea" title="Constantin Doncea">Constantin Doncea</a> (June 1958).<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the outside too, the PMR, leading a country that had joined the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a>, remained an agent of political repression: it fully supported Khurshchev's invasion of <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Hungary">Hungary</a> in response to the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Revolution of 1956</a>, after which <a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">Imre Nagy</a> and other dissident Hungarian leaders were imprisoned on Romanian soil.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hungarian rebellion also sparked student protests in such places as Bucharest, <a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oradea" title="Oradea">Oradea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Cluj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a>, which contributed to unease inside the PMR and resulted in a wave of arrests.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While refusing to allow dissemination of Soviet literature exposing Stalinism (writers such as <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Ehrenburg" title="Ilya Ehrenburg">Ilya Ehrenburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a>), Romanian leaders took active part in the campaign against <a href="/wiki/Boris_Pasternak" title="Boris Pasternak">Boris Pasternak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite Stalin's death, the massive police apparatus headed by the <a href="/wiki/Securitate" title="Securitate">Securitate</a> (created in 1949 and rapidly growing in numbers)<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> maintained a steady pace in its suppression of"<a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">class enemies</a>", until as late as 1962–1964. In 1962–1964, the party leadership approved a mass <a href="/wiki/Amnesty" title="Amnesty">amnesty</a>, extended to, among other prisoners, ca. 6,700 guilty of <a href="/wiki/Political_crime" title="Political crime">political crimes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This marked a toning down in the violence and scale of repression, after almost twenty years during which the Party had acted against political opposition and <a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">active anti-communist resistance</a>, as well as against <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">religious institutions</a> (most notably, the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Roman-Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Roman-Catholic Church">Romanian Roman Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Church_United_with_Rome,_Greek-Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Church United with Rome, Greek-Catholic">Greek-Catholic</a> Churches).<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates for the total number of victims in the 1947/1948-1964 period vary significantly: as low as 160,000<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 282,000<sup id="cite_ref-Cioroianu,_Pe_umerii...,_p.313_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cioroianu,_Pe_umerii...,_p.313-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> political prisoners, and as high 600,000<sup id="cite_ref-Cioroianu,_Pe_umerii...,_p.313_164-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cioroianu,_Pe_umerii...,_p.313-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (according to one estimate, about 190,000 people were killed or died in custody— ).<sup id="cite_ref-Cioroianu,_Pe_umerii...,_p.313_164-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cioroianu,_Pe_umerii...,_p.313-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notorious penal facilities of the time included the <a href="/wiki/Danube-Black_Sea_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Danube-Black Sea Canal">Danube-Black Sea Canal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sighet_prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Sighet prison">Sighet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gherla_prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Gherla prison">Gherla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aiud" title="Aiud">Aiud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pite%C8%99ti_prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitești prison">Pitești</a>, and <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A2mnicu_S%C4%83rat" title="Râmnicu Sărat">Râmnicu Sărat</a>; another method of punishment was <a href="/wiki/B%C4%83r%C4%83gan_deportations" title="Bărăgan deportations">deportation to the inhospitable Bărăgan Plain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gheorghiu-Dej_and_the_"national_path""><span id="Gheorghiu-Dej_and_the_.22national_path.22"></span>Gheorghiu-Dej and the "national path"</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Gheorghiu-Dej and the "national path""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_Communism_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="National Communism in Romania">National Communism in Romania</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:001_O_parte_a_delegatiilor_de_peste_hotare.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/001_O_parte_a_delegatiilor_de_peste_hotare.jpg/300px-001_O_parte_a_delegatiilor_de_peste_hotare.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/001_O_parte_a_delegatiilor_de_peste_hotare.jpg/450px-001_O_parte_a_delegatiilor_de_peste_hotare.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/001_O_parte_a_delegatiilor_de_peste_hotare.jpg/600px-001_O_parte_a_delegatiilor_de_peste_hotare.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1306" data-file-height="955" /></a><figcaption>Foreign leaders attending <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a>'s funeral (March 1965). <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anastas_Mikoyan" title="Anastas Mikoyan">Anastas Mikoyan</a> are among them</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Romanian_nationalism" title="Romanian nationalism">Nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">national communism</a> penetrated official discourse, largely owing to Gheorghiu-Dej's call for economic independence and distancing from the <a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moves to withdraw the country from Soviet overseeing were taken in quick succession after 1953. Khrushchev allowed Constantinescu to dissolve the <a href="/wiki/SovRoms" class="mw-redirect" title="SovRoms">SovRoms</a> in 1954,<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by the closing of Romanian-Soviet cultural ventures such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Editura_Cartea_Rus%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Editura Cartea Rusă (page does not exist)">Editura Cartea Rusă</a> at the end of the decade.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Industrialization along the PMR's own directives highlighted Romanian independence—one of its consequences was the massive steel-producing industrial complex in <a href="/wiki/Gala%C8%9Bi" title="Galați">Galați</a>, which, being dependent on imports of iron from overseas, was for long a major strain on the Romanian economy.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1957, Gheorghiu-Dej and <a href="/wiki/Emil_Bodn%C4%83ra%C5%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Emil Bodnăraş">Emil Bodnăraş</a> persuaded the Soviets to withdraw their <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">remaining troops</a> from Romanian soil.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As early as 1956, Romania's political apparatus reconciled with <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a>, which led to a series of common economic projects (culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Gates" title="Iron Gates">Iron Gates</a> venture).<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A drastic divergence in ideological outlooks manifested itself only after autumn 1961, when the PMR's leadership felt threatened by the Soviet Union's will to impose the condemnation of Stalinism as the standard in communist states.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a> of the late 1950s and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet-Albanian_Relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet-Albanian Relations">Soviet-Albanian split</a> in 1961, Romania initially gave full support to the Khrushchev's stance,<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but maintained exceptionally good relations with both <a href="/wiki/Maoist_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoist China">Maoist China</a><sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Communist_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Albania">Communist Albania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Romanian media was alone among Warsaw Pact countries to report Chinese criticism of the Soviet leadership from its source;<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in return, <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoist</a> officials complimented Romanian nationalism by supporting the view that <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a> had been a traditional victim of <a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Russian imperialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The change in policies was to become obvious in 1964, when the Communist regime offered a stiff response to the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valev_Plan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valev Plan (page does not exist)">Valev Plan</a></i>, a Soviet project of creating trans-national economic units and of assigning Romanian areas the task of supplying agricultural products.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several other measures of that year also presented themselves as radical changes in tone: after Gheorghiu-Dej endorsed <a href="/wiki/Andrei_O%C5%A3etea" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrei Oţetea">Andrei Oţetea</a>'s publishing of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Russophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Russophobia">Russophobic</a> texts (uncovered by the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Poland">Polish</a> historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Schwann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanisław Schwann (page does not exist)">Stanisław Schwann</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the PMR itself took a stand against Khrushchevite principles by issuing, in late April, a declaration published in <i><a href="/wiki/Sc%C3%AEnteia" title="Scînteia">Scînteia</a></i>, through which it stressed its commitment to a "national path" towards Communism<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (it read: "There does not and cannot exist a "parent" party and a "son" party or "superior" party and "subordinate" parties").<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During late 1964, the PMR's leadership clashed with new Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a> over the issue of <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> advisers still present in the <a href="/wiki/Securitate" title="Securitate">Securitate</a>, and eventually managed to have them recalled, making Romania the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>'s first country to have accomplished this.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These actions gave Romania greater freedom in pursuing the program which Gheorghiu-Dej had been committed to since 1954, one allowing Romania to defy reforms in the Eastern Bloc and to maintain a largely Stalinist course.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been argued that Romania's emancipation was, in effect, limited to economic relations and military cooperation, being as such dependent on a relatively tolerant mood inside the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the PMR's nationalism made it increasingly popular with Romanian <a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">intellectuals</a>, and the last stage of the Gheorghiu-Dej regime was popularly identified with <a href="/wiki/Liberalization" title="Liberalization">liberalization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romanian_Communist_Party_(1965–1989)"><span id="Romanian_Communist_Party_.281965.E2.80.931989.29"></span>Romanian Communist Party (1965–1989)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Romanian Communist Party (1965–1989)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ceaușescu's_rise"><span id="Ceau.C8.99escu.27s_rise"></span>Ceaușescu's rise</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ceaușescu's rise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adunare_Pia%C5%A3a_Palatului_August_1968.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Adunare_Pia%C5%A3a_Palatului_August_1968.jpg/300px-Adunare_Pia%C5%A3a_Palatului_August_1968.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Adunare_Pia%C5%A3a_Palatului_August_1968.jpg/450px-Adunare_Pia%C5%A3a_Palatului_August_1968.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Adunare_Pia%C5%A3a_Palatului_August_1968.jpg/600px-Adunare_Pia%C5%A3a_Palatului_August_1968.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1047" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a> and other PCR leaders in August 1968, addressing the Romanian public at a rally to oppose the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Gheorghiu-Dej died in March 1965 and was succeeded by a collective leadership made up of <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a> as general secretary, <a href="/wiki/Chivu_Stoica" title="Chivu Stoica">Chivu Stoica</a> as president and <a href="/wiki/Ion_Gheorghe_Maurer" title="Ion Gheorghe Maurer">Ion Gheorghe Maurer</a> as Premier.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ceaușescu removed rivals such as Stoica, <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Dr%C4%83ghici" title="Alexandru Drăghici">Alexandru Drăghici</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Apostol" title="Gheorghe Apostol">Gheorghe Apostol</a> from the government, and ultimately from the party leadership, and began accumulating posts for himself. By 1969, he was in complete control of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Committee">Central Committee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The circumstances surrounding this process are still disputed, but theories evidence that the support given to him by <a href="/wiki/Ion_Gheorghe_Maurer" title="Ion Gheorghe Maurer">Ion Gheorghe Maurer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emil_Bodn%C4%83ra%C8%99" title="Emil Bodnăraș">Emil Bodnăraș</a>, as well as the ascendancy of <a href="/wiki/Ilie_Verde%C8%9B" title="Ilie Verdeț">Ilie Verdeț</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virgil_Trofin" title="Virgil Trofin">Virgil Trofin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Niculescu-Mizil" title="Paul Niculescu-Mizil">Paul Niculescu-Mizil</a>, were instrumental in ensuring legitimacy.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after 1965, Ceaușescu used his prerogatives to convoke a Party Commission headed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_Popescu-Pu%C8%9Buri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ion Popescu-Puțuri (page does not exist)">Ion Popescu-Puțuri</a>, charged with investigating both Stalinist legacy and Gheorghiu-Dej's purges: resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(Soviet)" title="Rehabilitation (Soviet)">rehabilitation</a> of a large number of Communist officials (including, among others, <a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Fori%C8%99" title="Ștefan Foriș">Ștefan Foriș</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucre%C8%9Biu_P%C4%83tr%C4%83%C8%99canu" title="Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu">Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miron_Constantinescu" title="Miron Constantinescu">Miron Constantinescu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasile_Luca" title="Vasile Luca">Vasile Luca</a>, and Romanian victims of the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This measure was instrumental in consolidating the new leadership while further increasing its distance from Gheorghiu-Dej's political legacy.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1965, Ceaușescu declared that Romania was no longer a <a href="/wiki/People%27s_democracy_(Marxism-Leninism)" class="mw-redirect" title="People's democracy (Marxism-Leninism)">People's Democracy</a> but a <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist Republic</a> and changed the name of the party back to the <b>Romanian Communist Party</b>—steps which were meant to indicate that Romania was following strict Marxist policies while remaining independent. He continued Romanianization and de-Sovietization efforts by stressing notions such as <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, Ceauşescu made references to Gheorghiu-Dej's own <a href="/wiki/Personality_cult" class="mw-redirect" title="Personality cult">personality cult</a>, while implying that his was to be a new style of leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its official discourse, the PCR introduced the dogmas of "socialist democracy" and direct communication with the masses.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_131-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From ca. 1965 to 1975, there was a noted rise in the <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a> for the Romanian population as a whole, which was similar to developments in most other Eastern bloc countries.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political scientist <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Barbu" title="Daniel Barbu">Daniel Barbu</a>, who noted that this social improvement trend began ca. 1950 and benefited 45% of the population, concluded that one of its main effects was to increase the citizens' dependency on the state.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A seminal event occurred in August 1968, when Ceaușescu highlighted his anti-Soviet discourse by vocally opposing the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a>; a highly popular measure with the Romanian public, it led to sizable enrollments in the PCR and the newly created paramilitary <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Guards_(Romania)" title="Patriotic Guards (Romania)">Patriotic Guards</a> (created with the goal of meeting a possible Soviet intervention in Romania).<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1965 to 1976, the PCR rose from approximately 1.4 million members to 2.6 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Cioroianu414_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cioroianu414-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the contingency of an anti-Soviet war, the PCR even sought an alliance with the maverick <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslav</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a>—negotiations did not yield a clear result.<sup id="cite_ref-Ciorianu409_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ciorianu409-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although military intervention in Romania was reportedly taken into consideration by the Soviets,<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there is indication that <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a> had himself ruled out Romanian participation in Warsaw Pact maneuvers,<sup id="cite_ref-Ciorianu409_197-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ciorianu409-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that he continued to rely on Ceaușescu's support for other common goals.