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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 World War I </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diplomatic_assignments_and_General_Staff_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomatic_assignments_and_General_Staff_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Diplomatic assignments and General Staff positions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomatic_assignments_and_General_Staff_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defense_portfolio_and_the_Codreanu_trials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defense_portfolio_and_the_Codreanu_trials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Defense portfolio and the Codreanu trials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defense_portfolio_and_the_Codreanu_trials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_to_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_to_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Rise to power </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_to_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antonescu-Sima_partnership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antonescu-Sima_partnership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Antonescu-Sima partnership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antonescu-Sima_partnership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legionary_Rebellion_and_Operation_Barbarossa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legionary_Rebellion_and_Operation_Barbarossa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Legionary Rebellion and Operation Barbarossa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legionary_Rebellion_and_Operation_Barbarossa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reversal_of_fortunes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reversal_of_fortunes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Reversal of fortunes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reversal_of_fortunes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ouster_and_arrest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ouster_and_arrest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 Ouster and arrest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ouster_and_arrest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trial_and_execution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trial_and_execution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10 Trial and execution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trial_and_execution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Ideology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ideology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ideology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_nationalism_and_expansionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_nationalism_and_expansionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Ethnic nationalism and expansionism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_nationalism_and_expansionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antisemitism_and_antiziganism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antisemitism_and_antiziganism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Antisemitism and antiziganism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antisemitism_and_antiziganism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fascism_and_conservatism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fascism_and_conservatism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Fascism and conservatism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fascism_and_conservatism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power_base,_administration_and_propaganda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_base,_administration_and_propaganda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Power base, administration and propaganda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_base,_administration_and_propaganda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antonescu_and_The_Holocaust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antonescu_and_The_Holocaust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Antonescu and The Holocaust </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Antonescu_and_The_Holocaust-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Antonescu and The Holocaust subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Antonescu_and_The_Holocaust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iași_pogrom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iași_pogrom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Iași pogrom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iași_pogrom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transnistria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transnistria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Transnistria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transnistria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Odessa_massacre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odessa_massacre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Odessa massacre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Odessa_massacre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overall_death_toll_and_particularities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overall_death_toll_and_particularities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Overall death toll and particularities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overall_death_toll_and_particularities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antonescu_and_the_Final_Solution_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antonescu_and_the_Final_Solution_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Antonescu and the Final Solution projects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antonescu_and_the_Final_Solution_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_and_political_persecution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_and_political_persecution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Opposition and political persecution </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Opposition_and_political_persecution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Opposition and political persecution subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Opposition_and_political_persecution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_mainstream" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_mainstream"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Political mainstream </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_mainstream-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_underground" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_underground"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Political underground </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_underground-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_circles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_circles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Cultural circles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_circles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consequences_of_the_Antonescu_trial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consequences_of_the_Antonescu_trial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Consequences of the Antonescu trial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consequences_of_the_Antonescu_trial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_communist_historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_communist_historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 In communist historiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_communist_historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debates_of_the_1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debates_of_the_1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Debates of the 1990s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debates_of_the_1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wiesel_Commission_and_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wiesel_Commission_and_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Wiesel Commission and aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wiesel_Commission_and_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_legacy,_portrayals_and_landmarks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_legacy,_portrayals_and_landmarks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Cultural legacy, portrayals and landmarks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_legacy,_portrayals_and_landmarks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_decorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_decorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Awards and decorations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_decorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_and_further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_and_further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References and further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References_and_further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References and further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References_and_further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiography_and_memory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography_and_memory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Historiography and memory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography_and_memory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ion Antonescu</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" > 57 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ion Antonescu" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88" title="يون أنتونيسكو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يون أنتونيسكو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yon_Antonesku" title="Yon Antonesku – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yon Antonesku" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Іон Антанеску – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Іон Антанеску" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Йон Антонеску – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Йон Антонеску" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ion Antonescu" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ion Antonescu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ion Antonescu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ion Antonescu" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ion Antonescu" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ion Antonescu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%8C%CE%BD_%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Ιόν Αντονέσκου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιόν Αντονέσκου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ion Antonescu" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ion Antonescu" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ion Antonescu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88" title="ایون آنتونسکو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایون آنتونسکو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ion Antonescu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ion Antonescu" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ion Antonescu" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A8_%EC%95%88%ED%86%A0%EB%84%A4%EC%8A%A4%EC%BF%A0" title="이온 안토네스쿠 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이온 안토네스쿠" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%85%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Յոն Անտոնեսկու – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Յոն Անտոնեսկու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ion Antonescu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ion Antonescu" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ion Antonescu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ion Antonescu" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ion Antonescu" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95" title="יון אנטונסקו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יון אנטונסקו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3" title="იონ ანტონესკუ – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იონ ანტონესკუ" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_Antonescu" title="Ioannes Antonescu – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioannes Antonescu" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jons_Antonesku" title="Jons Antonesku – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jons Antonesku" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ion Antonescu" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ion Antonescu" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Јон Антонеску – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јон Антонеску" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81" title="इयॉन अँतोनेस्कु – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इयॉन अँतोनेस्कु" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88" title="يون انتونيسكو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يون انتونيسكو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ion Antonescu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ion Antonescu" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF" title="イオン・アントネスク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イオン・アントネスク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ion Antonescu" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ion Antonescu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ion Antonescu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ion Antonescu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83,_%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Антонеску, Йон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Антонеску, Йон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ion Antonescu" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ion Antonescu" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Јон Антонеску – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јон Антонеску" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ion Antonescu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ion Antonescu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ion Antonescu" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0on_Antonesku" title="İon Antonesku – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="İon Antonesku" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B9" title="อียอน อันตอเนสกู – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อียอน อันตอเนสกู" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ion Antonescu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Іон Антонеску – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іон Антонеску" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ion Antonescu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95" title="יאן אנטאנעסקו – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="יאן אנטאנעסקו" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%98%82%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%B1%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%8F%A4" title="伊昂·安東尼斯古 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="伊昂·安東尼斯古" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%AC%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%E5%BA%93" title="扬·安东内斯库 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="扬·安东内斯库" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q152030#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="View the content page [c]" 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.ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Very_long plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-very_long" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">too long</a> to read and navigate comfortably. When this tag was added, its <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SIZERULE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SIZERULE">readable prose size</a> was 21,000 words. Consider <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">splitting</a> content into sub-articles, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">condensing</a> it, or adding <a href="/wiki/Help:Section#Subsections" title="Help:Section">subheadings</a>. Please discuss this issue on the article's <a href="/wiki/Talk:Ion_Antonescu" title="Talk:Ion Antonescu">talk page</a>. (July 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshal of Romania">Marshal</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Ion Antonescu</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Ion_Antonescu_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ion_Antonescu_portrait.jpg/220px-Ion_Antonescu_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ion_Antonescu_portrait.jpg/330px-Ion_Antonescu_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ion_Antonescu_portrait.jpg/440px-Ion_Antonescu_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2327" data-file-height="3520" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 1942</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Conduc%C4%83tor" title="Conducător">Conducător of Romania</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 6 September 1940 – 23 August 1944</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Position established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Position abolished</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">43rd <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Romania" title="Prime Minister of Romania">Prime Minister of Romania</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 5 September 1940 – 23 August 1944</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarchs</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carol_II_of_Romania" title="Carol II of Romania">Carol II</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael of Romania">Michael I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Romania" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Romania">Deputy</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima">Horia Sima</a> (1940–1941) <a href="/wiki/Mihai_Antonescu" title="Mihai Antonescu">Mihai Antonescu</a> (1941–1944)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ion_Gigurtu" title="Ion Gigurtu">Ion Gigurtu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constantin_S%C4%83n%C4%83tescu" title="Constantin Sănătescu">Constantin Sănătescu</a> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Additional positions held in the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Romania" title="Government of Romania">Government</a></div></th> </tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defence_(Romania)" title="Ministry of National Defence (Romania)">Minister of War</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 22 September 1941 – 23 January 1942</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data">Himself</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iosif_Iacobici" title="Iosif Iacobici">Iosif Iacobici</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Pantazi" title="Constantin Pantazi">Constantin Pantazi</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 4 September 1940 – 27 January 1941</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data">Himself</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Nicolescu" title="Constantin Nicolescu">Constantin Nicolescu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iosif_Iacobici" title="Iosif Iacobici">Iosif Iacobici</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 28 December 1937 – 31 March 1938</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Octavian_Goga" title="Octavian Goga">Octavian Goga</a> <a href="/wiki/Miron_Cristea" class="mw-redirect" title="Miron Cristea">Miron Cristea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Ilasievici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantin Ilasievici (page does not exist)">Constantin Ilasievici</a> [<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_Ilasievici" class="extiw" title="ro:Constantin Ilasievici">ro</a>]</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Arge%C8%99anu" title="Gheorghe Argeșanu">Gheorghe Argeșanu</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_and_National_Identity_(Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Culture and National Identity (Romania)">Minister of Culture and Religious Affairs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: lavender">(Acting)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 11 November 1941 – 5 December 1941</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data">Himself</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Radu_R._Rosetti" title="Radu R. Rosetti">Radu R. Rosetti</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ion_Petrovici" title="Ion Petrovici">Ion Petrovici</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Romania)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Romania)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: lavender">(Acting)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 27 January 1941 – 29 June 1941</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data">Himself</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mihail_R._Sturdza" class="mw-redirect" title="Mihail R. Sturdza">Mihail R. Sturdza</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Antonescu" title="Mihai Antonescu">Mihai Antonescu</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Romania" title="Government of Romania">Minister of Air Transport and Marine</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: lavender">(Acting)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 10 February 1938 – 30 March 1938</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Miron_Cristea" class="mw-redirect" title="Miron Cristea">Miron Cristea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Radu_Irimescu" title="Radu Irimescu">Radu Irimescu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Teodorescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Teodorescu (page does not exist)">Paul Teodorescu</a> [<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Teodorescu" class="extiw" title="ro:Paul Teodorescu">ro</a>] </td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Romanian_General_Staff" title="Chief of the Romanian General Staff">Chief of the Romanian General Staff</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1 December 1933 – 11 December 1934</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carol_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Carol II">Carol II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_L%C4%83z%C4%83rescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantin Lăzărescu (page does not exist)">Constantin Lăzărescu</a> [<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_L%C4%83z%C4%83rescu" class="extiw" title="ro:Constantin Lăzărescu">ro</a>]</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Samsonovici" title="Nicolae Samsonovici">Nicolae Samsonovici</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1882-06-14)14 June 1882<a href="#cite_note-d37-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pite%C8%99ti" title="Pitești">Pitești</a>, Argeș County, Kingdom of Romania</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1 June 1946(1946-06-01) (aged 63) <a href="/wiki/Jilava" title="Jilava">Jilava</a>, Ilfov County, Kingdom of Romania</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_firing_squad" title="Execution by firing squad">Execution by firing squad</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data">None<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#endnote_term">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Antonescu" title="Maria Antonescu">Maria Antonescu</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1927⁠–⁠1946)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data">Soldier</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Operation_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Operation München">Recapture of Bessarabia and Bukovina</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nickname</th><td class="infobox-data">Câinele Roșu ("Red Dog")</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data">Kingdom of Romania</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data">Romanian Army</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1904–1944</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshal of Romania">Marshal of Romania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander-in-Chief">Commander-in-Chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Armed_Forces" title="Romanian Armed Forces">Romanian Armed Forces</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>See list</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1907_Romanian_peasants%27_revolt" title="1907 Romanian peasants' revolt">1907 Peasants' Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Dobruja_Offensive" title="Southern Dobruja Offensive">Southern Dobruja Offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Campaign_(1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Campaign (1917)">Moldavian Defensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99e%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărășești">Battle of Mărășești</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian-Romanian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian-Romanian War">Hungarian-Romanian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Legionary rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Operation München">Operation München</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Odessa_(1941)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Odessa (1941)">Siege of Odessa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev Offensive">Jassy–Kishinev Operation</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>See list</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Military_Virtue_Medal" title="Military Virtue Medal">Military Virtue Medal</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Michael_the_Brave" title="Order of Michael the Brave">Order of Michael the Brave</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Pilot/Observer_Badge" title="Pilot/Observer Badge">Pilot/Observer Badge</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Cross" title="Iron Cross">Iron Cross</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross" title="Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross">Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Rose_of_Finland" title="Order of the White Rose of Finland">Order of the White Rose of Finland</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Crimea_Shield" title="Crimea Shield">Crimea Shield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Criminal conviction<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criminal status</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Executed" class="mw-redirect" title="Executed">Executed</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Conviction" title="Conviction">Conviction(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">War crimes</a> <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimes against peace">Crimes against peace</a> <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">Crimes against humanity</a> <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">Treason</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Trial</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_People%27s_Tribunals" title="Romanian People's Tribunals">Romanian People's Tribunals</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criminal penalty</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">Death</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Victims</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_pogrom" title="Iași pogrom">Romanian Jews</a> <a href="/wiki/1941_Odessa_massacre" title="1941 Odessa massacre">Ukrainian Jews</a> <a href="/wiki/Romani_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani genocide">Romani people</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">a. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_term">^</a> Formally allied with the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a> (1940–41)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle">Fascism in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Romanian_fascist_symbols.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Various Romanian fascist symbols"><img alt="Various Romanian fascist symbols" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Romanian_fascist_symbols.svg/120px-Romanian_fascist_symbols.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Romanian_fascist_symbols.svg/180px-Romanian_fascist_symbols.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Romanian_fascist_symbols.svg/240px-Romanian_fascist_symbols.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="188" data-file-height="199" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#66CDAA;text-align:center;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Italo-Romanian_Cultural_and_Economic_Movement" title="National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement">MNFIR</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Romanian_Fascio" title="National Romanian Fascio">Fascio</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-Christian_Defense_League" title="National-Christian Defense League">LANC</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Movement" title="National Fascist Movement">MNF</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_Action&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romanian Action (page does not exist)">Romanian Action</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citizen_Bloc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Citizen Bloc (page does not exist)">Citizen Bloc</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_(Romania)" title="National Socialist Party (Romania)">PNSR</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard_death_squads" title="Iron Guard death squads">Iron Guard death squads</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Romanianism" title="Crusade of Romanianism">Crusade of Romanianism</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Front" title="Romanian Front">FR</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Christian_Party" title="National Christian Party">PNC</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party_(Romania)" title="German People's Party (Romania)">PPGR</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpul_Muncitoresc_Legionar" title="Corpul Muncitoresc Legionar">CML</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Front" title="National Renaissance Front">FRN</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Youth_Labour" title="Romanian Youth Labour">MTR</a> (1942)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#66CDAA;text-align:center;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antonescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Bacaloglu" title="Elena Bacaloglu">Bacaloglu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Bonfert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Bonfert (page does not exist)">Bonfert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traian_Br%C4%83ileanu" title="Traian Brăileanu">Brăileanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Cantacuzino-Gr%C4%83nicerul" title="Gheorghe Cantacuzino-Grănicerul">Cantacuzino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Cavarnali" title="Vladimir Cavarnali">Cavarnali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Codreanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichifor_Crainic" title="Nichifor Crainic">Crainic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvator_Cupcea" title="Salvator Cupcea">Cupcea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Cuza" title="A. C. Cuza">Cuza</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grigore_For%C8%9Bu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grigore Forțu (page does not exist)">Forțu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavian_Goga" title="Octavian Goga">Goga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traian_Herseni" title="Traian Herseni">Herseni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_A._L%C4%83z%C4%83reanu-L%C4%83zuric%C4%83" title="Gheorghe A. Lăzăreanu-Lăzurică">Lăzurică</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Manoilescu" title="Mihail Manoilescu">Manoilescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabin_Manuil%C4%83" title="Sabin Manuilă">Manuilă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drago%C8%99_Protopopescu" title="Dragoș Protopopescu">Protopopescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izabela_Sadoveanu-Evan" title="Izabela Sadoveanu-Evan">Sadoveanu-Evan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima">Sima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Stelescu" title="Mihai Stelescu">Stelescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Talex" title="Alexandru Talex">Talex</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%98tefan_T%C4%83t%C4%83rescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ștefan Tătărescu (page does not exist)">Tătărescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Vaida-Voevod" title="Alexandru Vaida-Voevod">Vaida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titus_Panaitescu_Vifor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titus Panaitescu Vifor (page does not exist)">Vifor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Vulc%C4%83nescu" title="Mircea Vulcănescu">Vulcănescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Dimitrie_Xenopol" title="Alexandru Dimitrie Xenopol">Xenopol</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#66CDAA;text-align:center;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)">Periodicals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buna_Vestire" title="Buna Vestire">Buna Vestire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuv%C3%A2ntul" title="Cuvântul">Cuvântul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A2ndirea" title="Gândirea">Gândirea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfarm%C4%83-Piatr%C4%83" title="Sfarmă-Piatră">Sfarmă-Piatră</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%9Aara_Noastr%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Țara Noastră (page does not exist)">Țara Noastră</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#66CDAA;text-align:center;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_the_Romanian_Orthodox_Church_and_the_Iron_Guard" title="Relationship between the Romanian Orthodox Church and the Iron Guard">The Orthodox Church and the Iron Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Legionary_State" title="National Legionary State">National Legionary State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_My_Legionaries" title="For My Legionaries">For My Legionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Legionarism" title="Neo-Legionarism">Neo-Legionarism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#66CDAA;text-align:center;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)">Events</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funerals_of_Ion_Mo%C8%9Ba_and_Vasile_Marin" title="Funerals of Ion Moța and Vasile Marin">Moța–Marin funerals</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilava_massacre" title="Jilava massacre">Jilava massacre</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom</a> (1941)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fascism_in_Romania" title="Template:Fascism in Romania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fascism_in_Romania" title="Template talk:Fascism in Romania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fascism_in_Romania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fascism in Romania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Ion Antonescu (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌæntəˈnɛskuː/</a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Romanian: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian" title="Help:IPA/Romanian">[i'on antoˈnesku]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/31\/Ro-Ion_Antonescu.ogg\/Ro-Ion_Antonescu.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ro-Ion Antonescu.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/31/Ro-Ion_Antonescu.ogg/Ro-Ion_Antonescu.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Ro-Ion_Antonescu.ogg" title="File:Ro-Ion Antonescu.ogg">ⓘ</a>; 14 June [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 2 June] 1882 – 1 June 1946) was a Romanian military officer and <a href="/wiki/Mare%C8%99al_(Romania)" title="Mareșal (Romania)">marshal</a> who presided over two successive <a href="/wiki/Romania_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Romania during World War II">wartime dictatorships</a> as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Romania" title="Prime Minister of Romania">Prime Minister</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conduc%C4%83tor" title="Conducător">Conducător</a> during most of World War II. Having been responsible for facilitating <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Romania" title="The Holocaust in Romania">the Holocaust in Romania</a>, he was tried for war crimes and executed in 1946. A <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Army">Romanian Army</a> career officer who made his name during the <a href="/wiki/1907_Romanian_peasants%27_revolt" title="1907 Romanian peasants' revolt">1907 peasants' revolt</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">World War I Romanian campaign</a>, the antisemitic Antonescu sympathized with <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far-right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a> politics. He was a <a href="/wiki/Military_attach%C3%A9" title="Military attaché">military attaché</a> to France and later <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Romanian_General_Staff" title="Chief of the Romanian General Staff">Chief of the General Staff</a>, briefly serving as <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of National Defense (Romania)">Defense Minister</a> in the National Christian cabinet of <a href="/wiki/Octavian_Goga" title="Octavian Goga">Octavian Goga</a> as well as the subsequent <a href="/wiki/First_Cristea_cabinet" title="First Cristea cabinet">First Cristea cabinet</a>, in which he also served as Air and Marine Minister. During the late 1930s, his political stance brought him into conflict with King <a href="/wiki/Carol_II_of_Romania" title="Carol II of Romania">Carol II</a> and led to his detainment. Antonescu rose to political prominence during the political crisis of 1940, and established the <a href="/wiki/National_Legionary_State" title="National Legionary State">National Legionary State</a>, an uneasy partnership with <a href="/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima">Horia Sima</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a>. After entering Romania into an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, he eliminated the Guard during the <a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Legionary Rebellion</a> of 1941. In addition to being Prime Minister, he served as his own Foreign Minister and Defense Minister. Soon after Romania joined the Axis in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>, recovering <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Bukovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Bukovina">Northern Bukovina</a>, Antonescu also became <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshal of Romania">Marshal of Romania</a>. An atypical figure among <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Holocaust</a> perpetrators, Antonescu enforced policies independently responsible for the deaths of as many as 400,000 people, most of them <a href="/wiki/Bessarabian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Bessarabian Jews">Bessarabian</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Ukrainian</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian Jews</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Roma_minority_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Roma minority in Romania">Romanian Romani</a>. The regime's <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust in Romania">complicity in the Holocaust</a> combined pogroms and mass murders such as the <a href="/wiki/1941_Odessa_massacre" title="1941 Odessa massacre">Odessa massacre</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>, and systematic deportations to occupied <a href="/wiki/Transnistria_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transnistria (World War II)">Transnistria</a>. The system in place was nevertheless characterized by singular inconsistencies, prioritizing plunder over killing, showing leniency toward most Jews in the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Old_Kingdom" title="Romanian Old Kingdom">Old Kingdom</a>, and ultimately refusing to adopt the <a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a>. This was made possible by the fact that Romania, as a junior ally of Nazi Germany, was not occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> and preserved a degree of political autonomy. <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Romania in World War II">Aerial attacks on Romania by the Allies</a> in 1944 and heavy casualties on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> prompted Antonescu to open peace negotiations with the Allies, which were inconclusive. On 23 August 1944, King <a href="/wiki/Michael_I_of_Romania" title="Michael I of Romania">Michael I</a> led <a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">a coup d'état</a> against Antonescu, who was arrested; after the war he was convicted of war crimes, and executed in June 1946. His involvement in the Holocaust was officially reasserted and condemned following the 2003 <a href="/wiki/Wiesel_Commission" title="Wiesel Commission">Wiesel Commission</a> report. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h3></div> Born in the town of <a href="/wiki/Pite%C8%99ti" title="Pitești">Pitești</a>, north-west of the capital <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, Antonescu was the <a href="/wiki/Lineal_descendant" title="Lineal descendant">scion</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Upper-middle_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper-middle class">upper-middle class</a> <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romanian Orthodox</a> family with some military tradition.<a href="#cite_note-d372-2">[2]</a> He was especially close to his mother, Lița Baranga, who survived his death.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> His father, an army officer, wanted Ion to follow in his footsteps and thus sent him to attend the Infantry and Cavalry School in <a href="/wiki/Craiova" title="Craiova">Craiova</a>.<a href="#cite_note-d37-1">[1]</a> During his childhood, his father divorced his mother to marry a woman who was a Jewish convert to Orthodoxy.<a href="#cite_note-Ancel_pages_463-479-4">[4]</a> The breakup of his parents' marriage was a traumatic event for the young Antonescu, and he made no secret of his dislike of his stepmother, whom he always depicted as a femme fatale who destroyed what he saw as his parents' happy marriage.<a href="#cite_note-Ancel_pages_463-479-4">[4]</a> According to one account, Ion Antonescu was briefly a classmate of <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Filderman" title="Wilhelm Filderman">Wilhelm Filderman</a>, the future <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian Jewish community</a> activist whose interventions with Conducător Antonescu helped save a number of his coreligionists.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> After graduation, in 1904, Antonescu joined the Romanian Army with the rank of Second Lieutenant. He spent the following two years attending courses at the Special Cavalry Section in <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgovi%C8%99te" title="Târgoviște">Târgoviște</a>.<a href="#cite_note-d37-1">[1]</a> Reportedly, Antonescu was a zealous and goal-setting student, upset by the slow pace of promotions, and compensated for his diminutive stature through toughness.<a href="#cite_note-r1-6">[6]</a> In time, the reputation of being a tough and ruthless commander, together with his reddish hair, earned him the nickname Câinele Roșu ("The Red Dog").<a href="#cite_note-r1-6">[6]</a> Antonescu also developed a reputation for questioning his commanders and for appealing over their heads whenever he felt they were wrong.<a href="#cite_note-r1-6">[6]</a> During the repression of the <a href="/wiki/1907_Romanian_Peasants%27_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt">1907 peasants' revolt</a>, he headed a cavalry unit in <a href="/wiki/Covurlui_County" title="Covurlui County">Covurlui County</a>.<a href="#cite_note-d37-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-r1-6">[6]</a> Opinions on his role in the events diverge: while some historians believe Antonescu was a particularly violent participant in quelling the revolt,<a href="#cite_note-r1-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-fv301-7">[7]</a> others equate his participation with that of regular officers<a href="#cite_note-r1-6">[6]</a> or view it as outstandingly tactful.<a href="#cite_note-d37-1">[1]</a> In addition to restricting peasant protests, Antonescu's unit subdued <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> activities in <a href="/wiki/Gala%C8%9Bi" title="Galați">Galați</a> port.<a href="#cite_note-fv301-7">[7]</a> His handling of the situation earned him praise from <a href="/wiki/King_of_Romania" title="King of Romania">King</a> <a href="/wiki/Carol_I_of_Romania" title="Carol I of Romania">Carol I</a>, who sent Crown Prince (future monarch) <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Romania" title="Ferdinand I of Romania">Ferdinand</a> to congratulate him in front of the whole garrison.<a href="#cite_note-d37-1">[1]</a> The following year, Antonescu was promoted to Lieutenant, and, between 1911 and 1913, he attended the <a href="/wiki/Carol_I_National_Defence_University" title="Carol I National Defence University">Advanced War School</a>, receiving the rank of Captain upon graduation.<a href="#cite_note-d37-1">[1]</a> In 1913, during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a> against <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, Antonescu served as a <a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">staff officer</a> in the First Cavalry Division in <a href="/wiki/Dobruja" title="Dobruja">Dobruja</a>.<a href="#cite_note-d37-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1916_-_Generalul_Prezan,_Olga_Prezan,_Olga_Prezan,_o_rud%C4%83,_maior_Ion_Antonescu,_c%C4%83pitan_M._Tomaide_-_v%C4%83r_lui_Antonescu.