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While it appears that Romanian leaders genuinely approved of the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a> reforms undertaken by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ceaușescu's gesture also served to consolidate his image as a national and independent communist leader.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One year before the invasion of Czechoslovakia, Ceaușescu opened up diplomatic ties with <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, and refused to break links with Israel following the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting with the much-publicized visit by France's <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> (May 1968),<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Romania was the recipient of Western world support going well into the 1970s (significant visits were paid by United States Presidents <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>, in 1969 and 1975 respectively, while Ceaușescu was frequently received in Western capitals).<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ceaușescu's_supremacy"><span id="Ceau.C8.99escu.27s_supremacy"></span>Ceaușescu's supremacy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ceaușescu's supremacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceausescu_receiving_the_presidential_sceptre_1974.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ceausescu_receiving_the_presidential_sceptre_1974.jpg/300px-Ceausescu_receiving_the_presidential_sceptre_1974.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ceausescu_receiving_the_presidential_sceptre_1974.jpg/450px-Ceausescu_receiving_the_presidential_sceptre_1974.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ceausescu_receiving_the_presidential_sceptre_1974.jpg/600px-Ceausescu_receiving_the_presidential_sceptre_1974.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1740" data-file-height="1336" /></a><figcaption>The 1974 ceremony marking Ceaușescu's investiture as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Romania" title="President of Romania">President of Romania</a>: <a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Voitec" title="Ștefan Voitec">Ștefan Voitec</a> handing him the <a href="/wiki/Sceptre" title="Sceptre">sceptre</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Ceaușescu developed a <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu's cult of personality">cult of personality around himself</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Elena_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Elena Ceaușescu">Elena</a> (herself promoted to high offices)<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after visiting North Korea and noting the <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung%27s_cult_of_personality" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Il Sung's cult of personality">parallel</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while incorporating in it several aspects of past <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a> regimes in Romania (<i>see <a href="/wiki/Conduc%C4%83tor" title="Conducător">Conducător</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the early 1970s, while curbing liberalization, he launched his own version of China's <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, announced by the <i><a href="/wiki/July_Theses" title="July Theses">July Theses</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In effect, measures to concentrate power in Ceaușescu's hands were taken as early as 1967, when the general secretary became the ultimate authority on foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time, a new organization was instituted under the name of <a href="/wiki/Front_of_Socialist_Unity_and_Democracy" title="Front of Socialist Unity and Democracy">Front of Socialist Unity</a> (eventually renamed the <a href="/wiki/Front_of_Socialist_Unity_and_Democracy" title="Front of Socialist Unity and Democracy">Front of Socialist Unity and Democracy</a>). Ostensibly a popular front affiliating virtually all non-party members, it was actually tightly controlled by party activists. It was intended to consolidate the impression that the entire population was backing Ceaușescu's policies.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of these new policies, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Committee">Central Committee</a>, which acted as the main PCR body between Congresses, had increased to 265 full members and 181 candidate members (supposed to meet at least four times a year).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_131-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By then, the general secretary also called for women to be enrolled in greater numbers in all party structures.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_131-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In parallel, the political doctrine in respect to <a href="/wiki/Minorities_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Minorities of Romania">minorities</a> claimed interest in obtaining allegiance from both <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_minority_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian minority in Romania">Hungarians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Romania" title="Germans of Romania">Germans</a>, and set up separate workers' councils for both communities.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_tenth_PCR_congress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/The_tenth_PCR_congress.jpg/200px-The_tenth_PCR_congress.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/The_tenth_PCR_congress.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="381" /></a><figcaption>The Xth Party Congress, Romanian stamp from 1969</figcaption></figure> <p>Members of the upper echelons of the party who objected to Ceaușescu's stance were accused of supporting Soviet policies; they included <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_B%C3%A2rl%C4%83deanu" title="Alexandru Bârlădeanu">Alexandru Bârlădeanu</a>, who criticized the heavy loans contracted in support of industrialization policies.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In time, the new leader distanced himself from Maurer and <a href="/wiki/Corneliu_M%C4%83nescu" title="Corneliu Mănescu">Corneliu Mănescu</a>, while his career profited from the deaths of Stoica (who committed suicide) and Sălăjan (who died while undergoing surgery).<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, he came to rely on a new generation of activists, among them <a href="/wiki/Manea_M%C4%83nescu" title="Manea Mănescu">Manea Mănescu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the XIth Party Congress in 1974, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gheorghe_Cioar%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gheorghe Cioară (page does not exist)">Gheorghe Cioară</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Bucharest" title="List of mayors of Bucharest">Mayor of Bucharest</a>, proposed to extend Ceaușescu's office as General Secretary for life, but was turned down by the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly before that moment, the collective leadership of the Presidium was replaced with a Political Executive Committee, which, in practice, elected itself; together with the Secretariat, it was controlled by Ceaușescu himself, who was president of both bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_131-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the same year, the general secretary also made himself <a href="/wiki/President_of_Romania" title="President of Romania">President of the Socialist Republic</a>, following a ceremony during which he was handed a <a href="/wiki/Sceptre" title="Sceptre">sceptre</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this was the first in a succession of titles, also including <i><a href="/wiki/Conduc%C4%83tor" title="Conducător">Conducător</a></i> ("Leader"), "supreme commander of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_People%27s_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian People's Army">Romanian People's Army</a>", "honorary president of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Academy" title="Romanian Academy">Romanian Academy</a>", and "first among the country's miners".<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Progressively after 1967, the large bureaucratic structure of the PCR again replicated and interfered with state administration and economic policies.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The President himself became noted for frequent visits on location at various enterprises, where he would dispense directives, for which the termed <i>indicații prețioase</i> ("valuable advice") was coined by official propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the party's independent, "national communist" course, the absolute control that Ceaușescu had over the party and the country led to some non-Romanian observers describing the PCR as one of the closest things to an old-style Stalinist party. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> referred to the last 18 years of Ceaușescu's tenure as a period of "<a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">neo-Stalinism</a>", and the last edition of the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies" title="Library of Congress Country Studies">Country Study</a> on Romania referred to the PCR's "Stalinist repression of individual liberties."<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_1970s_crisis">Late 1970s crisis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Late 1970s crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The renewed industrialization, which based itself on both a dogmatic understanding of <a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxian economics</a> and a series of <a href="/wiki/Autarky" title="Autarky">autarkic</a> goals,<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> brought major economic problems to Romania, beginning with the effects of the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a>, and worsened by the <a href="/wiki/1979_energy_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="1979 energy crisis">1979 energy crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The profound neglect of <a href="/wiki/Service_(economics)" title="Service (economics)">services</a> and decline in <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a>, first manifested when much of the budget was diverted to support an over-sized industry,<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was made more drastic by the political decision to pay in full the country's <a href="/wiki/External_debt" title="External debt">external debt</a><sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in 1983, this was set at 10 billion United States dollars, of which 4.5 billion was accumulated <a href="/wiki/Interest" title="Interest">interest</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By March 1989, the debt had been paid in full.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two other programs initiated under Ceaușescu had massive consequences on social life. One of them was the plan, announced as early as 1965, to "<a href="/wiki/Systematization_(Romania)" title="Systematization (Romania)">systemize rural areas</a>", which was meant to urbanize Romania at a fast pace (of over 13,000 <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Romania" title="Communes of Romania">communes</a>, the country was supposed to be left with 6,000);<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it also brought massive changes for the cities—especially <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, where, following the <a href="/wiki/1977_Vrancea_earthquake" title="1977 Vrancea earthquake">1977 earthquake</a> and successive demolitions, new architectural guidelines were imposed (<i>see <a href="/wiki/Ceau%C8%99ima" title="Ceaușima">Ceaușima</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1966, Romania <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Romania" title="Abortion in Romania">outlawed abortion</a>, and, progressively after that, measures were endorsed to artificially increase the birth rate—including special taxes for childless couples.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another measure, going hand in hand with economic ones, allowed ethnic Germans a chance to leave Romania and settle in <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> as <i><a href="/wiki/Auslandsdeutsche" class="mw-redirect" title="Auslandsdeutsche">Auslandsdeutsche</a></i>, in return for payments from the latter country.<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, around 200,000 Germans left, most of them <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons" title="Transylvanian Saxons">Transylvanian Saxons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banat_Swabians" title="Banat Swabians">Banat Swabians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Romania adhered to the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> (1973) and signed the 1975 <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Final_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Helsinki Final Act">Helsinki Final Act</a>, Ceauşescu also intensified political repression in the country (beginning in 1971).<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This took a drastic turn in 1977, when, confronted with <a href="/wiki/Paul_Goma" title="Paul Goma">Paul Goma</a>'s movement in support for <i><a href="/wiki/Charter_77" title="Charter 77">Charter 77</a></i>, the regime expelled him and others from the country.<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more serious disobedience occurred in August of the same year, when <a href="/wiki/Jiu_Valley" title="Jiu Valley">Jiu Valley</a> miners went on strike, briefly took hold of Premier <a href="/wiki/Ilie_Verde%C5%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilie Verdeţ">Ilie Verdeţ</a>, and, despite having reached an agreement with the government, were repressed and some of them expelled (<i>see <a href="/wiki/Jiu_Valley_miners%27_strike_of_1977" title="Jiu Valley miners' strike of 1977">Jiu Valley miners' strike of 1977</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A newly created and independent trade union, <a href="/wiki/SLOMR" title="SLOMR">SLOMR</a>, was crushed and its leaders arrested on various charges in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Progressively during the period, the <a href="/wiki/Securitate" title="Securitate">Securitate</a> relied on <a href="/wiki/Involuntary_commitment" title="Involuntary commitment">involuntary commitment</a> to <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital" title="Psychiatric hospital">psychiatric hospitals</a> as a means to punish <a href="/wiki/Dissident" title="Dissident">dissidence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1980s">1980s</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 1980s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceausescu_%26_Gorbachev_1985.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ceausescu_%26_Gorbachev_1985.jpg/270px-Ceausescu_%26_Gorbachev_1985.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ceausescu_%26_Gorbachev_1985.jpg/405px-Ceausescu_%26_Gorbachev_1985.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ceausescu_%26_Gorbachev_1985.jpg/540px-Ceausescu_%26_Gorbachev_1985.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="1254" /></a><figcaption>Ceaușescu and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> in 1985</figcaption></figure> <p>A major act of discontent occurred inside the party during its XIIth Congress in late November 1979, when PCR veteran <a href="/wiki/Constantin_P%C3%AErvulescu" title="Constantin Pîrvulescu">Constantin Pîrvulescu</a> spoke out against Ceaușescu's policy of discouraging discussions and relying on obedient <a href="/wiki/Professional_revolutionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional revolutionaries">cadres</a> (he was subsequently heckled, evicted from the Congress hall, and isolated).<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1983, <a href="/wiki/Radu_Filipescu" title="Radu Filipescu">Radu Filipescu</a>, an engineer working in Bucharest, was imprisoned after distributing 20,000 leaflets which called for a popular rally against the regime,<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while a protests of miners in <a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99_County" title="Maramureș County">Maramureș County</a> against wage cuts was broken up by Securitate forces; three years later a strike organized by Romanian and Hungarian industrial workers in <a href="/wiki/Turda" title="Turda">Turda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Cluj-Napoca</a> met with the same result.<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1983, fearing the multiplication of <i><a href="/wiki/Samizdat" title="Samizdat">samizdat</a></i> documents, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Romanian_Ministers_of_the_Interior" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Romanian Ministers of the Interior">Minister of the Interior</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Homo%C8%99tean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Homoștean (page does not exist)">George Homoștean</a> ordered all citizens to hand over their <a href="/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter">typewriters</a> to the authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This coincided with a noted popular rise in support for outspoken dissidents who were kept under house arrest, among whom were <a href="/wiki/Doina_Cornea" title="Doina Cornea">Doina Cornea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mihai_Botez_(mathematician)" title="Mihai Botez (mathematician)">Mihai Botez</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1983, membership of the PCR had risen to 3.3 million,<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, in 1989, to 3.7–3.8 million<sup id="cite_ref-Cioroianu414_196-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cioroianu414-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—meaning that, in the end, over 20% of Romanian adults were party members,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_131-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making the PCR the largest communist group of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cioroianu414_196-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cioroianu414-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 64,200 basic party units, answering to <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Romania" title="Counties of Romania">county</a> committees, varying in number and representing various areas of Romanian society, were officially recorded in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_131-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Statistics also indicated that, during the transition from the 1965 PMR (with 8% of the total population) to the 1988 PCR, the membership of workers had grown from 44 to 55%, while that of peasants had dropped from 34 to 15%.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_131-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the end, these records contrasted the fact that the PCR had become completely subservient to its leader and no longer had any form of autonomous activity,<sup id="cite_ref-Cioroianu414_196-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cioroianu414-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while membership became a basic requirement in numerous social contexts, leading to purely formal allegiances and <a href="/wiki/Political_machine" title="Political machine">political clientelism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, the ideological viewpoint was changed, with the party no longer seen as the <a href="/wiki/Vanguard_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanguard party">vanguard of the working class</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but as the main social factor and the embodiment of the <a href="/wiki/National_interest" title="National interest">national interest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In marked contrast with the <i><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></i> policies developed in the Soviet Union by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>, Romania adopted <a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinist</a> principles in both its internal policies and its relations with the outside world.<sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As recorded in 1984, 90% of the PCR members were <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">ethnic Romanians</a>, with 7% Hungarians (the latter group's membership had dropped by more than 2% since the previous Congress).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_131-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Formal criticism of the new policies regarding minorities had also been voiced by Hungarian activists, including <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Kir%C3%A1ly" title="Károly Király">Károly Király</a>, leader of the PCR in <a href="/wiki/Covasna_County" title="Covasna County">Covasna County</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1980, the nationalist ideology adopted by the PCR progressively targeted the Hungarian community as a whole, based on suspicions of its allegiance to Hungary, whose policies had become diametrically opposed to the methods of Romanian leaders (<i>see <a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolae-Ceausescu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Nicolae-Ceausescu.jpg/270px-Nicolae-Ceausescu.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Nicolae-Ceausescu.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="261" /></a><figcaption>The 65th anniversary of the PCR</figcaption></figure> <p>Especially during the 1980s, clientelism was further enhanced by a new policy, <i>rotația cadrelor</i> ("cadre rotation" or "reshuffling"), placing strain on low-level officials to seek the protection of higher placed ones as a means to preserve their position or to be promoted.<sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This effectively prompted activists who did not approve of the change in tone to retire, while others—<a href="/wiki/Virgil_Trofin" title="Virgil Trofin">Virgil Trofin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ion_Iliescu" title="Ion Iliescu">Ion Iliescu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Niculescu-Mizil" title="Paul Niculescu-Mizil">Paul Niculescu-Mizil</a> among them—were officially dispatched to low-ranking positions or otherwise marginalized.<sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1988, the leadership of the Political Executive Committee was reduced from 15 to 7 members, including Nicolae Ceaușescu and his wife.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_131-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While some elements of the PCR were receptive to <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>'s reforms, Ceaușescu himself wanted nothing to do with <i>glasnost</i> or <i>perestroika.</i> As a result, the PCR remained an obstinate bastion of hardline Communism. Gorbachev's distaste for Ceaușescu was well known; he even went as far as to call Ceaușescu "the Romanian <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">führer</a>. "In Gorbachev's mind, Ceaușescu was part of a "Gang of Four" inflexibly hardline leaders unwilling to make the reforms he felt necessary to save Communism, along with Czechoslovakia's <a href="/wiki/Gust%C3%A1v_Hus%C3%A1k" title="Gustáv Husák">Gustáv Husák</a>, Bulgaria's <a href="/wiki/Todor_Zhivkov" title="Todor Zhivkov">Todor Zhivkov</a> and East Germany's <a href="/wiki/Erich_Honecker" title="Erich Honecker">Erich Honecker</a>. At a meeting between the two, Gorbachev upbraided Ceaușescu for his inflexible attitude. "You are running a dictatorship here," the Soviet leader warned. However, Ceaușescu refused to bend.<sup id="cite_ref-Revolution1989_252-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revolution1989-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Downfall">Downfall</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Downfall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></div> <p>Announced by a February 1987 protest of workers and students in <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the final crisis of the PCR and its regime began in the autumn, when industrial employees in <a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov" title="Brașov">Brașov</a> called a strike that immediately drew echoes with the city's population (<i>see <a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Brașov Rebellion">Brașov Rebellion</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Cioroianu,_p.36_254-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cioroianu,_p.36-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December, authorities convened a public <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_court" title="Kangaroo court">kangaroo trial</a> of the movement's leaders, and handed out sentences of imprisonment and internal exile.<sup id="cite_ref-Cioroianu,_p.36_254-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cioroianu,_p.36-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inaugurated by <a href="/wiki/Silviu_Brucan" title="Silviu Brucan">Silviu Brucan</a>'s public criticism of the Braşov repression, and inspired by the impact of changes in other Eastern Bloc countries, protests of marginalized PCR activists became notorious after March 1989, when Brucan and Pârvulescu, together with <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Apostol" title="Gheorghe Apostol">Gheorghe Apostol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_B%C3%A2rl%C4%83deanu" title="Alexandru Bârlădeanu">Alexandru Bârlădeanu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grigore_R%C4%83ceanu" title="Grigore Răceanu">Grigore Răceanu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corneliu_M%C4%83nescu" title="Corneliu Mănescu">Corneliu Mănescu</a>, sent Ceaușescu their so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_the_Six" title="Letter of the Six">Letter of the Six</a></i>, publicized over <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Free Europe">Radio Free Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At around the same time, <a href="/wiki/Systematization_(Romania)" title="Systematization (Romania)">systematization</a> provoked an international response, as Romania was subjected to a resolution of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="United Nations Commission on Human Rights">United Nations Commission on Human Rights</a>, which called for an inquiry into the state of ethnic minorities and the rural population; the political isolation experienced by Communist Romania was highlighted by the fact that Hungary endorsed the report,<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while all other Eastern bloc countries abstained.<sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This followed more than a decade of deteriorating relations between the PCR and the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party">Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the face of the changes that unfolded in the rest of Eastern Europe in 1988 and 1989, the PCR retained its image as one of the most unreconstructed parties in the Soviet bloc. It even went as far as to call for a Warsaw Pact invasion of Poland after that country's Communists announced a power-sharing agreement with the <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> trade union—a sharp reversal of its previous opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a> and its vehement opposition to the invasion of Czechoslovakia 21 years earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-Revolution1989_252-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revolution1989-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It initially appeared that the PCR would ride out the anti-Communist tide sweeping through Eastern Europe when on 24 November—two weeks after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> and the same day that <a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Communist rule effectively ended in Czechoslovakia</a>—Ceaușescu was reelected for another five-year term as General Secretary. </p><p>A month later, both Ceaușescu and the party were overthrown in the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution">Romanian Revolution</a> of <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">December 1989</a>, begun as a popular rebellion in <a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a> and eventually bringing to power the <a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Romania)" title="National Salvation Front (Romania)">National Salvation Front</a>, comprising a large number of moderate former PCR members who supported Gorbachev's vision.<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having fled the PCR's headquarters under pressure from demonstrators, Ceauşescu and his wife were captured, <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Nicolae_and_Elena_Ceau%C8%99escu" class="mw-redirect" title="Trial of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu">tried, and executed</a> by the new authorities in <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgovi%C8%99te" title="Târgoviște">Târgoviște</a>. No formal dissolution of the PCR took place. Rather, the party simply disappeared. The speed with which the PCR, one of the largest parties of its kind, dissolved, as well as its spontaneity, were held by commentators as additional proof that its sizable membership presented a largely false image of its true beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-Cioroianu414_196-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cioroianu414-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In nearly every other Eastern Bloc country, the former ruling Communist parties recast themselves into <a href="/wiki/Social_democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democratic">social democratic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic socialist">democratic socialist</a> parties, and remain major players to this day. </p><p>Many former members of the PCR have been major players in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania_since_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Romania since 1989">post-1989 political scene</a>. For example, until 2014 every post-revolution president had formerly been a member of the PCR. Among other small parties an unregistered <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party_(present-day)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Communist Party (present-day)">party of the same name</a> and the small <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Socialist_Party_(present-day)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Socialist Party (present-day)">Romanian Socialist Party</a> claim to be the successors of the PCR,<sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-261" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the latter entering Parliament in the 1992–1996 legislature under its former name of <i>Socialist Party of Labour</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_secretaries_(1921–1989)"><span id="General_secretaries_.281921.E2.80.931989.29"></span>General secretaries (1921–1989)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: General secretaries (1921–1989)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Cristescu" title="Gheorghe Cristescu">Gheorghe Cristescu</a> (1921–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elek_K%C3%B6bl%C3%B6s" title="Elek Köblös">Elek Köblös</a> (1924–1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitali_Holostenco" title="Vitali Holostenco">Vitali Holostenco</a> (1927–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Danieliuk-Stefanski" title="Alexander Danieliuk-Stefanski">Alexander Danieliuk-Stefanski</a> (1931–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Stefanov" title="Boris Stefanov">Boris Stefanov</a> (1936–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bela_Breiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Bela Breiner">Bela Breiner</a> (1938–1940)<sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Fori%C8%99" title="Ștefan Foriș">Ștefan Foriș</a> (1940–1944)</li> <li>Provisional secretariat: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Bodn%C4%83ra%C8%99" title="Emil Bodnăraș">Emil Bodnăraș</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iosif_Ranghe%C8%9B" title="Iosif Rangheț">Iosif Rangheț</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Constantin_P%C3%AErvulescu" title="Constantin Pîrvulescu">Constantin Pîrvulescu</a> (April–September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a> (1944–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Apostol" title="Gheorghe Apostol">Gheorghe Apostol</a> (1954–1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a> (1955–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a> (1965–1989)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Party_congresses">Party congresses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Party congresses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name/Period </th> <th>Location </th></tr> <tr> <td>1st (May 1921)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd (October 1922)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ploie%C8%99ti" title="Ploiești">Ploiești</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd (August 1924)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4th (July 1928)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5th (December 1931)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6th (February 1948)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7th (December 1955)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8th (June 1960)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9th (July 1965)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10th (August 1969)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11th (November 1974)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12th (November 1979)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13th (November 1984)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14th (November 1989)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Electoral history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="President_of_the_State_Council_and_Presidential_elections">President of the State Council and Presidential elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: President of the State Council and Presidential elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th><b>Election</b> </th> <th><b>Party candidate</b> </th> <th><b>Votes</b> </th> <th><b>%</b> </th> <th>Result </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">President elected by the Great National Assembly </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1961_Romanian_State_Council_president_election" title="1961 Romanian State Council president election">1961</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a> </td> <td>465 </td> <td>100% </td> <td><b>Elected</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1965_Romanian_State_Council_president_election" title="1965 Romanian State Council president election">1965</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chivu_Stoica" title="Chivu Stoica">Chivu Stoica</a> </td> <td>465 </td> <td>100% </td> <td><b>Elected</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1967_Romanian_State_Council_president_election" title="1967 Romanian State Council president election">1967</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a> </td> <td>465 </td> <td>100% </td> <td><b>Elected</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1974_Romanian_presidential_election" title="1974 Romanian presidential election">1974</a> </td> <td>465 </td> <td>100% </td> <td><b>Elected</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1980_Romanian_presidential_election" title="1980 Romanian presidential election">1980</a> </td> <td>369 </td> <td>100% </td> <td><b>Elected</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1985_Romanian_presidential_election" title="1985 Romanian presidential election">1985</a> </td> <td>369 </td> <td>100% </td> <td><b>Elected</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Note">Note</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Note"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/1961_Romanian_State_Council_president_election" title="1961 Romanian State Council president election">1961</a>, <a href="/wiki/1965_Romanian_State_Council_president_election" title="1965 Romanian State Council president election">1965</a>, <a href="/wiki/1967_Romanian_State_Council_president_election" title="1967 Romanian State Council president election">1967</a> the head of state was called President of the State Council while after 1973 the post changed to that of president </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_National_Assembly_elections">Great National Assembly elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Great National Assembly elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Election </th> <th><b>Party leader</b> </th> <th><b>Votes</b> </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>+/– </th> <th><b>Position</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1926_Romanian_general_election" title="1926 Romanian general election">1926</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Elek_K%C3%B6bl%C3%B6s" title="Elek Köblös">Elek Köblös</a> </td> <td>39,203 <p><small>as part of <a href="/wiki/Peasant_Workers%27_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Peasant Workers' Bloc">BMȚ</a></small> </p> </td> <td>1.5% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 387</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #CC0000; color:inherit; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6th </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1927_Romanian_general_election" title="1927 Romanian general election">1927</a> </td> <td>31,505 <p><small>as part of <a href="/wiki/Peasant_Workers%27_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Peasant Workers' Bloc">BMȚ</a></small> </p> </td> <td>1.3% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 387</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #CC0000; color:inherit; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6th </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1928_Romanian_general_election" title="1928 Romanian general election">1928</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Vitali_Holostenco" title="Vitali Holostenco">Vitali Holostenco</a> </td> <td>38,851 <p><small>as part of <a href="/wiki/Peasant_Workers%27_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Peasant Workers' Bloc">BMȚ</a></small> </p> </td> <td>1.4% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 387</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #CC0000; color:inherit; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6th </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1931_Romanian_general_election" title="1931 Romanian general election">1931</a> </td> <td>73,716 <p><small>as part of <a href="/wiki/Peasant_Workers%27_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Peasant Workers' Bloc">BMȚ</a></small> </p> </td> <td>2.6% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">5 / 387</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #CC0000; color:inherit; width: 