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/1916_-_Generalul_Prezan%2C_Olga_Prezan%2C_Olga_Prezan%2C_o_rud%C4%83%2C_maior_Ion_Antonescu%2C_c%C4%83pitan_M._Tomaide_-_v%C4%83r_lui_Antonescu.PNG/260px-1916_-_Generalul_Prezan%2C_Olga_Prezan%2C_Olga_Prezan%2C_o_rud%C4%83%2C_maior_Ion_Antonescu%2C_c%C4%83pitan_M._Tomaide_-_v%C4%83r_lui_Antonescu.PNG" decoding="async" width="260" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/1916_-_Generalul_Prezan%2C_Olga_Prezan%2C_Olga_Prezan%2C_o_rud%C4%83%2C_maior_Ion_Antonescu%2C_c%C4%83pitan_M._Tomaide_-_v%C4%83r_lui_Antonescu.PNG/390px-1916_-_Generalul_Prezan%2C_Olga_Prezan%2C_Olga_Prezan%2C_o_rud%C4%83%2C_maior_Ion_Antonescu%2C_c%C4%83pitan_M._Tomaide_-_v%C4%83r_lui_Antonescu.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/1916_-_Generalul_Prezan%2C_Olga_Prezan%2C_Olga_Prezan%2C_o_rud%C4%83%2C_maior_Ion_Antonescu%2C_c%C4%83pitan_M._Tomaide_-_v%C4%83r_lui_Antonescu.PNG/520px-1916_-_Generalul_Prezan%2C_Olga_Prezan%2C_Olga_Prezan%2C_o_rud%C4%83%2C_maior_Ion_Antonescu%2C_c%C4%83pitan_M._Tomaide_-_v%C4%83r_lui_Antonescu.PNG 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption>Major Ion Antonescu (second from the right) with General <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Prezan" title="Constantin Prezan">Constantin Prezan</a> and his wife Olga Prezan (first and second from the left, respectively), 1916</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ofi%C8%9Berii_Sec%C8%9Bia_Opera%C8%9Biuni_Marele_Cartier_General_Rom%C3%A2n_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Ofi%C8%9Berii_Sec%C8%9Bia_Opera%C8%9Biuni_Marele_Cartier_General_Rom%C3%A2n_1918.jpg/220px-Ofi%C8%9Berii_Sec%C8%9Bia_Opera%C8%9Biuni_Marele_Cartier_General_Rom%C3%A2n_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Ofi%C8%9Berii_Sec%C8%9Bia_Opera%C8%9Biuni_Marele_Cartier_General_Rom%C3%A2n_1918.jpg/330px-Ofi%C8%9Berii_Sec%C8%9Bia_Opera%C8%9Biuni_Marele_Cartier_General_Rom%C3%A2n_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Ofi%C8%9Berii_Sec%C8%9Bia_Opera%C8%9Biuni_Marele_Cartier_General_Rom%C3%A2n_1918.jpg/440px-Ofi%C8%9Berii_Sec%C8%9Bia_Opera%C8%9Biuni_Marele_Cartier_General_Rom%C3%A2n_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2184" data-file-height="1626" /></a><figcaption>Ion Antonescu (bottom row, center) with the other officers of the Section "Operations" of the wartime General Staff (Marele Cartier General), end of March 1918</figcaption></figure> After 1916, when Romania entered World War I on the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied</a> side, Ion Antonescu acted as chief of staff for General <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Prezan" title="Constantin Prezan">Constantin Prezan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-d37-1">[1]</a> When enemy troops crossed the mountains from <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> into <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a>, Antonescu was ordered to design a defense plan for Bucharest.<a href="#cite_note-d37-1">[1]</a> The Romanian royal court, army, and administration were subsequently forced to retreat into <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>. Antonescu took part in an important decision involving defensive efforts, an unusual promotion which probably stoked his ambitions.<a href="#cite_note-r1-6">[6]</a> In December, as Prezan became the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Romanian_General_Staff" title="Chief of the Romanian General Staff">Chief of the General Staff</a>, Antonescu, who was by now a major, was named the head of operations, being involved in the defence of Moldavia. He contributed to the tactics used during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99e%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărășești">Battle of Mărășești</a> (July–August 1917), when Romanians under General <a href="/wiki/Eremia_Grigorescu" title="Eremia Grigorescu">Eremia Grigorescu</a> managed to stop the advance of German forces under the command of Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/August_von_Mackensen" title="August von Mackensen">August von Mackensen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Being described as "a talented if prickly individual",<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Antonescu lived in Prezan's proximity for the remainder of the war and influenced his decisions.<a href="#cite_note-d38-10">[10]</a> Such was the influence of Antonescu on General Prezan that General <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Averescu" title="Alexandru Averescu">Alexandru Averescu</a> used the formula "Prezan (Antonescu)" in his memoirs to denote Prezan's plans and actions.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> That autumn, Romania's main ally, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a>, left the conflict. Its successor, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Bolshevik Russia</a>, made peace with the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>, leaving Romania the only enemy of the Central Powers on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a>. In these conditions, the Romanian government made its own <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">peace treaty with the Central Powers</a>. Romania broke the treaty later in the year, on the grounds that King Ferdinand I had not signed it. During the interval, Antonescu, who viewed the separate peace as "the most rational solution," was assigned command over a cavalry regiment.<a href="#cite_note-d38-10">[10]</a> The renewed offensive played a part in ensuring the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Transylvania_with_Romania" title="Union of Transylvania with Romania">union of Transylvania with Romania</a>. After the war, Antonescu's merits as an operations officer were noticed by, among others, politician <a href="/wiki/Ion_G._Duca" title="Ion G. Duca">Ion G. Duca</a>, who wrote that "his [Antonescu's] intelligence, skill and activity, brought credit on himself and invaluable service to the country."<a href="#cite_note-d38-10">[10]</a> Another event occurring late in the war is also credited with having played a major part in Antonescu's life: in 1918, Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Carol_II_of_Romania" title="Carol II of Romania">Carol</a> (the future King Carol II) left his army posting to marry a commoner. This outraged Antonescu, who developed enduring contempt for the future king.<a href="#cite_note-r1-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomatic_assignments_and_General_Staff_positions">Diplomatic assignments and General Staff positions</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AntonescuYCodreanu1935.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/AntonescuYCodreanu1935.jpg/220px-AntonescuYCodreanu1935.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/AntonescuYCodreanu1935.jpg/330px-AntonescuYCodreanu1935.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/AntonescuYCodreanu1935.jpg/440px-AntonescuYCodreanu1935.jpg 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption>General Antonescu (left) with <a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Corneliu Zelea Codreanu</a>, Căpitan of the Iron Guard, at a skiing event in 1935</figcaption></figure> Lieutenant Colonel Ion Antonescu retained his visibility in the public eye during the interwar period. He participated in the political campaign to earn recognition at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference</a> of 1919 for Romania's gains in Transylvania. His nationalist argument about a future state was published as the essay Românii. Origina, trecutul, sacrificiile și drepturile lor ("The Romanians. Their Origin, Their Past, Their Sacrifices and Their Rights"). The booklet advocated extension of Romanian rule beyond the confines of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Greater Romania</a>, and recommended, at the risk of war with the emerging <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a>, the annexation of all <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a> areas and the <a href="/wiki/Timok_Valley" title="Timok Valley">Timok Valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Antonescu was known for his frequent and erratic changes of mood, going from being extremely angry to being calm to angry again to being calm again within minutes, behaviour that often disoriented those who had to work with him.<a href="#cite_note-Ancel_pages_463-479-4">[4]</a> The Israeli historian <a href="/wiki/Jean_Ancel" title="Jean Ancel">Jean Ancel</a> wrote that Antonescu's frequent changes of mood were due to the syphilis he contracted as a young man, a condition he suffered from for the rest of his life.<a href="#cite_note-Ancel_pages_463-479-4">[4]</a> He became attache in Paris in 1922. He negotiated a credit worth 100 million French francs to purchase French weaponry.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> He worked together with Romanian diplomat <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Titulescu" title="Nicolae Titulescu">Nicolae Titulescu</a>; the two became personal friends.<a href="#cite_note-d39-14">[14]</a> He was also in contact with the Romanian-born conservative aristocrat and writer <a href="/wiki/Marthe_Bibesco" title="Marthe Bibesco">Marthe Bibesco</a>, who introduced Antonescu to the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Gustave Le Bon</a>, a researcher of <a href="/wiki/Crowd_psychology" title="Crowd psychology">crowd psychology</a> who had an influence on Fascism.<a href="#cite_note-jvg186-15">[15]</a> Bibesco saw Antonescu as a new version of 19th century nationalist Frenchman <a href="/wiki/Georges_Boulanger" class="mw-redirect" title="Georges Boulanger">Georges Boulanger</a>, introducing him as such to Le Bon.<a href="#cite_note-jvg186-15">[15]</a> In 1923, he made the acquaintance of lawyer <a href="/wiki/Mihai_Antonescu" title="Mihai Antonescu">Mihai Antonescu</a>, who was to become his close friend, legal representative and political associate.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> After returning to Romania in 1926, Antonescu resumed his teaching in Sibiu, and, in the autumn of 1928, became Secretary-General of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of National Defense (Romania)">Defense Ministry</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Vintil%C4%83_Br%C4%83tianu" title="Vintilă Brătianu">Vintilă Brătianu</a> cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-d39-14">[14]</a> He married <a href="/wiki/Maria_Antonescu" title="Maria Antonescu">Maria Niculescu</a>, for long a resident of France, who had been married twice before: first to a <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Police" title="Romanian Police">Romanian Police</a> officer, with whom she had a son, Gheorghe (died 1944), and then to a Frenchman of Jewish origin.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> After a period as Deputy Chief of the General Staff,<a href="#cite_note-d39-14">[14]</a> he was appointed its Chief (1933–1934). These assignments coincided with the rule of Carol's underage son <a href="/wiki/Michael_I_of_Romania" title="Michael I of Romania">Michael I</a> and his regents, and with Carol's seizure of power in 1930. During this period Antonescu first grew interested in the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a>, an antisemitic and fascist-related movement headed by <a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Corneliu Zelea Codreanu</a>. In his capacity as Deputy Chief of Staff, he ordered the Army's intelligence unit to compile a report on the faction, and made a series of critical notes on Codreanu's various statements.<a href="#cite_note-d39-14">[14]</a> As Chief of Staff, Antonescu reportedly had his first confrontation with the political class and the monarch. His projects for weapon modernization were questioned by Defense Minister <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Angelescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Angelescu (page does not exist)">Paul Angelescu</a>, leading Antonescu to present his resignation.<a href="#cite_note-d39-14">[14]</a> According to another account, he completed an official report on the <a href="/wiki/Embezzlement" title="Embezzlement">embezzlement</a> of Army funds which indirectly implicated Carol and his <a href="/wiki/Camarilla" title="Camarilla">camarilla</a> (see <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0koda_Affair&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Škoda Affair (page does not exist)">Škoda Affair</a>).<a href="#cite_note-r1-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The king consequently ordered him out of office, provoking indignation among sections of the political mainstream.<a href="#cite_note-r1-6">[6]</a> On Carol's orders, Antonescu was placed under surveillance by the <a href="/wiki/Siguran%C8%9Ba_Statului" class="mw-redirect" title="Siguranța Statului">Siguranța Statului</a> intelligence service, and closely monitored by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Administration_and_Interior_(Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Administration and Interior (Romania)">Interior Ministry</a> Undersecretary <a href="/wiki/Armand_C%C4%83linescu" title="Armand Călinescu">Armand Călinescu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-d40-19">[19]</a> The officer's political credentials were on the rise, as he was able to establish and maintain contacts with people on all sides of the political spectrum, while support for Carol plummeted. Among these were contacts with the two main democratic groups, the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Romania,_1875)" title="National Liberal Party (Romania, 1875)">National Liberal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Peasants%27_Party" title="National Peasants' Party">National Peasants'</a>, parties known respectively as PNL and PNȚ.<a href="#cite_note-r1-6">[6]</a> He was also engaged in discussions with the rising <a href="/wiki/Far_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far right">far right</a>, antisemitic and fascist movements; although in competition with each other, both the <a href="/wiki/National_Christian_Party" title="National Christian Party">National Christian Party</a> (PNC) of <a href="/wiki/Octavian_Goga" title="Octavian Goga">Octavian Goga</a> and the Iron Guard sought to attract Antonescu to their side.<a href="#cite_note-r1-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In 1936, to the authorities' alarm, Army General and Iron Guard member <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Cantacuzino-Gr%C4%83nicerul" title="Gheorghe Cantacuzino-Grănicerul">Gheorghe Cantacuzino-Grănicerul</a> arranged a meeting between Ion Antonescu and the movement's leader, Corneliu Codreanu. Antonescu is reported to have found Codreanu arrogant, but to have welcomed his revolutionizing approach to politics.<a href="#cite_note-d40-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defense_portfolio_and_the_Codreanu_trials">Defense portfolio and the Codreanu trials</h3></div> In late 1937, after the <a href="/wiki/1937_Romanian_general_election" title="1937 Romanian general election">December general election</a> came to an inconclusive result, Carol appointed Goga <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Romania" title="Prime Minister of Romania">Prime Minister</a> over a far right cabinet that was the first executive to impose <a href="/wiki/Racial_discrimination" title="Racial discrimination">racial discrimination</a> in its treatment of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Jewish community</a>. Goga's appointment was meant to curb the rise of the more popular and even more radical Codreanu. Initially given the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_and_Information_Society_(Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Communications and Information Society (Romania)">Communications portfolio</a> by his rival, Interior Minister <a href="/wiki/Armand_C%C4%83linescu" title="Armand Călinescu">Armand Călinescu</a>, Antonescu repeatedly demanded the office of Defense Minister, which he was eventually granted.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> His mandate coincided with a troubled period, and saw Romania having to choose between its traditional alliance with France, Britain, the crumbling <a href="/wiki/Little_Entente" title="Little Entente">Little Entente</a> and the League of Nations or moving closer to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a>. Antonescu's own contribution is disputed by historians, who variously see him as either a supporter of the Anglo-French alliance or, like the PNC itself, more favourable to cooperation with <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s Germany.<a href="#cite_note-r1-6">[6]</a> At the time, Antonescu viewed Romania's alliance with the Entente as insurance against Hungarian and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> <a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">revanchism</a>, but, as an <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communist</a>, he was suspicious of the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Soviet_Treaty_of_Mutual_Assistance" title="Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance">Franco-Soviet rapprochement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Particularly concerned about Hungarian demands in Transylvania, he ordered the General Staff to prepare for a western attack.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> However, his major contribution in office was in relation to an internal crisis: as a response to violent clashes between the Iron Guard and the PNC's own fascist militia, the <a href="/wiki/L%C4%83ncieri" title="Lăncieri">Lăncieri</a>, Antonescu extended the already imposed <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The Goga cabinet ended when the tentative rapprochement between Goga and Codreanu<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> prompted Carol to overthrow the democratic system and proclaim his own authoritarian regime (see <a href="/wiki/1938_Constitution_of_Romania" title="1938 Constitution of Romania">1938 Constitution of Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Front" title="National Renaissance Front">National Renaissance Front</a>). The deposed Premier died in 1938, while Antonescu remained a close friend of his widow, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Veturia_Goga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Veturia Goga (page does not exist)">Veturia Goga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-d70-26">[26]</a> By that time, revising his earlier stance, Antonescu had also built a close relationship with Codreanu, and was even said to have become his confidant.<a href="#cite_note-d42-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-itrelatiile-28">[28]</a> On Carol's request, he had earlier asked the Guard's leader to consider an alliance with the king, which Codreanu promptly refused in favour of negotiations with Goga, coupled with claims that he was not interested in political battles, an attitude supposedly induced by Antonescu himself.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Soon afterward, Călinescu, acting on indications from the monarch, arrested Codreanu and prosecuted him in two successive trials. Antonescu, whose mandate of Defense Minister had been prolonged under the premiership of <a href="/wiki/Miron_Cristea" class="mw-redirect" title="Miron Cristea">Miron Cristea</a>, resigned in protest of Codreanu's arrest.<a href="#cite_note-d44-30">[30]</a> Antonescu's mandate ended on 30 March 1938. He also served as Air and Marine Minister between 2 February and his resignation on 30 March.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> He was a celebrity defense witness at the latter's first<a href="#cite_note-itrelatiile-28">[28]</a> and second trials.<a href="#cite_note-d44-30">[30]</a> During the latter, which resulted in Codreanu's conviction for <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a>, Antonescu vouched for his friend's honesty while shaking his hand in front of the jury.<a href="#cite_note-d44-30">[30]</a> Upon the conclusion of the trial, the king ordered his former minister <a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">interned</a> at <a href="/wiki/Predeal" title="Predeal">Predeal</a>, before assigning him to command the <a href="/wiki/Third_Army_(Romania)" title="Third Army (Romania)">Third Army</a> in the remote eastern region of <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a> (and later removing him after Antonescu expressed sympathy for Guardists imprisoned in <a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a>).<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Attempting to discredit his rival, Carol also ordered Antonescu's wife to be tried for <a href="/wiki/Bigamy" title="Bigamy">bigamy</a>, based on a false claim that her divorce had not been finalized. Defended by Mihai Antonescu, the officer was able to prove his detractors wrong.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Codreanu himself was taken into custody and discreetly killed by the <a href="/wiki/Jandarmeria_Rom%C3%A2n%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Jandarmeria Română">Gendarmes</a> acting on Carol's orders (November 1938).<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Carol's regime slowly dissolved into crisis, a dissolution accelerated after the start of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, when the military success of the core <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis Powers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">non-aggression pact</a> signed by Germany and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> saw Romania isolated and threatened (see <a href="/wiki/Romania_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Romania during World War II">Romania during World War II</a>). In 1940, two of Romania's regions, Bessarabia and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Bukovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Bukovina">Northern Bukovina</a>, were lost to a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_northern_Bukovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and northern Bukovina">Soviet occupation</a> consented to by the king. This came as Romania, exposed by the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of France">Fall of France</a>, was seeking to align its policies with those of Germany.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Ion Antonescu himself had come to value a pro-Axis alternative after the 1938 <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a>, when Germany imposed demands on <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Republic_(1918%E2%80%931938)" class="mw-redirect" title="Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938)">Czechoslovakia</a> with the acquiescence of France and the United Kingdom, leaving locals to fear that, unless reoriented, Romania would follow.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Angered by the territorial losses of 1940, General Antonescu sent Carol a general note of protest, and, as a result, was arrested and interned at <a href="/wiki/Bistri%C8%9Ba_Monastery" title="Bistrița Monastery">Bistrița Monastery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-r1-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> While there, he commissioned Mihai Antonescu to establish contacts with Nazi German officials, promising to advance German economic interest, particularly in respect to the <a href="/wiki/Oil_industry_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil industry in Romania">local oil industry</a>, in exchange for endorsement.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Commenting on Ion Antonescu's ambivalent stance, Hitler's minister to Romania, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Fabricius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Fabricius (page does not exist)">Wilhelm Fabricius</a>, wrote to his superiors: "I am not convinced that he is a safe man."<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_to_power">Rise to power</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Standard_of_Marshal_Ion_Antonescu.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Standard_of_Marshal_Ion_Antonescu.svg/200px-Standard_of_Marshal_Ion_Antonescu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Standard_of_Marshal_Ion_Antonescu.svg/300px-Standard_of_Marshal_Ion_Antonescu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Standard_of_Marshal_Ion_Antonescu.svg/400px-Standard_of_Marshal_Ion_Antonescu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Banner of Ion Antonescu as <a href="/wiki/Conduc%C4%83tor" title="Conducător">Conducător</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ion_antonescu.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Ion_antonescu.png" decoding="async" width="195" height="313" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="195" data-file-height="313" /></a><figcaption>Ion Antonescu's portrait</figcaption></figure> Romania's elite had been intensely Francophile ever since Romania had won its independence in the 19th century, indeed so Francophile that the defeat of France in June 1940 had the effect of discrediting the entire elite.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Antonescu's internment ended in August, during which interval, under Axis pressure, Romania had ceded Southern Dobruja to Bulgaria (see <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Craiova" title="Treaty of Craiova">Treaty of Craiova</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Transylvania" title="Northern Transylvania">Northern Transylvania</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Second_Vienna_Award" title="Second Vienna Award">Second Vienna Award</a>). The latter grant caused consternation among large sections of Romania's population, causing Carol's popularity to fall to a record low and provoking large-scale protests in Bucharest, the capital. These movements were organized competitively by the pro-<a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> PNȚ, headed by <a href="/wiki/Iuliu_Maniu" title="Iuliu Maniu">Iuliu Maniu</a>, and the pro-Nazi Iron Guard.<a href="#cite_note-r1-6">[6]</a> The latter group had been revived under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima">Horia Sima</a>, and was organizing a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In this troubled context, Antonescu simply left his assigned residence. He may have been secretly helped in this by German intercession,<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> but was more directly aided to escape by socialite <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alice_Sturdza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alice Sturdza (page does not exist)">Alice Sturdza</a>, who was acting on Maniu's request.<a href="#cite_note-d48-43">[43]</a> Antonescu subsequently met with Maniu in <a href="/wiki/Ploie%C8%99ti" title="Ploiești">Ploiești</a>, where they discussed how best to manage the political situation.<a href="#cite_note-r1-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-d48-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> While these negotiations were carried out, the monarch himself was being advised by his entourage to recover legitimacy by governing in tandem with the increasingly popular Antonescu, while creating a new political majority from the existing forces.<a href="#cite_note-r1-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-d48-43">[43]</a> On 2 September 1940, Valer Pop, a courtier and an important member of the camarilla, first advised Carol to appoint Antonescu as Prime Minister as the solution to the crisis.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Pop's reasons for advising Carol to appoint Antonescu as Prime Minister were partly because Antonescu, who was known to be friendly with the Iron Guard and who had been imprisoned under Carol, was believed to have enough of an oppositional background to Carol's regime to appease the public and partly because Pop knew that Antonescu, for all his Legionary sympathies, was a member of the elite and believed he would never turn against it. When Carol proved reluctant to make Antonescu Prime Minister, Pop visited the German legation to meet with Fabricius on the night of 4 September 1940 to ask that the German minister phone Carol to tell him that the Reich wanted Antonescu as Prime Minister, and Fabricius promptly did just that.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Carol and Antonescu accepted the proposal, Antonescu being ordered to approach political party leaders Maniu of the PNȚ and <a href="/wiki/Dinu_Br%C4%83tianu" title="Dinu Brătianu">Dinu Brătianu</a> of the PNL.<a href="#cite_note-r1-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-d48-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> They all called for Carol's <a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">abdication</a> as a preliminary measure,<a href="#cite_note-r1-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-d48-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> while Sima, another leader sought after for negotiations, could not be found in time to express his opinion.<a href="#cite_note-d48-43">[43]</a> Antonescu partly complied with the request but also asked Carol to bestow upon him the <a href="/wiki/Reserve_power" title="Reserve power">reserve powers</a> for Romanian heads of state.<a href="#cite_note-r1-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Carol yielded and, on 5 September 1940, the general became Prime Minister, and Carol transferred most of his <a href="/wiki/European_interwar_dictatorships" title="European interwar dictatorships">dictatorial powers</a> to him.<a href="#cite_note-r1-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The latter's first measure was to curtail potential resistance within the Army by relieving <a href="/wiki/Bucharest_Garrison" title="Bucharest Garrison">Bucharest Garrison</a> chief <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Arge%C8%99anu" title="Gheorghe Argeșanu">Gheorghe Argeșanu</a> of his position and replacing him with <a href="/wiki/Dumitru_Coroam%C4%83" title="Dumitru Coroamă">Dumitru Coroamă</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Shortly afterward, Antonescu heard rumours that two of Carol's loyalist generals, <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Mihail" title="Gheorghe Mihail">Gheorghe Mihail</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Teodorescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Teodorescu (page does not exist)">Paul Teodorescu</a>, were planning to have him killed.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> In reaction, he forced Carol to abdicate, while General Coroamă was refusing to carry out the royal order of shooting down Iron Guardist protesters.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Michael ascended the throne for the second time, while Antonescu's dictatorial powers were confirmed and extended.<a href="#cite_note-r1-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> On 6 September, the day Michael formally assumed the throne, he issued a royal decree declaring Antonescu <a href="/wiki/Conduc%C4%83tor" title="Conducător">Conducător</a> (leader) of the state. The same decree relegated the monarch to a ceremonial role.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Among Antonescu's subsequent measures was ensuring the safe departure into self-exile of Carol and his mistress <a href="/wiki/Elena_Lupescu" class="mw-redirect" title="Elena Lupescu">Elena Lupescu</a>, granting protection to the royal train when it was attacked by armed members of the Iron Guard.<a href="#cite_note-r1-6">[6]</a> The regime of King Carol had been notorious for being the most corrupt regime in Europe during the 1930s, and when Carol fled Romania, he took with him the better part of the Romanian treasury, leaving the new government with enormous financial problems.<a href="#cite_note-Crampton,_Richard_pp._117-118-56">[56]</a> Antonescu had expected, perhaps naïvely, that Carol would take with him enough money to provide for a comfortable exile, and was surprised that Carol had cleared out almost the entire national treasury. For the next four years, a major concern of Antonescu's government was attempting to have the Swiss banks where Carol had deposited the assets return the money to Romania; this effort did not meet with success.<a href="#cite_note-Crampton,_Richard_pp._117-118-56">[56]</a> Horia Sima's subsequent cooperation with Antonescu was endorsed by high-ranking Nazi German officials, many of whom feared the Iron Guard was too weak to rule on its own.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Antonescu therefore received the approval of Ambassador Fabricius.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Despite early promises, Antonescu abandoned projects for the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Central_government" title="Central government">national government</a>,<a href="#cite_note-r1-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> and opted instead for a <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition</a> between a <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military dictatorship</a> lobby and the Iron Guard.<a href="#cite_note-r1-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> He later justified his choice by stating that the Iron Guard "represented the political base of the country at the time."<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Right from the outset, Antonescu clashed with Sima over economic questions, with Antonescu's main concern being to get the economy growing so as to provide taxes for a treasury looted by Carol, while Sima favored populist economic measures that Antonescu insisted there was no money for.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antonescu-Sima_partnership">Antonescu-Sima partnership</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HoriaSimaIonAntonescuMiguelDeRumaniaPactoTripartito.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/HoriaSimaIonAntonescuMiguelDeRumaniaPactoTripartito.jpeg/250px-HoriaSimaIonAntonescuMiguelDeRumaniaPactoTripartito.jpeg" decoding="async" width="250" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/HoriaSimaIonAntonescuMiguelDeRumaniaPactoTripartito.jpeg/375px-HoriaSimaIonAntonescuMiguelDeRumaniaPactoTripartito.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/HoriaSimaIonAntonescuMiguelDeRumaniaPactoTripartito.jpeg/500px-HoriaSimaIonAntonescuMiguelDeRumaniaPactoTripartito.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="571" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima">Horia Sima</a>, Antonescu and King <a href="/wiki/Michael_I_of_Romania" title="Michael I of Romania">Michael I of Romania</a>, 1940</figcaption></figure> The resulting regime, deemed the <a href="/wiki/National_Legionary_State" title="National Legionary State">National Legionary State</a>, was officially proclaimed on 14 September. On that date, the Iron Guard was remodelled into <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">the only legally permitted party</a> in Romania. Antonescu continued as Premier and Conducător, and was named as the Guard's honorary commander. Sima became Deputy Premier and leader of the Guard.<a href="#cite_note-r1-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-pddlroutl-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Payne-65">[65]</a> Antonescu subsequently ordered the Guardists imprisoned by Carol to be set free.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> On 6 October, he presided over the Iron Guard's mass rally in Bucharest, one in a series of major celebratory and commemorative events organized by the movement during the late months of 1940.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> However, he tolerated the PNȚ and PNL's informal existence, allowing them to preserve much of their political support.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> There followed a short-lived and always uneasy partnership between Antonescu and Sima. In late September, the new regime denounced all pacts, accords and diplomatic agreements signed under Carol, bringing the country into Germany's orbit while subverting its relationship with a former <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan</a> ally, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Germans troops entered the country in stages, in order to defend the local oil industry<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> and help instruct their Romanian counterparts on <a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a> tactics.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> On 23 November, Antonescu was in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, where his signature sealed Romania's commitment to the main Axis instrument, the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a>.<a href="#cite_note-r1-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Two days later, the country also adhered to the Nazi-led <a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Other than these generic commitments, Romania had no treaty binding it to Germany, and the Romanian-German alliance functioned informally.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Speaking in 1946, Antonescu claimed to have followed the pro-German path in continuation of earlier policies, and for fear of a Nazi <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> in Romania.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> During the National Legionary State period, earlier antisemitic legislation was upheld and strengthened, while the "<a href="/wiki/Romanianization" title="Romanianization">Romanianization</a>" of Jewish-owned enterprises became standard official practice.<a href="#cite_note-r1-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Immediately after coming into office, Antonescu himself expanded the anti-Jewish and <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg law</a>-inspired legislation passed by his predecessors Goga and <a href="/wiki/Ion_Gigurtu" title="Ion Gigurtu">Ion Gigurtu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> while tens of new anti-Jewish regulations were passed in 1941–1942.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> This was done despite his formal pledge to <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Filderman" title="Wilhelm Filderman">Wilhelm Filderman</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Jewish_Communities_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Federation of Jewish Communities of Romania">Jewish Communities Federation</a> that, unless engaged in "sabotage," "the Jewish population will not suffer."<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Antonescu did not reject the application of Legionary policies, but was offended by Sima's advocacy of <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitarism</a> and the Guard's frequent recourse to street violence.<a href="#cite_note-r1-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> He drew much hostility from his partners by extending some protection to former dignitaries whom the Iron Guard had arrested.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> One early incident opposed Antonescu to the Guard's newspaper <a href="/wiki/Buna_Vestire" title="Buna Vestire">Buna Vestire</a>, which accused him of leniency and was subsequently forced to change its editorial board.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> By then, the Legionary press was routinely claiming that he was obstructing revolution and aiming to take control of the Iron Guard, and that he had been transformed into a tool of <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Romania" title="Freemasonry in Romania">Freemasonry</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a>).<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The political conflict coincided with major social challenges, including the influx of refugees from areas lost earlier in the year and a <a href="/wiki/1940_Bucharest_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="1940 Bucharest earthquake">large-scale earthquake affecting Bucharest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Disorder peaked in the last days of November 1940, when, after uncovering the circumstances of Codreanu's death, the fascist movement ordered retaliations against political figures previously associated with Carol, carrying out the <a href="/wiki/Jilava_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Jilava Massacre">Jilava Massacre</a>, the assassinations of <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Nicolae Iorga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virgil_Madgearu" title="Virgil Madgearu">Virgil Madgearu</a>, and several other acts of violence.<a href="#cite_note-r1-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> As retaliation for this insubordination, Antonescu ordered the Army to resume control of the streets,<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> unsuccessfully pressured Sima to have the assassins detained, ousted the Iron Guardist prefect of Bucharest <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Police" title="Romanian Police">Police</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%98tefan_Z%C4%83voianu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ștefan Zăvoianu (page does not exist)">Ștefan Zăvoianu</a>, and ordered Legionary ministers to swear an oath to the Conducător.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> His condemnation of the killings was nevertheless limited and discreet, and, the same month, he joined Sima at a burial ceremony for Codreanu's newly discovered remains.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The widening gap between the dictator and Sima's party resonated in Berlin. When, in December, Legionary <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Romania)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Romania)">Foreign Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Mihail_R._Sturdza" class="mw-redirect" title="Mihail R. Sturdza">Mihail R. Sturdza</a> obtained the replacement of Fabricius with <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Freiherr_von_Killinger" title="Manfred Freiherr von Killinger">Manfred Freiherr von Killinger</a>, perceived as more sympathetic to the Iron Guard, Antonescu promptly took over leadership of the ministry, with the compliant diplomat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Greceanu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantin Greceanu (page does not exist)">Constantin Greceanu</a> as his right hand.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> In Germany, such leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> as <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baldur_von_Schirach" title="Baldur von Schirach">Baldur von Schirach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a> threw their support behind the Legionaries,<a href="#cite_note-r1-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> whereas <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_foreign_ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of German foreign ministers">Foreign Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> stood by Antonescu.<a href="#cite_note-r1-6">[6]</a> The latter group was concerned that any internal conflict would threaten Romania's oil industry, vital to the German war effort.<a href="#cite_note-r1-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> The German leadership was by then secretly organizing <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>, the attack on the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-r2-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legionary_Rebellion_and_Operation_Barbarossa">Legionary Rebellion and Operation Barbarossa</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joachim_von_Ribbentrop_and_Ion_Antonescu_at_party_Munich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop_and_Ion_Antonescu_at_party_Munich.jpg/220px-Joachim_von_Ribbentrop_and_Ion_Antonescu_at_party_Munich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop_and_Ion_Antonescu_at_party_Munich.jpg/330px-Joachim_von_Ribbentrop_and_Ion_Antonescu_at_party_Munich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop_and_Ion_Antonescu_at_party_Munich.jpg/440px-Joachim_von_Ribbentrop_and_Ion_Antonescu_at_party_Munich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2820" data-file-height="3520" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_foreign_ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of German foreign ministers">Foreign Minister of the Third Reich</a> <a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a> (right) and Romanian leader Ion Antonescu in June 1941.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B03212,_M%C3%BCnchen,_Staatsbesuch_Ion_Antonescu_bei_Hitler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B03212%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_Staatsbesuch_Ion_Antonescu_bei_Hitler.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B03212%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_Staatsbesuch_Ion_Antonescu_bei_Hitler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B03212%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_Staatsbesuch_Ion_Antonescu_bei_Hitler.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B03212%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_Staatsbesuch_Ion_Antonescu_bei_Hitler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B03212%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_Staatsbesuch_Ion_Antonescu_bei_Hitler.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B03212%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_Staatsbesuch_Ion_Antonescu_bei_Hitler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Antonescu and <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_Musik_und_Theater_M%C3%BCnchen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hochschule für Musik und Theater München">Führerbau</a> in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> (June 1941). <a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Generalfeldmarschall" title="Generalfeldmarschall">Generalfeldmarschall</a> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Keitel" title="Wilhelm Keitel">Wilhelm Keitel</a> in the background</figcaption></figure> Antonescu's plan to act against his coalition partners in the event of further disorder hinged on Hitler's approval,<a href="#cite_note-r1-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-pddlroutl-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-dslill228-95">[95]</a> a vague signal of which had been given during ceremonies confirming Romania's adherence to the Tripartite Pact.<a href="#cite_note-r1-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> A decisive turn occurred when Hitler invited Antonescu and Sima both over for discussions: whereas Antonescu agreed, Sima stayed behind in Romania, probably plotting a coup d'état.<a href="#cite_note-r1-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> While Hitler did not produce a clear endorsement for clamping down on Sima's party, he made remarks interpreted by their recipient as oblique blessings.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> On 14 January 1941 during a German-Romanian summit, Hitler informed Antonescu of his plans to invade the Soviet Union later that year and asked Romania to participate.