1%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 10th </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1932_Romanian_general_election" title="1932 Romanian general election">1932</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Danieliuk-Stefanski" title="Alexander Danieliuk-Stefanski">Alexander Danieliuk-Stefanski</a> </td> <td>9,441 <p><small>as part of <a href="/wiki/Peasant_Workers%27_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Peasant Workers' Bloc">BMȚ</a></small> </p> </td> <td>0.3% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 387</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #CC0000; color:inherit; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 17th<br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1933_Romanian_general_election" title="1933 Romanian general election">1933</a> </td> <td>3,515 <p><small>as part of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_League&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour League (page does not exist)">Labour League</a></small> </p> </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 387</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #CC0000; color:inherit; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 15th </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1937_Romanian_general_election" title="1937 Romanian general election">1937</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boris_Stefanov" title="Boris Stefanov">Boris Stefanov</a> </td> <td colspan="5" rowspan="2">Did not compete </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1939_Romanian_general_election" title="1939 Romanian general election">1939</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bela_Breiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Bela Breiner">Bela Breiner</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1946_Romanian_general_election" title="1946 Romanian general election">1946</a> </td> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><span style="font-size:85%;">as part of <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Front_(Romania)" title="People's Democratic Front (Romania)">BPD</a></span> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">68 / 414</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #CC0000; color:inherit; width: 16%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 68 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4th </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1948_Romanian_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Romanian legislative election">1948</a> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="5"><span style="font-size:85%;">as part of <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Front_(Romania)" title="People's Democratic Front (Romania)">FDP</a></span> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">190 / 405</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #CC0000; color:inherit; width: 47%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 122 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1952_Romanian_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1952 Romanian legislative election">1952</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">428 / 428</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #CC0000; color:inherit; width: 100%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 23 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1957_Romanian_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1957 Romanian legislative election">1957</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">437 / 437</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #CC0000; color:inherit; width: 100%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 9 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1961_Romanian_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1961 Romanian legislative election">1961</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">465 / 465</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #CC0000; color:inherit; width: 100%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 28 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1965_Romanian_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1965 Romanian legislative election">1965</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">465 / 465</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #CC0000; color:inherit; width: 100%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1969_Romanian_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 Romanian legislative election">1969</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><span style="font-size:85%;">as part of <a href="/wiki/Front_of_Socialist_Unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Front of Socialist Unity">FUS</a></span> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">465 / 465</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #CC0000; color:inherit; width: 100%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1975_Romanian_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1975 Romanian legislative election">1975</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">349 / 349</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #CC0000; color:inherit; width: 100%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 116 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1980_Romanian_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1980 Romanian legislative election">1980</a> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><span style="font-size:85%;">as part of <a href="/wiki/Front_of_Socialist_Unity_and_Democracy" title="Front of Socialist Unity and Democracy">FDUS</a></span> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">369 / 369</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #CC0000; color:inherit; width: 100%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 20 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1985_Romanian_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1985 Romanian legislative election">1985</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">369 / 369</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #CC0000; color:inherit; width: 100%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romanian_communists" title="List of Romanian communists">List of Romanian communists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Timi%C5%9Foara" class="mw-redirect" title="Proclamation of Timişoara">Proclamation of Timişoara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_politics" title="Eastern Bloc politics">Eastern Bloc politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Romania)" title="Social Democratic Party (Romania)">Social Democratic Party (Romania)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-G3qDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA175">Roger East, Jolyon Pontin, Bloomsbury Publishing, 6 Oct 2016, <i>Revolution and Change in Central and Eastern Europe: Revised Edition</i>, p. 175</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Romanian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071014181630/http://www.evz.ro/article.php?artid=208601">"<i>Scânteia</i>, ziarul cu două fețe" ("<i>Scânteia</i>, the Two-Faced Journal")</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Evenimentul_Zilei" title="Evenimentul Zilei">Evenimentul Zilei</a></i>, 14 January 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070101210315/http://www.revista22.ro/html/index.php?art=3329&nr=2006-12-22">Rolul UTC în angrenajul totalitar</a>" ("The UTC's Role in the Regime's Gear Mechanism"), Adrian Cioflancă, <i><a href="/wiki/Revista_22" 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.cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080426084711/http://www.andreasferl.de/ostalgie/po-rumaenien.htm">"DDR & Ostalgie - Lexikon - Pionierorganisation der SR Rumänien"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andreasferl.de/ostalgie/po-rumaenien.htm">the original</a> on 26 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DDR+%26+Ostalgie+-+Lexikon+-+Pionierorganisation+der+SR+Rum%C3%A4nien&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.andreasferl.de%2Fostalgie%2Fpo-rumaenien.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jurnalul_Na%C8%9Bional" title="Jurnalul Național">Jurnalul Național</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jurnalul.ro/scinteia/jurnalul-national/si-verzi-si-rosii-print-21850.html"><i>Și verzi și roșii</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180313155042/http://jurnalul.ro/scinteia/jurnalul-national/si-verzi-si-rosii-print-21850.html">Archived</a> 2018-03-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Ilarion Tiu, 10 mai 2006 - Accesat la data de 10 aprilie 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6ac034c.html">"Romania: Information on the percentage of the population that are members of the communist party, from 1987"</a>. 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The case of Romania"</a>. www.eurhistxx.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurhistxx.de/spip.php%3Farticle78&lang=en.html">the original</a> on 5 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rethinking+National+Identity+after+National-Communism%3F+The+case+of+Romania&rft.pub=www.eurhistxx.de&rft.aulast=Petrescu&rft.aufirst=Cristina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurhistxx.de%2Fspip.php%253Farticle78%26lang%3Den.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Stalinism und Neo-Stalinism in Romania.</i> In: <i>Southeastern Europe in the 19. und 20. century. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2022</span>. <q>...<span class="nowrap"> </span>communism is a more radical leftist ideology.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Left&rft.date=2009-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fleft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamsMoriokaStone2006" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Sean; Morioka, Noreen; Stone, Terry Lee (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colordesignworkb0000ston/page/86"><i>Color Design Workbook: A Real World Guide to Using Color in Graphic Design</i></a>. Gloucester, Massachusetts: Rockport Publishers. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colordesignworkb0000ston/page/86">86</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/159253192X" title="Special:BookSources/159253192X"><bdi>159253192X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60393965">60393965</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Color+Design+Workbook%3A+A+Real+World+Guide+to+Using+Color+in+Graphic+Design&rft.place=Gloucester%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Rockport+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60393965&rft.isbn=159253192X&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft.au=Morioka%2C+Noreen&rft.au=Stone%2C+Terry+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolordesignworkb0000ston%2Fpage%2F86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiurgiuPavel2003" class="citation book cs1">Giurgiu, Ioan; Pavel, Philip (2003). <i>Communism in Romania : a study of Romanian communism from 1920 to 1947</i> (1st ed.). Bucharest, Romania: POLIROM. pp. <span class="nowrap">49–</span>52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8329-5609-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8329-5609-7"><bdi>978-3-8329-5609-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communism+in+Romania+%3A+a+study+of+Romanian+communism+from+1920+to+1947.&rft.place=Bucharest%2C+Romania&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=POLIROM&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-8329-5609-7&rft.aulast=Giurgiu&rft.aufirst=Ioan&rft.au=Pavel%2C+Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNohlenStöver2010" class="citation book cs1">Nohlen, Dieter; Stöver, Philip (2010). <i>Elections in Europe : a data handbook</i> (1st ed.). Baden-Baden, Germany: Nomos. pp. <span class="nowrap">1604–</span>1605. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8329-5609-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8329-5609-7"><bdi>978-3-8329-5609-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elections+in+Europe+%3A+a+data+handbook&rft.place=Baden-Baden%2C+Germany&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1604-%3C%2Fspan%3E1605&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Nomos&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-8329-5609-7&rft.aulast=Nohlen&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rft.au=St%C3%B6ver%2C+Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p. 23-27; Frunză, p. 21-22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frunză, p.25-28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p. 45; Communist press, 1923, in Frunză, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allegations in the Social-Democratic press, 1923, in Frunză, p.30; Iordachi I.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">US Library of Congress: "The Communist Party". According to PCR leader <a href="/wiki/Iosif_Ranghe%C8%9B" title="Iosif Rangheț">Iosif Rangheț</a>: "[...] on August 23, 1944, our party had, in <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, 80 party members, not more, not less. And throughout the land, our party had less than 1,000 party members, including our comrades in prisons and <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camps</a>." (Rangheț, 25–27 April 1945, in Colt). In the late 1940s, <a href="/wiki/Ana_Pauker" title="Ana Pauker">Ana Pauker</a> gave the same estimate (Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p. 45; Frunză, p. L202).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dumitru Lăcătuşu, "Convenient Truths: Representations of the Communist Illegalists in the Romanian Historiography in Post-Communism", in <i>Brukenthalia. Supplement of Brukenthal, Acta Musei</i>, No. 4, Sibiu, 2014, p. 199-200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_E._Crowther1988" class="citation book cs1">William E. Crowther (1988). <i>The political economy of Romanian socialism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Praeger</a>. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0275928403" title="Special:BookSources/0275928403"><bdi>0275928403</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+political+economy+of+Romanian+socialism&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0275928403&rft.au=William+E.+Crowther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.18-45; Frunză, p.38-48, 63–72; Iordachi, I.2; Pokivailova, p.48; Troncotă, p.19-20; Veiga, p.222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.36; Frunză, p.71; Troncotă, p.19; Veiga, p.115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.47-48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.18, 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iordachi, I.2; Pokivailova, p.47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.27–30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Troncotă, p.18-19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Argetoianu, June 1922, in Troncotă, p.19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Troncotă, p.19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.37, 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deletant_&_Ionescu,_p.4–5-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deletant_&_Ionescu,_p.4–5_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deletant_&_Ionescu,_p.4–5_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Deletant & Ionescu, p.4–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frunză, p.38–39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frunză, p.32–33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.38–39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frunză, p.49–50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.41; Frunză, p.51-53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Troncotă, p.20–22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frunză, p.58–62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.41–43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frunză, p.53–62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frunză, p.85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pokivailova,_p.48-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pokivailova,_p.48_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pokivailova,_p.48_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pokivailova,_p.48_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pokivailova,_p.48_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pokivailova,_p.48_43-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pokivailova, p.48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Veiga,_p.223-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Veiga,_p.223_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Veiga,_p.223_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Veiga, p.223</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.110–118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Comunismul și cel care a trăit Iluzia"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Veiga, p.235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frunză, p.84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii..</i>, p.43, 170–171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frunză, p.84, 102–103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Veiga, p.223–224</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pokivailova, p.47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pokivailova, p.46–47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.42, 44, 48–50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii..</i>, p.42–43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frunză, p.90–91, 151, 215</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pokivailova, p.45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.43, 52, 171–172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frunză, p.103–104, 149–154, 215</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frunză, p.72; Pokivailova, p.48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frunză, p.72, 105–107, 127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frunză, p.106-107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.52; Frunză, p.103, 402</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.42-52, 132–134, 332, 335–336, 343–344; Deletant, p.196, 238–239, 303; Frunză, p.122-123, 138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Bărbulescu et al., <i>File din istoria U.T.C</i>, 1971, Bucharest: Editura Politică. p. 199</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.52; Deletant, p.116, 123, 196–198, 219, 225, 254, 303, 311, 332–333, 335–336, 340</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deletant, p.196-197, 225</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frunză, p.123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frunză, p.123-125; 130–131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frunză, p.125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frunză, p.131-133, 139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.49-50, 62;"Comunismul și cel care a trăit Iluzia"; Frunză, p.400-402</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.50; Frunză, p.213, 218–221, 402</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.50-55; Chant, p.84-85, 124–125, 303; Deletant, p.3-4, 241–246, 265–266, 343–346; Frunză, p.128-137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.51; Deletant, p.243-245, 257; Frunză, p.126-129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deletant, p.243, 265–266, 269, 344; Frunză, p.130-145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frunză, p.171, 178–190</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frunză, p.163-170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frunză, p.201-212; according to Rangheț: "After 3 months of our party's legal existence, in October, we had almost 5–6,000 party members. [...] What is this to say? That we expanded the <a href="/wiki/Professional_revolutionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional revolutionaries">cadres</a>, party members, by only very, very little, if we are to keep in mind the present legal situation, if we keep in mind that, through our party's work, thousands, tens and hundreds of thousands workers were rallied. [...] During this time, when our party only had 5–6,000 party members, we held large, huge protests against the [daily] realities in our country, in Bucharest as well as throughout the land..." (Rangheț, 25–27 April 1945, in Colt)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.297; Frunză, p.208</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barbu, p.190</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.51-52; Deletant & Ionescu, p.4-5; Frunză, p.218-219</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.45, 59–61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frunză, p.176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.106-148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barbu, p.187-189; Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.55-56; Frunză, p.173-174, 220–222, 237–238, 254–255</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frunză, p.186-190</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barbu, p.187-188; Frunză, p.174-177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frunză, p.180-181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.156-157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frunză, p.180-184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frunză, p.181-182</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frunză, p.183-184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.93; Frunză, p.187-189</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.61-64, 159–161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.63, 159–160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, p.161-162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.58-59; Frunză, p.198-200, 221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frunză, p.200, 221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.295-296; Deletant, p.245-262; Frunză, p.228-232</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.77-93, 106–148; Frunză, p.240-258</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.67-71, 372–373; Frunză, p.381</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.62, 91–93, 174–176, 194–195; Frunză, p.219-220</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barbu, p.190-191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frunză, p.220</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frunză, p.233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.62; Frunză, p.233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frunză, p.234</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frunză, p.234-239</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.64-66; Frunză, p.287-292</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Petre Ţurlea, "Alegerile parlamentare din noiembrie '46: guvernul procomunist joacă şi câştigă. Ilegalităţi flagrante, rezultat viciat" ("The Parliamentary Elections of November '46: the Pro-Communist Government Plays and Wins. Blatant Unlawfulness, Tampered Result"), p. 35–36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.95-96; Frunză, p.287-308</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.97-101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, p.99; Craig S. Smith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/27/world/europe/27michael.html?pagewanted=1&_r=3">"Romania's King Without a Throne Outlives Foes and Setbacks"</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, 27 January 2007; Retrieved on 7 December 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.93-94; Frunză, p.259-286, 329–359</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">US Library of Congress: "The Communist Party"; Frunză, p.274, 350–354</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deletant & Ionescu, p.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.292; Frunză, p.355-357</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NS-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NS_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Nohlen" title="Dieter Nohlen">Dieter Nohlen</a> & Philip Stöver (2010) <i>Elections in Europe: A data handbook</i>, pp1604–1610 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8329-5609-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8329-5609-7">978-3-8329-5609-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.72-73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.73-74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.74-75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.75-76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.76, 251–253; Deletant & Ionescu, p.3-4; Frunză, p.393-394, 412–413</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKligmanVerdery2011" class="citation book cs1">Kligman, Gail; Verdery, Katherine (14 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691149721.001.0001"><i>Peasants under Siege</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.23943%2Fprinceton%2F9780691149721.001.0001">10.23943/princeton/9780691149721.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14972-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14972-1"><bdi>978-0-691-14972-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peasants+under+Siege&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011-08-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.23943%2Fprinceton%2F9780691149721.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-691-14972-1&rft.aulast=Kligman&rft.aufirst=Gail&rft.au=Verdery%2C+Katherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.23943%2Fprinceton%2F9780691149721.001.0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">US Library of Congress:"The Communist Party"; Deletant & Ionescu, p.3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_131-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_131-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_131-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_131-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_131-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_131-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_131-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_131-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_131-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_131-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_131-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">US Library of Congress: "The Communist Party"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.194-195, 200–201; Frunză, p.359-363; 407–410</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a>, in Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.299</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.297, 298–300</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.180-182, 200–203; Frunză, p.403-407; Tismăneanu, p.16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, p.299</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deletant & Ionescu, p.5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deletant & Ionescu, p.5-6; Frunză, p.403-407</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.103; Deletant & Ionescu, p.3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1952 Constitution, in Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.103-104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.195-196; Tismăneanu, p.19, 22–23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.204</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.197-198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.76, 181–182, 206; Frunză, p.393-394</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.391-394; Deletant & Ionescu, p.7, 20–21; Tismăneanu, p.12, 27–31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.201</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.210-211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.207, 375; Frunză, p.437</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.375; Frunză, p.437</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.204; Deletant & Ionescu, p.7; Tismăneanu, p.10-12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.206, 217–218; Deletant & Ionescu, p.7-8, 9; Frunză, p.424-425; Tismăneanu, p.9, 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.206, 217; Deletant & Ionescu, p.8, 9; Frunză, p.430-434; Tismăneanu, p.15-16, 18–19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.136, 206–207; Deletant & Ionescu, p.8-9; Frunză, p.425; Tismăneanu, p.11-12, 16–19, 24–26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.136, 208; Tismăneanu, p.22, 23–24, 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tismăneanu, p.29-30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.198-200, 207; Deletant & Ionescu, p.9-13; Frunză, p.426-428-434; Tismăneanu, p.19-23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deletant & Ionescu, p.10-11, 34; Tismăneanu, p.21, 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frunză, p.429</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.291-294; Deletant & Ionescu, p.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.221, 314–315; Deletant & Ionescu, p.19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.268-318; Frunză, p.367-370, 392–399</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barbu, p.192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cioroianu,_Pe_umerii...,_p.313-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cioroianu,_Pe_umerii...,_p.313_164-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cioroianu,_Pe_umerii...,_p.313_164-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cioroianu,_Pe_umerii...,_p.313_164-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.313</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.300-319; Frunză, p.394-399</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.212-217, 219, 220, 372–376; Frunză, p.440-444</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.208</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.218-219, 220; Deletant & Ionescu, p.19; Frunză, p.456-457</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frunză, p.442</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.345-352; Deletant & Ionescu, p.13-15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.214; Frunză, p.442, 445, 449–450</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tismăneanu, p.37-38, 47–48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tismăneanu, p.34-36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.215, 218; Frunză, p.437, 449, 452–453; Tismăneanu, p.14-15, 43–44, 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.215; Frunză, p.437, 449; Tismăneanu, p.14-15, 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.215; Frunză, p.438</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frunză, p.452-453</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.216; Frunză, p.440-441, 454–457; Deletant & Ionescu, p.17; Iordachi I.2, II.1; Tismăneanu, p.45-46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.220; Deletant & Ionescu, p.18; Frunză, p.453</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.220, 321–325; Deletant & Ionescu, p.18; Iordachi I.2, II.1; Tismăneanu, p.34, 48–49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Sc%C3%AEnteia" title="Scînteia">Scînteia</a></i>, 1964, in Iordachi I.2; in Tismăneanu, p.49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deletant & Ionescu, p.18-19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.216-217, 220–221; Deletant & Ionescu, p.15-19; Frunză, p.445-449, 458–461; Tismăneanu, p.32-34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.320-325</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.221-223, 275–276; Frunză, p.458</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.392-394</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.393-397; Deletant & Ionescu, p.29-30; Frunză, p.472</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.393-397; Deletant & Ionescu, p.29-30; Tismăneanu, p.51-53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.398-399; "Comunismul și cel care a trăit Iluzia"; Deletant & Ionescu, p.25; Frunză, p.472-474</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.397-400; Frunză, p.473-474</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deletant, p.266-269; Frunză, p.474, 504–509, 513–518</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frunză, p.474</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deletant & Ionescu, p.25-26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barbu, p.193-195</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.403-412, 414; Deletant & Ionescu, p.27; Frunză, p.475; Negrici, p.221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cioroianu414-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cioroianu414_196-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cioroianu414_196-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cioroianu414_196-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cioroianu414_196-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cioroianu414_196-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">US Library of Congress: "The Communist Party"; Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.414</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ciorianu409-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ciorianu409_197-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ciorianu409_197-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.409</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deletant & Ionescu, p.27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.409; Frunză, p.516-518</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.405-406</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.404, 412–415; Deletant & Ionescu, p.22; Frunză, p.513-514; Iordachi, II.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deletant & Ionescu, p.22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.404-405;"Comunismul și cel care a trăit Iluzia"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.412-414; "Comunismul și cel care a trăit Iluzia"; Deletant & Ionescu, p.29, 46; Iordachi, II.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.79-80, 429, 431, 489–490; Deletant & Ionescu, p.28-29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.436</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.416, 424, 434–442, 488–492; "Comunismul și cel care a trăit Iluzia"; Deletant, p.266-269; Negrici, p.221-226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.489; Deletant & Ionescu, p.30-31; Negrici, p.221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frunză, p.476</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frunză, p.482-483</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deletant & Ionescu, p.23-24; Iordachi, I.3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frunză, p.476, 510–511</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deletant & Ionescu, p.31; Frunză, p.472, 475, 476–478, 479–480, 483, 511</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deletant & Ionescu, p.30; Frunză, p.483</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.491; Frunză, p.480</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.489; Deletant & Ionescu, p.31; Frunză, p.483-484</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.416, 489–490</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">US Library of Congress: "The Communist Party"; Deletant & Ionescu, p.26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deletant & Ionescu, p.32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+ro0010%29">http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+ro0010%29</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deletant & Ionescu, p.26, 32; Frunză, p.510-512</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.467; Deletant & Ionescu, p.32-33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.467-468; Deletant & Ionescu, p.33-34; Frunză, p.512</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.468-469; Frunză, p.512</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.468; Deletant & Ionescu, p.33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.471</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.469; Deletant & Ionescu, p.47-49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.470</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deletant & Ionescu, p.42-44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.471-474; Deletant & Ionescu, p.24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.473; Deletant & Ionescu, p.24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.486; Frunză, p.516, 518</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.478; Frunză, p.524</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.478-479; Frunză, p.525-526</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.479; Deletant & Ionescu, p.34-35; Frunză, p.526</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.479; Deletant & Ionescu, p.35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.487-488; Frunză, p.486-489</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deletant & Ionescu, p.38; Frunză, p.525-525</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deletant & Ionescu, p.35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.479; Deletant & Ionescu, p.42-43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deletant & Ionescu, p.37-39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frunză, p.482</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deletant & Ionescu, p. 41–42; Frunză, p. 481–483</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.415, 426–432; Frunză, p.521</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">US Library of Congress:"The Communist Party"; Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.416</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">US Library of Congress: "The Communist Party"; Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.428; Frunză, p.504-518, 520</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.491-494; Deletant & Ionescu, p.32, 44–46; Frunză, p.520; Iordachi, II.3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frunză, p.523</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iordachi, I.3, III</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.426-431; Deletant & Ionescu, p.30; Frunză, p.485-486</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frunză, p.485-486</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Revolution1989-252"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Revolution1989_252-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Revolution1989_252-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSebetsyen2009" class="citation book cs1">Sebetsyen, Victor (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/revolution1989fa00sebe"><i>Revolution 1989: The Fall of the Soviet Empire</i></a></span>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_Books" title="Pantheon Books">Pantheon Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-42532-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-42532-5"><bdi>978-0-375-42532-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+1989%3A+The+Fall+of+the+Soviet+Empire&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-375-42532-5&rft.aulast=Sebetsyen&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frevolution1989fa00sebe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deletant & Ionescu, p.35-36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cioroianu,_p.36-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cioroianu,_p.36_254-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cioroianu,_p.36_254-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.486-487; Deletant & Ionescu, p.36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.487-488; Deletant & Ionescu, p.37, 40–41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deletant & Ionescu, p.39-40; Iordachi, III.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deletant & Ionescu, p.39-40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iordachi, III</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, <i>Pe umerii...</i>, p.488, 493–494</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adevarul.ro/actualitate/eveniment/Noul_Partid_Comunist_Roman-_Pionierii_0_367163711.html">"Noul Partid Comunist Român, condus de un șofer de taxi"</a>. <i>adevarul</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=adevarul&rft.atitle=Noul+Partid+Comunist+Rom%C3%A2n%2C+condus+de+un+%C8%99ofer+de+taxi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adevarul.ro%2Factualitate%2Feveniment%2FNoul_Partid_Comunist_Roman-_Pionierii_0_367163711.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130218041900/http://e-dromos.gr/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=7558:petre-ignatencu-%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE-%CE%BA%CF%85%CE%B2%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7-%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82-%CF%81%CE%BF%25">"Petre Ignatencu: Πραγματική κυβέρνηση της Ρουμανίας είναι το ΔΝΤ και η Παγκόσμια Τράπεζα"</a>. E-dromos. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://e-dromos.gr/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=7558:petre-ignatencu-%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE-%CE%BA%CF%85%CE%B2%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7-%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82-%CF%81%CE%BF%">the original</a> on 18 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Petre+Ignatencu%3A+%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE+%CE%BA%CF%85%CE%B2%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7+%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%A1%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82+%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CF%84%CE%BF+%CE%94%CE%9D%CE%A4+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CE%B7+%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%B1+%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B6%CE%B1&rft.pub=E-dromos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fe-dromos.gr%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_k2%26view%3Ditem%26id%3D7558%3Apetre-ignatencu-%25CF%2580%25CF%2581%25CE%25B1%25CE%25B3%25CE%25BC%25CE%25B1%25CF%2584%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BA%25CE%25AE-%25CE%25BA%25CF%2585%25CE%25B2%25CE%25AD%25CF%2581%25CE%25BD%25CE%25B7%25CF%2583%25CE%25B7-%25CF%2584%25CE%25B7%25CF%2582-%25CF%2581%25CE%25BF%25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paula Mihailov, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jurnalul.antena3.ro/scinteia/istoria-comunismului/ultimul-conducator-ilegalist-40618.html">Ultimul conducator ilegalist</a>, jurnalul.ro : Istoria comunismului, 26 July 2005, accessed 23 January 2019</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/romania/70.htm">The Communist Party</a>" from the <a href="/wiki/US_Library_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="US Library of Congress">US Library of Congress</a>' <i>Country Study of Romania</i>, 1990; retrieved 5 July 2007</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Boia" title="Lucian Boia">Lucian Boia</a>, ed., <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Miturile comunismului românesc</i></span> ("The Myths of Romanian Communism"), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Editura_Nemira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Editura Nemira (page does not exist)">Editura Nemira</a>, Bucharest, 1997–1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-569-209-0" title="Special:BookSources/973-569-209-0">973-569-209-0</a>. See: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Barbu" title="Daniel Barbu">Daniel Barbu</a>, "<span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Destinul colectiv, servitutea involuntară, nefericirea totalitară: trei mituri ale comunismului românesc</i></span>" ("Collective Destiny, Involuntary Servitude, Totalitarian Misery: Three Myths of Romanian Communism"), p. 175–197</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugen_Negrici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugen Negrici (page does not exist)">Eugen Negrici</a>, "Mitul patriei primejduite" ("The Myth of the Fatherland in Peril"), p. 220–226</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a>, <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in Romanian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071008065511/http://www.revista22.ro/html/index.php?nr=2002-06-24&art=122">"<span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Comunismul și cel care a trăit Iluzia</i></span>" ("Communism and the Man Who Lived the Illusion")</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/22_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="22 (magazine)">Revista 22</a></i>, Nr.25 (641), June 2002; retrieved 5 July 2007</li> <li><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Pe umerii lui Marx. O introducere în istoria comunismului românesc</i></span> ("On the Shoulders of Marx. An Incursion into the History of Romanian Communism"), <a href="/wiki/Editura_Curtea_Veche" title="Editura Curtea Veche">Editura Curtea Veche</a>, Bucharest, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-669-175-6" title="Special:BookSources/973-669-175-6">973-669-175-6</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Romanian)</span> Radu Colt, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itcnet.ro/history/archive/mi1999/current6/mi18.htm">"80 în București și mai puțin de 1000 în toată țara" ("80 in Bucharest and Less throughout the Country")</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071007124815/http://www.itcnet.ro/history/archive/mi1999/current6/mi18.htm">Archived</a> 7 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Magazin_Istoric" title="Magazin Istoric">Magazin Istoric</a></i>, June 1999; retrieved 5 July 2007</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Deletant" title="Dennis Deletant">Dennis Deletant</a>, <i>Hitler's Forgotten Ally: Ion Antonescu and His Regime, Romania, 1940–1944</i>, <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>, London, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-9341-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-4039-9341-6">1-4039-9341-6</a></li> <li>Dennis Deletant, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mihail_Ionescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mihail Ionescu (page does not exist)">Mihail Ionescu</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070712004004/http://wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/ACF368.pdf">Romania and the Warsaw Pact: 1955–1989</a>", in <i>Cold War International History Project</i>, Working Paper No. 43, <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_International_Center_for_Scholars" title="Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars">Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars</a>, Washington, D.C., April 2004; retrieved 5 July 2007</li> <li>Victor Frunză, <i>Istoria stalinismului în România</i> ("The History of Stalinism in Romania"), <a href="/wiki/Humanitas_publishing_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanitas publishing house">Humanitas</a>, Bucharest, 1990</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Iordachi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantin Iordachi (page does not exist)">Constantin Iordachi</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cimec.ro/Istorie/CRISTI/cuprins.htm">The Anatomy of a Historical Conflict: Romanian-Hungarian Diplomatic Conflict in the 1980s</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Central_European_University" title="Central European University">Central European University</a>, at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cimec.ro/">Romanian Institute for Cultural Memory</a>; retrieved 5 July 2007</li> <li><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">T. A. Pokivailova, "1939–1940. Cominternul și Partidul Comunist din România</i></span>" (1939–1940. The Comintern and the Communist Party of Romania"), in <i>Magazin Istoric</i>, March 1997</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/ACFAF5.pdf"><i>Gheorghiu-Dej and the Romanian Workers' Party: From De-Sovietization to the Emergence of National Communism</i></a>, in <i>Cold War International History Project</i>, Working Paper No. 37, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, D.C., 2002; Retrieved on 5 July 2007</li> <li><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Cristian Troncotă, "Siguranța și spectrul revoluției comuniste"</i></span> ("Siguranța and the Specter of Communist Revolution"), in <i>Dosarele Istoriei</i>, 4(44)/2000</li> <li><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro"><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Veiga" title="Francisco Veiga">Francisco Veiga</a>, Istoria Gărzii de Fier, 1919–1941: Mistica ultranaționalismului</i></span> ("The History of the Iron Guard, 1919–1941: The Mystique of Ultra-Nationalism"), Humanitas, Bucharest, 1993</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="General_Secretaries_of_the_Romanian_Communist_Party123" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#b0c4de;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:PCRGenSecs" title="Template:PCRGenSecs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:PCRGenSecs" title="Template talk:PCRGenSecs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:PCRGenSecs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:PCRGenSecs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="General_Secretaries_of_the_Romanian_Communist_Party123" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">General Secretaries of the Romanian Communist Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Cristescu" title="Gheorghe Cristescu">Cristescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elek_K%C3%B6bl%C3%B6s" title="Elek Köblös">Köblös</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitali_Holostenco" title="Vitali Holostenco">Holostenco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Danieliuk-Stefanski" title="Alexander Danieliuk-Stefanski">Stefanski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Stefanov" title="Boris Stefanov">Stefanov</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Breiner" title="Béla Breiner">Breiner</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Fori%C8%99" title="Ștefan Foriș">Foriș</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emil_Bodn%C4%83ra%C8%99" title="Emil Bodnăraș">Bodnăraș</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Constantin_P%C3%AErvulescu" title="Constantin Pîrvulescu">Pîrvulescu</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Iosif_Ranghe%C8%9B" title="Iosif Rangheț">Rangheț</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghiu-Dej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Apostol" title="Gheorghe Apostol">Apostol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghiu-Dej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Ceaușescu</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_PCR.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Party symbol"><img alt="Party symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Coat_of_arms_of_PCR.svg/45px-Coat_of_arms_of_PCR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Coat_of_arms_of_PCR.svg/68px-Coat_of_arms_of_PCR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Coat_of_arms_of_PCR.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_PCR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="916" data-file-height="1084" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate interim officeholders.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_parties_in_Romania_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Romania&#124;link=Romania327" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanian_political_parties" title="Template:Romanian political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romanian_political_parties" title="Template talk:Romanian political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romanian_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romanian political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_parties_in_Romania_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Romania&#124;link=Romania327" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Romania" title="List of political parties in Romania">Political parties</a> in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parliamentary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Romania)" title="Social Democratic Party (Romania)">Social Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Liberal_Humanist_Party" title="Social Liberal Humanist Party">Social Liberal Humanist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Romania)" title="National Liberal Party (Romania)">National Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_of_the_Right" title="Force of the Right">Force of the Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_Romania_Union" title="Save Romania Union">Save Romania Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewing_Romania%27s_European_Project" title="Renewing Romania's European Project">Renewing Romania's European Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Respect_in_Europe_for_All_Party" title="Justice and Respect in Europe for All Party">Justice and Respect in Europe for All Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Union_of_Romanians" title="Alliance for the Union of Romanians">Alliance for the Union of Romanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S.O.S._Romania" title="S.O.S. Romania">S.O.S. Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_of_Hungarians_in_Romania" title="Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania">Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Nationhood_Party" title="Romanian Nationhood Party">Romanian Nationhood Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Italians_of_Romania" title="Association of Italians of Romania">Association of Italians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Macedonians_of_Romania" title="Association of Macedonians of Romania">Association of Macedonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Union_of_Banat%E2%80%93Romania" title="Bulgarian Union of Banat–Romania">Bulgarian Union of Banat–Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_the_Lipovan_Russians_in_Romania" title="Community of the Lipovan Russians in Romania">Community of the Lipovan Russians in Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Union_of_Ruthenians_of_Romania" title="Cultural Union of Ruthenians of Romania">Cultural Union of Ruthenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Forum_of_Germans_in_Romania" title="Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania">Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Turkish_Union_of_Romania" title="Democratic Turkish Union of Romania">Democratic Turkish Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_of_Slovaks_and_Czechs_of_Romania" title="Democratic Union of Slovaks and Czechs of Romania">Democratic Union of Slovaks and Czechs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_of_Turkic-Muslim_Tatars_of_Romania" title="Democratic Union of Turkic-Muslim Tatars of Romania">Democratic Union of Turkic-Muslim Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_the_Jewish_Communities_in_Romania" title="Federation of the Jewish Communities in Romania">Federation of the Jewish Communities in Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Union_of_Romania" title="Hellenic Union of Romania">Hellenic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Albanians_of_Romania" title="League of Albanians of Romania">League of Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_the_Roma" title="Party of the Roma">Party of the Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Armenians_of_Romania" title="Union of Armenians of Romania">Union of Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Croatians_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Croatians of Romania">Union of Croatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Poles_of_Romania" title="Union of Poles of Romania">Union of Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Serbs_of_Romania" title="Union of Serbs of Romania">Union of Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Ukrainians_of_Romania" title="Union of the Ukrainians of Romania">Union of the Ukrainians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraparliamentary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_National_Peasants%27_Party" title="Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party">Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Homeland" title="Alliance for the Homeland">Alliance for the Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania_Party" title="Greater Romania Party">Greater Romania Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(Romania)" title="Green Party (Romania)">Green Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_People_Together" title="Nation People Together">Nation People Together</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Movement_Party" title="People's Movement Party">People's Movement Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRO_Romania" title="PRO Romania">PRO Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecologist_Party_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecologist Party of Romania">Ecologist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rebirth_Alliance" title="National Rebirth Alliance">National Rebirth Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noua_Dreapt%C4%83" title="Noua Dreaptă">Noua Dreaptă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Nationhood_Party" title="Romanian Nationhood Party">Romanian Nationhood Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Socialist_Party_(2003)" title="Romanian Socialist Party (2003)">Romanian Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Alternative" title="The Right Alternative">The Right Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volt_Romania" title="Volt Romania">Volt Romania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Defunct128" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;">Defunct</span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Nationalist_Party_(Romania)" title="Democratic Nationalist Party (Romania)">Democratic Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Romania)" title="Democratic Union Party (Romania)">Democratic Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Romania)" title="National Party (Romania)">National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_from_Banat" title="National Union from Banat">National Union from Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_National_Unity_Party" title="Romanian National Unity Party">Romanian National Unity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Romania_Party" title="United Romania Party">United Romania Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Liberal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_(Romania)" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats (Romania)">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_and_Independent_Faction" title="Free and Independent Faction">Free and Independent Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Union%E2%80%93Br%C4%83tianu" title="Liberal Union–Brătianu">Liberal Union–Brătianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Romania,_1875)" title="National Liberal Party (Romania, 1875)">National Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party%E2%80%93Br%C4%83tianu" title="National