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-99">[99]</a> By this time, Hitler had come to the conclusion that while Sima was ideologically closer to him, Antonescu was the more competent leader capable of ensuring stability in Romania while being committed to aligning his country with the Axis. The Antonescu-Sima dispute erupted into violence in January 1941, when the Iron Guard instigated a series of attacks on public institutions and a <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogrom</a>, incidents collectively known as the "<a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Legionary Rebellion</a>."<a href="#cite_note-r1-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> This came after the mysterious assassination of Major Döring, a German agent in Bucharest, which was used by the Iron Guard as a pretext to accuse the Conducător of having a secret anti-German agenda,<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> and made Antonescu oust the Legionary <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Administration_and_Interior_(Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Administration and Interior (Romania)">Interior Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Petrovicescu" title="Constantin Petrovicescu">Constantin Petrovicescu</a>, while closing down all of the Legionary-controlled "Romanianization" offices.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Various other clashes prompted him to demand the resignation of all Police commanders who sympathized with the movement.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> After two days of widespread violence, during which Guardists killed some 120 Bucharest Jews,<a href="#cite_note-r1-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Antonescu sent in the Army, under the command of General <a href="/wiki/Constantin_S%C4%83n%C4%83tescu" title="Constantin Sănătescu">Constantin Sănătescu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-r1-6">[6]</a> German officials acting on Hitler's orders, including the new Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Freiherr_von_Killinger" title="Manfred Freiherr von Killinger">Manfred Freiherr von Killinger</a>, helped Antonescu eliminate the Iron Guardists, but several of their lower-level colleagues actively aided Sima's subordinates.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Goebbels was especially upset by the decision to support Antonescu, believing it to have been advantageous to "the Freemasons."<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> After the purge of the Iron Guard, Hitler kept his options open by granting <a href="/wiki/Political_asylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Political asylum">political asylum</a> to Sima—whom Antonescu's courts <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Romania" title="Capital punishment in Romania">sentenced to death</a>—and to other Legionaries in similar situations.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> The Guardists were detained in special conditions at <a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau</a> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> In parallel, Antonescu publicly obtained the cooperation of Codreanists, members of an Iron Guardist wing which had virulently opposed Sima, and whose leader was Codreanu's father <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_Zelea_Codreanu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ion Zelea Codreanu (page does not exist)">Ion Zelea Codreanu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Antonescu again sought backing from the PNȚ and PNL to form a national cabinet, but his rejection of <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentarism</a> made the two groups refuse him.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Antonescu traveled to Germany and met Hitler on eight more occasions between June 1941 and August 1944.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Such close contacts helped cement an enduring relationship between the two dictators, and Hitler reportedly came to see Antonescu as the only trustworthy person in Romania,<a href="#cite_note-r1-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-d62-112">[112]</a> and the only foreigner to consult on military matters.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> The American historian <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Weinberg" title="Gerhard Weinberg">Gerhard Weinberg</a> wrote that Hitler after first meeting Antonescu "...was greatly impressed by him; no other leader Hitler met other than Mussolini ever received such consistently favourable comments from the German dictator. Hitler even mustered the patience to listen to Antonescu's lengthy disquisitions on the glorious history of Romania and the perfidy of the Hungarians—a curious reversal for a man who was more accustomed to regaling visitors with tirades of his own."<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> In later statements, Hitler offered praise to Antonescu's "breadth of vision" and "real personality."<a href="#cite_note-adh498-115">[115]</a> A remarkable aspect of the Hitler-Antonescu friendship was neither could speak other's language. Hitler only knew German, while the only foreign language Antonescu knew was French, in which he was completely fluent.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> During their meetings, Antonescu spoke French, which was then translated into German by Hitler's interpreter <a href="/wiki/Paul_Schmidt_(interpreter)" title="Paul Schmidt (interpreter)">Paul Schmidt</a> and vice versa, since Schmidt did not speak Romanian either. The German military presence increased significantly in early 1941, when, using Romania as a base, Hitler invaded the rebellious Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece_(Gl%C3%BCcksburg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg)">Kingdom of Greece</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Balkans_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkans Campaign (World War II)">Balkans Campaign</a>).<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> In parallel, Romania's relationship with the United Kingdom, at the time the only major adversary of Nazi Germany, erupted into conflict: on 10 February 1941, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">British Premier</a> <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> recalled <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomats_from_the_United_Kingdom_to_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of diplomats from the United Kingdom to Romania">His Majesty's Ambassador</a> <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Hoare" title="Reginald Hoare">Reginald Hoare</a>, and approved the <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockade</a> of Romanian ships in British-controlled ports.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> On 12 June 1941, during another summit with Hitler, Antonescu first learned of the "special" nature of Operation Barbarossa, namely, that the war against the Soviet Union was to be an ideological war to "annihilate" the forces of "Judeo-Bolshevism," a "war of extermination" to be fought without any mercy; Hitler even showed Antonescu a copy of the "Guidelines for the Conduct of the Troops in Russia" he had issued to his forces about the "special treatment" to be handed out to Soviet Jews.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-99">[99]</a> Antonescu completely accepted Hitler's ideas about Operation Barbarossa as a "race war" between the Aryans, represented by the Nordic Germans and Latin Romanians on the Axis side vs. the Slavs and Asians, commanded by the Jews on the Soviet side.<a href="#cite_note-Ancel,_Jean_pp._325-326-119">[119]</a> Besides anti-Semitism, there was an extremely strong current of anti-Slavic and anti-Asian racism to Antonescu's remarks about the "Asiatic hordes" of the Red Army.<a href="#cite_note-Ancel,_Jean,_p._325-120">[120]</a> The Asians Antonescu referred were the various Asian peoples of the Soviet Union, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buryats" title="Buryats">Buryats</a>, etc. During his summit with Hitler in June 1941, Antonescu told the Führer that he believed it was necessary to "once and for all" eliminate Russia as a power because the Russians were the most powerful Slavic nation and that as a Latin people, the Romanians had an inborn hatred of all Slavs and Jews.<a href="#cite_note-Ancel,_Jean,_p._325-120">[120]</a> Antonescu went on to tell Hitler: "Because of its racial qualities, Romania can continue to play its role as an anti-Slavic buffer for the benefit of Germany."<a href="#cite_note-Ancel,_Jean,_p._325-120">[120]</a> Ancel wrote that Romanian anti-Slavic racism differed from the German variety in that the Romanians had traditionally feared the Slavic peoples whereas the Germans had traditionally held the Slavic peoples in contempt.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> In Antonescu's mind, the Romanians as a Latin people had attained a level of civilization that the Slavs were nowhere close to, but theoretically the Slavic Russians and Ukrainians might be able to reach under Romanian auspices, although Antonescu's remarks to Hitler that "We must fight this race (i.e. the Slavs) resolutely" together, "with the need for 'colonization' of Transnistria," suggests that he did think this would happen in his own lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-Ancel,_Jean_pp._325-326-119">[119]</a> Subsequently, the Romanians assigned to Barbarossa were to learn that as a Latin people, the Germans considered them to be their inferiors, albeit not as inferior as the Slavs, Asians and Jews who were viewed as <a href="/wiki/Untermensch" title="Untermensch">untermenschen</a> ("sub-humans").<a href="#cite_note-Ancel,_Jean_pp._325-326-119">[119]</a> Hitler's promise to Antonescu that after the war, the Germanic and Latin races would rule the world in a partnership turned out to be meaningless.<a href="#cite_note-Ancel,_Jean,_p._325-120">[120]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Signal_16-1941..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Signal_16-1941..jpg/220px-Signal_16-1941..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Signal_16-1941..jpg/330px-Signal_16-1941..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Signal_16-1941..jpg/440px-Signal_16-1941..jpg 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>King Michael I and Antonescu at the border, on the river Prut, watching the deployment of the Romanian Army in 1941</figcaption></figure> In June of that year, Romania joined the attack on the Soviet Union, led by Germany in coalition with Hungary, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">State of Slovakia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a>. Antonescu had been made aware of the plan by German envoys, and supported it enthusiastically even before Hitler extended Romania an offer to participate.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> On 18 June 1941, Antonescu gave orders to his generals about "cleansing the ground" of Jews when Romanian forces entered Bessarabia and Bukovina.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-99">[99]</a> Right from the start, Antonescu proclaimed the war against the Soviet Union to be a "holy war", a "crusade" in the name of Eastern Orthodox faith and the Romanian race against the forces of "Judeo-Bolshevism".<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> The propaganda of the Antonescu regime demonized everything Jewish as Antonescu believed that Communism was invented by the Jews, and all of the Soviet leaders were really Jews.<a href="#cite_note-Ancel,_Jean_page_437-124">[124]</a> Reflecting Antonescu's anti-Slavic feelings, despite the fact that the war was billed as a "crusade" in defence of Orthodoxy against "Judeo-Bolshevism", the war was not presented as a struggle to liberate the Orthodox Russians and Ukrainians from Communism; instead rule by "Judeo-Bolshevism" was portrayed as something brought about the innate moral inferiority of the Slavs, who thus needed to be ruled by the Germans and the Romanians.<a href="#cite_note-Ancel,_Jean_page_437-124">[124]</a> The Romanian force engaged formed a General Antonescu Army Group under the effective command of German general <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Ritter_von_Schobert" title="Eugen Ritter von Schobert">Eugen Ritter von Schobert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Romania's campaign on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> began without a formal declaration of war, and was consecrated by Antonescu's statement: "Soldiers, I order you, cross the <a href="/wiki/Prut_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Prut River">Prut River</a>" (in reference to the Bessarabian border between Romania and post-1940 Soviet territory).<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> A few days after this, a large-scale pogrom was carried out in <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a> with Antonescu's agreement; thousands of Jews were killed in the bloody <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_pogrom" title="Iași pogrom">Iași pogrom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-r2-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Antonescu had followed a generation of younger right-wing Romanian intellectuals led by <a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Corneliu Zelea Codreanu</a> who in the 1920s–30s had rejected the traditional <a href="/wiki/Francophile" title="Francophile">Francophila</a> of the Romanian elites and their adherence to Western notions of universal democratic values and human rights.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Antonescu made it clear that his regime rejected the moral principles of the "demo-liberal world" and he saw the war as an ideological struggle between his spiritually pure "national-totalitarian regime" vs. "Jewish morality".<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-129">[129]</a> Antonescu believed that the liberal humanist-democratic-capitalist values of the West and Communism were both invented by the Jews to destroy Romania.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-129">[129]</a> In a lengthy speech just before the war, Antonescu attacked democracy in the most violent terms as it allowed Jews equal rights and thus to undercut the Romanian "national idea".<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-129">[129]</a> As such, Antonescu stated what was needed was a "new man" who would be "tough", "virile" and willing to fight for an ethnically and religiously "pure" Romania.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-129">[129]</a> Despite his quarrel with Sima, much of Antonescu's speech clearly reflected the influence of the ideas of the Iron Guard that Antonescu had absorbed in the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-129">[129]</a> Antonescu's anti-Semitism and sexism went so far that he tacitly condoned the rape of Jewish women and girls in Bessarabia and northern Bukovinia by his forces under the grounds that he was going take away all of the property that the Jews had "stolen" from the Romanians, and as far he was concerned, Jewish females were just another piece of property.<a href="#cite_note-Ancel,_Jean_pages_438-439-130">[130]</a> Since the Jewish women were going to exterminated anyway, Antonescu felt there was nothing wrong about letting his soldiers and gendarmes have "some fun" before shooting them.<a href="#cite_note-Ancel,_Jean_pages_438-439-130">[130]</a> After becoming the first Romanian to be granted the <a href="/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross" title="Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross">Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross</a>, which he received from Hitler at their 6 August meeting in the <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukrainian</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Berdychiv" title="Berdychiv">Berdychiv</a>, Ion Antonescu was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshal of Romania">Marshal of Romania</a> by royal decree on 22 August, in recognition for his role in restoring the eastern frontiers of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Greater Romania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-d83,86,280,305-131">[131]</a> In a report to Berlin, a German diplomat wrote that Marshal Antonescu had syphilis and that "among [Romanian] cavalry officers this disease is as widespread as a common cold is among German officers. The Marshal suffers from severe attacks of it every several months."<a href="#cite_note-Ancel_pages_463-479-4">[4]</a> Antonescu took one of his most debated decisions when, with Bessarabia's conquest almost complete, he committed Romania to Hitler's war effort beyond the <a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dniester</a>—that is, beyond territory that had been part of Romania between the wars—and thrust deeper into Soviet territory, thus waging a <a href="/wiki/War_of_aggression" title="War of aggression">war of aggression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-r2-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> On 30 August, Romania occupied a territory it deemed "<a href="/wiki/Transnistria_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transnistria (World War II)">Transnistria</a>", formerly a part of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a> (including the entire <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Moldavian ASSR">Moldavian ASSR</a> and further territories).<a href="#cite_note-r2-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Like the decision to continue the war beyond Bessarabia, this earned Antonescu much criticism from the semi-clandestine PNL and PNȚ.<a href="#cite_note-r2-93">[93]</a> Insofar as the war against the Soviet Union was a war to recover Bessarabia and northern Bukovina – both regions that been a part of Romania until June 1940 and that had Romanian majorities – the conflict had been very popular with the Romanian public opinion.<a href="#cite_note-:0-134">[134]</a> But the idea of conquering Transnistria was not as that region had never been part of Romania, and a minority of the people were ethnic Romanian.<a href="#cite_note-:0-134">[134]</a> Soon after the takeover, the area was assigned to a civil administration apparatus headed by <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Alexianu" title="Gheorghe Alexianu">Gheorghe Alexianu</a> and became the site for the main component of the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust in Romania">Holocaust in Romania</a>: a mass deportation of the <a href="/wiki/Bessarabian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Bessarabian Jews">Bessarabian</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Ukrainian Jews</a>, followed later by transports of <a href="/wiki/Roma_minority_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Roma minority in Romania">Romani Romanians</a> and Jews from Moldavia proper (that is, the portions of Moldavia west of the Prut). The accord over Transnistria's administration, signed in <a href="/wiki/Tighina" class="mw-redirect" title="Tighina">Tighina</a>, also placed areas between the Dniester and the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a> under Romanian military occupation, while granting control over all resources to Germany.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> In September 1941, Antonescu ordered Romanian forces to take Odessa, a prize he badly wanted for reasons of prestige.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Russians had traditionally been seen in Romania as brutal aggressors, and for Romanian forces to take a major Soviet city and one of the largest Black Sea ports like Odessa would be a sign of how far Romania had been "regenerated" under Antonescu's leadership. Much to Antonescu's intense fury, the Red Army were able to halt the Romanian offensive on Odessa and 24 September 1941 Antonescu had to reluctantly ask for the help of the Wehrmacht with the drive on Odessa.<a href="#cite_note-Ancel,_Jean_page_335-137">[137]</a> On 16 October 1941 Odessa fell to the German-Romanian forces. The Romanian losses had been so heavy that the area around Odessa was known to the Romanian Army as the Vale of Tears.<a href="#cite_note-Ancel,_Jean_page_335-137">[137]</a> Antonescu's anti-Semitism was sharpened by the Odessa fighting as he was convinced that the only reason why the Red Army had fought so fiercely around Odessa was that the average Russian soldier had been terrorized by bloodthirsty Jewish commissars into fighting hard.<a href="#cite_note-Ancel,_Jean_page_335-137">[137]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Filderman" title="Wilhelm Filderman">Wilhelm Filderman</a> wrote a letter to Antonescu complaining about the murder of Jews in Odessa, Antonescu wrote back: "Your Jews, who have become Soviet commissars, are driving Soviet soldiers in the Odessa region into a futile bloodbath, through horrendous terror techniques as the Russian prisoners themselves have admitted, simply to cause us heavy losses".<a href="#cite_note-Ancel,_Jean_page_335-137">[137]</a> Antonescu ended his letter with the claim that Russian Jewish commissars had savagely tortured Romanian POWs and that the entire Jewish community of Romania, Filderman included were morally responsible for all of the losses and sufferings of the Romanians around Odessa.<a href="#cite_note-Ancel,_Jean_page_335-137">[137]</a> In the fall of 1941, Antonescu planned to deport all of the Jews of the Regat, southern Bukovina and southern Transylvania into Transnistria as the prelude to killing them, but this operation was vetoed by Germany, who complained that Antonescu had not finished killing the Jews of Transnistria yet.<a href="#cite_note-Ancel,_Jean_pages_459-460-138">[138]</a> This veto was largely motivated by bureaucratic politics, namely if Antonescu exterminated all of the Jews of Romania himself, there would be nothing for the SS and the Auswärtiges Amt to do.<a href="#cite_note-Ancel,_Jean_pages_459-460-138">[138]</a> Killinger informed Antonescu that Germany would reduce its supplies of arms if Antonescu went ahead with his plans to deport the Jews of the Regat into Transnistria and told him he would be better off deporting the Jews to the death camps in Poland that the Germans were already busy building.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Since Romania had almost no arms industry of its own and was almost entirely dependent upon weapons from Germany to fight the war, Antonescu had little choice, but to comply with Killinger's request. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reversal_of_fortunes">Reversal of fortunes</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B23201,_Joachim_von_Ribbentrop_und_Ion_Antonescu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B23201%2C_Joachim_von_Ribbentrop_und_Ion_Antonescu.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B23201%2C_Joachim_von_Ribbentrop_und_Ion_Antonescu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B23201%2C_Joachim_von_Ribbentrop_und_Ion_Antonescu.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B23201%2C_Joachim_von_Ribbentrop_und_Ion_Antonescu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B23201%2C_Joachim_von_Ribbentrop_und_Ion_Antonescu.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B23201%2C_Joachim_von_Ribbentrop_und_Ion_Antonescu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>Antonescu (right) being greeted by <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Germany)" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany)">Foreign Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a> during a 1943 visit to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marshal_Erich_von_Manstein_and_Marshal_Ion_Antonescu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Marshal_Erich_von_Manstein_and_Marshal_Ion_Antonescu.jpg/220px-Marshal_Erich_von_Manstein_and_Marshal_Ion_Antonescu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Marshal_Erich_von_Manstein_and_Marshal_Ion_Antonescu.jpg/330px-Marshal_Erich_von_Manstein_and_Marshal_Ion_Antonescu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Marshal_Erich_von_Manstein_and_Marshal_Ion_Antonescu.jpg/440px-Marshal_Erich_von_Manstein_and_Marshal_Ion_Antonescu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2505" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Generalfeldmarschall" title="Generalfeldmarschall">Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Manstein" title="Erich von Manstein">Erich von Manstein</a> (left) welcomes Marshal Antonescu and General <a href="/wiki/Petre_Dumitrescu" title="Petre Dumitrescu">Dumitrescu</a> (right) during a 1943 visit to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></figcaption></figure> The Romanian Army's inferior arms, insufficient armour and lack of training had been major concerns for the German commanders since before the start of the operation.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> One of the earliest major obstacles Antonescu encountered on the Eastern Front was the resistance of <a href="/wiki/Odessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa">Odessa</a>, a Soviet port on the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. Refusing any German assistance, he ordered the Romanian Army to maintain a <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Odessa_(1941)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Odessa (1941)">two-month siege</a> on heavily fortified and well-defended positions.<a href="#cite_note-r2-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> The ill-equipped <a href="/wiki/4th_Army_(Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="4th Army (Romania)">4th Army</a> suffered losses of some 100,000 men.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Antonescu's popularity again rose in October, when the fall of Odessa was celebrated triumphantly with a parade through Bucharest's <a href="/wiki/Arcul_de_Triumf" title="Arcul de Triumf">Arcul de Triumf</a>, and when many Romanians reportedly believed the war was as good as won.<a href="#cite_note-r2-93">[93]</a> In Odessa itself, the aftermath included a <a href="/wiki/1941_Odessa_massacre" title="1941 Odessa massacre">large-scale massacre</a> of the Jewish population, ordered by the Marshal as retaliation for a bombing which killed a number of Romanian officers and soldiers (General <a href="/wiki/Ioan_Glogojeanu" title="Ioan Glogojeanu">Ioan Glogojeanu</a> among them).<a href="#cite_note-r2-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> The city subsequently became the administrative capital of Transnistria.<a href="#cite_note-r2-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> According to one account, the Romanian administration planned to change Odessa's name to Antonescu.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Antonescu's planned that once the war against the Soviet Union was won to invade Hungary to take back Transylvania and Bulgaria to take back the Dobruja with Antonescu being especially keen on the former.<a href="#cite_note-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_521-146">[146]</a> Antonescu planned on attacking Hungary to recover Transylvania at the first opportunity and regarded Romanian involvement on the Eastern Front in part as a way of proving to Hitler that Romania was a better German ally than Hungary, and thus deserving of German support when the planned Romanian-Hungarian war began.<a href="#cite_note-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_521-146">[146]</a> The Conducător had also created an <a href="/wiki/Croatian%E2%80%93Romanian%E2%80%93Slovak_friendship_proclamation" title="Croatian–Romanian–Slovak friendship proclamation">intra-Axis alliance</a> against <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Hungary</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovakia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> As the Soviet Union recovered from the initial shock and slowed down the Axis offensive at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a> (October 1941 – January 1942), Romania was asked by its allies to contribute a larger number of troops.<a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a> A decisive factor in Antonescu's compliance with the request appears to have been a special visit to Bucharest by Wehrmacht chief of staff <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Keitel" title="Wilhelm Keitel">Wilhelm Keitel</a>, who introduced the Conducător to Hitler's plan for attacking the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Caucasus" title="Battle of the Caucasus">Battle of the Caucasus</a>).<a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a> The Romanian force engaged in the war reportedly exceeded German demands.<a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a> It came to around 500,000 troops<a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-d2-149">[149]</a> and thirty actively involved divisions.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> As a sign of his satisfaction, Hitler presented his Romanian counterpart with a luxury car.<a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a> On 7 December 1941, after reflecting on the possibility for Romania, Hungary and Finland to change their stance, the British government responded to repeated Soviet requests and declared war on all three countries.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Following <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> and in compliance with its Axis commitment, Romania declared war on the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> within five days. These developments contrasted with Antonescu's own statement of 7 December: "I am an ally of the [German] Reich against [the Soviet Union], I am neutral in the conflict between Great Britain and Germany. I am for America against the Japanese."<a href="#cite_note-d92-152">[152]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marshal_Ion_Antonescu_and_General_Ewald_von_Kleist_at_an_airfield.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Marshal_Ion_Antonescu_and_General_Ewald_von_Kleist_at_an_airfield.jpg/220px-Marshal_Ion_Antonescu_and_General_Ewald_von_Kleist_at_an_airfield.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Marshal_Ion_Antonescu_and_General_Ewald_von_Kleist_at_an_airfield.jpg/330px-Marshal_Ion_Antonescu_and_General_Ewald_von_Kleist_at_an_airfield.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Marshal_Ion_Antonescu_and_General_Ewald_von_Kleist_at_an_airfield.jpg/440px-Marshal_Ion_Antonescu_and_General_Ewald_von_Kleist_at_an_airfield.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2456" /></a><figcaption>Antonescu arrives at the front with General <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ludwig_Ewald_von_Kleist" title="Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist">Ewald von Kleist</a> in June 1942, during the Axis summer offensive <a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Case Blue</a></figcaption></figure> A crucial change in the war came with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a> in June 1942 – February 1943, a major defeat for the Axis. <a href="/wiki/Romanian_armies_in_the_Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Romanian armies in the Battle of Stalingrad">Romania's armies</a> alone lost some 150,000 men (either dead, wounded or captured)<a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a> and more than half of the country's divisions were wiped out.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> The loss of two entire Romanian armies who all either killed or captured by the Soviets produced a major crisis in German-Romanian relations in the winter of 1943 with many people in the Romanian government for the first time questioning the wisdom of fighting on the side of the Axis.<a href="#cite_note-Weinberg,_Gerhard_pages_460-461-154">[154]</a> Outside of the elites, by 1943 the continuing heavy losses on the Eastern Front, anger at the contempt which the Wehrmacht treated their Romanian allies and declining living standards within Romania made the war unpopular with the Romanian people, and consequently the Conducător himself. The American historian <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Weinberg" title="Gerhard Weinberg">Gerhard Weinberg</a> wrote that: "The string of broken German promises of equipment and support, the disregard of warnings about Soviet offensive preparations, the unfriendly treatment of retreating Romanian units by German officers and soldiers and the general German tendency to blame their own miscalculations and disasters on their allies all combined to produce a real crisis in German-Romanian relations."<a href="#cite_note-Weinberg,_Gerhard_pages_460-461-154">[154]</a> For part of that interval, the Marshal had withdrawn from public life, owing to an unknown affliction, which is variously rumoured to have been a <a href="/wiki/Mental_breakdown" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental breakdown">mental breakdown</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Foodborne_illness" title="Foodborne illness">foodborne illness</a> or a symptom of the <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a> he had contracted earlier in life.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> He is known to have been suffering from digestive problems, treating himself with food prepared by Marlene von Exner, an <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austrian</a>-born <a href="/wiki/Dietitian" title="Dietitian">dietitian</a> who moved into <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_vegetarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolf Hitler's vegetarianism">Hitler's service</a> after 1943.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mare%C8%99al_tank_destroyer_M-05_prototype.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Mare%C8%99al_tank_destroyer_M-05_prototype.jpg/220px-Mare%C8%99al_tank_destroyer_M-05_prototype.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Mare%C8%99al_tank_destroyer_M-05_prototype.jpg/330px-Mare%C8%99al_tank_destroyer_M-05_prototype.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Mare%C8%99al_tank_destroyer_M-05_prototype.jpg/440px-Mare%C8%99al_tank_destroyer_M-05_prototype.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mare%C8%99al_(tank_destroyer)" title="Mareșal (tank destroyer)">Mareșal tank destroyer</a>, named after Marshal Antonescu, who was involved in its development. It later inspired the German <a href="/wiki/Hetzer" title="Hetzer">Hetzer</a></figcaption></figure> Upon his return, Antonescu blamed the Romanian losses on German overseer <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hauffe" title="Arthur Hauffe">Arthur Hauffe</a>, whom Hitler agreed to replace.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> In parallel with the military losses, Romania was confronted with large-scale economic problems. Romania's oil was the Reich's only source of natural oil after the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 to August 1944 (Germany also had synthetic oil plants operating from 1942 onwards), and as such for economic reasons, Romania was always treated as a major ally by Hitler.<a href="#cite_note-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_521-146">[146]</a> While Germany <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopolized</a> Romania's exports,<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> it defaulted on most of its payments.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Like all countries whose exports to Germany, particularly in oil, exceeded imports from that country, <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Romania" title="Economy of Romania">Romania's economy</a> suffered from Nazi control of the <a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate" title="Exchange rate">exchange rate</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Economy of Nazi Germany">Economy of Nazi Germany</a>).<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> On the German side, those directly involved in harnessing Romania's economic output for German goals were economic planners <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walther_Funk" title="Walther Funk">Walther Funk</a>, together with <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Neubacher" title="Hermann Neubacher">Hermann Neubacher</a>, the Special Representative for Economic Problems.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> A recurring problem for Antonescu was attempting to obtain payments for all of the oil he shipped to Germany while resisting German demands for increased oil production.<a href="#cite_note-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_521-146">[146]</a> The situation was further aggravated in 1942, as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">USAAF</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">RAF</a> were able to bomb the oil fields in <a href="/wiki/Prahova_County" title="Prahova County">Prahova County</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Romania in World War II">Bombing of Romania in World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tidal_Wave" title="Operation Tidal Wave">Operation Tidal Wave</a>).<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Official sources from the following period amalgamate military and civilian losses of all kinds, which produces a total of 554,000 victims of the war.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> To improve the Romanian army's effectiveness, the <a href="/wiki/Mare%C8%99al_(tank_destroyer)" title="Mareșal (tank destroyer)">Mareșal tank destroyer</a> was developed starting in late 1942. Marshal Antonescu, after whom the vehicle was named, was involved in the project himself.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> The vehicle later influenced the development of the German <a href="/wiki/Hetzer" title="Hetzer">Hetzer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> In this context, the Romanian leader acknowledged that Germany was losing the war, and he therefore authorized his Deputy Premier and new Foreign Minister Mihai Antonescu to set up contacts with the Allies.<a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> In early 1943, Antonescu authorized his diplomats to contact British and American diplomats in Portugal and Switzerland to see if were possible for Romania to sign an armistice with the Western powers.<a href="#cite_note-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_461-168">[168]</a> The Romanian diplomats were informed that no armistice was possible until an armistice was signed with the Soviet Union, a condition Antonescu rejected.<a href="#cite_note-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_461-168">[168]</a> In parallel, he allowed the PNȚ and the PNL to engage in parallel talks with the Allies at various locations in neutral countries.<a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> The discussions were strained by the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Western Allies</a>' call for an <a href="/wiki/Unconditional_surrender" title="Unconditional surrender">unconditional surrender</a>, over which the Romanian envoys bargained with Allied diplomats in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> (among them the Soviet representatives <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Novikov_(diplomat)" title="Nikolai Novikov (diplomat)">Nikolai Novikov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Alexandra Kollontai</a>).<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Antonescu was also alarmed by the possibility of war being carried on Romanian territory, as had happened in Italy after <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Operation Avalanche</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> The events also prompted hostile negotiations aimed at toppling Antonescu, and involving the two political parties, the young monarch, diplomats and soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> A major clash between Michael and Antonescu took place during the first days of 1943, when the 21-year-old monarch used his New Year's address on <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Radio_Broadcasting_Company" title="Romanian Radio Broadcasting Company">national radio</a> to part with the Axis war effort.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ouster_and_arrest">Ouster and arrest</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/King_Michael%27s_Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="King Michael's Coup">King Michael's Coup</a></div> In March 1944, the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> broke the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Bug" title="Southern Bug">Southern Bug</a> and Dniester fronts, advancing on Bessarabia. This came just as <a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Field marshal (United Kingdom)">Field Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Maitland_Wilson" title="Henry Maitland Wilson">Henry Maitland Wilson</a>, the British <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Allied_Commander" title="Supreme Allied Commander">Supreme Allied Commander</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean theatre</a>, presented Antonescu with an <a href="/wiki/Ultimatum" title="Ultimatum">ultimatum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a> After a new visit to Germany and a meeting with Hitler, Antonescu opted to continue fighting alongside the remaining Axis states, a decision which he later claimed was motivated by Hitler's promise to allow Romania possession of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Transylvania" title="Northern Transylvania">Northern Transylvania</a> in the event of an Axis victory.<a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a> Upon his return, the Conducător oversaw a counteroffensive which stabilized the front on a line between Iași and <a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a> to the north and the lower Dniester to the east.<a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a> This normalized his relations with Nazi German officials, whose alarm over the possible loss of an ally had resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Margarethe_II" title="Operation Margarethe II">Margarethe II</a> plan, an adapted version of the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Margarethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Margarethe">Nazi takeover in Hungary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> However, Antonescu's non-compliance with the terms of Wilson's ultimatum also had drastic effects on Romania's ability to exit the war.<a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a> By then, Antonescu was conceiving of a <a href="/wiki/Separate_peace" title="Separate peace">separate peace</a> with the Western Allies,<a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> while maintaining contacts with the Soviets.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> In parallel, the mainstream opposition movement came to establish contacts with the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">Romanian Communist Party</a> (PCR), which, although minor numerically, gained importance for being the only political group to be favored by Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> On the PCR side, the discussions involved <a href="/wiki/Lucre%C8%9Biu_P%C4%83tr%C4%83%C8%99canu" title="Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu">Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Emil_Bodn%C4%83ra%C8%99" title="Emil Bodnăraș">Emil Bodnăraș</a>.<a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Another participating group at this stage was the old <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Social_Democratic_Party_(1927-1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Social Democratic Party (1927-1948)">Romanian Social Democratic Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> Large-scale <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bucharest_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bucharest in World War II">Allied bombings of Bucharest</a> took place in spring 1944, while the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> approached Romanian borders.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev Offensive">Battle for Romania</a> began in late summer: while German commanders <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Frie%C3%9Fner" title="Johannes Frießner">Johannes Frießner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otto_W%C3%B6hler" title="Otto Wöhler">Otto Wöhler</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_South_Ukraine" title="Army Group South Ukraine">Army Group South Ukraine</a> attempted to hold <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a>, Soviet <a href="/wiki/Steppe_Front" title="Steppe Front">Steppe Front</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Rodion_Malinovsky" title="Rodion Malinovsky">Rodion Malinovsky</a> stormed into the areas of Moldavia defended by <a href="/wiki/Petre_Dumitrescu" title="Petre Dumitrescu">Petre Dumitrescu</a>'s troops.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> In reaction, Antonescu attempted to stabilize the front on a line between <a href="/wiki/Foc%C8%99ani" title="Focșani">Focșani</a>, <a href="/wiki/N%C4%83moloasa" title="Nămoloasa">Nămoloasa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Br%C4%83ila" title="Brăila">Brăila</a>, deep inside Romanian territory.<a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a> On 5 August, he visited Hitler one final time in <a href="/wiki/K%C4%99trzyn" title="Kętrzyn">Kętrzyn</a>. On this occasion, the German leader reportedly explained that his people had betrayed the Nazi cause, and asked him if Romania would go on fighting (to which Antonescu reportedly answered in vague terms).<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union)">Soviet Foreign Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a> more than once stated that the Soviet Union was not going to require Romanian subservience,<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> the factions opposing Antonescu agreed that the moment had come to overthrow him, by carrying out the <a href="/wiki/King_Michael%27s_Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="King Michael's Coup">Royal Coup of 23 August</a>.<a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> On that day, the sovereign asked Antonescu to meet him in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Bucharest" title="Royal Palace of Bucharest">Royal Palace</a>, where he presented him with a request to take Romania out of its Axis alliance.<a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> The Conducător refused, and was promptly arrested by soldiers of the guard, being replaced as Premier with General <a href="/wiki/Constantin_S%C4%83n%C4%83tescu" title="Constantin Sănătescu">Constantin Sănătescu</a>, who presided over a <a href="/wiki/National_unity_government" title="National unity government">national government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> The new Romanian authorities declared peace with the Allies and advised the population to greet Soviet troops.<a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a> On 25 August, as Bucharest was successfully defending itself against German retaliations, Romania declared war on Nazi Germany.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> The events disrupted German domination in the Balkans, putting a stop to the Maibaum offensive against <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav Partisans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> The coup was nevertheless a unilateral move, and, until the signature of an <a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">armistice</a> on 12 September,<a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> the country was still perceived as an enemy by the Soviets, who continued to take Romanian soldiers as <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a> In parallel, Hitler reactivated the Iron Guardist exile, creating a Sima-led <a href="/wiki/Government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Government in exile">government in exile</a> that did not survive the <a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">war's end in Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> Placed in the custody of PCR militants, Ion Antonescu spent the interval at a house in Bucharest's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vatra_Luminoas%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vatra Luminoasă (page does not exist)">Vatra Luminoasă</a> quarter.<a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> He was afterward handed to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Soviet occupation forces</a>, who transported him to <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, together with his deputy Mihai Antonescu, Governor of Transnistria <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Alexianu" title="Gheorghe Alexianu">Gheorghe Alexianu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of National Defense (Romania)">Defense Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Pantazi" title="Constantin Pantazi">Constantin Pantazi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie_(Romania)" title="Gendarmerie (Romania)">Gendarmerie</a> commander <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Vasiliu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantin Vasiliu (page does not exist)">Constantin Vasiliu</a> and Bucharest <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Police" title="Romanian Police">Police</a> chief <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mircea_Elefterescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mircea Elefterescu (page does not exist)">Mircea Elefterescu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-d244-192">[192]</a> They were subsequently kept in luxurious detention at a mansion nearby the city,<a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> and guarded by <a href="/wiki/SMERSH" title="SMERSH">SMERSH</a>, a special <a href="/wiki/Counter-intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-intelligence">counter-intelligence</a> body answering directly to Stalin.<a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a> Shortly after <a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">Germany surrendered</a> in May 1945, the group was moved to <a href="/wiki/Lubyanka_Building" title="Lubyanka Building">Lubyanka prison</a>. There, Antonescu was interrogated and reputedly pressured by SMERSH operatives, among them <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Abakumov" title="Viktor Abakumov">Viktor Abakumov</a>, but transcripts of their conversations were never sent back to Romania by the Soviet authorities.<a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> Later research noted that the main issues discussed were the German-Romanian alliance, the war on the Soviet Union, the economic toll on both countries, and <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Romania" title="The Holocaust in Romania">Romania's participation</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> (defined specifically as crimes against "peaceful Soviet citizens").<a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a> At some point during this period, Antonescu attempted suicide in his quarters.<a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-d244-192">[192]</a> He was returned to Bucharest in spring 1946 and held in <a href="/wiki/Jilava_Prison" title="Jilava Prison">Jilava Prison</a>. He was subsequently interrogated by prosecutor <a href="/wiki/Avram_Bunaciu" title="Avram Bunaciu">Avram Bunaciu</a>, to whom he complained about the conditions of his detainment, contrasting them with those in Moscow, while explaining that he was a <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarian">vegetarian</a> and demanding a special diet.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trial_and_execution">Trial and execution</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_Romanian_war_crime_trials" title="Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials">Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials</a></div> In May 1946, Ion Antonescu was prosecuted at the first in a series of <a href="/wiki/Romanian_People%27s_Tribunals" title="Romanian People's Tribunals">People's Tribunals</a>, on charges of <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_the_peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimes against the peace">crimes against the peace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a>.<a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> The tribunals had first been proposed by the PNȚ,<a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a> and were comparable to the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Trials">Nuremberg Trials</a> in <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Allied-occupied Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> The Romanian legislative framework was drafted by coup participant Pătrășcanu, a PCR member who had been granted leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_and_Citizenship_Freedoms_(Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Justice and Citizenship Freedoms (Romania)">Justice Ministry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> Despite the idea having earned support from several sides of the political spectrum, the procedures were politicized in a sense favourable to the PCR and the Soviet Union,<a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> and posed a legal problem for being based on <a href="/wiki/Ex_post_facto_law" title="Ex post facto law">ex post facto</a> decisions.<a href="#cite_note-d248,255-200">[200]</a> The first such local trial took place in 1945, resulting in the sentencing of <a href="/wiki/Iosif_Iacobici" title="Iosif Iacobici">Iosif Iacobici</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Macici" title="Nicolae Macici">Nicolae Macici</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Trestioreanu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantin Trestioreanu (page does not exist)">Constantin Trestioreanu</a> and other military commanders directly involved in planning or carrying out the <a href="/wiki/1941_Odessa_massacre" title="1941 Odessa massacre">Odessa massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> Antonescu was represented by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Paraschivescu-B%C4%83l%C4%83ceanu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantin Paraschivescu-Bălăceanu (page does not exist)">Constantin Paraschivescu-Bălăceanu</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Titus_Stoica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titus Stoica (page does not exist)">Titus Stoica</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Public_defender" title="Public defender">public defenders</a> whom he had first consulted with a day before the procedures were initiated.<a href="#cite_note-d251-202">[202]</a> The prosecution team, led by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasile_Stoican&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasile Stoican (page does not exist)">Vasile Stoican</a>, and the panel of judges, presided over by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandru_Voitinovici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandru Voitinovici (page does not exist)">Alexandru Voitinovici</a>, were infiltrated by PCR supporters.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> Both consistently failed to admit that Antonescu's foreign policies were overall dictated by Romania's positioning between Germany and the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> Nevertheless, and although references to the mass murders formed just 23% of the indictment and corpus of evidence (ranking below charges of anti-Soviet aggression),<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> the procedures also included Antonescu's admission of and self-exculpating take on war crimes, including the deportations to Transnistria.<a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> They also evidence his awareness of the Odessa massacre, accompanied by his claim that few of the deaths were his direct responsibility.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> One notable event at the trial was a testimony by PNȚ leader <a href="/wiki/Iuliu_Maniu" title="Iuliu Maniu">Iuliu Maniu</a>. Reacting against the aggressive tone of other accusers, Maniu went on record saying: "We [Maniu and Antonescu] were political adversaries, not <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibals</a>."<a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a> Upon leaving the bench, Maniu walked toward Antonescu and shook his hand.<a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonescu_execution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Antonescu_execution.jpg/220px-Antonescu_execution.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Antonescu_execution.jpg/330px-Antonescu_execution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Antonescu_execution.jpg/440px-Antonescu_execution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1190" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>Antonescu's execution at Jilava, 1 June 1946.</figcaption></figure> Ion Antonescu was found guilty of the charges. This verdict was followed by two sets of <a href="/wiki/Appeal" title="Appeal">appeals</a>, which claimed that the restored and amended <a href="/wiki/1923_Constitution_of_Romania" title="1923 Constitution of Romania">1923 Constitution</a> did not offer a framework for the People's Tribunals and prevented <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Romania" title="Capital punishment in Romania">capital punishment</a> during peacetime, while noting that, contrary to the armistice agreement, only one power represented within the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Commission" title="Allied Commission">Allied Commission</a> had supervised the tribunal.<a href="#cite_note-d248,255-200">[200]</a> They were both rejected within six days, in compliance with a legal deadline on the completion of trials by the People's Tribunals.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> King Michael subsequently received pleas for <a href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">clemency</a> from Antonescu's lawyer and his mother, and reputedly considered asking the Allies to reassess the case as part of the actual Nuremberg Trials, taking Romanian war criminals into foreign custody.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> Subjected to pressures by the new Soviet-backed <a href="/wiki/Petru_Groza" title="Petru Groza">Petru Groza</a> executive, he issued a decree in favour of execution.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> Together with his co-defendants Mihai Antonescu, Alexianu and Vasiliu, the former Conducător was executed by a military <a href="/wiki/Firing_squad" class="mw-redirect" title="Firing squad">firing squad</a> on 1 June 1946. Ion Antonescu's supporters circulated false rumours that regular soldiers had refused to fire at their commander, and that the squad was mostly composed of Jewish policemen.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> Another apologetic claim insists that he himself ordered the squad to shoot, but footage of the event has proven it false.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> However, he did refuse a blindfold and raised his hat in salute once the order was given.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> The execution site, some distance away from the locality of <a href="/wiki/Jilava" title="Jilava">Jilava</a> and the prison fort, was known as Valea Piersicilor ("Valley of the Peach Trees").<a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> His final written statement was a letter to his wife, urging her to withdraw into a <a href="/wiki/Convent" title="Convent">convent</a>, while stating the belief that posterity would reconsider his deeds and accusing Romanians of being "ungrateful".<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology">Ideology</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_nationalism_and_expansionism">Ethnic nationalism and expansionism</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transnistria_Governorate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Transnistria_Governorate.png/300px-Transnistria_Governorate.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Transnistria_Governorate.png/450px-Transnistria_Governorate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Transnistria_Governorate.png/600px-Transnistria_Governorate.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption>Romania in 1942: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Transylvania" title="Northern Transylvania">Northern Transylvania</a> was ceded to <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Dobruja" title="Southern Dobruja">Southern Dobruja</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Transnistria_Governorate" title="Transnistria Governorate">Transnistria</a> became a governorate under Romanian administration.</figcaption></figure> Antonescu's policies were motivated, in large part, by <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalism</a>. A firm believer in the restoration of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Greater Romania</a> as the union of lands inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Romanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Romanians">ethnic Romanians</a>, he never reconciled himself to Hungary's incorporation of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Transylvania" title="Northern Transylvania">Northern Transylvania</a>. Although Hungary and Romania were technically allied through the Axis system, their relationship was always tense, and marked by serious diplomatic incidents.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> The Romanian leader kept contacts with representatives of ethnic Romanian communities directly affected by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vienna_Award" title="Second Vienna Award">Second Vienna Award</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Church_United_with_Rome,_Greek-Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Church United with Rome, Greek-Catholic">Transylvanian Greek-Catholic</a> clergy.<a href="#cite_note-k224-218">[218]</a> Another aspect of Antonescu's nationalist policies was evidenced after the <a href="/wiki/Balkans_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkans Campaign (World War II)">Balkans Campaign</a>. Antonescu's Romania did not partake in the military action, but laid a claim to the territories in eastern <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Banat_(1941%E2%80%9344)" class="mw-redirect" title="Banat (1941–44)">western Banat</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Timok_Valley" title="Timok Valley">Timok Valley</a>, home to a sizeable <a href="/wiki/Romanians_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanians of Serbia">Romanian community</a>. Reportedly, Germany's initial designs of granting Vojvodina to Hungary enhanced the tensions between Antonescu and <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Miklós Horthy</a> to the point where war between the two countries became a possibility.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> Such incidents made Germany indefinitely prolong its occupation of the region.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> The Romanian authorities issued projects for an independent <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a> with autonomy for its <a href="/wiki/Aromanians" title="Aromanians">Aromanian</a> communities,<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> while an official memorandum on the Timok Valley, approved by Antonescu, made mention of "Romanian" areas "from Timok [...] to <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Salonika</a>".<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> The Conducător also maintained contacts with Aromanian fascists in <a href="/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis occupation of Greece during World War II">Axis-occupied Greece</a>, awarding refuge to <a href="/wiki/Alcibiades_Diamandi" title="Alcibiades Diamandi">Alcibiades Diamandi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicolaos_Matussis" title="Nicolaos Matussis">Nicola Matussi</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Legion_(1941%E2%80%931943)" title="Roman Legion (1941–1943)">Roman Legion</a>, whose pro-Romanian policies had brought them into conflict with other Aromanian factions.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> Conducător Antonescu thought Hitler willing to revise his stance on Northern Transylvania, and claimed to have obtained the German leader's agreement, using it to justify participation on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> after the recovery of Bessarabia.<a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> However, transcripts of the Hitler-Antonescu conversations do not validate his interpretation.<a href="#cite_note-d62-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a> Another version has it that Hitler sent Antonescu a letter informing him that Bessarabia's political status still ultimately depended on German decisions.<a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a> In one of his letters to Hitler, Antonescu himself stated his <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communist</a> ideological motivation: "I confirm that I will pursue operations in the east to the end against that great enemy of civilization, of Europe, and of my country: <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevism</a> [...] I will not be swayed by anyone not to extend this military cooperation into new territory."<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> Antonescu's ideological perspective blended national sentiment with generically <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> and particularly <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romanian Orthodox</a> traits. British historian Arnold D. Harvey writes that while this ideology seems a poor match with <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi doctrine</a>, especially its <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Religion in Nazi Germany">anti-religious elements</a>, "It seems that Hitler was not even perturbed by the militant Christian orientation of the Antonescu regime".<a href="#cite_note-adh498-115">[115]</a> It is also possible that, contrary to Antonescu's own will, Hitler viewed the transfer of <a href="/wiki/Transnistria_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transnistria (World War II)">Transnistria</a> as compensation for the Transylvanian areas, and that he therefore considered the matter closed.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> According to the Romanian representative in Berlin, <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Bossy" title="Raoul Bossy">Raoul Bossy</a>, various German and Hungarian officials recommended the extension of permanent Romanian rule into Transnistria, as well as into <a href="/wiki/Podolia" title="Podolia">Podolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Central_Europe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Galicia (Central Europe)">Galicia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pokuttya" class="mw-redirect" title="Pokuttya">Pokuttya</a>, in exchange for delivering the whole of Transylvania to Hungary (and relocating its ethnic Romanian majority to the new provinces).<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> American political scientist <a href="/wiki/Charles_King_(professor_of_international_affairs)" title="Charles King (professor of international affairs)">Charles King</a> writes: "There was never any attempt to annex the occupied territory [of Transnistria], for it was generally considered by the Romanian government to be a temporary <a href="/wiki/Buffer_zone" title="Buffer zone">buffer zone</a> between Greater Romania and the Soviet front line."<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> At his 1946 trial, Antonescu claimed that Transnistria had been occupied to prevent Romania being caught in a "pincer" between Germany's <a href="/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten">Drang nach Osten</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche" title="Volksdeutsche">Volksdeutsch</a> communities to the east, while denying charges of having exploited the region for Romania's benefit.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> Romanian historian <a href="/wiki/Lucian_Boia" title="Lucian Boia">Lucian Boia</a> believes that Ion Antonescu may have nevertheless had <a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">expansionist</a> goals to the east, and that he implicitly understood <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a> as a tool for containing <a href="/wiki/Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic peoples">Slavic peoples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> Similar verdicts are provided by other researchers.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> Another Romanian historian, Ottmar Trașcă, argues that Antonescu did not wish to annex the region "at least until the end of the war", but notes that Antonescu's own statements make reference to its incorporation in the event of a victory.<a href="#cite_note-t383-232">[232]</a> In addition to early annexation plans to the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Bug" title="Southern Bug">Southern Bug</a> (reportedly confessed to Bossy in June 1941),<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> the Conducător is known to have presented his ministers with designs for the region's <a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">colonization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> The motivation he cited was alleged <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a> among Romanian peasants, to which he added: "I'll take this population, I'll lead it into Transnistria, where I shall give it all the land it requires".<a href="#cite_note-t383-232">[232]</a> Several nationalists sympathetic to Antonescu acclaimed the extension of Romanian rule into Transnistria, which they understood as permanent.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antisemitism_and_antiziganism">Antisemitism and antiziganism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitism" title="Category:Antisemitism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Yellowbadge_logo.svg/100px-Yellowbadge_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Yellowbadge_logo.svg/150px-Yellowbadge_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Yellowbadge_logo.svg/200px-Yellowbadge_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="503" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Part of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism" title="Timeline of antisemitism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writers_on_antisemitism" title="List of writers on antisemitism">Reference</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base);border-top:none;">Definitions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Working_definition_of_antisemitism" title="Working definition of antisemitism">IHRA definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Declaration_on_Antisemitism" title="Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism">Jerusalem Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_Task_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Nexus Task Force">Nexus Document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ds_of_antisemitism" title="Three Ds of antisemitism">Three Ds</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base);border-top:none;"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of antisemitism">Geography</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Africa & Asia</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in Algeria">Algeria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1898_Algerian_riots" title="1898 Algerian riots">1898 riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Constantine_riots" title="1934 Constantine riots">1934 riot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_China" title="Antisemitism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Japan" title="Antisemitism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antisemitism_in_Libya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antisemitism in Libya (page does not exist)">Libya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1945_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Tripolitania" title="1945 anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania">1945 riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Tripolitania" title="1948 anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania">1948 riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Tripoli_pogrom" title="1967 Tripoli pogrom">1967 pogrom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Pakistan" title="Antisemitism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Racism in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Antisemitism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_textbook_controversy" title="Saudi Arabian textbook controversy">textbook controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_South_Africa" title="Antisemitism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in Syria">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Aleppo" title="1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo">1947 riot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1941_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Gab%C3%A8s" title="1941 anti-Jewish riots in Gabès">1941 riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Djerba_synagogue_shooting" title="2023 Djerba synagogue shooting">2023 attack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Turkey" title="Antisemitism in Turkey">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1934_Thrace_pogroms" title="1934 Thrace pogroms">1934 pogrom</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Americas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Argentina" title="Antisemitism in Argentina">Argentina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMIA_bombing" title="AMIA bombing">AMIA bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Canada" title="Antisemitism in Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christie_Pits_riot" title="Christie Pits riot">1933 riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Days_of_Shame" title="Days of Shame">1934 strike</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Chile" title="Antisemitism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Antisemitism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">USA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950s_synagogue_bombings" title="1950s synagogue bombings">1950s bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Washington,_D.C.,_attack_and_hostage_taking" title="1977 Washington, D.C., attack and hostage taking">1977 hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Heights_riot" title="Crown Heights riot">1991 riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Brooklyn_Bridge_shooting" title="1994 Brooklyn Bridge shooting">1994 attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle_Jewish_Federation_shooting" title="Seattle Jewish Federation shooting">2006 attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum_shooting" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum shooting">2009 attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Overland_Park_Shootings" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Overland Park Shootings">2014 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_synagogue_shooting" title="Pittsburgh synagogue shooting">2018 attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Jersey_City_shooting" title="2019 Jersey City shooting">2019 attack (NJ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poway_synagogue_shooting" title="Poway synagogue shooting">2019 attack (CA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colleyville_synagogue_hostage_crisis" title="Colleyville synagogue hostage crisis">2022 hostage crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Venezuela" title="Antisemitism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tif%C3%A9ret_Israel_Synagogue_attack" title="Tiféret Israel Synagogue attack">2009 attack</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Europe" title="Antisemitism in Europe">Europe</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Austria" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Belgium" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_France" title="Antisemitism in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strasbourg_massacre" title="Strasbourg massacre">1349 massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Paris_synagogue_bombing" title="1980 Paris synagogue bombing">1980 bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2015_%C3%8Ele-de-France_attacks" title="January 2015 Île-de-France attacks">2015 attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercacher_kosher_supermarket_siege" title="Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege">Hypercacher siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_France" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century France">21st-century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_Germany" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Greece" title="Antisemitism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Hungary" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_Italy" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Poland" title="Antisemitism in Poland">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jedwabne_pogrom" title="Jedwabne pogrom">Jedwabne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kielce_pogrom_(1918)" title="Kielce pogrom (1918)">Kielce (1918)</a> <a href="/wiki/Kielce_pogrom" title="Kielce pogrom">(1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_pogrom" title="Kraków pogrom">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_violence_in_Poland,_1944%E2%80%931946" title="Anti-Jewish violence in Poland, 1944–1946">1944–1946 events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeopolonia" title="Judeopolonia">Judeopolonia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in Portugal">Portugal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_massacre" title="Lisbon massacre">Lisbon massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_and_Muslims_by_Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Persecution of Jews and Muslims by Manuel I of Portugal">Expulsion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Romania" title="Antisemitism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Russia" title="Antisemitism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Antisemitism in the Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin_and_antisemitism" title="Joseph Stalin and antisemitism">Stalinist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' plot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Spain" title="Antisemitism in Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1066_Granada_massacre" title="1066 Granada massacre">1066 massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_1391" title="Massacre of 1391">1391 massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Sweden" title="Antisemitism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Ukraine" title="Antisemitism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Antisemitism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_UK_Conservative_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the UK Conservative Party">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_UK_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the UK Labour Party">Labour Party</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Oceania</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Australia" title="Antisemitism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Israeli_Consulate_and_Hakoah_Club_bombings" title="Sydney Israeli Consulate and Hakoah Club bombings">1982 bombings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_New_Zealand" title="Antisemitism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base);border-top:none;">Manifestations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universities_and_antisemitism" title="Universities and antisemitism">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Antisemitism in the Arab world">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Christianity" title="Antisemitism in Christianity">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_antisemitism" title="Economic antisemitism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_incidents_during_the_Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Antisemitic incidents during the Gaza War (2008–2009)">during Gaza War ('08-09)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Antisemitism during the Israel–Hamas war">during Israel-Hamas war ('23-24)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Islam" title="Antisemitism in Islam">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish antisemitism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-hating_Jew" title="Self-hating Jew">Self-directed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_antisemitism" title="Medieval antisemitism">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam_and_antisemitism" title="Nation of Islam and antisemitism">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Olympic_Games" title="Antisemitism in the Olympic Games">Olympic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_antisemitism" title="Racial antisemitism">Racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_antisemitism" title="Secondary antisemitism">Secondary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_antisemitism" title="Zionist antisemitism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_antisemitism" title="Socialist antisemitism">Socialist</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_trope" title="Antisemitic trope">Antisemitic tropes</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andinia_Plan" title="Andinia Plan">Andinia Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohen_Plan" title="Cohen Plan">Cohen Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Bolshevism" title="Cultural Bolshevism">Cultural Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory" title="Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory">Cultural Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">Deicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_trope#Controlling_the_global_financial_system" title="Antisemitic trope">Finance control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Prophecy" title="Franklin Prophecy">Franklin Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Host_desecration#Medieval_accusations_against_Jews" title="Host desecration">Host desecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International conspiracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_war_conspiracy_theory" title="Jewish war conspiracy theory">War conspiracy </a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_lobby#Viewed_as_antisemitic_and/or_pejorative" title="Jewish lobby">Jewish lobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judensau" title="Judensau">Judensau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Judeo-Bolshevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBydokomuna" title="Żydokomuna">Żydokomuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Masonic_conspiracy_theory" title="Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory">Judeo-Masonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_tax_conspiracy_theory" title="Kosher tax conspiracy theory">Kosher tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_trope#Controlling_the_media" title="Antisemitic trope">Media control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QAnon#Antisemitism" title="QAnon">QAnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cosmopolitan" title="Rootless cosmopolitan">Rootless cosmopolitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD_trial" title="Slánský trial">Slánský trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Stab-in-the-back myth">Stab-in-the-back myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_poisoning#History_of_well_poisoning_as_libel" title="Well poisoning">Well poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory#Neo-Nazis'_accusations_against_Jews" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Occupation_Government_conspiracy_theory" title="Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory">ZOG conspiracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">Black Death persecutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_boycotts" title="Anti-Jewish boycotts">Boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Expulsions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quarter_(diaspora)" title="Jewish quarter (diaspora)">Jewish quarter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_Europe" title="Jewish ghettos in Europe">Ghettos in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellah" title="Mellah">Mellah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_hat" title="Jewish hat">Jewish hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judensau" title="Judensau">Judensau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_in_Judaism" title="Martyrdom in Judaism">Martyrdom in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement" title="Pale of Settlement">Pale of Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Pogroms in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Pogroms during the Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusenik" title="Refusenik">Refuseniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">Yellow badge</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitic_publications" title="Category:Antisemitic publications">Antisemitic publications</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21_Paths_to_the_Kingdom_of_Darkness" title="21 Paths to the Kingdom of Darkness">21 Paths to the Kingdom of Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adversus_Judaeos" title="Adversus Judaeos">Adversus Judaeos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Barnes_Review" title="The Barnes Review">The Barnes Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Notebooks#Controversy" title="Black Notebooks">Black Notebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Critique_series" title="The Culture of Critique series">Culture of Critique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Wars" title="Currency Wars">Currency Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dearborn_Independent" title="The Dearborn Independent">The Dearborn Independent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_Without_Embellishment" title="Judaism Without Embellishment">Judaism Without Embellishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_France_juive" title="La France juive">La France juive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitlers_Zweites_Buch" title="Hitlers Zweites Buch">Hitlers Zweites Buch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_(Pierce_novel)" title="Hunter (Pierce novel)">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Hamas_charter" title="1988 Hamas charter">Hamas Charter ('88)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_International_Jew" title="The International Jew">The International Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Libre_Parole" title="La Libre Parole">La Libre Parole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Light_(newspaper)" title="The Light (newspaper)">The Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Jews_and_Their_Lies" title="On the Jews and Their Lies">On the Jews and Their Lies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Race_Will_Rule_Undisputed_Over_The_World" title="Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World">Our Race Will Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Relationship_Between_Blacks_and_Jews" title="The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews">The Secret Relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_Character" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex and Character">Sex and Character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Mason_book)" title="Siege (Mason book)">Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Turner_Diaries" title="The Turner Diaries">The Turner Diaries</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Antisemitism on the Internet</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki//pol/" title="/pol/">4chan (/pol/)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8chan" title="8chan">8chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Stormer" title="The Daily Stormer">The Daily Stormer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disclose.tv" title="Disclose.tv">Disclose.tv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goebbels_Gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Goebbels Gap">Goebbels Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GoyimTV" class="mw-redirect" title="GoyimTV">GoyimTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groypers" title="Groypers">Groypers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_Watch" title="Jew Watch">Jew Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapedia" title="Metapedia">Metapedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occidental_Observer" title="Occidental Observer">The Occidental Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Ice" title="Red Ice">Red Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renegade_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Renegade Tribune">Renegade Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(blog)" title="The Right Stuff (blog)">The Right Stuff (blog)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StoneToss" title="StoneToss">StoneToss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormfront_(website)" title="Stormfront (website)">Stormfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorgram" title="Terrorgram">Terrorgram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_parentheses" title="Triple parentheses">Triple parentheses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TruNews" title="TruNews">TruNews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Unz" title="Ron Unz">The Unz Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_Today" title="Veterans Today">Veterans Today</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_and_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia and antisemitism">Wikipedia and antisemitism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baked_Alaska_(activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baked Alaska (activist)">Baked Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Anglin" title="Andrew Anglin">Andrew Anglin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Beam" title="Louis Beam">Louis Beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bilzerian" title="Dan Bilzerian">Dan Bilzerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Black_(white_supremacist)" title="Don Black (white supremacist)">Don Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_von_Brunn" class="mw-redirect" title="James von Brunn">James von Brunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Butler_(white_supremacist)" title="Richard Butler (white supremacist)">Richard Girnt Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drumont" title="Édouard Drumont">Édouard Drumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Duke" title="David Duke">David Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Farrakhan" title="Louis Farrakhan">Louis Farrakhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs_of_Spain" title="Catholic Monarchs of Spain">Ferdinand and Isabella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Fritsch" title="Theodor Fritsch">Theodor Fritsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Fuentes" title="Nick Fuentes">Nick Fuentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_J._Jones" title="Arthur J. Jones">Arthur Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lane_(white_supremacist)" title="David Lane (white supremacist)">David Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_G._Liebold" title="Ernest G. Liebold">Ernest G. Liebold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_and_antisemitism" title="Martin Luther and antisemitism">Martin Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_MacDonald_(evolutionary_psychologist)" title="Kevin MacDonald (evolutionary psychologist)">Kevin MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Marr" title="Wilhelm Marr">Wilhelm Marr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_Mullins" title="Eustace Mullins">Eustace Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Luther_Pierce" title="William Luther Pierce">William Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Spencer" title="Richard B. Spencer">Richard Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Stapel" title="Wilhelm Stapel">Wilhelm Stapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Julius Streicher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Alfred_Strom" title="Kevin Alfred Strom">Kevin Strom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Wiles" title="Rick Wiles">Rick Wiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Z%C3%BCndel" title="Ernst Zündel">Ernst Zündel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Corneliu Codreanu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ion Antonescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima">Horia Sima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Cuza" title="A. C. Cuza">A. C. Cuza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavian_Goga" title="Octavian Goga">Octavian Goga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Buzatu" title="Gheorghe Buzatu">Gheorghe Buzatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nae_Ionescu" title="Nae Ionescu">Nae Ionescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichifor_Crainic" title="Nichifor Crainic">Nichifor Crainic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioan_Slavici" title="Ioan Slavici">Ioan Slavici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Ferenczy" title="László Ferenczy">László Ferenczy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symon_Petliura" title="Symon Petliura">Symon Petliura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera" title="Stepan Bandera">Stepan Bandera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanye_West" title="Kanye West">Kanye West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Weininger" title="Otto Weininger">Otto Weininger</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Anti-antisemitism" title="Anti-antisemitism">Opposition</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-antisemitism_in_Germany" title="Anti-antisemitism in Germany">Anti-antisemitism in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_Commission" title="Anti-Defamation Commission">Anti-Defamation Commission</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Campaign_Against_Antisemitism" title="Campaign Against Antisemitism">Campaign Against Antisemitism</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Security_Trust" title="Community Security Trust">Community Security Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights_Agency" title="Fundamental Rights Agency">Fundamental Rights Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal_Center" title="Simon Wiesenthal Center">Simon Wiesenthal Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">SPLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Roth_Institute" title="Stephen Roth Institute">Stephen Roth Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Committee_Against_Antisemitism" title="Swedish Committee Against Antisemitism">Swedish Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Councils_for_Soviet_Jews" title="Union of Councils for Soviet Jews">Union of Councils for Soviet Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Watch" title="UN Watch">UN Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Strategy_to_Counter_Antisemitism" title="U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism">U.S. National Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiener_Holocaust_Library" title="Wiener Holocaust Library">Wiener Holocaust Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosemitism" title="Philosemitism">Philosemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaponization_of_antisemitism" title="Weaponization of antisemitism">Weaponization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitism" title="Category:Antisemitism">Category</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antisemitism_sidebar" title="Template:Antisemitism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antisemitism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Antisemitism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antisemitism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antisemitism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99_1.JPG/250px-%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99_1.JPG/375px-%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_pogrom" title="Iași pogrom">Iași pogrom</a> in Romania, June 1941</figcaption></figure> A recurring element in Antonescu's doctrines is <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>, and in particular <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>. This was linked to his sympathy for <a href="/wiki/Ethnocracy" title="Ethnocracy">ethnocratic</a> ideals, and complemented by his statements in favor of "<a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">integral nationalism</a>" and "Romanianism".