Liberal Party–Brătianu">National Liberal Party–Brătianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party%E2%80%93C%C3%A2mpeanu" title="National Liberal Party–Câmpeanu">National Liberal Party–Câmpeanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party%E2%80%93T%C4%83t%C4%83rescu" title="National Liberal Party–Tătărescu">National Liberal Party–Tătărescu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radical_Party_(Romania)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radical Party (Romania) (page does not exist)">Radical Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conservative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Force" title="Civic Force">Civic Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Romania,_1880%E2%80%931918)" title="Conservative Party (Romania, 1880–1918)">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative-Democratic_Party" title="Conservative-Democratic Party">Conservative-Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junimea" title="Junimea">Constitutional Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Christian_Party" title="National Democratic Christian Party">National Democratic Christian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Front" title="National Renaissance Front">National Renaissance Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(interwar_Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Party (interwar Romania)">People's Party (1918–1938)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Romania,_2005%E2%80%9306)" title="People's Party (Romania, 2005–06)">People's Party (2005–2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_(Romania)" title="Progressive Conservative Party (Romania)">Progressive Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_National_Party" title="Romanian National Party">Romanian National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlad_%C8%9Aepe%C8%99_League" title="Vlad Țepeș League">Vlad Țepeș League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Left-wing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Socialist_Party" title="Banat Socialist Party">Banat Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_(Nepeceri%C8%99ti)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party (Nepeceriști)">Communist Party (Nepeceriști)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Salvation_Front" title="Democratic National Salvation Front">Democratic National Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Labour" title="Democratic Party of Labour">Democratic Party of Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_(Romania)" title="Labor Party (Romania)">Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Romania)" title="National Salvation Front (Romania)">National Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Social_Solidarity" title="Party of Social Solidarity">Party of Social Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker-Peasant_Bloc" title="Worker-Peasant Bloc">Worker-Peasant Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_%E2%80%93_Dan_Diaconescu" title="People's Party – Dan Diaconescu">People's Party – Dan Diaconescu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romanian Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Social_Democratic_Party_(1927%E2%80%931948)" title="Romanian Social Democratic Party (1927–1948)">Romanian Social Democratic Party (1927–1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Social_Democratic_Party_(1990%E2%80%932001)" title="Romanian Social Democratic Party (1990–2001)">Romanian Social Democratic Party (1990–2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Socialist_Democratic_Party" title="Romanian Socialist Democratic Party">Romanian Socialist Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Socialist_Party_(1992%E2%80%932015)" title="Romanian Socialist Party (1992–2015)">Romanian Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Democratic_Party_of_Bukovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social Democratic Party of Bukovina (page does not exist)">Social Democratic Party of Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Romania_(1910%E2%80%931918)" title="Social Democratic Party of Romania (1910–1918)">Social Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Workers%27_Party_of_Romania" title="Social Democratic Workers' Party of Romania">Social Democratic Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Labour" title="Socialist Party of Labour">Socialist Party of Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Protection_People%27s_Party" title="Social Protection People's Party">Social Protection People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Romania" title="Socialist Party of Romania">Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Transylvania" title="Socialist Party of Transylvania">Socialist Party of Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_of_Romania" title="Socialist Workers Party of Romania">Socialist Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_(Romania)" title="United Socialist Party (Romania)">United Socialist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agrarian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_League_(Romania)" title="Agrarian League (Romania)">Agrarian League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_Union_Party" title="Agrarian Union Party">Agrarian Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabian_Peasants%27_Party" title="Bessarabian Peasants' Party">Bessarabian Peasants' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Agrarian_Party_of_Romania" title="Democratic Agrarian Party of Romania">Democratic Agrarian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Peasants%27_Party_(Bukovina)" title="Democratic Peasants' Party (Bukovina)">Democratic Peasants' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Peasants%27_Party%E2%80%93Lupu" title="Democratic Peasants' Party–Lupu">Democratic Peasants' Party–Lupu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Peasants%27_Party%E2%80%93Stere" title="Democratic Peasants' Party–Stere">Democratic Peasants' Party–Stere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_Against_Usury" title="League Against Usury">League Against Usury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Agrarian_Party" title="National Agrarian Party">National Agrarian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Peasants%27_Party" title="National Peasants' Party">National Peasants' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Peasants%27_Party%E2%80%93Alexandrescu" title="National Peasants' Party–Alexandrescu">National Peasants' Party–Alexandrescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Party_(Romania)" title="Peasants' Party (Romania)">Peasants' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Party%E2%80%93Lupu" title="Peasants' Party–Lupu">Peasants' Party–Lupu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ploughmen%27s_Front" title="Ploughmen's Front">Ploughmen's Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Peasants%27_Party" title="Radical Peasants' Party">Radical Peasants' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Peasants%27_Party" title="Socialist Peasants' Party">Socialist Peasants' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Peasants%27_Party" title="Transylvanian Peasants' Party">Transylvanian Peasants' Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Far-right</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citizen_Bloc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Citizen Bloc (page does not exist)">Citizen Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Romanianism" title="Crusade of Romanianism">Crusade of Romanianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Christian_Party" title="National Christian Party">National Christian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-Christian_Defense_League" title="National-Christian Defense League">National-Christian Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Movement" title="National Fascist Movement">National Fascist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Italo-Romanian_Cultural_and_Economic_Movement" title="National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement">National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Romanian_Fascio" title="National Romanian Fascio">National Romanian Fascio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_(Romania)" title="National Socialist Party (Romania)">National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_Action&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romanian Action (page does not exist)">Romanian Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Front" title="Romanian Front">Romanian Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic minority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_Swabian_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Autonomous Swabian Party (page does not exist)">Autonomous Swabian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratstvo_Community_of_Bulgarians_in_Romania" title="Bratstvo Community of Bulgarians in Romania">Bratstvo Community of Bulgarians in Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Union_of_Albanians_of_Romania" title="Cultural Union of Albanians of Romania">Cultural Union of Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_of_the_Roma_of_Romania" title="Democratic Union of the Roma of Romania">Democratic Union of the Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Party_(Romania)" title="German Party (Romania)">German Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party_(Romania)" title="German People's Party (Romania)">German People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund_in_Romania" title="General Jewish Labour Bund in Romania">General Jewish Labour Bund in Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Transylvanian_Saxons" title="Group of Transylvanian Saxons">Group of Transylvanian Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Party" title="Hungarian People's Party">Hungarian People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Union" title="Hungarian People's Union">Hungarian People's Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Union_(Romania)" title="Hungarian Union (Romania)">Hungarian Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Community_of_Romania" title="Italian Community of Romania">Italian Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Democratic_Committee" title="Jewish Democratic Committee">Jewish Democratic Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_People%27s_Party" title="Jewish National People's Party">Jewish National People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Party_(Romania)" title="Jewish Party (Romania)">Jewish Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magyar_Party_(Romania)" title="Magyar Party (Romania)">Magyar Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Hungarian-Szekler_Party" title="National Democratic Hungarian-Szekler Party">National Democratic Hungarian-Szekler Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Italo-Romanian_Cultural_and_Economic_Movement" title="National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement">National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Council_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="People's Council Party (page does not exist)">People's Council Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swabian_Group" title="Swabian Group">Swabian Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_National_Party" title="Ukrainian National Party">Ukrainian National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Workers%27_Party_of_Romania" title="Ukrainian Workers' Party of Romania">Ukrainian Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Romanian_Jews" title="Union of Romanian Jews">Union of Romanian Jews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_Movement_of_Romania" title="Ecological Movement of Romania">Ecological Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecologist_Union_of_Romania_Party" title="Ecologist Union of Romania Party">Ecologist Union of Romania Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Popular_Party_(Romania)" title="National Popular Party (Romania)">Union of Patriots/National Popular Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconstruction_Party_of_Romania" title="National Reconstruction Party of Romania">National Reconstruction Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Free_Change" title="Party of Free Change">Party of Free Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Young_Free_Democrats_of_Romania" title="Party of Young Free Democrats of Romania">Party of Young Free Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(Romania,_1990)" title="Republican Party (Romania, 1990)">Republican Party (1993–2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(Romania,_1993)" title="Republican Party (Romania, 1993)">Republican Party (1990–1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvania%E2%80%93Banat_League" title="Transylvania–Banat League">Transylvania–Banat League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alliances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Romanian_Unity" title="Alliance for Romanian Unity">Alliance for Romanian Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_PSD%2BPC" title="Alliance PSD+PC">Alliance PSD+PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Left_Alliance" title="Centre Left Alliance">Centre Left Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Right_Alliance" title="Centre Right Alliance">Centre Right Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Liberal_Alliance" title="Christian Liberal Alliance">Christian Liberal Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Group_of_the_Centre" title="Democratic Group of the Centre">Democratic Group of the Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Socialist_Parties_from_Romania" title="Federation of Socialist Parties from Romania">Federation of Socialist Parties from Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_of_Socialist_Unity_and_Democracy" title="Front of Socialist Unity and Democracy">Front of Socialist Unity and Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Ecologist_Party" title="Green Ecologist Party">Green Ecologist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_German_Bloc" title="Hungarian German Bloc">Hungarian German Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Truth_Alliance" title="Justice and Truth Alliance">Justice and Truth Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Ecologist_Alliance" title="National Liberal Ecologist Alliance">National Liberal Ecologist Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_PSD%2BPUR" title="National Union PSD+PUR">National Union PSD+PUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Front_(Romania)" title="People's Democratic Front (Romania)">People's Democratic Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Quadrilateral" title="Red Quadrilateral">Red Quadrilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Romania_Alliance" title="Right Romania Alliance">Right Romania Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Democratic_Convention" title="Romanian Democratic Convention">Romanian Democratic Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Pole_of_Romania" title="Social Democratic Pole of Romania">Social Democratic Pole of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Union_(Romania)" title="Social Democratic Union (Romania)">Social Democratic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Liberal_Union" title="Social Liberal Union">Social Liberal Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USR_PLUS" title="USR PLUS">USR PLUS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Portal:Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ruling_political_parties_by_country" title="List of ruling political parties by country">List of political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Romania" title="Politics of Romania">Politics of Romania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Current_and_former_ruling_parties_of_communist_states316" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ruling_communist_parties" title="Template:Ruling communist parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ruling_communist_parties" title="Template talk:Ruling communist parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ruling_communist_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ruling communist parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Current_and_former_ruling_parties_of_communist_states316" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Current and former ruling parties of communist states</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:33%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Party_of_Afghanistan" title="People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan">People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Labour_of_Albania" title="Party of Labour of Albania">Party of Labour of Albania</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Angola" title="People's Republic of Angola">Angola</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/MPLA" title="MPLA">People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola</a></i>*</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin" title="People's Republic of Benin">Benin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Party_of_Benin" title="People's Revolutionary Party of Benin">People's Revolutionary Party of Benin</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Communist_Party" title="Bulgarian Communist Party">Bulgarian Communist Party</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/African_Independence_Party_(Burkina_Faso)" title="African Independence Party (Burkina Faso)">African Independence Party</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">DK</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kampuchea" title="Communist Party of Kampuchea">Communist Party of Kampuchea</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">PRK</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_People%27s_Party" title="Cambodian People's Party">Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/African_Party_for_the_Independence_of_Cape_Verde" title="African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde">African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde</a></span>*</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="People's Republic of the Congo">Congo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Congolese_Party_of_Labour" title="Congolese Party of Labour">Congolese Party of Labour</a></i>*</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:33%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Cuba" title="Communist Party of Cuba">Communist Party of Cuba</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">Communist Party of Czechoslovakia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">Socialist Unity Party of Germany</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Derg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Organizing_the_Party_of_the_Working_People_of_Ethiopia" title="Commission for Organizing the Party of the Working People of Ethiopia">COPWE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Ethiopia" title="Workers' Party of Ethiopia">Workers' Party of Ethiopia</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Government_(Grenada)" title="People's Revolutionary Government (Grenada)">Grenada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/African_Party_for_the_Independence_of_Guinea_and_Cape_Verde" title="African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde">African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde</a></span>*</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Working_People%27s_Party" title="Hungarian Working People's Party">Hungarian Working People's Party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party">Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="Lao