<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> Like other <a href="/wiki/Far_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far right">far right</a> Romanians, he saw a Jewish presence behind <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a>, and believed in the existence of <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Masonry" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Masonry">Judeo-Masonry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> His earliest thoughts on Codreanu's ideology criticize the Legionary leader for advocating "brutal measures" in dealing with the "invasion of Jews", and instead propose "the organization of Romanian classes" as a method for reaching the same objective.<a href="#cite_note-d39-14">[14]</a> Politician <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aureliu_Weiss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aureliu Weiss (page does not exist)">Aureliu Weiss</a>, who met General Antonescu during that interval, recalled that, although antisemitic "to the core", he was capable of restraint in public.<a href="#cite_note-fr243-238">[238]</a> According to historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mihail_Ionescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mihail Ionescu (page does not exist)">Mihail Ionescu</a>, the Conducător was not averse to the Iron Guard's "Legionary principles", but wanted antisemitism to be "applied in an orderly fashion", as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima">Horia Sima</a>'s revolutionary ways.<a href="#cite_note-r1-6">[6]</a> Historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioan_Scurtu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ioan Scurtu (page does not exist)">Ioan Scurtu</a> believes that, during the <a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Legionary Rebellion</a>, Antonescu deliberately waited before stepping in, in order for the Guard to be "profoundly discredited" and for himself to be perceived as a "savior".<a href="#cite_note-r1-6">[6]</a> In April 1941, he let his ministers know that he was considering letting "the mob" deal with the Jews, "and after the slaughter, I will restore order."<a href="#cite_note-fr243-238">[238]</a> Lucian Boia notes that the Romanian leader was indeed motivated by antisemitic beliefs, but that these need to be contextualized in order to understand what separates Antonescu from Hitler in terms of radicalism.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> However, various other researchers assess that, by aligning himself with Hitler before and during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>, Antonescu implicitly agreed with his thoughts on the "<a href="/wiki/Jewish_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Question">Jewish Question</a>", choosing <a href="/wiki/Racial_antisemitism" title="Racial antisemitism">racial</a> over <a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">religious antisemitism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-r2-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> According to Harvey, the <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_pogrom" title="Iași pogrom">Iași pogrom</a> made the Germans "evidently willing to accept that organized Christianity in Romania was very different from what it was in Germany".<a href="#cite_note-adh498-115">[115]</a> Antonescu was a firm believer in the <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">conspiracy theory</a> of "<a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Jewish Bolshevism</a>", according to which all Jews were supporters of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> and the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-r2-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> His arguments on the matter involved a spurious claim that, during the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_northern_Bukovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and northern Bukovina">1940 retreat from Bessarabia</a>, the Jews had organized themselves and attacked Romanian soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-r2-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> In part, this notion exaggerated unilateral reports of enthusiasm among the marginalized Jews upon the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> troops.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> In a summer 1941 address to his ministers, Antonescu stated: "The Satan is the Jew. [Ours] is a battle of life and death. Either we win and the world will be purified, either they win and we will become their slaves."<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> At around the same time, he envisaged the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> ("cleaning out") of Jews from the eastern Romanian-held territories.<a href="#cite_note-r2-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> However, as early as February 1941, Antonescu was also contemplating the <a href="/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto">ghettoization</a> of all Jewish Romanians, as an early step toward their expulsion.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> In this context, Antonescu frequently depicted Jews as a disease or a poison.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a>, he encouraged the army commanders to resist the counteroffensive, as otherwise the Soviets "will bring Bolshevism to the country, wipe out the entire leadership stratum, impose the Jews on us, and deport masses of our people."<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> Ion Antonescu's <a href="/wiki/Antiziganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiziganism">antiziganism</a> manifested itself as the claim that some or all <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a>, specifically <a href="/wiki/Nomadic_peoples_of_Europe" title="Nomadic peoples of Europe">nomadic</a> ones, were given to criminal behavior.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> The regime did not act consistently on this belief: in various cases, those deported had close relatives drafted into the Romanian Army.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> Although racist slogans targeting Romani people had been popularized by the Iron Guard, it was only under Antonescu's unchallenged rule that solving the "Gypsy problem" became official policy and antiziganist measures were enforced.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> After a February 1941 inspection, Antonescu singled out Bucharest's Romani community for alleged offences committed during the <a href="/wiki/Blackout_(wartime)" title="Blackout (wartime)">blackout</a>, and called on his ministers to present him with solutions.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> Initially, he contemplated sending all Romani people he considered undesirable to the inhospitable <a href="/wiki/B%C4%83r%C4%83gan_Plain" title="Bărăgan Plain">Bărăgan Plain</a>, to join the ranks of a local community of manual labourers.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> In 1942, he commissioned the Romanian Central Institute for Statistics to compile a report on Romani <a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">demography</a>, which, in its edited form, provided <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientifically racist</a> conclusions, warning the Conducător about alleged Romani-Romanian <a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">miscegenation</a> in rural Romania.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> In doing so, Antonescu offered some credit to a marginal and <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscientific</a> trend in Romanian sociology, which, basing itself on <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenic</a> theories, recommended the marginalization, deportation or <a href="/wiki/Sterilization_of_Romani_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Sterilization of Romani women">compulsory sterilization of the Romani people</a>, whose numeric presence it usually exaggerated.<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> Among those who signed the report was demographer <a href="/wiki/Sabin_Manuil%C4%83" title="Sabin Manuilă">Sabin Manuilă</a>, who saw the Romani presence as a major racial problem.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> The exact effect of the report's claims on Antonescu is uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fascism_and_conservatism">Fascism and conservatism</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AntonescuYHoriaSimaOctubre1940.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/AntonescuYHoriaSimaOctubre1940.jpeg/220px-AntonescuYHoriaSimaOctubre1940.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/AntonescuYHoriaSimaOctubre1940.jpeg/330px-AntonescuYHoriaSimaOctubre1940.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/AntonescuYHoriaSimaOctubre1940.jpeg/440px-AntonescuYHoriaSimaOctubre1940.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2478" data-file-height="3474" /></a><figcaption>Antonescu (left) sporting an Iron Guard green shirt and displaying the <a href="/wiki/Roman_salute" title="Roman salute">Roman salute</a> together with Horia Sima during a mass rally in October 1940. Historians are divided on whether Romania under Antonescu was a fascist regime or merely a right-wing military dictatorship.</figcaption></figure> There is a historiographic dispute about whether Ion Antonescu's regime was <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a> or more generically <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing</a> <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a>, itself integrated within a larger debate about the aspects and limits of fascism. Israeli historian of fascism <a href="/wiki/Zeev_Sternhell" title="Zeev Sternhell">Zeev Sternhell</a> describes Antonescu, alongside his European counterparts <a href="/wiki/Pierre-%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre-Étienne Flandin">Pierre-Étienne Flandin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Miklós Horthy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_La_Rocque" title="François de La Rocque">François de La Rocque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">Italian King</a> <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel III of Italy">Victor Emmanuel III</a>, as a "<a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a>", noting that all of them "were not deceived by a [fascist] propaganda trying to place them in the same category [as the fascist movements]."<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> A similar verdict is provided by German historian of Europe <a href="/wiki/Hagen_Schulze" title="Hagen Schulze">Hagen Schulze</a>, who views Horthy, Franco and the Romanian leader alongside <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo</a> theorist <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">António de Oliveira Salazar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a> founder <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski">Józef Piłsudski</a>, as rulers of "either purely military dictatorships, or else authoritarian governments run by civilian politicians", and thus a category apart from the leaders of "Fascist states."<a href="#cite_note-hs292-259">[259]</a> For Schulze, the defining elements of such governments is the presence of a "<a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">conservative establishment</a>" which ensured "social stability" by extending the control of a "traditional state" (thus effectively blocking "revolutionary suggestions" from the <a href="/wiki/Far_left" class="mw-redirect" title="Far left">far left</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Far_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far right">far right</a> alike).<a href="#cite_note-hs292-259">[259]</a> The term "conservative <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocrat</a>" is used in relation to the Conducător by British political theorist <a href="/wiki/Roger_Griffin" title="Roger Griffin">Roger Griffin</a>, who attributes to the Iron Guard the position of a subservient fascist movement,<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> while others identify Antonescu's post-1941 rule as a military rather than a fascist dictatorship.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> Several other scholars prefer "conservative" as a defining term for Antonescu's policies.<a href="#cite_note-dslill228-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> Antonescu described himself as "by fate a dictator", and explained that his policies were "<a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">militaristic</a>"<a href="#cite_note-d70-26">[26]</a> or, on one occasion, "national-<a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a>".<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> Nevertheless, other historians theorize a synthesis of fascist and conservative elements, performed by Antonescu and other European leaders of his day. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>'s 2002 Companion to Fascism and the Far Right uses the terms "<a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">para-fascist</a>" to define Antonescu, adding: "generally regarded as an authoritarian conservative [Antonescu] incorporated fascism into his regime, in the shape of the Iron Guard, rather than embodying fascism himself."<a href="#cite_note-pddlroutl-64">[64]</a> "Para-fascist" is also used by Griffin, to denote both Antonescu and <a href="/wiki/Carol_II_of_Romania" title="Carol II of Romania">Carol II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rg93127-264">[264]</a> American historian of fascism <a href="/wiki/Robert_Paxton" title="Robert Paxton">Robert Paxton</a> notes that, like Salazar, Romania's dictator crushed a competing fascist movement, "after copying some of [its] techniques of popular mobilization."<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> Political scientists John Gledhill and Charles King discuss the Iron Guard as Romania's "indigenous fascist movement", remark that Antonescu "adopted much of the ideology of the Guardists", and conclude that the regime he led was "openly fascist".<a href="#cite_note-jgckwolchik-266">[266]</a> References to the fascist traits of Antonescu's dictatorship are also made by other researchers.<a href="#cite_note-jvg186-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> The synthetic aspect of Antonescu's rule is discussed in detail by various authors. British historian <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Deletant" title="Dennis Deletant">Dennis Deletant</a>, who notes that the fascist label relies on both Antonescu's adoption of some fascist "trappings" and the "dichotomy of wartime and postwar evaluation" of his regime, also notes that post-1960 interpretations "do more to explain his behaviour than the preceding orthodoxy."<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> Deletant contrasts the lack of "mass political party or ideology" with the type of rule associated with <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian fascism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-d70-26">[26]</a> British-born sociologist and political analyst <a href="/wiki/Michael_Mann_(sociologist)" title="Michael Mann (sociologist)">Michael Mann</a> writes: "The authoritarian regimes of Antonescu [...] and Franco [...] purported to be 'traditional', but actually their fascist-derived corporatism was a new immanent ideology of the right."<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> Another distinct view is held by Romanian-born historian of ideas <a href="/wiki/Juliana_Geran_Pilon" title="Juliana Geran Pilon">Juliana Geran Pilon</a>, who describes Romania's "military fascist regime" as a successor to Iron Guardist "mystical nationalism", while mentioning that Antonescu's "national ideology was rather more traditionally militaristic and conservative."<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power_base,_administration_and_propaganda">Power base, administration and propaganda</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Razboiul_Sfant_Contra_Bolsevismului_(1941_stamp).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Razboiul_Sfant_Contra_Bolsevismului_%281941_stamp%29.svg/220px-Razboiul_Sfant_Contra_Bolsevismului_%281941_stamp%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Razboiul_Sfant_Contra_Bolsevismului_%281941_stamp%29.svg/330px-Razboiul_Sfant_Contra_Bolsevismului_%281941_stamp%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Razboiul_Sfant_Contra_Bolsevismului_%281941_stamp%29.svg/440px-Razboiul_Sfant_Contra_Bolsevismului_%281941_stamp%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="331" /></a><figcaption>Commemorative stamp issued after the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Odessa_(1941)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Odessa (1941)">Siege of Odessa</a>, with the profiles of <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Army">Romanian Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> soldiers over a slogan reading Războiul sfânt contra bolșevismului ("The <a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Holy War</a> against <a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a>").</figcaption></figure> In theory, Antonescu's policies had at least one revolutionary aspect. The leader himself claimed: "I want to introduce a <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">patriotic</a>, heroic, military-typed education, because economic education and all the others follow from it."<a href="#cite_note-d70-26">[26]</a> According to Boia, his arrival in power was explicitly meant to "regenerate" Romania, and his popularity hinged on his being perceived as a "totalitarian model" and a "saviour" figure, like <a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Corneliu Zelea Codreanu</a> and Carol II before him.<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> The "providential" and "saviour" themes are also emphasized by historian Adrian Majuru, who notes that Antonescu both adopted such ideals and criticized Carol for failing to live up to them.<a href="#cite_note-ameternal-272">[272]</a> Seeing his rule as legitimized by the <a href="/wiki/National_interest" title="National interest">national interest</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ameternal-272">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-d69-273">[273]</a> the general is also known to have referred to <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">political pluralism</a> as poltronerie ("poltroonishness").<a href="#cite_note-r1-6">[6]</a> Accordingly, Antonescu formally outlawed all political forces in February 1941, codifying <a href="/wiki/Penal_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal labor">penal labor</a> as punishment for most public forms of political expression.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> In Deletant's assessment, his regenerative program was more declarative than factual, and contradicted by Antonescu's own decision to allow the informal existence of some opposition forces.<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> At the same time, some historians believe his monopolizing of power in the name of a German alliance turned Romania into either a "<a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a>" of Hitler<a href="#cite_note-pddlroutl-64">[64]</a> or one of Germany's <a href="/wiki/Nazi-occupied_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi-occupied Europe">"satellite" governments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> However, Deletant notes: "Romania retained her sovereignty throughout the period of the alliance [with Nazi Germany]. [...] Antonescu had, of course, his own country's interests uppermost in his mind, but in following Hitler, he served the Nazi cause."<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> He describes Romania's contribution to the war as that of "a principal ally of Germany", as opposed to a "minor Axis satellite."<a href="#cite_note-d2-149">[149]</a> Although he assigned an unimportant role to King Michael, Antonescu took steps to increase the monarchy's prestige, personally inviting Carol's estranged wife, <a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Greece_and_Denmark" title="Helen of Greece and Denmark">Queen Mother Helen</a>, to return home.<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> However, his preferred military structures functioned in cooperation with a <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a> inherited from the <a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Front" title="National Renaissance Front">National Renaissance Front</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ameternal-272">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> According to historian of fascism Philip Morgan: "Antonescu probably wanted to create, or perpetuate, something like Carol's front organization."<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> Much of his permanent support base comprised former <a href="/wiki/National_Christian_Party" title="National Christian Party">National Christian Party</a> members, to the point where he was seen as successor to <a href="/wiki/Octavian_Goga" title="Octavian Goga">Octavian Goga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> While maintaining a decorative replacement for <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Romania" title="Parliament of Romania">Parliament</a>—known as Adunarea Obștească Plebiscitară a Națiunii Române ("The General Plebiscitary Assembly of the Romanian Nation") and convoked only twice—<a href="#cite_note-d72-282">[282]</a> he took charge of hierarchical appointments, and personally drafted new administrative projects. In 1941, he disestablished participative government in localities and <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Romania" title="Counties of Romania">counties</a>, replacing it with a <a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">corporatist</a> structure appointed by prefects whom he named.<a href="#cite_note-d72-282">[282]</a> In stages between August and October 1941, he instituted civilian administration of Transnistria under Governor <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Alexianu" title="Gheorghe Alexianu">Gheorghe Alexianu</a>, whose status he made equivalent to that of a cabinet minister.<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> Similar measures were taken in Bukovina and Bessarabia (under Governors <a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Calotescu" title="Corneliu Calotescu">Corneliu Calotescu</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gheorghe_Voiculescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gheorghe Voiculescu (page does not exist)">Gheorghe Voiculescu</a>, respectively).<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a> Antonescu strictly relied on the <a href="/wiki/Chain_of_command" class="mw-redirect" title="Chain of command">chain of command</a>, and his direct orders to the Army overrode civilian hierarchies. This system allowed room for endemic <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">political corruption</a> and administrative confusion.<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> The Romanian leader also tolerated a gradual loss of authority over the <a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Romania" title="Germans of Romania">German communities in Romania</a>, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons" title="Transylvanian Saxons">Transylvanian Saxon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banat_Swabians" title="Banat Swabians">Banat Swabian</a> groups, in agreement with Hitler's views on the <a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche" title="Volksdeutsche">Volksdeutsche</a>. This trend was initiated by Saxon Nazi activist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andreas_Schmidt_(Transylvanian_Saxon_Nazi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andreas Schmidt (Transylvanian Saxon Nazi) (page does not exist)">Andreas Schmidt</a> in cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche_Mittelstelle" title="Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle">Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle</a>,<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> resulting in <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> <a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">self-governance</a> under a Nazi system<a href="#cite_note-rw136-287">[287]</a> which was also replicated among the 130,000 <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Germans" title="Black Sea Germans">Black Sea Germans</a> of Transnistria.<a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a> Many young German Romanian men opted to join the <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a> as early as 1940 and, in 1943, an accord between Antonescu and Hitler automatically sent ethnic Germans of recruitable age into the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rw136-287">[287]</a> The regime was characterized by the leader's attempts to regulate even remote aspects of public life, including relations between the sexes. He imposed drastic penalties for <a href="/wiki/Misdemeanor" title="Misdemeanor">misdemeanors</a>,<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a> and the legal use of <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Romania" title="Capital punishment in Romania">capital punishment</a> was extended to an unprecedented level.<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a> He personally set standards for nightclub programs, for the length of skirts and for women's use of bicycles,<a href="#cite_note-r1-6">[6]</a> while forcing all men to wear coats in public.<a href="#cite_note-d70-26">[26]</a> His wife <a href="/wiki/Maria_Antonescu" title="Maria Antonescu">Maria</a> was a patron of state-approved <a href="/wiki/Charitable_organization" title="Charitable organization">charitable organizations</a>, initially designed to compete with successful Iron Guardist ventures such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ajutorul_Legionar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ajutorul Legionar (page does not exist)">Ajutorul Legionar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a> According to Romanian-born <a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">gender studies</a> academic <a href="/wiki/Maria_Bucur" title="Maria Bucur">Maria Bucur</a>, although the regime allowed women "to participate in the war effort on the front in a more regularized, if still marginal, fashion", the general tone was <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">sexist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a> The administrative apparatus included official press and <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> sectors, which moved rapidly from constructing Carol's <a href="/wiki/Personality_cult" class="mw-redirect" title="Personality cult">personality cult</a> to doing the same for the new military leader: journals <a href="/wiki/Universul" title="Universul">Universul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timpul" title="Timpul">Timpul</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Camil_Petrescu" title="Camil Petrescu">Camil Petrescu</a>'s România magazine, were particularly active in this process.<a href="#cite_note-ameternal-272">[272]</a> Some other such venues were <a href="/w/index.php?title=Porunca_Vremii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Porunca Vremii (page does not exist)">Porunca Vremii</a>,<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nichifor_Crainic" title="Nichifor Crainic">Nichifor Crainic</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sfarm%C4%83-Piatr%C4%83" title="Sfarmă-Piatră">Sfarmă-Piatră</a>,<a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> as well as all the seemingly independent newspapers and some ten new periodicals the government founded for this purpose.<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a> Among the individual journalists involved in propaganda were Crainic, Petrescu, <a href="/wiki/Stelian_Popescu" title="Stelian Popescu">Stelian Popescu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ameternal-272">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Curentul" title="Curentul">Curentul</a> editor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pamfil_%C8%98eicaru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pamfil Șeicaru (page does not exist)">Pamfil Șeicaru</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a> (the Conducător purposefully ignored support from Carol's former adviser, corporatist economist and newspaperman <a href="/wiki/Mihail_Manoilescu" title="Mihail Manoilescu">Mihail Manoilescu</a>, whom he reportedly despised).<a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a> Much of the propaganda produced during the Antonescu era supported the antisemitic theses put forth by the Conducător.<a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a> Antisemitism was notable and virulent at the level of Romanian Army units addressing former Soviet citizens in occupied lands, and reflected the regime's preference for the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_slur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic slur">ethnic slur</a> jidani (akin to "<a href="/wiki/Kike" title="Kike">kikes</a>" or "Yids" in English).<a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a> The religious aspect of anti-communism surfaced in such venues, which frequently equated Operation Barbarossa with a <a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">holy war</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Crusade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusade">crusade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-t379-302">[302]</a> Romania's other enemies were generally treated differently: Antonescu himself issued objections to the anti-British propaganda of explicitly pro-Nazi papers such as Porunca Vremii.<a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a> A special segment of Antonescu's post-1941 propaganda was Codrenist: it revisited the Iron Guard's history to minimize Sima's contributions and to depict him as radically different from Codreanu.<a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antonescu_and_The_Holocaust">Antonescu and The Holocaust</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Romania" title="The Holocaust in Romania">The Holocaust in Romania</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iași_pogrom">Iași pogrom</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_pogrom" title="Iași pogrom">Iași pogrom</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99_5.jpg/320px-%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99_5.jpg/480px-%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99_5.jpg/640px-%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="939" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>One of the "death trains" formed in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_pogrom" title="Iași pogrom">Iași pogrom</a>, stopping to unload the dead</figcaption></figure> Three weeks after gaining power and inaugurating the National Legionary regime, Ion Antonescu declared to Italian interviewers at <a href="/wiki/La_Stampa" title="La Stampa">La Stampa</a> that solving the "<a href="/wiki/Jewish_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Question">Jewish Question</a>" was his pressing concern, and that he considered himself "haunted" by the large Jewish presence in Moldavian towns.<a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a> Antonescu's crimes against the Jewish population were inaugurated by new <a href="/wiki/Racial_discrimination" title="Racial discrimination">racial discrimination</a> laws: urban Jewish property was expropriated, Jews were banned from performing a wide range of occupations and forced to provide <a href="/wiki/Civil_conscription" title="Civil conscription">community work</a> for the state (muncă de interes obștesc) instead of the inaccessible military service,<a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a> mixed Romanian-Jewish marriages were forbidden and many Jews, primarily those from strategic areas such as <a href="/wiki/Ploie%C8%99ti" title="Ploiești">Ploiești</a>, were confined to <a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">internment camps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a> The expulsion of Jewish professionals from all walks of life was also carried out in the National Legionary period, and enforced after the <a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Legionary Rebellion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a> After a post-Legionary hiatus, "<a href="/wiki/Romanianization" title="Romanianization">Romanianization</a>" commissions resumed their work under the supervision of a National Center, and their scope was extended.<a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a> Often discussed as a prelude to the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust in Romania">Holocaust in Romania</a> and in connection with Antonescu's views on "<a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Jewish Bolshevism</a>", the <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_pogrom" title="Iași pogrom">Iași pogrom</a> occurred just days after the start of Operation Barbarossa, and was partly instigated, partly tolerated by the authorities in Bucharest. For a while before the massacre, these issued propaganda claiming that the Jews in <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a>, whose numbers had been increased by forced evictions from smaller localities,<a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a> were actively helping Soviet bombers find their targets through the <a href="/wiki/Blackout_(wartime)" title="Blackout (wartime)">blackout</a> and plotting against the authorities, with Antonescu himself ordering that the entire community be expelled from the city on such grounds.<a href="#cite_note-r2-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a> The discourse appealed to local antisemites, whose murderous rampage, carried out with the officials' complicity, resulted in several thousand deaths among Jewish men, women and children.<a href="#cite_note-r2-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a> In the aftermath of the pogrom, thousands of survivors were loaded into the so-called "death trains". These overcrowded and sealed <a href="/wiki/C%C4%83ile_Ferate_Rom%C3%A2ne" title="Căile Ferate Române">Romanian Railways</a> <a href="/wiki/Cattle_wagon" title="Cattle wagon">cattle wagons</a> circled the countryside in the extreme heat of the summer, and periodically stopped to unload the dead.<a href="#cite_note-r2-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a> At least 4,000 people died during the initial massacre and the subsequent transports.<a href="#cite_note-314">[314]</a> Varied estimates of the Iași massacre and related killings place the total number of Jews killed at 8,000,<a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a> 10,000,<a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a> 12,000 or 14,000.<a href="#cite_note-r2-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a> Some assistance in their murder was provided by units of the German <a href="/wiki/XXXth_Army_Corps_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="XXXth Army Corps (Germany)">XXXth Army Corps</a>, a matter which later allowed the authorities to shift blame from themselves and from Antonescu—who was nonetheless implicated by the special orders he had released.<a href="#cite_note-r2-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[318]</a> The complicity of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serviciul_Special_de_Informa%C8%9Bii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serviciul Special de Informații (page does not exist)">Special Intelligence Service</a> and its director <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Cristescu" title="Eugen Cristescu">Eugen Cristescu</a> was also advanced as a possibility.<a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a> The subsequent attempts at a cover-up included omissive explanations given by the central authorities to foreign diplomats and rewriting official records.<a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transnistria">Transnistria</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transnistria_Governorate" title="Transnistria Governorate">Transnistria Governorate</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F016206-0003,_Russland,_Deportation_von_Juden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F016206-0003%2C_Russland%2C_Deportation_von_Juden.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F016206-0003%2C_Russland%2C_Deportation_von_Juden.jpg" decoding="async" width="340" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F016206-0003%2C_Russland%2C_Deportation_von_Juden.jpg/510px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F016206-0003%2C_Russland%2C_Deportation_von_Juden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F016206-0003%2C_Russland%2C_Deportation_von_Juden.jpg/680px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F016206-0003%2C_Russland%2C_Deportation_von_Juden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption>Romanian soldiers participating in the deportation of Jewish families (German photograph, July 1941)</figcaption></figure> Right upon setting up camp in Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, Romanian troops joined the Wehrmacht and the <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a>-organized <a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a> in mass shootings of <a href="/wiki/Bessarabian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Bessarabian Jews">Bessarabian</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Ukrainian Jews</a>,<a href="#cite_note-r2-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-321">[321]</a> resulting in the deaths of 10,000<a href="#cite_note-322">[322]</a> to 20,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-323">[323]</a> Scholar <a href="/wiki/Christopher_R._Browning" title="Christopher R. Browning">Christopher R. Browning</a> compares these killings with similar atrocities perpetrated by locals in <a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine" title="Reichskommissariat Ukraine">Reichskommissariat Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_in_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust in Latvia">Holocaust in Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_in_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust in Lithuania">Holocaust in Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust in Ukraine">Holocaust in Ukraine</a>).<a href="#cite_note-324">[324]</a> From then on, as the fighting troops progressed over the <a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dniester</a>, the local administration deported large numbers of Jews into the fighting zone, in hopes that they would be exterminated by the Germans.<a href="#cite_note-r2-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-325">[325]</a> Antonescu himself stated: "I am in favor of expelling the Jews from Bessarabia and [Northern] Bukovina to the other side of the border [...]. There is nothing for them to do here and I don't mind if we appear in history as barbarians [...]. There has never been a time more suitable in our history to get rid of the Jews, and if necessary, you are to make use of machine guns against them."<a href="#cite_note-326">[326]</a> He also explained that his aim was: "the policy of purification of the Romanian race, and I will not give way before any obstacle in achieving this historical goal of our nation. If we do not take advantage of the situation which presents itself today [...] we shall miss the last chance that history offers to us. And I do not wish to miss it, because if I do so further generations will blame me."<a href="#cite_note-327">[327]</a> He made a contradictory statement about the murder of Jews in <a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a>, claiming that their perpetrators were "bastards" who "stained" his regime's reputation.<a href="#cite_note-328">[328]</a> Antonescu saw the "war" against the Jews as being just as important as the war against the Soviet Union, and regularly demanded reports from his officers in Bessarabia and Transnistria about their measures against the Jews.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-329">[329]</a> In late August 1941, in <a href="/wiki/Tighina" class="mw-redirect" title="Tighina">Tighina</a>, Antonescu called a secret conference attended by himself, the governors of Bessarabia and Bukovina and the governor-designate of Transnistria to discuss his plans regarding the Jews in those regions.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-329">[329]</a> Many deaths followed, as the direct results of starvation and exhaustion,<a href="#cite_note-r2-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-330">[330]</a> while the local German troops carried out selective shootings.<a href="#cite_note-331">[331]</a> The survivors were sent back over the river, and the German commanders expressed irritation over the methods applied by their counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-r2-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-332">[332]</a> Romanian authorities subsequently introduced <a href="/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto">ghettos</a> or transit camps.<a href="#cite_note-r2-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[333]</a> After the annexation of <a href="/wiki/Transnistria_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transnistria (World War II)">Transnistria</a>, there ensued a systematic deportation of Jews from Bessarabia, with additional transports of Jews from the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Old_Kingdom" title="Romanian Old Kingdom">Old Kingdom</a> (especially Moldavia-proper).<a href="#cite_note-r2-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-334">[334]</a> Based on an assignment Antonescu handed down to General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioan_Topor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ioan Topor (page does not exist)">Ioan Topor</a>,<a href="#cite_note-335">[335]</a> the decision involved specific quotas, and the transports, most of which were carried out by foot, involved random murders.<a href="#cite_note-r2-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-336">[336]</a> In conjunction with Antonescu's <a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">expansionist</a> ambitions, it is possible that the ultimate destination for the survivors, once circumstances permitted it, was further east than the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Bug" title="Southern Bug">Southern Bug</a>.<a href="#cite_note-337">[337]</a> On 11 October 1941, the chief of the Federation of Jewish Communities, Wilhelm Filderman issued a public letter to Antonescu asking him to stop the deportations, writing: "This is death, death for no reason except that they are Jews."<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceD-338">[338]</a> Antonescu replied to Filderman in a long letter explaining that because the entire Jewish community of Bessarabia had allegedly collaborated with the Soviets during the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia, his policies were a justified act of revenge.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceD-338">[338]</a> On 11 November 1941, Antonescu sent Filderman a second letter stating no Jews would be allowed to live in the "liberated territories" and as for the Jews of the Regat: <blockquote>We decided to defend our Romanian rights because our all-too-tolerant past was taken advantage of by the Jews and facilitated the abuse of our rights by foreigners, particularly the Jews...We are determined to put an end to this situation. We cannot afford to put in jeopardy the existence of our nation because of several hundred thousand Jews, or in order to salvage some principle of humane democracy that has not been understood properly."<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceD-338">[338]</a></blockquote> The deportees' remaining property was <a href="/wiki/Nationalization_in_Romania" title="Nationalization in Romania">nationalized</a>, confiscated or left available for plunder.