People's Revolutionary Party">Lao People's Revolutionary Party</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Madagascar" title="Democratic Republic of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_Revolutionary_Party" title="Malagasy Revolutionary Party">Vanguard of the Malagasy Revolution</a>*</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Party" title="Mongolian People's Party">Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party</a>*</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/FRELIMO" title="FRELIMO">FRELIMO</a></i>*</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:33%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Workers' Party of Korea">Workers' Party of Korea</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish Workers' Party">Polish Workers' Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish United Workers' Party">Polish United Workers' Party</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romanian Communist Party</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe/Social_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe/Social Democratic Party">Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe</a></span>*</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/One-party_rule_in_Seychelles" title="One-party rule in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/United_Seychelles" title="United Seychelles">Seychelles People's Progressive Front</a>*</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somalia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Revolutionary_Council_(Somalia)" title="Supreme Revolutionary Council (Somalia)">Supreme Revolutionary Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somali_Revolutionary_Socialist_Party" title="Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party">Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(South_Yemen)" title="National Liberation Front (South Yemen)">National Liberation Front</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Socialist_Party" title="Yemeni Socialist Party">Yemeni Socialist Party</a>*</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_People%27s_Republic" title="Tuvan People's Republic">Tuva</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party">Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a>,<br /><i><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party of Vietnam</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_parties" title="List of communist parties">List of communist parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Comintern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Italics indicates a current ruling party or communist state</li> <li>An asterisk indicates a party no longer espousing communism</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_ruling_Communist_parties_of_the_Eastern_Bloc83" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Leaders_of_the_Ruling_Parties_of_the_Eastern_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Leaders of the Ruling Parties of the Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leaders_of_the_Ruling_Parties_of_the_Eastern_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Leaders of the Ruling Parties of the Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders_of_the_Ruling_Parties_of_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders of the Ruling Parties of the Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_ruling_Communist_parties_of_the_Eastern_Bloc83" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leaders of the ruling <a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">Communist parties</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:80em;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Labour_of_Albania" title="Party of Labour of Albania">Party of Labour of Albania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiz_Alia" title="Ramiz Alia">Ramiz Alia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Communist_Party" title="Bulgarian Communist Party">Bulgarian Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Dimitrov" title="Georgi Dimitrov">Georgi Dimitrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valko_Chervenkov" title="Valko Chervenkov">Valko Chervenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todor_Zhivkov" title="Todor Zhivkov">Todor Zhivkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Mladenov" title="Petar Mladenov">Petar Mladenov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">Communist Party of Czechoslovakia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klement_Gottwald" title="Klement Gottwald">Klement Gottwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Novotn%C3%BD" title="Antonín Novotný">Antonín Novotný</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gust%C3%A1v_Hus%C3%A1k" title="Gustáv Husák">Gustáv Husák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Jake%C5%A1" title="Miloš Jakeš">Miloš Jakeš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Urb%C3%A1nek" title="Karel Urbánek">Karel Urbánek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">Socialist Unity Party of Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Pieck" title="Wilhelm Pieck">Wilhelm Pieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Grotewohl" title="Otto Grotewohl">Otto Grotewohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Ulbricht" title="Walter Ulbricht">Walter Ulbricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Honecker" title="Erich Honecker">Erich Honecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz">Egon Krenz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Working_People%27s_Party" title="Hungarian Working People's Party">Hungarian Working People's Party</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party">Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_R%C3%A1kosi" title="Mátyás Rákosi">Mátyás Rákosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ern%C5%91_Ger%C5%91" title="Ernő Gerő">Ernő Gerő</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">Imre Nagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_K%C3%A1d%C3%A1r" title="János Kádár">János Kádár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Gr%C3%B3sz" title="Károly Grósz">Károly Grósz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rezs%C5%91_Nyers" title="Rezső Nyers">Rezső Nyers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:90em;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish Workers' Party">Polish Workers' Party</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish United Workers' Party">Polish United Workers' Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut" title="Bolesław Bierut">Bolesław Bierut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ochab" title="Edward Ochab">Edward Ochab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82ka" title="Władysław Gomułka">Władysław Gomułka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gierek" title="Edward Gierek">Edward Gierek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Kania" title="Stanisław Kania">Stanisław Kania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Wojciech Jaruzelski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Rakowski" title="Mieczysław Rakowski">Mieczysław Rakowski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romanian Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Apostol" title="Gheorghe Apostol">Gheorghe Apostol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Georgy Malenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Doronjski" title="Stevan Doronjski">Stevan Doronjski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Mojsov" title="Lazar Mojsov">Lazar Mojsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_Dragosavac" title="Dušan Dragosavac">Dušan Dragosavac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitja_Ribi%C4%8Di%C4%8D" title="Mitja Ribičič">Mitja Ribičič</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragoslav_Markovi%C4%87" title="Dragoslav Marković">Dragoslav Marković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_%C5%A0ukrija" title="Ali Šukrija">Ali Šukrija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidoje_%C5%BDarkovi%C4%87" title="Vidoje Žarković">Vidoje Žarković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milanko_Renovica" title="Milanko Renovica">Milanko Renovica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%A1ko_Kruni%C4%87" title="Boško Krunić">Boško Krunić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stipe_%C5%A0uvar" title="Stipe Šuvar">Stipe Šuvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Pan%C4%8Devski" title="Milan Pančevski">Milan Pančevski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romanian_nationalism124" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanian_nationalism" title="Template:Romanian nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romanian_nationalism" title="Template talk:Romanian nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romanian_nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romanian nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romanian_nationalism124" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_nationalism" title="Romanian nationalism">Romanian nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacianism" title="Dacianism">Dacianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacology" title="Dacology">Dacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_irredentism" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionarism">Legionarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Legionarism" title="Neo-Legionarism">Neo-Legionarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism_in_Romania" title="National communism in Romania">National communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poporanism" title="Poporanism">Poporanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protochronism" class="mw-redirect" title="Protochronism">Protochronism</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Romania.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/100px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/150px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/200px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Horea,_Clo%C8%99ca_and_Cri%C8%99an" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan">Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Moldavian Revolution of 1848">Moldavian Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Wallachian Revolution of 1848">Wallachian Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_National_Assembly_of_Alba_Iulia" title="Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia">Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_of_Flowers_(event)" title="Bridge of Flowers (event)">Bridge of Flowers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia">Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bessarabia_with_Romania" title="Union of Bessarabia with Romania">Union of Bessarabia with Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bukovina_with_Romania" title="Union of Bukovina with Romania">Union of Bukovina with Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Transylvania_with_Romania" title="Union of Transylvania with Romania">Union of Transylvania with Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Union" title="Great Union">Great Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Greater Romania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vlad_the_Impaler" title="Vlad the Impaler">Vlad the Impaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_the_Great" title="Stephen the Great">Stephen the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_the_Brave" title="Michael the Brave">Michael the Brave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Ioan_Cuza" title="Alexandru Ioan Cuza">Alexandru Ioan Cuza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_I_of_Romania" title="Carol I of Romania">Carol I of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Romania" title="Ferdinand I of Romania">Ferdinand I of Romania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania_Party" title="Greater Romania Party">Greater Romania Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Generation_Party_(Romania)" title="New Generation Party (Romania)">New Generation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noua_Dreapt%C4%83" title="Noua Dreaptă">Noua Dreaptă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Movement_Party" title="People's Movement Party">People's Movement Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Identity_Bloc_in_Europe" title="National Identity Bloc in Europe">National Identity Bloc in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Union_of_Romanians" title="Alliance for the Union of Romanians">Alliance for the Union of Romanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Nationhood_Party" title="Romanian Nationhood Party">Romanian Nationhood Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Romania)" title="Social Democratic Party (Romania)">Social Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Socialist_Party_(2003)" title="Romanian Socialist Party (2003)">Romanian Socialist Party (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Romania)" title="National Liberal Party (Romania)">National Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Homeland" title="Alliance for the Homeland">Alliance for the Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Village_Party" title="Romanian Village Party">Romanian Village Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S.O.S._Romania" title="S.O.S. Romania">S.O.S. Romania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_National_Party" title="Romanian National Party">Romanian National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Nationalist_Party_(Romania)" title="Democratic Nationalist Party (Romania)">Democratic Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabian_Peasants%27_Party" title="Bessarabian Peasants' Party">Bessarabian Peasants' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Bukovina)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Union Party (Bukovina)">Democratic Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Italo-Romanian_Cultural_and_Economic_Movement" title="National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement">National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Romanian_Fascio" title="National Romanian Fascio">National Romanian Fascio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Romania,_1875)" title="National Liberal Party (Romania, 1875)">National Liberal Party (Romania, 1875)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romanian Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Movement" title="National Fascist Movement">National Fascist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-Christian_Defense_League" title="National-Christian Defense League">National-Christian Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party-Br%C4%83tianu" class="mw-redirect" title="National Liberal Party-Brătianu">National Liberal Party-Brătianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_(Romania)" title="National Socialist Party (Romania)">National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Romanianism" title="Crusade of Romanianism">Crusade of Romanianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Front" title="Romanian Front">Romanian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_National_Unity_Party" title="Romanian National Unity Party">Romanian National Unity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Labour" title="Socialist Party of Labour">Socialist Party of Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everything_For_the_Country_Party" title="Everything For the Country Party">Everything For the Country Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_%E2%80%93_Dan_Diaconescu" title="People's Party – Dan Diaconescu">People's Party – Dan Diaconescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Romania_Party" title="United Romania Party">United Romania Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Association_for_Romanian_Literature_and_the_Culture_of_the_Romanian_People" title="Transylvanian Association for Romanian Literature and the Culture of the Romanian People">ASTRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenaclul_Flac%C4%83ra" title="Cenaclul Flacăra">Cenaclul Flacăra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%AEntarea_Rom%C3%A2niei" title="Cîntarea României">Cîntarea României</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junimea" title="Junimea">Junimea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2nt%C4%83_cucu-n_Bucovina" title="Cântă cucu-n Bucovina">Cântă cucu-n Bucovina</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Dac-am_plecat,_Ardealule,_din_tine" title="Dac-am plecat, Ardealule, din tine">Dac-am plecat, Ardealule, din tine</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/De%C8%99teapt%C4%83-te,_rom%C3%A2ne!" title="Deșteaptă-te, române!">Deșteaptă-te, române!</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Doamne,_ocrote%C8%99te-i_pe_rom%C3%A2ni" title="Doamne, ocrotește-i pe români">Doamne, ocrotește-i pe români</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Drum_bun" title="Drum bun">Drum bun</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hora_Unirii" title="Hora Unirii">Hora Unirii</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Pe-al_nostru_steag_e_scris_Unire" title="Pe-al nostru steag e scris Unire">Pe-al nostru steag e scris Unire</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Pui_de_lei" title="Pui de lei">Pui de lei</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Trece%C8%9Bi,_batalioane_rom%C3%A2ne,_Carpa%C8%9Bii" title="Treceți, batalioane române, Carpații">Treceți, batalioane române, Carpații</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Trei_culori" title="Trei culori">Trei culori</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Bessarabia,_Romanian_land" title="Bessarabia, Romanian land">Bessarabia, Romanian land</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Corneliu Zelea Codreanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Eminescu" title="Mihai Eminescu">Mihai Eminescu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doina_(Eminescu)" title="Doina (Eminescu)">Doina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Nicolae Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Petrescu-Comnen" title="Nicolae Petrescu-Comnen">Nicolae Petrescu-Comnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima">Horia Sima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Vadim_Tudor" title="Corneliu Vadim Tudor">Corneliu Vadim Tudor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_question" title="Aromanian question">Aromanian question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re-latinization_of_Romanian" title="Re-latinization of Romanian">Re-latinization of Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanianization" title="Romanianization">Romanianization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Anti-Romanian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabian_question" title="Bessarabian question">Bessarabian question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovenism" title="Moldovenism">Moldovenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldova_and_Romania" title="Unification of Moldova and Romania">Unification of Moldova and Romania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012289252X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/134608805">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83010333">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122530058">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122530058">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Partidul Comunist Român"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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