<a href="#cite_note-339">[339]</a> With its own Jewish population confined and subjected to extermination,<a href="#cite_note-r2-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-340">[340]</a> Transnistria became infamous in short time, especially so for its five main <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camps</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pechora_concentration_camp" title="Pechora concentration camp">Pechora</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akhmechetka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akhmechetka (page does not exist)">Akhmechetka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bogdanovka_concentration_camp" title="Bogdanovka concentration camp">Bogdanovka</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Domanovka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Domanovka (page does not exist)">Domanovka</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Obodovka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Obodovka (page does not exist)">Obodovka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-r2-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-341">[341]</a> Manned by Romanian <a href="/wiki/Jandarmeria_Rom%C3%A2n%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Jandarmeria Română">Gendarmes</a> and local <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainian</a> <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_police" title="Auxiliary police">auxiliaries</a> who acted with the consent of central authorities, Transnistrian localities became the sites of mass executions, particularly after the administrators became worried about the spread of <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a> from the camps and into the surrounding region.<a href="#cite_note-r2-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-342">[342]</a> At a Cabinet meeting on 16 December 1941 to discuss the fate of the Jews of Transnistria, Antonescu stated: <blockquote>The question of the Yids is being discussed in Berlin. The Germans want to bring the Yids from Europe to Russia and settle them in certain areas, but there is still time before this plan is carried out. Meanwhile, what should we do? Shall we wait for a decision in Berlin? Shall we wait for a decision that concerns us? Shall we ensure their safety? Pack them into catacombs! Throw them into the Black Sea! As far I am concerned, 100 may die, 1,000 may die, all of them may die"<a href="#cite_note-343">[343]</a></blockquote> Between 21–24 and 28–31 December 1941, Romanian gendarmes and Ukrainian auxiliaries killed about 70,000 Jews at the Bogdanovca camp; the massacre was Antonescu's way of dealing with a typhus epidemic that had broken out among the Jews of Transnistria owing to the poor living conditions that had been forced to endure.<a href="#cite_note-344">[344]</a> The last wave of Jewish deportations, occurring in June 1942, came mainly from the <a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi" title="Chernivtsi">Cernăuți</a> area in Northern Bukovina.<a href="#cite_note-r2-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-345">[345]</a> Also in the summer of 1942, Ion Antonescu became a perpetrator of the <a href="/wiki/Porajmos" class="mw-redirect" title="Porajmos">Porajmos</a>, or Holocaust-related crimes against the Romani people, when he ordered the Transnistrian deportation of <a href="/wiki/Roma_minority_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Roma minority in Romania">Romanian Romani</a> from the Old Kingdom, transited through camps and resettled in inhumane conditions near the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Bug" title="Southern Bug">Southern Bug</a>.<a href="#cite_note-r2-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-346">[346]</a> They were joined there by 2,000 <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">conscientious objectors</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Inochentism" title="Inochentism">Inochentist church</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">millennialist</a> denomination.<a href="#cite_note-347">[347]</a> As Antonescu admitted during his trial, he personally supervised these operations, giving special orders to the Gendarmerie commanders.<a href="#cite_note-348">[348]</a> In theory, the measures taken against Romani people were supposed to affect only nomads and those with a criminal record created or updated recently, but arbitrary exceptions were immediately made to this rule, in particular by using the vague notion of "undesirable" to define some members of sedentary communities.<a href="#cite_note-349">[349]</a> The central authorities noted differences in the criteria applied locally, and intervened to prevent or sanction under-deportation and, in some cases, over-deportation.<a href="#cite_note-350">[350]</a> Antonescu and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Vasiliu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantin Vasiliu (page does not exist)">Constantin Vasiliu</a> had been made aware of the problems Transnistria faced in feeding its own population, but ignored them when deciding in favour of expulsion.<a href="#cite_note-351">[351]</a> With most of their property confiscated,<a href="#cite_note-352">[352]</a> the Romani men, women and children were only allowed to carry hand luggage, on which they were supposed to survive winter.<a href="#cite_note-353">[353]</a> <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">Famine</a> and disease ensued from <a href="/wiki/Criminal_negligence" title="Criminal negligence">criminal negligence</a>, Romani survival being largely dependent on occasional government handouts, the locals' charity, stealing and an <a href="/wiki/Underground_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground economy">underground economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-354">[354]</a> Once caught, escapees who made their way back into Romania were returned by the central authorities, even as local authorities were objecting.<a href="#cite_note-355">[355]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Odessa_massacre">Odessa massacre</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1941_Odessa_massacre" title="1941 Odessa massacre">1941 Odessa massacre</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WW2-Holocaust-Ukraine.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/WW2-Holocaust-Ukraine.PNG/300px-WW2-Holocaust-Ukraine.PNG" decoding="async" width="300" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/WW2-Holocaust-Ukraine.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Holocaust in Ukraine. Odessa ghetto marked with gold-red star. Transnistria massacres marked with red skulls.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/1941_Odessa_massacre" title="1941 Odessa massacre">Odessa massacre</a>, an act of <a href="/wiki/Collective_punishment" title="Collective punishment">collective punishment</a> carried out by the Romanian Army and Gendarmes, took the lives of a minimum of between 15,000<a href="#cite_note-356">[356]</a> and 25,000<a href="#cite_note-357">[357]</a> to as many as 40,000<a href="#cite_note-358">[358]</a> or even more than 50,000<a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-glw239-359">[359]</a> Jewish people of all ages. The measure came as the enforcement of Antonescu's own orders, as retaliation for an explosion that killed 67 people at Romanian headquarters on that city. Antonescu believed that the original explosion was a <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorist</a> act, rejecting the possibility of the building in question having been fitted with <a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">land mines</a> by the retreating Soviets.<a href="#cite_note-r2-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-360">[360]</a> In addition, Antonescu blamed the Jews, specifically "Jewish <a href="/wiki/Commissar" title="Commissar">commissars</a>" in the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>, for the losses suffered by his <a href="/wiki/4th_Infantry_Division_(Romania)" title="4th Infantry Division (Romania)">4th Army</a> throughout the siege,<a href="#cite_note-361">[361]</a> although both an inquiry he had ordered and German assessments pointed to the ill-preparedness of Romanian soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-362">[362]</a> While the local command took the initiative for the first executions, Antonescu's personal intervention amplified the number of victims required, and included specific quotas (200 civilians for every dead officer, 100 for every dead soldier).<a href="#cite_note-363">[363]</a> By the time of the explosion, the Jewish population was already rounded up into makeshift ghettos, being made subject to violence and selective murders.<a href="#cite_note-364">[364]</a> Purportedly the largest single massacre of Jews in the war's history,<a href="#cite_note-glw239-359">[359]</a> it involved mass shootings, hangings, acts of immolation and a mass detonation.<a href="#cite_note-r2-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-365">[365]</a> Antonescu is quoted saying that the Romanian Army's criminal acts were "reprisals, not massacres".<a href="#cite_note-r2-93">[93]</a> Survivors were deported to the nearby settlement of <a href="/wiki/Slobidka" class="mw-redirect" title="Slobidka">Slobidka</a>, and kept in inhumane conditions. Alexianu himself intervened with Antonescu for a solution to their problems, but the Romanian leader decided he wanted them out of the Odessa area, citing the nearby resistance of Soviet troops in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a> as a ferment for similar Jewish activities.<a href="#cite_note-366">[366]</a> His order to Alexianu specified: "Pack them into the <a href="/wiki/Odessa_Catacombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa Catacombs">catacombs</a>, throw them into the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, but get them out of Odessa. I don't want to know. A hundred can die, a thousand can die, all of them can die, but I don't want a single Romanian official or officer to die."<a href="#cite_note-367">[367]</a> Defining the presence of Jews in occupied Odessa as "a crime", Antonescu added: "I don't want to stain my activity with such lack of foresight."<a href="#cite_note-368">[368]</a> As a result of this, around 35,000–40,000 Jewish people were deported out of Odessa area and into other sectors of Transnistria.<a href="#cite_note-369">[369]</a> Several thousands were purposefully driven into <a href="/wiki/Berezivka" title="Berezivka">Berezivka</a> and other areas inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Germans" title="Black Sea Germans">Black Sea Germans</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Selbstschutz" title="Selbstschutz">Selbstschutz</a> organizations massacred them.<a href="#cite_note-370">[370]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overall_death_toll_and_particularities">Overall death toll and particularities</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Situatie_numerica_privitoare_la_evacuarea_tiganilor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Situatie_numerica_privitoare_la_evacuarea_tiganilor.jpg/220px-Situatie_numerica_privitoare_la_evacuarea_tiganilor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Situatie_numerica_privitoare_la_evacuarea_tiganilor.jpg/330px-Situatie_numerica_privitoare_la_evacuarea_tiganilor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Situatie_numerica_privitoare_la_evacuarea_tiganilor.jpg/440px-Situatie_numerica_privitoare_la_evacuarea_tiganilor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jandarmeria_Rom%C3%A2n%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Jandarmeria Română">Romanian Gendarmerie</a> report of 1942, accounting for 24,686 <a href="/wiki/Roma_minority_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Roma minority in Romania">Romani</a> deportees to <a href="/wiki/Transnistria_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transnistria (World War II)">Transnistria</a></figcaption></figure> A common assessment ranks Antonescu's Romania as second only to Nazi Germany in its antisemitic extermination policies.<a href="#cite_note-371">[371]</a> According to separate works by historians Dennis Deletant and <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a>, the flaws of Antonescu's 1946 trial notwithstanding, his responsibility for war crimes was such that he would have been equally likely to be found guilty and executed in a Western Allied jurisdiction.<a href="#cite_note-372">[372]</a> The often singular brutality of Romanian-organized massacres was a special topic of reflection for Jewish Holocaust escapee and American political theorist <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a>, as discussed in her 1963 work <a href="/wiki/Eichmann_in_Jerusalem" title="Eichmann in Jerusalem">Eichmann in Jerusalem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-373">[373]</a> Official Romanian estimates made in 2003 by the <a href="/wiki/Wiesel_Commission" title="Wiesel Commission">Wiesel Commission</a> mention that between 280,000 and 380,000 Jews were killed by Romanian authorities under Antonescu's rule.<a href="#cite_note-374">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbcmdcrit-375">[375]</a> The Transnistria deportations account for 150,000 to 170,000 individual expulsions of Jews from Romania proper, of whom some 90,000–120,000 never returned.<a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-376">[376]</a> According to Romanian-born Israeli historian <a href="/wiki/Jean_Ancel" title="Jean Ancel">Jean Ancel</a>, the Transnistria deportations from other areas account for around 145,000 deaths, while the number of local Transnistrian Jews killed could be as high as 280,000.<a href="#cite_note-377">[377]</a> More conservative estimates for the latter number mention some 130,000–180,000 victims.<a href="#cite_note-378">[378]</a> Other overall estimates speak of 200,000<a href="#cite_note-379">[379]</a> to over 300,000<a href="#cite_note-380">[380]</a> Jews purposefully killed as a result of Romania's action. According to historians <a href="/wiki/Antony_Polonsky" title="Antony Polonsky">Antony Polonsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joanna_B._Michlic" class="mw-redirect" title="Joanna B. Michlic">Joanna B. Michlic</a>: "none of these massacres was carried out by the Germans, although [the latter] certainly encouraged such actions and, in some cases, may have coordinated them."<a href="#cite_note-apjbm28-381">[381]</a> The Romani deportations affected some 25,000 people, at least 11,000 of whom died in Transnistria.<a href="#cite_note-382">[382]</a> The Jewish population in the Old Kingdom, numbering between 300,000 and 400,000 people, survived the Holocaust almost intact.<a href="#cite_note-383">[383]</a> Reflecting on this fact, <a href="/wiki/Lucian_Boia" title="Lucian Boia">Lucian Boia</a> noted that Antonescu could not "decently" be viewed as a rescuer of Jews, but that there still is a fundamental difference between the effects of his rule and those of Hitler's, concluding that the overall picture is not "completely dark."<a href="#cite_note-384">[384]</a> For Dennis Deletant, this situation is a "major paradox" of Antonescu's time in power: "more Jews survived under [Antonescu's] rule than in any other country within Axis Europe."<a href="#cite_note-d2-149">[149]</a> American historian of Romania <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_O._Oldson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William O. Oldson (page does not exist)">William O. Oldson</a> views Antonescu's policies as characterized by "violence, inconsistency and inanity",<a href="#cite_note-385">[385]</a> but places them in the wider context of local antisemitism, noting some ideological exceptions from their respective European counterparts. These traits, he argues, became "providential" for the more <a href="/wiki/Assimilated_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Assimilated Jew">assimilated</a> Jewish communities of the Old Romanian Kingdom, while exposing Jews perceived as foreign.<a href="#cite_note-386">[386]</a> Discussing Antonescu's policy of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>, Polonksy and Mihlic note: "[it] raises important questions about the thin line between the desire to expel an unwanted minority and a small-scale <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocidal</a> project under sanctioned conditions."<a href="#cite_note-apjbm28-381">[381]</a> American military historian <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_L._Weinberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerhard L. Weinberg">Gerhard L. Weinberg</a> made reference to the Antonescu regime's "slaughter of large number of Jews in the areas ceded to the Soviet Union in 1940 when those areas were retaken in 1941 as well as in [...] Transnistria", but commented: "the government of Marshal Ion Antonescu preferred to rob and persecute Jews [from Romania]; the government would not turn them over to the Germans for killing."<a href="#cite_note-glw239-359">[359]</a> Alongside the noticeable change in fortunes on the Eastern Front, a main motivator for all post-1943 changes, noted by various historians, was the manifold financial opportunity of Jewish survival.<a href="#cite_note-387">[387]</a> Wealthier Jews were financially <a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">extorted</a> in order to avoid community work and deportation, and the work of some professionals was harnessed by the <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">public sector</a>, and even by the Army.<a href="#cite_note-388">[388]</a> From the beginning, the regime had excepted from deportations some Jews who were experts in fields such as <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, and some others were even allowed to return despite antisemitic protests in their home provinces.<a href="#cite_note-389">[389]</a> Economic exploitation was institutionalized in late 1941-early 1942, with the creation of a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Jewish_Office_(Romania)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Jewish Office (Romania) (page does not exist)">Central Jewish Office</a>. Supervised by Commissioner <a href="/wiki/Radu_Lecca" title="Radu Lecca">Radu Lecca</a> and formally led by the Jewish intellectuals <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nandor_Gingold&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nandor Gingold (page does not exist)">Nandor Gingold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henric_Streitman" title="Henric Streitman">Henric Streitman</a>, it collected funds which were in part redirected toward <a href="/wiki/Maria_Antonescu" title="Maria Antonescu">Maria Antonescu</a>'s charities.<a href="#cite_note-390">[390]</a> Small numbers of Romanian Jews left independently for the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a> as early as 1941, but <a href="/wiki/Aliyah_Bet" title="Aliyah Bet">British opposition</a> to <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist</a> plans made their transfer perilous (one notorious example of this being the <a href="/wiki/Struma_disaster" title="Struma disaster">MV Struma</a>).<a href="#cite_note-391">[391]</a> On a personal level, Antonescu's encouragement of crimes alternated with periods when he gave in to the pleas of Jewish community leader <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Filderman" title="Wilhelm Filderman">Wilhelm Filderman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-392">[392]</a> In one such instance, he reversed his own 1942 decision to impose the wearing of <a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">yellow badges</a>,<a href="#cite_note-393">[393]</a> which nevertheless remained in use everywhere outside the Old Kingdom and, in theory, to any Romanian Jews elsewhere in Axis-controlled Europe.<a href="#cite_note-394">[394]</a> Assessing these contradictions, commentators also mention the effect of Allied promises to prosecute those responsible for genocide throughout Europe.<a href="#cite_note-395">[395]</a> In the late stages of the war, Antonescu was attempting to shift all blame for crimes from his regime<a href="#cite_note-396">[396]</a> while accusing Jews of "bring[ing] destruction upon themselves".<a href="#cite_note-397">[397]</a> The regime permitted non-deported Romanian Jews and American charities to send <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">humanitarian aid</a> into Transnistrian camps, a measure it took an interest in enforcing in late 1942.<a href="#cite_note-r2-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-398">[398]</a> Deportations of Jews ceased altogether in October of the same year. A common explanation historians propose for this reassessment of policies is the change in Germany's fortunes on the Eastern Front, with mention that Antonescu was considering using the Jewish population as an asset in his dealings with the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Western Allies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-r2-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-399">[399]</a> It nevertheless took the regime more than a year to allow more selective Jewish returns from Transnistria, including some 2,000 orphans.<a href="#cite_note-r2-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-400">[400]</a> After Transnistria's 1944 evacuation, Antonescu himself advocated the creation of new camps in Bessarabia.<a href="#cite_note-401">[401]</a> In conversations with his cabinet, the Conducător angrily maintained that surviving Jews were better off than Romanian soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-402">[402]</a> The policies applied in respect to the Romani population were ambivalent: while ordering the deportation of those he considered criminals, Ion Antonescu was taking some interest in improving the lives of Romani laborers of the <a href="/wiki/B%C4%83r%C4%83gan_Plain" title="Bărăgan Plain">Bărăgan Plain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-403">[403]</a> According to Romanian historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viorel_Achim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viorel Achim (page does not exist)">Viorel Achim</a>, although it had claimed the existence of a "Gypsy problem", the Antonescu regime "did not count it among its priorities."<a href="#cite_note-404">[404]</a> By 1943, Antonescu was gradually allowing those deported to return home. Initially, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Vasiliu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantin Vasiliu (page does not exist)">Constantin Vasiliu</a> allowed the families of soldiers to appeal their deportation on a selective basis.<a href="#cite_note-405">[405]</a> Romanian authorities also appear to have been influenced by the objections of Nazi administrators in the <a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine" title="Reichskommissariat Ukraine">Reichskommissariat Ukraine</a>, who feared that the newly arrived population would outnumber <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Germans" title="Black Sea Germans">local Germans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-406">[406]</a> By January 1944, the central authorities ordered local ones not to send back apprehended fugitives,<a href="#cite_note-407">[407]</a> instructed them to provide these with some food and clothing, and suggested <a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">corporal punishment</a> for Romani people who did not adhere to a behavioural code.<a href="#cite_note-408">[408]</a> As the Romanian administrators abandoned Transnistria, most survivors from the group returned on their own in summer 1944.<a href="#cite_note-409">[409]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antonescu_and_the_Final_Solution_projects">Antonescu and the Final Solution projects</h3></div> Ion Antonescu and his subordinates were for long divided on the issue of the <a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a>, as applied in territories under direct Nazi control from 1941. At an early stage, German attempts to impose the <a href="/wiki/RSHA" class="mw-redirect" title="RSHA">RSHA</a>'s direct control over Old Kingdom Jews drew some objections from Mihai Antonescu, but the two sides agreed to a common policy with reference to Soviet Jews.<a href="#cite_note-410">[410]</a> In various of his early 1940s statements, Ion Antonescu favorably mentions the Axis goal of eliminating the Jewish presence in the event of victory.<a href="#cite_note-411">[411]</a> The unrestrained character of some Romanian actions toward Jews alarmed Nazi officials, who demanded a methodical form of extermination.<a href="#cite_note-412">[412]</a> When confronted with German decisions to push back Jews he had expelled before the occupation of Transnistria, Antonescu protested, arguing that he had conformed with Hitler's decisions regarding "eastern Jews".<a href="#cite_note-413">[413]</a> In August 1941, in preparation for the Final Solution's universal application, Hitler remarked: "As for the Jewish question, today in any case one could say that a man like Antonescu, for example, proceeds much more radically in this manner than we have done until now. But I will not rest or be idle until we too have gone all the way with the Jews."<a href="#cite_note-414">[414]</a> By summer 1942, German representatives in Romania obtained Antonescu's approval to deport the remaining Jewish population to <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">extermination camps</a> in <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)">occupied Poland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-r2-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-415">[415]</a> Among those involved on the German side were mass murderer <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a> and his aide <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Richter" title="Gustav Richter">Gustav Richter</a>,<a href="#cite_note-416">[416]</a> while the Romanian side was represented by Jewish Affairs Commissioner Lecca (reporting to Antonescu himself).<a href="#cite_note-417">[417]</a> Richter directed Lecca in setting up the Central Jewish Office, which he assumed would function as a <a href="/wiki/Judenrat" title="Judenrat">Judenrat</a> to streamline extermination policies.<a href="#cite_note-418">[418]</a> According to such plans, only some 17,000 Jews, labeled useful to Romania's economy, were to be exempt.<a href="#cite_note-r2-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-419">[419]</a> The transports had already been announced to the <a href="/wiki/C%C4%83ile_Ferate_Rom%C3%A2ne" title="Căile Ferate Române">Romanian Railways</a> by autumn 1942, but the government eventually decided to postpone these measures indefinitely as was done with most other deportations to Transnistria.<a href="#cite_note-r2-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-420">[420]</a> Antonescu's new orders on the matter were brought up in his conversations with Hitler at <a href="/wiki/Schloss_Klessheim" title="Schloss Klessheim">Schloss Klessheim</a>, where both leaders show themselves aware of the fate awaiting Jewish deportees to Poland.<a href="#cite_note-421">[421]</a> By then, German authorities charged with applying the Final Solution in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> completely abandoned their plans with respect to Romania.<a href="#cite_note-422">[422]</a> In August 1942, Antonescu had worked out plans with the SS for deporting all of the Jews of the Regat or the "Old Kingdom" to the German-run death camps in Poland, but then cancelled the deportation.<a href="#cite_note-423">[423]</a> The principal reasons for his change of mind were signs of disapproval from court circles, a warning from the American government passed on by the Swiss ambassador that he would prosecuted for war crimes and crimes against humanity after the Allies had won if the deportation went ahead, and most importantly because Hitler would not undo the Second Vienna Award and return northern Transylvania to Romania.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceE-424">[424]</a> Antonescu saw the deportation of the Jews of the Regat as the pro quid quo for the return of Transylvania and unable to obtain satisfactory promises from the German Ambassador Baron <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Freiherr_von_Killinger" title="Manfred Freiherr von Killinger">Manfred von Killinger</a> that Romania would be rewarded with the return of Transylvania in exchange for handing over its Jews, Antonescu cancelled the deportation until the Germans would make him a better offer.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceE-424">[424]</a> According to Oldson, by the final stage of the war Romania rejected "all extreme measures against Jews who could not be proven to be communists."<a href="#cite_note-425">[425]</a> The planned transports to Palestine, the prospect of which irritated Nazi German observers, implied a hope that the Allies' focus would shift away from the regime's previous guilt and, at the same time, looked forward to payments to be made in exchange for each person saved.<a href="#cite_note-426">[426]</a> The contrary implications of Romanian nationalism, manifested as reluctance to obey German commands and discomfort with drastic change in general, are occasionally offered as further explanations of the phenomenon.<a href="#cite_note-427">[427]</a> While reflecting upon the issue of emigration to Palestine, Antonescu also yielded to pleas of Jewish community leaders, and allowed safe passage through Romania for various Northern Transylvanian Jews fleeing the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust in Hungary">Holocaust in Hungary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-428">[428]</a> He was doing the same for certain Northern Transylvanian Romani communities who had escaped southwards.<a href="#cite_note-429">[429]</a> In that context, Nazi German ideologues began objecting to Antonescu's supposed leniency.<a href="#cite_note-430">[430]</a> Antonescu nevertheless alternated tolerance of illegal immigration with drastic measures. In early 1944, he issued an order to shoot illegal immigrants, which was probably never enforced by the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Border_Police" title="Romanian Border Police">Border Police</a><a href="#cite_note-431">[431]</a> (who occasionally turned in Jewish refugees to the German authorities).<a href="#cite_note-432">[432]</a> The Antonescu regime allowed the extermination of the Romanian Jewish diaspora in other parts of Europe,<a href="#cite_note-433">[433]</a> formally opposing their deportation in some cases where it appeared Germany was impinging upon Romania's sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-434">[434]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposition_and_political_persecution">Opposition and political persecution</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_mainstream">Political mainstream</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iuliu_Maniu_and_IC_Bratianu_1942_memorium_for_Ion_Antonescu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Iuliu_Maniu_and_IC_Bratianu_1942_memorium_for_Ion_Antonescu.jpg/220px-Iuliu_Maniu_and_IC_Bratianu_1942_memorium_for_Ion_Antonescu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Iuliu_Maniu_and_IC_Bratianu_1942_memorium_for_Ion_Antonescu.jpg/330px-Iuliu_Maniu_and_IC_Bratianu_1942_memorium_for_Ion_Antonescu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Iuliu_Maniu_and_IC_Bratianu_1942_memorium_for_Ion_Antonescu.jpg/440px-Iuliu_Maniu_and_IC_Bratianu_1942_memorium_for_Ion_Antonescu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="1273" /></a><figcaption>January 1942 letter of protest, signed by <a href="/wiki/Iuliu_Maniu" title="Iuliu Maniu">Iuliu Maniu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dinu_Br%C4%83tianu" title="Dinu Brătianu">Dinu Brătianu</a> and addressed to Antonescu</figcaption></figure> The circumstances of wartime accounted for cautious and ambivalent approaches to Antonescu's rule from among the Romanian political mainstream, which grouped advocates of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">anti-fascism</a>. According to Gledhill and King: "Romanian liberals had been critical of their government's warm relationship with Hitler, which had been developing throughout the 1930s, but the [1940] Soviet attack on Romanian territory left them with little chance but to support Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union."<a href="#cite_note-jgckwolchik-266">[266]</a> Other authors also cite the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Greater Romanian</a> agenda of the Antonescu executive as a reason behind the widespread acquiescence.<a href="#cite_note-435">[435]</a> The tendency was illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Dinu_Br%C4%83tianu" title="Dinu Brătianu">Dinu Brătianu</a>, who, in late January 1941, told his <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Romania,_1875)" title="National Liberal Party (Romania, 1875)">National Liberal</a> colleagues that the new "government of generals" was "the best solution possible to the current crisis", urging the group to provide Antonescu with "all the support we can give him."<a href="#cite_note-d69-273">[273]</a> An early point of contention between Antonescu and the <a href="/wiki/National_Peasants%27_Party" title="National Peasants' Party">National Peasants' Party</a> came in spring 1941, when Antonescu's support for the <a href="/wiki/Balkans_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkans Campaign (World War II)">Balkans Campaign</a> and Romania's claim to parts of <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> were met with a letter of protest from <a href="/wiki/Iuliu_Maniu" title="Iuliu Maniu">Iuliu Maniu</a>, which Antonescu dismissed.<a href="#cite_note-436">[436]</a> Maniu and Brătianu also issued several condemnations of Antonescu's decision to continue the war beyond the <a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dniester</a>.<a href="#cite_note-t379-302">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-437">[437]</a> One such letter, signed by both, claimed that, while earlier steps had been "legitimized by the entire soul of the nation, the Romanian people will never consent to the continuation of the struggle beyond our national borders."<a href="#cite_note-438">[438]</a> Maniu specifically mentioned the possibility of Allied victory, accused Antonescu of diverting attention from the goal of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Greater Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Transylvania" title="Northern Transylvania">Northern Transylvania</a> included), and stressed that Romania's ongoing participation in the Axis was "troubling enough".<a href="#cite_note-t379-302">[302]</a> Antonescu is known to have publicly admonished opposition leaders for their disobedience, which he equated with obstruction,<a href="#cite_note-439">[439]</a> and to have monitored their activities through the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serviciul_Special_de_Informa%C8%9Bii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serviciul Special de Informații (page does not exist)">Special Intelligence Service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-d75-440">[440]</a> However, some early communiqués he addressed to Brătianu also feature offers of resignation, which their recipient reluctantly rejected.<a href="#cite_note-441">[441]</a> The Germans objected to such ambiguities, and Hitler once advised Antonescu to have Maniu killed, an option which the Conducător rejected because of the PNȚ leader's popularity with the peasants.<a href="#cite_note-d75-440">[440]</a> While tolerating contacts between Maniu and the Allies, Antonescu arrested the clandestine British envoys to Romania, thus putting a stop to the 1943 <a href="/wiki/Operation_Autonomous" title="Operation Autonomous">Operation Autonomous</a>.<a href="#cite_note-442">[442]</a> In parallel, his relationship with <a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Greece_and_Denmark" title="Helen of Greece and Denmark">Queen Mother Helen</a> and Michael rapidly deteriorated after he began advising the royal family on how to conduct its affairs.<a href="#cite_note-443">[443]</a> Dissent from Antonescu's policies sometimes came from inside his own camp. Both the officer corps and the General Staff were divided on the issue of war beyond the <a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dniester</a>, although it is possible that the majority agreed it would bring Northern Transylvania back to Romania.<a href="#cite_note-444">[444]</a> A prominent case was that of <a href="/wiki/Iosif_Iacobici" title="Iosif Iacobici">Iosif Iacobici</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Romanian_General_Staff" title="Chief of the Romanian General Staff">Chief of the Romanian General Staff</a>, whose objection to the massive transfer of Romanian troops to the Eastern Front resulted in his demotion and replacement with <a href="/wiki/Ilie_%C8%98teflea" title="Ilie Șteflea">Ilie Șteflea</a> (January 1942).<a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-d92-152">[152]</a> Șteflea issued similar calls, and Antonescu's eventually agreed to preserve a home army just before the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-445">[445]</a> Various other military men extended their protection to persecuted Jews.<a href="#cite_note-446">[446]</a> Overall, Antonescu met significant challenges in exercising control over the politicized sectors in the armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-447">[447]</a> Antonescu's <a href="/wiki/Racial_discrimination" title="Racial discrimination">racial discrimination</a> laws and Romania's participation in the Holocaust earned significant objections from various individuals and groups in Romanian society. One noted opponent was Queen Mother Helen, who actively intervened to save Jews from being deported.<a href="#cite_note-r2-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-448">[448]</a> The Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi" title="Chernivtsi">Cernăuți</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traian_Popovici" title="Traian Popovici">Traian Popovici</a>, publicly objected to the deportation of Jews,<a href="#cite_note-449">[449]</a> as did <a href="/wiki/Gherman_P%C3%A2ntea" title="Gherman Pântea">Gherman Pântea</a>, his counterpart in <a href="/wiki/Odessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa">Odessa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-450">[450]</a> The appeals of Queen Helen, King Michael, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metropolis_of_Transylvania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metropolis of Transylvania (page does not exist)">Orthodox Metropolitan of Transylvania</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_B%C4%83lan" title="Nicolae Bălan">Nicolae Bălan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Nuncio" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Nuncio">Apostolic Nuncio</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Cassulo" title="Andrea Cassulo">Andrea Cassulo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss</a> Ambassador <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_de_Weck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="René de Weck (page does not exist)">René de Weck</a> are credited with having helped avert the full application of the <a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a> in Antonescu's Romania.<a href="#cite_note-451">[451]</a> Cassulo and Bălan together pleaded for the fate of certain Jews, including all who had converted to Christianity, and the former publicly protested against deportations.<a href="#cite_note-452">[452]</a> While Romania and the United States were still at peace, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Romania">American Minister Plenipotentiary</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin_Mott_Gunther&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franklin Mott Gunther (page does not exist)">Franklin Mott Gunther</a> repeatedly attempted to make his superiors aware of Romanian actions against the Jews,<a href="#cite_note-453">[453]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish</a> diplomats unsuccessfully sought American approval for transferring Romanian Jews to safe passage through <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> and into Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-454">[454]</a> Dinu Brătianu also condemned antisemitic measures, prompting Antonescu to accuse him of being an ally of "the <a href="/wiki/Yid" title="Yid">Yid</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>".<a href="#cite_note-455">[455]</a> Together with Maniu and <a href="/wiki/Ion_Mihalache" title="Ion Mihalache">Ion Mihalache</a>, Brătianu signed statements condemning the isolation, persecution and expulsion of Jews, which prompted Antonescu to threaten to clamp down on them.<a href="#cite_note-456">[456]</a> However, both parties were occasionally ambiguous on racial issues, and themselves produced antisemitic messages.<a href="#cite_note-457">[457]</a> Brătianu is also known for publicly defending the cause of Romani people, opposing their deportation on grounds that it would "turn back the clock on several centuries of history",<a href="#cite_note-458">[458]</a> a stance which drew support from his civilian peers.<a href="#cite_note-fr238-239-459">[459]</a> In parallel, some regular Romanians such as nurse <a href="/wiki/Viorica_Agarici" title="Viorica Agarici">Viorica Agarici</a> intervened to save Jewish lives,<a href="#cite_note-460">[460]</a> while, from inside the Jewish community, <a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbi" title="Chief Rabbi">Chief Rabbi</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_%C8%98afran" title="Alexandru Șafran">Alexandru Șafran</a> and activist <a href="/wiki/Mi%C8%99u_Benvenisti" title="Mișu Benvenisti">Mișu Benvenisti</a> rallied with <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Filderman" title="Wilhelm Filderman">Wilhelm Filderman</a> in public protests against Antonescu's decisions, being occasionally joined by <a href="/wiki/A._L._Zissu" title="A. L. Zissu">A. L. Zissu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-461">[461]</a> In 1943, Filderman himself was deported to <a href="/wiki/Mohyliv-Podilskyi" title="Mohyliv-Podilskyi">Mohyliv-Podilskyi</a>, but eventually allowed to return.<a href="#cite_note-462">[462]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_underground">Political underground</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:N._Ceau%C8%99escu_%C8%99i_al%C8%9Bi_de%C8%9Binu%C8%9Bi_politici_%C3%AEn_lag%C4%83rul_de_la_Tg._jiu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/N._Ceau%C8%99escu_%C8%99i_al%C8%9Bi_de%C8%9Binu%C8%9Bi_politici_%C3%AEn_lag%C4%83rul_de_la_Tg._jiu.jpg/320px-N._Ceau%C8%99escu_%C8%99i_al%C8%9Bi_de%C8%9Binu%C8%9Bi_politici_%C3%AEn_lag%C4%83rul_de_la_Tg._jiu.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/N._Ceau%C8%99escu_%C8%99i_al%C8%9Bi_de%C8%9Binu%C8%9Bi_politici_%C3%AEn_lag%C4%83rul_de_la_Tg._jiu.jpg/480px-N._Ceau%C8%99escu_%C8%99i_al%C8%9Bi_de%C8%9Binu%C8%9Bi_politici_%C3%AEn_lag%C4%83rul_de_la_Tg._jiu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/N._Ceau%C8%99escu_%C8%99i_al%C8%9Bi_de%C8%9Binu%C8%9Bi_politici_%C3%AEn_lag%C4%83rul_de_la_Tg._jiu.jpg/640px-N._Ceau%C8%99escu_%C8%99i_al%C8%9Bi_de%C8%9Binu%C8%9Bi_politici_%C3%AEn_lag%C4%83rul_de_la_Tg._jiu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1105" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">Political prisoners</a> of the Antonescu regime, photographed in <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgu_Jiu" title="Târgu Jiu">Târgu Jiu</a> camp, 1943. <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a>, future leader of <a href="/wiki/Communist_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Romania">Communist Romania</a>, is second from left</figcaption></figure> Organized <a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">resistance movements</a> in Antonescu's Romania were comparatively small-scale and marginal. In addition to a <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist</a> underground which aided Jews to pass through or flee the country,<a href="#cite_note-463">[463]</a> the regime was confronted with local political movements of contrasting shades. One of them comprised <a href="/wiki/Far_left" class="mw-redirect" title="Far left">far left</a> and <a href="/wiki/Left-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing">left-wing</a> elements, which Antonescu's rise to power had caught in an unusual position. The minor <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">Romanian Communist Party</a>, outlawed since the rule of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Romania" title="Ferdinand I of Romania">Ferdinand I</a> for its <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Cominternist</a> national policies, had been rendered virtually inactive by the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">German-Soviet non-aggression pact</a>. Once reanimated by <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>, the PCR was unable to create an actual <a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">armed resistance movement</a>, although it was able to coordinate the policies of several other small leftist groups.<a href="#cite_note-464">[464]</a> Speaking shortly before the invasion of the Soviet Union, and adopting the "<a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Jewish Bolshevism</a>" position, Antonescu ordered authorities to compile lists comprising "the names of all Jewish and communist agents", who were to be kept under close surveillance.<a href="#cite_note-465">[465]</a> Among people arrested on suspicion of communism, Jews were sent to Transnistrian sites such as <a href="/wiki/Vapniarka" title="Vapniarka">Vapniarka</a> and <a href="/wiki/R%C3%AEbni%C8%9Ba" title="Rîbnița">Rîbnița</a>, while others were interned in regular facilities such as those in <a href="/wiki/Caransebe%C8%99" title="Caransebeș">Caransebeș</a> and <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgu_Jiu" title="Târgu Jiu">Târgu Jiu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-466">[466]</a> In all, some 2,000 Jewish Romanian deportees to the region had been accused of <a href="/wiki/Political_crime" title="Political crime">political crimes</a> (the category also included those who had tried to escape forced labor).<a href="#cite_note-467">[467]</a> According to one estimate, people held on charges of being communists accounted for just under 2,000 people, of whom some 1,200 were jailed in Romania proper.<a href="#cite_note-468">[468]</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Romania" title="Capital punishment in Romania">Capital punishment</a> was used against various <a href="/wiki/Partisan_(military)" title="Partisan (military)">partisan</a>-like activists,<a href="#cite_note-469">[469]</a> while the vast majority of communist prisoners in Rîbnița were massacred in March 1944.<a href="#cite_note-470">[470]</a> At the other end of the political spectrum, after the <a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Legionary Rebellion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a>'s decapitation, many Legionaries who opposed the regime, and whom Antonescu himself believed were "communists in [Legionary] green shirts",<a href="#cite_note-d72-282">[282]</a> were killed or imprisoned.<a href="#cite_note-471">[471]</a> An Iron Guardist underground was nevertheless formed locally, and probably numbered in thousands.<a href="#cite_note-rg93127-264">[264]</a> Some of Antonescu's <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">political prisoners</a> from both camps were given a chance to redeem themselves by joining units on the Eastern Front.<a href="#cite_note-472">[472]</a> Although repressed, divided and weak, the PCR capitalized on the Soviet victories, being integrated into the mainstream opposition. At the same time, a "prison faction" emerged around <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a>, opposing both the formal leadership and the so-called "Muscovite" communists who had taken refuge in the Soviet Union before the war.<a href="#cite_note-473">[473]</a> While maneuvering for control within the PCR during and after 1944, "prison" communists destroyed a third group, formed around the PCR's nominal leader <a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Fori%C8%99" title="Ștefan Foriș">Ștefan Foriș</a> (whom they kidnapped and eventually killed).<a href="#cite_note-474">[474]</a> The PCR leadership was still suffering from a crisis of legitimacy after beginning talks with the larger parties.<a href="#cite_note-475">[475]</a> The Soviets and "Muscovite" communists campaigned among Romanian <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a> in order to have them switch sides in the war, and eventually managed to set up the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_Vladimirescu_Division" title="Tudor Vladimirescu Division">Tudor Vladimirescu Division</a>.<a href="#cite_note-476">[476]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_circles">Cultural circles</h3></div> Measures enforced by the Ion Antonescu regime had contradictory effects on the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Romania" title="Culture of Romania">Romanian cultural scene</a>. According to Romanian literary historians Letiția Guran and Alexandru Ștefan, "the Antonescu regime [...] did not affect negatively <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">cultural modernity</a>. The Romanian cultural elite regarded Antonescu's policies for the most part with sympathy."<a href="#cite_note-477">[477]</a> Nevertheless, other researchers record the dissent of several cultural environments: the <a href="/wiki/Classic_liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Classic liberalism">classic liberalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">cosmopolitanism</a> of aging literary theorist <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Lovinescu" title="Eugen Lovinescu">Eugen Lovinescu</a>, the "Lovinescian" <a href="/wiki/Sibiu_Literary_Circle" title="Sibiu Literary Circle">Sibiu Literary Circle</a>, and the rebellious <a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">counterculture</a> of young <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> writers (<a href="/wiki/Ion_Caraion" title="Ion Caraion">Ion Caraion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geo_Dumitrescu" title="Geo Dumitrescu">Geo Dumitrescu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Stelaru" title="Dimitrie Stelaru">Dimitrie Stelaru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constant_Tonegaru" title="Constant Tonegaru">Constant Tonegaru</a>).<a href="#cite_note-478">[478]</a> Prominent left-wing writers <a href="/wiki/Tudor_Arghezi" title="Tudor Arghezi">Tudor Arghezi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Eftimiu" title="Victor Eftimiu">Victor Eftimiu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zaharia_Stancu" title="Zaharia Stancu">Zaharia Stancu</a> were political prisoners during the Antonescu years.<a href="#cite_note-479">[479]</a> Author <a href="/wiki/George_C%C4%83linescu" title="George Călinescu">George Călinescu</a> also stood out against the official guidelines, and, in 1941, took a risk by publishing a synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Romania">Romanian literature</a> which emphasized Jewish contributions,<a href="#cite_note-480">[480]</a> while composer <a href="/wiki/George_Enescu" title="George Enescu">George Enescu</a> pleaded with Antonescu personally for the fate of Romani musicians.<a href="#cite_note-fr238-239-459">[459]</a> Similar acts of solidarity were performed by various prominent intellectuals and artists.<a href="#cite_note-481">[481]</a> In August 1942, King Michael received a manifesto endorsed by intellectuals from various fields, deploring the murders in Transnistria, and calling for a realignment of policies.<a href="#cite_note-482">[482]</a> Another such document of April 1944 called for an immediate peace with the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-483">[483]</a> On a more intimate level, a diary kept by philosopher and art critic <a href="/wiki/Alice_Voinescu" title="Alice Voinescu">Alice Voinescu</a> expresses her indignation over the antisemitic measures and massacres.<a href="#cite_note-484">[484]</a> A special aspect of political repression and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">cultural hegemony</a> was Antonescu's persecution of <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Restorationism_(Christian_primitivism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restorationism (Christian primitivism)">Restorationist</a> Christian denominations, first outlawed under the National Legionary regime.<a href="#cite_note-485">[485]</a> Several thousand adherents of the <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Union_of_Romania" title="Pentecostal Union of Romania">Pentecostal Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baptist_Union_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist Union of Romania">Baptist Union</a> were reportedly jailed in compliance with his orders.<a href="#cite_note-486">[486]</a> Persecution targeted groups of religiously motivated <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">conscientious objectors</a>. In addition to the <a href="/wiki/Inochentism" title="Inochentism">Inochentist</a> movement, these groups included the Pentecostal Union, the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Union_Conference_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="Romanian Union Conference of Seventh-day Adventists">Seventh-day Adventist Conference</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_Association_of_Romania" title="Jehovah's Witnesses Association of Romania">Jehovah's Witnesses Association</a>.<a href="#cite_note-487">[487]</a> Antonescu himself recounted having contemplated using the death penalty against "sects" who would not allow military service, and ultimately deciding in favor of deporting "recalcitrant" ones.<a href="#cite_note-488">[488]</a> On 9 September 1940, the Ministry of Culture and Art issued a list of confessions that were recognized and protected by the regime. The list included the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romanian Orthodox Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Catholic Church">Greek Catholic Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Orthodox Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine" title="Orthodox Church of Ukraine">Ukrainian Orthodox Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Calvinist Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Church_of_Transylvania" title="Unitarian Church of Transylvania">Unitarian Church</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. Any confession not listed was considered officially banned.<a href="#cite_note-:1-489">[489]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consequences_of_the_Antonescu_trial">Consequences of the Antonescu trial</h3></div> The period following Antonescu's fall returned Romania to a democratic regime and the <a href="/wiki/1923_Constitution_of_Romania" title="1923 Constitution of Romania">1923 Constitution</a>, as well as its participation in the war alongside the Allies. However, it also saw the early stages of a communist takeover—which culminated with King Michael's forced abdication on 30 December 1947 and the subsequent establishment of <a href="/wiki/Communist_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Romania">Communist Romania</a>. The Antonescu trial thus fit into a long series of similar procedures and political purges on charges of <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">collaborationism</a>, instrumented by the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_People%27s_Tribunals" title="Romanian People's Tribunals">Romanian People's Tribunals</a> and various other institutions.<a href="#cite_note-490">[490]</a> During the rigged <a href="/wiki/1946_Romanian_general_election" title="1946 Romanian general election">general election of 1946</a> and for years after Ion Antonescu's execution, the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">Romanian Communist Party</a> and its allies began using the implications of his trial as an abusive means of compromising some of their political opponents.<a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-491">[491]</a> One such early example was <a href="/wiki/Iuliu_Maniu" title="Iuliu Maniu">Iuliu Maniu</a>, by then one of the country's prominent <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communists</a>, who was accused of being a fascist and an Antonescu sympathizer, mainly for having shaken his hand during the trial.<a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a> The enlistment of <a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Romania" title="Germans of Romania">ethnic Germans</a> into Nazi German units, as approved by Antonescu, was used as a pretext for a Soviet-led <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Germans_from_Romania_after_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of Germans from Romania after World War II">expulsion of Germans from Romania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rw136-287">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-492">[492]</a> On similar grounds, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Soviet occupation forces</a> organized the capture of certain Romanian citizens, as well as the return of war refugees from Romania proper into Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina. Both the arrestees and the returnees were often <a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_from_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet deportations from Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">deported deeper into the Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-493">[493]</a> As part of its deteriorating relationship with <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Romania">Romanian Roman Catholics</a>, and urged on by the Soviets, the communist cabinet of <a href="/wiki/Petru_Groza" title="Petru Groza">Petru Groza</a> also deemed <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Nuncio" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Nuncio">Apostolic Nuncio</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Cassulo" title="Andrea Cassulo">Andrea Cassulo</a> a collaborator of Antonescu and a <a href="/wiki/Persona_non_grata" title="Persona non grata">persona non grata</a>, based on transcripts of the Cassulo-Antonescu conversations.<a href="#cite_note-494">[494]</a> It also used such allegations to pressure several <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Church_United_with_Rome,_Greek-Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Church United with Rome, Greek-Catholic">Greek-Catholic</a> clergymen into accepting union with the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romanian Orthodox Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-k224-218">[218]</a> Nevertheless, Romanian-born Holocaust historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radu_Ioanid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radu Ioanid (page does not exist)">Radu Ioanid</a> notes, few Romanians involved in organizing the Holocaust were prosecuted, and, of those, none were executed after the Antonescu trial. He attributes this to nationalist resistance within the administrative and judicial apparatus, to communist fears of alienating a too large number of people, to the emigration of <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist</a> survivors, and to the open hostility of some communists toward liberal Jewish community leaders.<a href="#cite_note-495">[495]</a> Jews also faced conflict with the new authorities and with the majority population, as described by other researchers.<a href="#cite_note-496">[496]</a> There were, nonetheless, sporadic trials for Holocaust-related crimes, including one of <a href="/wiki/Maria_Antonescu" title="Maria Antonescu">Maria Antonescu</a>. Arrested in September 1944 and held 1945–1946 in Soviet custody, she was re-arrested at home in 1950, tried and ultimately found guilty of economic crimes for her collaboration with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Jewish_Office_(Romania)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Jewish Office (Romania) (page does not exist)">Central Jewish Office</a>.<a href="#cite_note-497">[497]</a> Five years later, she was sent into internal exile, and died of heart problems in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-498">[498]</a> After 1950, a large number of convicted war criminals, even some sentenced to life imprisonment, were deemed fit for "social cohabitation" (that is, fit to live amongst the general population) and released, while some suspects were never prosecuted.<a href="#cite_note-499">[499]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_communist_historiography">In communist historiography</h3></div> Although the <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> analytical works of the increasingly marginalized communist figure <a href="/wiki/Lucre%C8%9Biu_P%C4%83tr%C4%83%C8%99canu" title="Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu">Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu</a> make isolated mentions of the Holocaust,<a href="#cite_note-500">[500]</a> the heavily politicized official discourse inspired by <a href="/wiki/Soviet_historiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet historiography">Soviet historiography</a> interpreted Romania's wartime evolution exclusively based on the <a href="/wiki/Marxism-Leninism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxism-Leninism">Marxist-Leninist</a> idea of <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class conflict</a>.<a href="#cite_note-501">[501]</a> In this context, the main effort to document and expose the Antonescu-era massacres came from Jewish Romanians. This began in 1945, when Jewish journalists Marius Mircu and Maier Rudrich contributed first-hand testimonies.<a href="#cite_note-502">[502]</a> In 1946–1948, the Jewish community leader <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matatias_Carp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matatias Carp (page does not exist)">Matatias Carp</a> published Cartea neagră ("The Black Book"), a voluminous and detailed account of all stages of the Holocaust.<a href="#cite_note-503">[503]</a> After forming a secondary element in Antonescu's indictment, the deportation of Romani people was largely ignored in official discourse.<a href="#cite_note-504">[504]</a> The communist regime overemphasized the part played by the PCR in <a href="/wiki/King_Michael%27s_Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="King Michael's Coup">King Michael's Coup</a>, while commemorating its 23 August date as a national holiday.<a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-505">[505]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a> faction emerged as the winner of the interior PCR struggles and incorporated nationalist discourse. That faction claimed a decisive role in toppling Antonescu, even though a majority of its members had been jailed for most of the period.<a href="#cite_note-506">[506]</a> In accordance with <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinist</a> principles, <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Communist_Romania" title="Censorship in Communist Romania">censorship</a> produced <a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">historical revisionism</a> that excluded focus on such negative aspects of Romanian behavior during the war as antisemitism and the Holocaust,<a href="#cite_note-507">[507]</a> and obscured Romania's participation on the Eastern Front.<a href="#cite_note-508">[508]</a> Beginning in the mid-1960s, when <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a> took power and embarked on a <a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">national communist</a> course, the celebration of 23 August as the inception of the communist regime was accompanied by a contradictory tendency, which implied a gradual <a href="/wiki/Political_rehabilitation" title="Political rehabilitation">rehabilitation</a> of Antonescu and his regime.<a href="#cite_note-509">[509]</a> Historians who focused on this period believe that the revival of nationalist tenets and the relative distance taken from Soviet policies contributed to the rehabilitation process.<a href="#cite_note-510">[510]</a> After a period of <a href="/wiki/Liberalization" title="Liberalization">liberalization</a>, the increasingly authoritarian Ceaușescu regime revived the established patterns of personalized rule, and even made informal use of the title <a href="/wiki/Conduc%C4%83tor" title="Conducător">Conducător</a>.<a href="#cite_note-511">[511]</a> Beginning in the early 1970s, when the new policies were consecrated by the <a href="/wiki/July_Theses" title="July Theses">July Theses</a>, Ceaușescu tolerated a nationalist, antisemitic and <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denialist</a> intellectual faction, illustrated foremost by <a href="/wiki/S%C4%83pt%C4%83m%C3%AEna" title="Săptămîna">Săptămîna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luceaf%C4%83rul_(magazine)" title="Luceafărul (magazine)">Luceafărul</a> magazines of <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Barbu" title="Eugen Barbu">Eugen Barbu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Vadim_Tudor" title="Corneliu Vadim Tudor">Corneliu Vadim Tudor</a>, by poet <a href="/wiki/Adrian_P%C4%83unescu" title="Adrian Păunescu">Adrian Păunescu</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Flac%C4%83ra" title="Flacăra">Flacăra</a> journal, and by novelist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_L%C4%83ncr%C4%83njan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ion Lăncrănjan (page does not exist)">Ion Lăncrănjan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-512">[512]</a> The regime also came to cultivate a relationship with exiled tycoon <a href="/wiki/Iosif_Constantin_Dr%C4%83gan" title="Iosif Constantin Drăgan">Iosif Constantin Drăgan</a>, a former Iron Guard member who had come to endorse both Antonescu's rehabilitation and the national communist version of <a href="/wiki/Protochronism" class="mw-redirect" title="Protochronism">protochronism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-513">[513]</a> In contrast, much of <a href="/wiki/Dissident" title="Dissident">dissident</a> culture and the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_diaspora" title="Romanian diaspora">Romanian diaspora</a> embraced the image of Michael I as its counterpart to the increasingly official Antonescu myth.<a href="#cite_note-514">[514]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lucian_Boia" title="Lucian Boia">Lucian Boia</a> described this as "the spectacular confrontation between the two contradictory myths [transposing] into historical and mythological terms a fundamental fissure which divides the Romanian society of today."<a href="#cite_note-515">[515]</a> Topics relating to the Holocaust in Romania were distorted during the communist era. Ceaușescu himself mentioned the number of survivors of the deportations (some 50,000 people) as a total number of victims, failed to mention the victims' ethnic background, and presented most of them as "communists and antifascists."<a href="#cite_note-516">[516]</a> The regime also placed emphasis on the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust in Hungary">Holocaust in Northern Transylvania</a> (where the <a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a> had been applied by the Germans and the local <a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party</a>).<a href="#cite_note-517">[517]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a> has said Antonescu has a "pseudo-sacred aura" and many Romanians consider the attempts to diminsh this to be an affront to their national dignity: "In post-Communist societies, fantasies of persecution offer immense gratification to large strata of frustrated individuals". These national views are based on propaganda advanced during the Ceaușescu regime.<a href="#cite_note-:1-489">[489]</a> Earlier accounts of the massacres, which had already been placed under restricted use, were completely removed from public libraries.<a href="#cite_note-518">[518]</a> While a special politicized literature dealt with the Holocaust in Hungary, the entire Ceaușescu period produced only one work entirely dedicated to Romania's participation.<a href="#cite_note-519">[519]</a> Centred on the <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_pogrom" title="Iași pogrom">Iași pogrom</a>, it shifted the blame from Romanian authorities and advanced a drastically reduced death toll.<a href="#cite_note-520">[520]</a> In its preface, official historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Minei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolae Minei (page does not exist)">Nicolae Minei</a> claimed that Romania was not responsible for any deaths among Jews.<a href="#cite_note-521">[521]</a> Other official texts made more radical claims, openly denying that Antonescu's regime was antisemitic, and that all those killed were victims of Germany or of circumstance.<a href="#cite_note-522">[522]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debates_of_the_1990s">Debates of the 1990s</h3></div> Romanians' image of Antonescu shifted several times after the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution_of_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution of 1989">1989 Revolution</a> toppled communism. Polls carried out in the 1990s show the Conducător was well liked by portions of the general public.<a href="#cite_note-523">[523]</a> This tendency, Lucian Boia argues, was similar to a parallel trend favoring <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a>'s 15th century <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Wallachia">Prince</a> <a href="/wiki/Vlad_III_the_Impaler" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlad III the Impaler">Vlad III the Impaler</a>, indicating a preference for "authoritarian solutions" and reflecting "a <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_(gods)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantheon (gods)">pantheon</a> that was largely set in place in the 'Ceaușescu era' ".<a href="#cite_note-524">[524]</a> It was also popular at the time to see the 1944 Coup exclusively as the onset of <a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">communization</a> in Romania,<a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-525">[525]</a> while certain sections of the public opinion revived the notion of "<a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Jewish Bolshevism</a>", accusing Jews of having brought communism to Romania.<a href="#cite_note-526">[526]</a> British historian <a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a> connected such reflexes to growing <a href="/wiki/Anti-Russian_sentiment" title="Anti-Russian sentiment">anti-Russian sentiment</a> and Holocaust denial in various countries of the former <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>, and termed them collectively "mis-memory of anti-communism".<a href="#cite_note-527">[527]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a>, a prominent Romanian-born political scientist, referred to Antonescu's "pseudo-sacred" image with the post-1989 public, and to the phenomenon as "fantasies of persecution."<a href="#cite_note-528">[528]</a> The wartime dictator's image appealed to many politicians of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania_since_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Romania since 1989">post-1989 period</a>, and sporadic calls for his rehabilitation were issued at the highest levels of authority.<a href="#cite_note-r1-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-529">[529]</a> <a href="/wiki/Far_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far right">Far right</a> groups issued calls for his <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonization</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romanian Orthodox Church</a> (together with a similar request to canonize <a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Corneliu Zelea Codreanu</a>).<a href="#cite_note-530">[530]</a> Certain <a href="/wiki/Neofascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neofascism">neofascist</a> groups claim to represent a legacy of Codrenism from which Sima was a <a href="/wiki/Deviationism" title="Deviationism">deviationist</a>, and these have also become Antonescu apologists.<a href="#cite_note-531">[531]</a> A particular case in this process was that of forces gathered around the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania_Party" title="Greater Romania Party">Greater Romania Party</a>, a group often characterized as merging <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobic</a> or neofascist messages and the legacy of Ceaușescu's national communism.<a href="#cite_note-532">[532]</a> Founded by party leader and former Săptămîna contributor <a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Vadim_Tudor" title="Corneliu Vadim Tudor">Corneliu Vadim Tudor</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rom%C3%A2nia_Mare_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="România Mare (magazine) (page does not exist)">România Mare</a> magazine is known to have equated Antonescu and Ceaușescu, presenting them both as "apostles of the Romanian people".<a href="#cite_note-533">[533]</a> In his bid for the office of <a href="/wiki/President_of_Romania" title="President of Romania">President</a> during the <a href="/wiki/1996_Romanian_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1996 Romanian presidential election">1996 election</a>, Vadim Tudor vowed to be a new Antonescu.<a href="#cite_note-534">[534]</a> Boia remarks that this meeting of extremes offers an "extraordinary paradox".<a href="#cite_note-535">[535]</a> Drăgan also openly resumed his activities in Romania, often in collaboration with Vadim Tudor's group,<a href="#cite_note-536">[536]</a> founding three organizations tasked with campaigning for Antonescu's rehabilitation: the media outlet Europa Nova,<a href="#cite_note-537">[537]</a> the Ion Antonescu Foundation and the Ion Antonescu League.<a href="#cite_note-538">[538]</a> His colleague <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radu_Theodoru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radu Theodoru (page does not exist)">Radu Theodoru</a> endorsed such projects while accusing Jews of being "a long-term noxious factor" and claiming that it was actually ethnic Romanians who were victims of a communist Holocaust.<a href="#cite_note-539">[539]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_Coja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ion Coja (page does not exist)">Ion Coja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Goma" title="Paul Goma">Paul Goma</a> notably produced radical claims relying on fabricated evidence and deflecting blame for the crimes onto the Jews themselves.<a href="#cite_note-540">[540]</a> Several journals edited by <a href="/wiki/Ion_Cristoiu" title="Ion Cristoiu">Ion Cristoiu</a> repeatedly argued in favor of Antonescu's rehabilitation, also making xenophobic claims;<a href="#cite_note-541">[541]</a> similar views were sporadically present in national dailies of various hues, such as <a href="/wiki/Ziua" title="Ziua">Ziua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nia_Liber%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="România Liberă">România Liberă</a><a href="#cite_note-542">[542]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adev%C4%83rul" title="Adevărul">Adevărul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-543">[543]</a> Various researchers argue that the overall tendency to exculpate Antonescu was endorsed by the ruling <a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Romania)" title="National Salvation Front (Romania)">National Salvation Front</a> (FSN) and its successor group, later known as <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Romania)" title="Social Democratic Party (Romania)">Social Democratic Party</a>,<a href="#cite_note-544">[544]</a> who complemented an emerging pro-authoritarian lobby while depicting their common opponent King Michael and his supporters as traitors.<a href="#cite_note-545">[545]</a> Similar attempts to deny the role of Antonescu in the Holocaust were also made by the main opposition parties, the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_National_Peasants%27_Party" title="Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party">Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Romania)" title="National Liberal Party (Romania)">National Liberal Party</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Radu_C%C3%A2mpeanu" title="Radu Câmpeanu">Radu Câmpeanu</a>, the latter party's president, publicly describing the wartime leader as a "great Romanian" who tried to defend the Jews.<a href="#cite_note-shafir2010-546">[546]</a> Sections of both governing and opposition groups contemplated the idea of rehabilitating the wartime leader, and, in May 1991, <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Romania" title="Parliament of Romania">Parliament</a> observed a moment of silence in his memory.<a href="#cite_note-547">[547]</a> The perceived governmental tolerance of Antonescu's rehabilitation raised international concern and protests.<a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-548">[548]</a> While the FSN-supported Romanian President <a href="/wiki/Ion_Iliescu" title="Ion Iliescu">Ion Iliescu</a> publicly opposed attempts to rehabilitate Antonescu and acknowledged the "crimes he committed against the Jews", it was his successor, <a href="/wiki/Emil_Constantinescu" title="Emil Constantinescu">Emil Constantinescu</a>, a representative of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Democratic_Convention" title="Romanian Democratic Convention">Democratic Convention</a>, who in 1997 became the first Romanian officeholder to recognize the collective responsibility of Romanian authorities.<a href="#cite_note-549">[549]</a><a href="#cite_note-shafir2010-546">[546]</a> Nevertheless, during the same period, <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney General">Attorney General</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sorin_Moisescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sorin Moisescu (page does not exist)">Sorin Moisescu</a> followed a since-deprecated special <a href="/wiki/Appeal" title="Appeal">appeal</a> procedure to overturn sentences passed against Antonescu and other 1946 defendants, which he eventually withdrew.<a href="#cite_note-550">[550]</a> To a certain degree, such pro-Antonescu sentiments were also present in post-1989 historiography. Reflecting back on this phenomenon in 2004, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Bucur" title="Maria Bucur">Maria Bucur</a> wrote: "the perverse image of Antonescu is not the product of a propaganda campaign led by right-wing extremists, but a pervasive myth fed by historical debates and political contests, and which the public seems indifferent to or accepts unproblematically."<a href="#cite_note-551">[551]</a> After the Revolution, archival sources concerning Antonescu, including those in the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_of_Romania" title="National Archives of Romania">National Archives of Romania</a>, were made more available to researchers, but documents confiscated or compiled by Soviet officials, kept in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, remained largely inaccessible.<a href="#cite_note-552">[552]</a> Although confronted with more evidence from the newly opened archives, several historians, including some employed by official institutions, continued to deny the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust in Romania">Holocaust in Romania</a>, and attributed the death toll exclusively to German units.<a href="#cite_note-553">[553]</a> In parallel, some continued an exclusive focus on Northern Transylvanian massacres.<a href="#cite_note-554">[554]</a> Local authors who have actively promoted Antonescu's image as a hero and wrote apologetic accounts of his politics include historians <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Buzatu" title="Gheorghe Buzatu">Gheorghe Buzatu</a><a href="#cite_note-555">[555]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mihai_Pelin" title="Mihai Pelin">Mihai Pelin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-556">[556]</a> and researcher <a href="/wiki/Alex_Mihai_Stoenescu" title="Alex Mihai Stoenescu">Alex Mihai Stoenescu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-557">[557]</a> Larry L. Watts published a similarly controversial <a href="/wiki/Monograph" title="Monograph">monograph</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-558">[558]</a> Although criticized for denying the uniqueness of the Holocaust and downplaying Antonescu's complicity, <a href="/wiki/Dinu_C._Giurescu" title="Dinu C. Giurescu">Dinu C. Giurescu</a> was recognized as the first <a href="/wiki/Post-Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Communism">post-communist</a> Romanian historian to openly acknowledge his country's participation,<a href="#cite_note-559">[559]</a> while his colleagues <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%98erban_Papacostea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Șerban Papacostea (page does not exist)">Șerban Papacostea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Pippidi" title="Andrei Pippidi">Andrei Pippidi</a> were noted as early critics of attempts to exculpate Antonescu.<a href="#cite_note-560">[560]</a> The matter of crimes in Transnistria and elsewhere was first included within the <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Romania" title="Education in Romania">Romanian curriculum</a> with a 1999 state-approved alternative textbook edited by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sorin_Mitu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sorin Mitu (page does not exist)">Sorin Mitu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-561">[561]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wiesel_Commission_and_aftermath">Wiesel Commission and aftermath</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wiesel_Commission" title="Wiesel Commission">Wiesel Commission</a></div> In 2003, after a period in which his own equivocal stance on the matter had drawn controversy,<a href="#cite_note-562">[562]</a> Constantinescu's successor <a href="/wiki/Ion_Iliescu" title="Ion Iliescu">Ion Iliescu</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Wiesel_Commission" title="Wiesel Commission">Wiesel Commission</a>, an international group of expert historians whose mission was the study of the Holocaust in Romania, later succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Elie_Wiesel_National_Institute_for_Studying_the_Holocaust_in_Romania" title="Elie Wiesel National Institute for Studying the Holocaust in Romania">Elie Wiesel National Institute</a>. The Final Report compiled by the Commission brought the official recognition of Ion Antonescu's participation in the Holocaust.<a href="#cite_note-r1-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-563">[563]</a> After that moment, public displays of support for Antonescu became illegal.<a href="#cite_note-r1-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-dsb-564">[564]</a> Antonescu's <a href="/wiki/SMERSH" title="SMERSH">SMERSH</a> interrogations were recovered from the Russian archives and published in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a> Despite the renewed condemnation and exposure, Antonescu remained a popular figure: as a result of the 2006 <a href="/wiki/100_greatest_Romanians" class="mw-redirect" title="100 greatest Romanians">Mari Români</a> series of polls conducted by the national station <a href="/wiki/TVR_1" title="TVR 1">TVR 1</a>, viewers nominated Antonescu as the 6th greatest Romanian ever.<a href="#cite_note-vgmariro-565">[565]</a> The vote's knockout phase included televised profiles of the ten most popular figures, and saw historian <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a> using the portion dedicated to Antonescu to expose and condemn him, giving voters reasons not to see the dictator as a great Romanian.<a href="#cite_note-vgmariro-565">[565]</a> The approach resulted in notable controversy after <a href="/wiki/Ziua" title="Ziua">Ziua</a> newspaper criticized Cioroianu, who defended himself by stating he had an obligation to tell the truth.<a href="#cite_note-vgmariro-565">[565]</a> The same year, on 5 December, the <a href="/wiki/Bucharest_Court_of_Appeal" title="Bucharest Court of Appeal">Bucharest Court of Appeal</a> overturned Antonescu's conviction for certain <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimes against peace">crimes against peace</a>, on the grounds that the objective conditions of 1940 justified a <a href="/wiki/Preventive_war" title="Preventive war">preventive war</a> against the Soviet Union, which would make Article 3 of the 1933 Convention for the Definition of Aggression inapplicable in his case<a href="#cite_note-bbcmdcrit-375">[375]</a><a href="#cite_note-medfreabil-566">[566]</a><a href="#cite_note-ccchisinau-567">[567]</a> (as well as in those of Alexianu, <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Pantazi" title="Constantin Pantazi">Constantin Pantazi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Vasiliu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantin Vasiliu (page does not exist)">Constantin Vasiliu</a>, Sima, and various Iron Guard politicians).<a href="#cite_note-medfreabil-566">[566]</a> This act raised official protests in <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, the independent state formed in Bessarabia upon the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1985%E2%80%931991)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)">breakup of the Soviet Union</a>, and in Russia, the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Succession_of_states" title="Succession of states">successor state</a>, as well as criticism by historians of the Holocaust.<a href="#cite_note-bbcmdcrit-375">[375]</a><a href="#cite_note-ccchisinau-567">[567]</a><a href="#cite_note-568">[568]</a> The Court of Appeals decision was overturned by the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Cassation_and_Justice" title="High Court of Cassation and Justice">Romanian Supreme Court</a> in May 2008.<a href="#cite_note-medfreabil-566">[566]</a> The same year, Maria Antonescu's collateral inheritors advanced a claim on a <a href="/wiki/Predeal" title="Predeal">Predeal</a> villa belonging to the couple, but a <a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov" title="Brașov">Brașov</a> tribunal rejected their request, citing laws which confiscated the property of war criminals.<a href="#cite_note-569">[569]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_legacy,_portrayals_and_landmarks">Cultural legacy, portrayals and landmarks</h3></div> Beyond their propaganda and censorship efforts, Antonescu and his regime had a sizable impact on <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Romania" title="Culture of Romania">Romanian culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Romania">art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Romania">literature</a>. Owing to austere guidelines on culture and to the circumstances of wartime, this period's direct imprint is less than that of other periods in the country's history. Few large heroes' memorials were built during the war years. Memorials produced at the time were mainly roadside <a href="/wiki/Triptych" title="Triptych">triptychs</a> (troițe).<a href="#cite_note-570">[570]</a> The Heroes' Cult organization received expropriation rights to <a href="/wiki/Jewish_cemetery_on_Sevastopol_Street" title="Jewish cemetery on Sevastopol Street">Bucharest's Jewish cemetery</a> in 1942, and proposed to replace it with a major monument of this category, but that plan was eventually abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-571">[571]</a> Antonescu and his wife preferred donating to Orthodox churches, and were <a href="/wiki/Ktitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ktitor">ktitors</a> of churches in three separate Bucharest areas: Mărgeanului Church in <a href="/wiki/Rahova" title="Rahova">Rahova</a>, one in <a href="/wiki/D%C4%83m%C4%83roaia" title="Dămăroaia">Dămăroaia</a>, and the Saints Constantine and Helena Church in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muncii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muncii (page does not exist)">Muncii</a>, where both the Marshal and his wife are depicted in a mural.<a href="#cite_note-dsb-564">[564]</a> After floods took a toll on his native <a href="/wiki/Arge%C8%99_County" title="Argeș County">Argeș County</a>, the Marshal himself established Antonești, a <a href="/wiki/Model_village" title="Model village">model village</a> in <a href="/wiki/Corbeni" title="Corbeni">Corbeni</a> (partly built by <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainian</a> <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a>, and later passed into state property), while ordering <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric</a> exploitation of the <a href="/wiki/Arge%C8%99_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Argeș River">Argeș River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-572">[572]</a> He also had sporadic contacts with the artistic and literary environment, including an interview he awarded to his supporter, writer <a href="/wiki/Ioan_Alexandru_Br%C4%83tescu-Voine%C8%99ti" title="Ioan Alexandru Brătescu-Voinești">Ioan Alexandru Brătescu-Voinești</a>.<a href="#cite_note-573">[573]</a> His 1946 trial was notably attended and documented by <a href="/wiki/George_C%C4%83linescu" title="George Călinescu">George Călinescu</a> in a series of articles for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Na%C8%9Biunea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Națiunea (page does not exist)">Națiunea</a> journal.<a href="#cite_note-d251-202">[202]</a> Political humor of the 1940s preserved distinct images of the Romanian leader. <a href="/wiki/Romanian_humor" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian humor">Romanian jokes</a> circulated under Antonescu's rule ridiculed his adoption of the title <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshal of Romania">Marshal of Romania</a>, viewing it as a self-promotion and dubbing him the "Auto-Marshal".<a href="#cite_note-574">[574]</a> During the war, Soviet <a href="/wiki/Agitprop" title="Agitprop">agitprop</a> portrayed Antonescu and the other secondary Axis leaders as villains and servile dog-like creatures, representations notably present in <a href="/wiki/Musical_theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical theater">musical theater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puppetry" title="Puppetry">puppetry</a> shows,<a href="#cite_note-575">[575]</a> as well as in press cartoons.<a href="#cite_note-576">[576]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marin_Preda" title="Marin Preda">Marin Preda</a>'s 1975 novel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Delirul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Delirul (page does not exist)">Delirul</a> displays the Ceaușescu regime's ambiguous relationship with Antonescu. Critics John Neubauer and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcel_Cornis-Pope&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcel Cornis-Pope (page does not exist)">Marcel Cornis-Pope</a> remark that the novel is "admittedly not [Preda's] best work", and discuss his "complex representation" of Antonescu as "an essentially flawed but active leader who tried to negotiate some maneuvering room between the demands of Germany and the threats of the Soviet Union [and whose failure] led to the dismantling of Romania's fragile democratic system."<a href="#cite_note-577">[577]</a> The book sought Antonescu's rehabilitation for his attitudes on the Bessarabia-Northern Bukovina issue, but did not include any mention of his antisemitic policies, of which Preda himself may have been ignorant.<a href="#cite_note-578">[578]</a> An international scandal followed, once negative comments on the book were published by the Soviet magazine <a href="/wiki/Literaturnaya_Gazeta" title="Literaturnaya Gazeta">Literaturnaya Gazeta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-579">[579]</a> Although an outspoken nationalist, <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Barbu" title="Eugen Barbu">Eugen Barbu</a> produced a satirical image of Antonescu in his own 1975 novel, Incognito, which was described by Deletant as "character assassination".<a href="#cite_note-580">[580]</a> During the 1990s, monuments to Antonescu were raised and streets were named after him in Bucharest and several other cities.<a href="#cite_note-r1-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-581">[581]</a> Among those directly involved in this process were <a href="/wiki/Iosif_Constantin_Dr%C4%83gan" title="Iosif Constantin Drăgan">Iosif Constantin Drăgan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-dsb-564">[564]</a><a href="#cite_note-582">[582]</a> the nationalist <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Cluj-Napoca" title="List of mayors of Cluj-Napoca">Mayor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Cluj-Napoca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Funar" title="Gheorghe Funar">Gheorghe Funar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-583">[583]</a> and General <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Chelaru" title="Mircea Chelaru">Mircea Chelaru</a>, whose resignation from the Army was subsequently requested and obtained.<a href="#cite_note-dsb-564">[564]</a> Also during that interval, in 1993, filmmaker and <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Romania)" title="Social Democratic Party (Romania)">Social Democratic</a> politician <a href="/wiki/Sergiu_Nicolaescu" title="Sergiu Nicolaescu">Sergiu Nicolaescu</a> produced <a href="/wiki/Oglinda" title="Oglinda">Oglinda</a>, which depicts Antonescu (played by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_Siminie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ion Siminie (page does not exist)">Ion Siminie</a>) apologetically.<a href="#cite_note-584">[584]</a> The rehabilitation trend was also represented at an October 1994 commemorative exhibit at the <a href="/wiki/National_Military_Museum_(Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Military Museum (Romania)">National Military Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-585">[585]</a> The same year, a denialist <a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">documentary film</a>, Destinul mareșalului ("The Marshal's Destiny"), was distributed by state-owned companies, a matter which raised concern.<a href="#cite_note-586">[586]</a> After the Wiesel Commission presented its findings and such public endorsement was outlawed, statues in Antonescu's likeness were torn down or otherwise made unavailable for public viewing.<a href="#cite_note-r1-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-dsb-564">[564]</a><a href="#cite_note-587">[587]</a> An unusual case is that of his Saints Constantine and Helena Church, where, after lengthy debates,<a href="#cite_note-dsb-564">[564]</a> his bust was sealed inside a metal box.<a href="#cite_note-r1-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-r3-148">[148]</a> Outside of this context, the publicized display of Antonescu's portraits and racist slogans by <a href="/wiki/Football_hooliganism" title="Football hooliganism">football hooligans</a> during <a href="/wiki/Liga_I" title="Liga I">Liga I</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Divizia_A_2005%E2%80%9306" class="mw-redirect" title="Divizia A 2005–06">2005–2006 season</a> prompted <a href="/wiki/UEFA" title="UEFA">UEFA</a> intervention (see <a href="/wiki/Racism_Breaks_the_Game" title="Racism Breaks the Game">Racism Breaks the Game</a>).<a href="#cite_note-588">[588]</a> As of 2019, Romania has nine streets named after Antonescu; locations include <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Constanța</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A2mnicu_S%C4%83rat" title="Râmnicu Sărat">Râmnicu Sărat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bechet" title="Bechet">Bechet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-589">[589]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_decorations">Awards and decorations</h2></div> Antonescu received a number of awards and decorations throughout his military career, most notable being the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Michael_the_Brave" title="Order of Michael the Brave">Order of Michael the Brave</a>, which was personally awarded to him by King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand of Romania">Ferdinand I</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Hungarian–Romanian War</a> of 1919.<a href="#cite_note-romanianciv-590">[590]</a> He also received several decorations from foreign countries. He was the first Romanian to receive the <a href="/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross" title="Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross">Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross</a>, being awarded it by Hitler himself.<a href="#cite_note-d83,86,280,305-131">[131]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Award or decoration </th> <th>Country </th> <th>Date </th> <th>Place </th> <th>Note </th> <th>Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Romanian_Military_Virtue_Medal_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7a/Romanian_Military_Virtue_Medal_ribbon.png/80px-Romanian_Military_Virtue_Medal_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7a/Romanian_Military_Virtue_Medal_ribbon.png 1.5x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="30" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Military_Virtue_Medal" title="Military Virtue Medal">Medal of Military Virtue</a> (1st Class in Gold) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a> </td> <td>1913 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Southern_Dobruja" title="Southern Dobruja">Southern Dobruja</a> </td> <td align="left">Romania's highest military decoration at the time. Only received by one other officer in the army during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-591">[591]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Michael_the_Brave_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Order_of_Michael_the_Brave_ribbon.svg/80px-Order_of_Michael_the_Brave_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Order_of_Michael_the_Brave_ribbon.svg/120px-Order_of_Michael_the_Brave_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Order_of_Michael_the_Brave_ribbon.svg/160px-Order_of_Michael_the_Brave_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Michael_the_Brave" title="Order of Michael the Brave">Order of Michael the Brave</a> (3rd, 2nd, and 1st Class received) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a> </td> <td>1919 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tisza_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Tisza River">Tisza River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> </td> <td align="left">Romania's highest military decoration. Upon crossing the River Tisza, King Ferdinand took the Order of Michael the Brave from his own uniform and presented it to Antonescu, saying "Antonescu, no one in this country knows better than the King how much they owe you." </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-romanianciv-590">[590]</a><a href="#cite_note-RomanianArmy-592">[592]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pilot/Observer_Badge" title="Pilot/Observer Badge">Pilot/Observer Badge</a> in Gold with Diamonds </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td>June 1941 </td> <td> </td> <td align="left">Bestowed to honor exceptional success, presented to Antonescu by <a href="/wiki/Reichsmarschall" title="Reichsmarschall">Reichsmarschall</a> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-RomanianArmy-592">[592]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_EK_1_Klasse_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/DEU_EK_1_Klasse_BAR.svg/80px-DEU_EK_1_Klasse_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/DEU_EK_1_Klasse_BAR.svg/120px-DEU_EK_1_Klasse_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/DEU_EK_1_Klasse_BAR.svg/160px-DEU_EK_1_Klasse_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron_Cross" title="Iron Cross">Iron Cross</a> (2nd, and 1st Class received) </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td>6 August 1941 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berdychiv" title="Berdychiv">Berdychiv</a> </td> <td align="left">Awarded for bravery in battle as well as other military contributions in a battlefield environment. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-d83,86,280,305-131">[131]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_EK_Ritter_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/DEU_EK_Ritter_BAR.svg/80px-DEU_EK_Ritter_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/DEU_EK_Ritter_BAR.svg/120px-DEU_EK_Ritter_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/DEU_EK_Ritter_BAR.svg/160px-DEU_EK_Ritter_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross" title="Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross">Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td>6 August 1941 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berdychiv" title="Berdychiv">Berdychiv</a> </td> <td align="left">Nazi Germany's highest decoration for its military and paramilitary forces during World War II. First Romanian to receive the award. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-d83,86,280,305-131">[131]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:FIN_Order_of_the_White_Rose_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/FIN_Order_of_the_White_Rose_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/80px-FIN_Order_of_the_White_Rose_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/FIN_Order_of_the_White_Rose_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/120px-FIN_Order_of_the_White_Rose_Grand_Cross_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/FIN_Order_of_the_White_Rose_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/160px-FIN_Order_of_the_White_Rose_Grand_Cross_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Rose_of_Finland" title="Order of the White Rose of Finland">Grand Cross of the White Rose of Finland with Swords</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> </td> <td>January 1942 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> </td> <td align="left">One of three highest state orders of Finland, established in 1919 by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-593">[593]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Krimschild.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Krimschild.JPG/80px-Krimschild.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Krimschild.JPG/120px-Krimschild.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Krimschild.JPG/160px-Krimschild.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="3000" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Crimea_Shield" title="Crimea Shield">Crimea Shield</a> in gold </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td>3 July 1942 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> </td> <td align="left">The first recipient of this award, bestowed upon Antonescu by <a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Manstein" title="Erich von Manstein">Erich von Manstein</a> on <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a>'s behalf </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-594">[594]</a><a href="#cite_note-595">[595]</a><a href="#cite_note-596">[596]</a><a href="#cite_note-597">[597]</a><a href="#cite_note-598">[598]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:FIN_Order_of_the_Cross_of_Liberty_GCross_war_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/FIN_Order_of_the_Cross_of_Liberty_GCross_war_BAR.svg/80px-FIN_Order_of_the_Cross_of_Liberty_GCross_war_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/FIN_Order_of_the_Cross_of_Liberty_GCross_war_BAR.svg/120px-FIN_Order_of_the_Cross_of_Liberty_GCross_war_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/FIN_Order_of_the_Cross_of_Liberty_GCross_war_BAR.svg/160px-FIN_Order_of_the_Cross_of_Liberty_GCross_war_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Cross_of_Liberty" title="Order of the Cross of Liberty">Grand Cross of the Order of the Cross of Liberty with Swords</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> </td> <td>10 November 1943 </td> <td> </td> <td align="left">The oldest of the Finnish state orders </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-599">[599]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-d37-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-d37_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d37_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d37_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d37_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d37_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d37_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d37_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d37_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d37_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d37_1-9">j</a> Deletant, p. 37 </li> <li id="cite_note-d372-2"><a href="#cite_ref-d372_2-0">^</a> Deletant, p. 37 </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Deletant, pp. 70, 257 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ancel_pages_463-479-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ancel_pages_463-479_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ancel_pages_463-479_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ancel_pages_463-479_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ancel_pages_463-479_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ancel_pages_463-479_4-4">e</a> Ancel, Jean "Antonescu and the Jews" pp. 463–479 from The Holocaust and History The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed and the Reexamined edited by Michael Berenbaum and Abraham Peck, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998 p. 465. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Penkower, pp. 152–153 </li> <li id="cite_note-r1-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-r1_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_6-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_6-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_6-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_6-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_6-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_6-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_6-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_6-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_6-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_6-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_6-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_6-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_6-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_6-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_6-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_6-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_6-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_6-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_6-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_6-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_6-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_6-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_6-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_6-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_6-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_6-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_6-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_6-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_6-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_6-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_6-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_6-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_6-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_6-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_6-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_6-40">ao</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_6-41">ap</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_6-42">aq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_6-43">ar</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_6-44">as</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_6-45">at</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_6-46">au</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_6-47">av</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_6-48">aw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_6-49">ax</a> Delia Radu, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/romanian/news/story/2008/08/080801_serial_antonescu_episod1.shtml">"Serialul 'Ion Antonescu și asumarea istoriei' (1)"</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, Romanian edition, 1 August 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-fv301-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fv301_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fv301_7-1">b</a> Veiga, p. 301 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Deletant, pp. 37–38 </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Prit Buttar, <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>, 22 September 2016, Russia's Last Gasp: The Eastern Front 1916–17, p. 320 </li> <li id="cite_note-d38-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-d38_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d38_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d38_10-2">c</a> Deletant, p. 38 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Larry Watts, Eastern European Monographs, 1993, Romanian Cassandra, p. 43 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Haynes, pp. 113, 115 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Martin Thomas, "To arm an ally: French arms sales to Romania, 1926–1940." Journal of Strategic Studies 19.2 (1996): 231–259. </li> <li id="cite_note-d39-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-d39_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d39_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d39_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d39_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d39_14-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d39_14-5">f</a> Deletant, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-jvg186-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jvg186_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jvg186_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jvg186_15-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/Jaap_van_Ginneken" title="Jaap van Ginneken">Jaap van Ginneken</a>, Crowds, Psychology, and Politics, 1871–1899, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, Cambridge, 1992, p. 186. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-40418-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-40418-5">0-521-40418-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Deletant, pp. 301–302 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Deletant, pp. 39, 45, 290 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Veiga, p. 281 </li> <li id="cite_note-d40-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-d40_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d40_19-1">b</a> Deletant, p. 40 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Deletant, pp. 34, 40–41; Veiga, p. 281 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Deletant, pp. 40–41 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Veiga, pp. 281, 296 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Deletant, pp. 42–43 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Deletant, p. 41 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Final Report, p. 43; Deletant, pp. 34, 42; Veiga, pp. 246–247 </li> <li id="cite_note-d70-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-d70_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d70_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d70_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d70_26-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d70_26-4">e</a> Deletant, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-d42-27"><a href="#cite_ref-d42_27-0">^</a> Deletant, p. 42 </li> <li id="cite_note-itrelatiile-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-itrelatiile_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-itrelatiile_28-1">b</a> (in Romanian) Ilarion Țiu, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revistaerasmus.go.ro/numarul_14/tiu_i2.html">"Relațiile regimului autoritar al lui Carol al II-lea cu opoziția. Studiu de caz: arestarea conducerii Mișcării Legionare"</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍], in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revisaerasmus.go.ro/">Revista Erasmus</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍], 14/2003-2005, at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bucharest" title="University of Bucharest">University of Bucharest</a> Faculty of History </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Deletant, pp. 41–43 </li> <li id="cite_note-d44-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-d44_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d44_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d44_30-2">c</a> Deletant, p. 44 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Charles D. Pettibone, Trafford Publishing, 2012, The Organization and Order or Battle of Militaries in World War II: Volume VII: Germany's and Imperial Japan's Allies & Puppet States, pp. 10–11 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Deletant, pp. 45, 293 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Deletant, pp. 45, 58, 302 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Cioroianu, p. 54; Deletant, pp. 35, 50; Ornea, pp. 320–321; Veiga, p. 257 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Deletant, pp. 3, 10–27, 45–47; Ornea, pp. 323–325; Veiga, pp. 256–257, 266–269 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Deletant, pp. 45–46 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Deletant, pp. 46–47. Deletant notes the determining factor for this decision was Antonescu's link to the Iron Guard. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Deletant, pp. 47, 293 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Final Report, pp. 57, 60; Deletant, p. 47 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Crampton, Richard Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century and After, London: Routledge, 1997 p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Deletant, pp. 48–51, 66; Griffin (1993), p. 126; Ornea, pp. 325–327 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Browning, p. 211 </li> <li id="cite_note-d48-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-d48_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d48_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d48_43-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d48_43-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d48_43-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d48_43-5">f</a> Deletant, p. 48 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Ornea, pp. 325–326. According to Deletant, also present were Maniu's assistants <a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Coposu" title="Corneliu Coposu">Corneliu Coposu</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aurel_Leucu%C8%9Bia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aurel Leucuția (page does not exist)">Aurel Leucuția</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Haynes, Rebecca "Germany and the Establishment of the Romanian National Legionary State, September 1940" pp. 700–725 from The Slavonic and East European Review, Volume 77, Issue # 4. October 1999 p. 711 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Haynes, Rebecca " Germany and the Establishment of the Romanian National Legionary State, September 1940" pp. 700–725 from The Slavonic and East European Review, Volume 77, Issue # 4. October 1999 p. 712. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Kelso, p. 96 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Ornea, pp. 325–327; Roper, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Deletant, pp. 48–49; Ornea, pp. 326–327 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Final Report, p. 320; Morgan, p. 85; Ornea, p. 326 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Ornea, p. 327 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Deletant, pp. 49–50, 52, 194 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Deletant, pp. 49–50 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Cioroianu, p. 54; Deletant, pp. 52–55; Griffin (1993), p. 126; Kelso, p. 96; Roper, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Deletant, pp. 52–55 </li> <li id="cite_note-Crampton,_Richard_pp._117-118-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crampton,_Richard_pp._117-118_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crampton,_Richard_pp._117-118_56-1">b</a> Crampton, Richard Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century and After, London: Routledge, 1997 pp. 117–118. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Deletant, pp. 49–51; Veiga, pp. 279–280. Veiga mentions in particular <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a> organization, who, although inclined to support Sima, advised the latter to let the general take hold of government. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Deletant, p. 49; Ornea, pp. 326–327, 339 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Deletant, pp. 55–56; Ornea, p. 326 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Deletant, pp. 52–68; Gella, p. 171; Geran Pilon, p. 59; Kelso, pp. 96–97; Kenney, pp. 92–93; Morgan, p. 85; Ornea, pp. 326–327; Veiga, pp. 281–282, 296, 327. According to Kelso and Ornea, Antonescu was turned down by all political forces except the Iron Guard. Deletant (pp. 55–56) notes that these refusals were motivated by Sima's requests, which Maniu perceived as excessive. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Deletant, p. 55 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Crampton, Richard Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century and After, London: Routledge, 1997 p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Final Report, pp. 43, 46, 54, 62, 109–112; Browning, p. 211; Deletant, pp. 1–2, 57–68; Gella, p. 171; Geran Pilon, p. 59; Griffin (1993), p. 126; Ioanid, pp. 231–232; Kelso, pp. 96–97; Nicholls, p. 6; Ornea, pp. 58, 215–216, 327–329; Veiga, pp. 281–283 </li> <li id="cite_note-pddlroutl-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pddlroutl_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pddlroutl_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pddlroutl_64-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pddlroutl_64-3">d</a> Peter Davies, Derek Lynch, The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, London, 2002, p. 196. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-21494-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-21494-7">0-415-21494-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Payne-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Payne_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Payne, Stanley</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoffascism00payn">A History of Fascism, 1914–1945</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0203501322" title="Special:BookSources/0203501322"><bdi>0203501322</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Fascism%2C+1914%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0203501322&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryoffascism00payn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIon+Antonescu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Ornea, p. 215 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Deletant, p. 59; Ornea, p. 333 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Deletant, pp. 74–75; Veiga, pp. 280–281, 304 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Haynes, p. 102 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Browning, p. 211; Deletant, p. 61 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Final Report, p. 62; Deletant, p. 61; Veiga, pp. 295–296 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Deletant, pp. 1, 2–3, 61–62, 280; Haynes, pp. 102, 107; Nicholls, p. 225; Veiga, p. 296 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Nicholls, p. 225 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Cioroianu, p. 54; Deletant, pp. 62, 92, 275 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Deletant, p. 51 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Final Report, pp. 19–20, 31, 103, 109–113, 181–183, 185–190, 202–208, 382–385; Achim, pp. 163, 167; Browning, p. 211; Deletant, pp. 59, 62–63, 103–108, 251–252; Kelso, pp. 100–101; Ornea, pp. 331, 393–394; Veiga, pp. 289–290, 296, 301 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Final Report, pp. 19–20, 31, 43, 87, 116–117, 183–199, 320, 384; Deletant, pp. 103–108, 131, 308–314; Ioanid, pp. 231–232; Ornea, p. 391; Weber, p. 160 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Final Report, pp. 183–203, 320; Deletant, pp. 103–107, 131, 308–314 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Final Report, pp. 206–207; Deletant, pp. 58, 104 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Final Report, pp. 46, 109–113, 117–118, 181–182, 186; Ancel (2005 a), pp. 32–33, 317; Deletant, pp. 55–57, 58–68, 104–105; Gella, p. 171; Griffin (1993), pp. 126–127; Ornea, pp. 332–341; Roper, p. 8; Veiga, p. 282 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Deletant, p. 60 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Ornea, pp. 334–335 </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Ornea, pp. 338–339, 341–343; Veiga, pp. 291, 297 </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Deletant, pp. 21, 24, 26, 131, 139–140, 318; Veiga, pp. 282–283, 290–291, 300–301, 305 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Final Report, pp. 46, 110–111; Deletant, pp. 60–61, 297–298, 302; Ornea, pp. 335–341, 347; Veiga, pp. 291–294, 311–312 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Final Report, pp. 110–111; Veiga, pp. 293–295 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Ornea, p. 341 </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Ornea, p. 341; Veiga, pp. 294–295 </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Deletant, pp. 63, 301 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Final Report, pp. 62–63; Veiga, pp. 280, 296 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Deletant, pp. 25–27, 47, 61, 287 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Final Report, p. 63; Deletant, pp. 61–62, 76–78 </li> <li id="cite_note-r2-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-r2_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r2_93-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r2_93-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r2_93-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r2_93-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r2_93-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r2_93-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r2_93-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r2_93-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r2_93-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r2_93-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r2_93-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r2_93-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r2_93-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r2_93-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r2_93-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r2_93-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r2_93-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r2_93-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r2_93-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r2_93-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r2_93-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r2_93-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r2_93-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r2_93-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r2_93-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r2_93-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r2_93-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r2_93-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r2_93-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r2_93-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r2_93-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r2_93-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r2_93-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r2_93-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r2_93-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r2_93-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r2_93-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r2_93-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r2_93-39">an</a> Delia Radu, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/romanian/news/story/2008/08/080801_serial_antonescu_episod2.shtml">"Serialul 'Ion Antonescu și asumarea istoriei' (2)"</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, Romanian edition, 1 August 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Final Report, pp. 62–63, 113; Browning, p. 211; Deletant, pp. 62–68; Griffin (1993), p. 127; Harvey, p. 497; Morgan, pp. 85–86, 188; Nicholls, p. 225; Ornea, pp. 338–339, 342, 345; Roper, p. 8; Veiga, pp. 295–297, 327 </li> <li id="cite_note-dslill228-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dslill228_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dslill228_95-1">b</a> D. S. Lewis, Illusions of Grandeur: Mosley, Fascism and British Society, 1931–81, <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>, Manchester, 1987, p. 228. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-2355-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-2355-6">0-7190-2355-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Veiga, p. 296 </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Deletant, pp. 63–65; Ornea, pp. 342–343; Veiga, pp. 296–297 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Deletant, pp. 64, 299; Veiga, p. 297 </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_99-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_99-2">c</a> Ancel, Jean "Antonescu and the Jews" pp. 463–479 from The Holocaust and History The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed and the Reexamined edited by Michael Berenbaum and Abraham Peck, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998 p. 466. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Final Report, pp. 43, 46, 62–63, 103, 112–115, 181, 208, 382; Ancel (2005 a), pp. 33, 402–403, 408; Browning, pp. 211–212; Deletant, pp. 64–68, 71–72; Ioanid, pp. 232, 236; Ornea, pp. 219, 250, 284, 343–348; Penkower, pp. 148–149; Veiga, pp. 297–304, 312–313 </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Deletant, pp. 64–65, 299; Ornea, p. 343 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Final Report, p. 186; Deletant, pp. 64–65, 105–106; Ornea, p. 343; Veiga, pp. 297–298 </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Deletant, pp. 64–65; Ornea, p. 343; Veiga, p. 298 </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Final Report, pp. 43, 46, 103, 112–115, 208, 382; Ancel (2005 a), pp. 402–403; Browning, pp. 211–212; Deletant, pp. 66, 71–72, 299–300; Ioanid, p. 232; Veiga, pp. 298–299, 301 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Final Report, pp. 62–63, 125; Harvey, p. 497; Veiga, pp. 301–302, 313 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Final Report, p. 63; Harvey, pp. 497–498 </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Final Report, pp. 63, 382; Browning, pp. 211–212; Harvey, p. 498 </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Browning, p. 212; Deletant, p. 87; Harvey, p. 498; Morgan, p. 188; Veiga, pp. 301–302 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Ornea, pp. 329–331, 346–348 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Deletant, pp. 68, 301 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Deletant, p. 280 </li> <li id="cite_note-d62-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-d62_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d62_112-1">b</a> Deletant, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Final Report, pp. 65, 168; Deletant, pp. 1, 280; Harvey, p. 498 </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Weinberg, Gerhard A World At Arms, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994 pp. 195–196. </li> <li id="cite_note-adh498-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-adh498_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-adh498_115-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-adh498_115-2">c</a> Harvey, p. 498. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Ancel, Jean The History of the Holocaust in Romania, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2011 p. 214 </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Final Report, pp. 63–64; Deletant, pp. 61–63, 75–76, 304 </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Deletant, pp. 26–27, 75 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ancel,_Jean_pp._325-326-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ancel,_Jean_pp._325-326_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ancel,_Jean_pp._325-326_119-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ancel,_Jean_pp._325-326_119-2">c</a> Ancel, Jean The History of the Holocaust in Romania, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2011, pp. 325–326 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ancel,_Jean,_p._325-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ancel,_Jean,_p._325_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ancel,_Jean,_p._325_120-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ancel,_Jean,_p._325_120-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ancel,_Jean,_p._325_120-3">d</a> Ancel, Jean The History of the Holocaust in Romania, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2011, p. 325 </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Ancel, Jean, The History of the Holocaust in Romania, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2011, p. 326 </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Deletant, pp. 78–80, 83 </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Ancel, Jean The History of the Holocaust in Romania, Lincoln: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>, 2011, p. 436. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ancel,_Jean_page_437-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ancel,_Jean_page_437_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ancel,_Jean_page_437_124-1">b</a> Ancel, Jean The History of the Holocaust in Romania, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2011, p. 437. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Final Report, p. 253; Deletant, pp. 80, 83 </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Deletant, p. 80 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Final Report, pp. 120–126, 200, 204, 208–209, 243–244, 285–286, 315, 321, 323, 327–329; Ancel (2005 a), passim; Deletant, pp. 130–140, 316–317; Ioanid, p. 233; Trașcă, pp. 398–399; Weber, p. 167 </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Ancel, Jean "Antonescu and the Jews" pp. 463–479 from The Holocaust and History The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed and the Reexamined edited by Michael Berenbaum and Abraham Peck, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998 pp. 464, 467. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_129-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_129-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_129-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_129-4">e</a> Ancel, Jean "Antonescu and the Jews" pp. 463–479 from The Holocaust and History The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed and the Reexamined edited by Michael Berenbaum and Abraham Peck, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998 p. 467. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ancel,_Jean_pages_438-439-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ancel,_Jean_pages_438-439_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ancel,_Jean_pages_438-439_130-1">b</a> Ancel, Jean The History of the Holocaust in Romania, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2011, pp. 438–439 </li> <li id="cite_note-d83,86,280,305-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-d83,86,280,305_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d83,86,280,305_131-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d83,86,280,305_131-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d83,86,280,305_131-3">d</a> Deletant, pp. 83, 86, 280, 305 </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Final Report, p. 320; Boia, pp. 270–271; Deletant, pp. 51, 84–87, 90–91, 254; King, pp. 93–94; Trașcă, pp. 377–380 </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Achim, pp. 171, 184; Browning, p. 277; Deletant, pp. 86–87; King, pp. 93–94; Trașcă, p. 380sqq </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_134-1">b</a> Ancel, Jean The History of the Holocaust in Romania, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2011, pp. 334–335. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Deletant, p. 166; Trașcă, p. 384 </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Ancel, Jean The History of the Holocaust in Romania, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2011, p. 334. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ancel,_Jean_page_335-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ancel,_Jean_page_335_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ancel,_Jean_page_335_137-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ancel,_Jean_page_335_137-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ancel,_Jean_page_335_137-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ancel,_Jean_page_335_137-4">e</a> Ancel, Jean The History of the Holocaust in Romania, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2011, p. 335. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ancel,_Jean_pages_459-460-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ancel,_Jean_pages_459-460_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ancel,_Jean_pages_459-460_138-1">b</a> Ancel, Jean The History of the Holocaust in Romania, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2011, pp. 459–460. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Ancel, Jean The History of the Holocaust in Romania, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2011, p. 304. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Deletant, pp. 77–78, 83, 94–96 </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Trașcă, pp. 385–389 </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Deletant, pp. 87–88; Trașcă, pp. 385–387 </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Final Report, pp. 150–157, 245, 321, 323; Ancel (2005 a), p. 291; Deletant, pp. 171–177, 248–253, 261, 276–277, 328–329; Trașcă, p. 389sqq </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Deletant, pp. 167–168; Gella, p. 171 </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Nicholls, p. 6; White, p. 175 </li> <li id="cite_note-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_521-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_521_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_521_146-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_521_146-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_521_146-3">d</a> Weinberg, Gerhard A World At Arms, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994 p. 521. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Third Axis Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945, by Mark Axworthy, Cornel Scafeş and Cristian Crăciunoiu, p. 73 </li> <li id="cite_note-r3-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-40">ao</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-41">ap</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-42">aq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-43">ar</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-44">as</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-45">at</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-46">au</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-47">av</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-48">aw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-49">ax</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-50">ay</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-51">az</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-52">ba</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-53">bb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-54">bc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_148-55">bd</a> Delia Radu, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/romanian/news/story/2008/08/080801_serial_antonescu_episod3.shtml">"Serialul 'Ion Antonescu și asumarea istoriei' (3)"</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, Romanian edition, 1 August 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-d2-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-d2_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d2_149-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d2_149-2">c</a> Deletant, p. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Nicholls, p. 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Deletant, pp. 90–92 </li> <li id="cite_note-d92-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-d92_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d92_152-1">b</a> Deletant, p. 92 </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Deletant, pp. 96–97, 99; Gella, p. 171; Penkower, p. 161 </li> <li id="cite_note-Weinberg,_Gerhard_pages_460-461-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weinberg,_Gerhard_pages_460-461_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weinberg,_Gerhard_pages_460-461_154-1">b</a> Weinberg, Gerhard A World At Arms, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994 pp. 460–461. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Deletant, pp. 209–210, 335 </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Traudl_Junge" title="Traudl Junge">Traudl Junge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melissa_M%C3%BCller" title="Melissa Müller">Melissa Müller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Until_the_Final_Hour" title="Until the Final Hour">Até o fim: Os últimos dias de Hitler contados por sua secretária</a>, Ediouro Publicações, Rio de Janeiro, 2005, pp. 106–107, 191. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/85-00-01682-5" title="Special:BookSources/85-00-01682-5">85-00-01682-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Deletant, pp. 98–99 </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Final Report, pp. 63, 117, 168; Deletant, pp. 26–27, 75; Harvey, p. 545 </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> Harvey, p. 545 </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Deletant, p. 26; Harvey, pp. 544–545 </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Deletant, pp. 26–27 </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Chant, p. 75; Deletant, p. 27; Gella, p. 171 </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Gella, p. 173; Weber, p. 164 </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Third Axis Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945, by Mark Axworthy, Cornel Scafeş and Cristian Crăciunoiu, p. 228 </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Third Axis Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945, by Mark Axworthy, Cornel Scafeş and Cristian Crăciunoiu, p. 229 </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> Steven J. Zaloga, Tanks of Hitler’s Eastern Allies 1941–45, p. 31 </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> Final Report, p. 252; Cioroianu, p. 51; Deletant, pp. 230–240, 341–344; Penkower, pp. 153, 161 </li> <li id="cite_note-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_461-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_461_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_461_168-1">b</a> Weinberg, Gerhard A World At Arms, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994 p. 461. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> Deletant, pp. 75, 231–240, 341–344; Roper, pp. 8, 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> Deletant, pp. 231, 233–234, 236–239, 342–345 </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Deletant, pp. 234–236 </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Deletant, pp. 237–240, 343–344; Roper, p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> Deletant, pp. 236, 337 </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Chant, p. 124; Deletant, pp. 234–235, 342 </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> Deletant, p. 231; White, p. 158 </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Deletant, pp. 233–234, 238–239; Kelso, p. 129 </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> Cioroianu, pp. 51–52; Deletant, pp. 237–240, 343–344; Gella, p. 172; Roper, pp. 8–9, 13–14 </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Deletant, pp. 238–240, 343–344 </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> Cioroianu, p. 51; Deletant, pp. 238–239, 344; Roper, p. 14; Weber, p. 156 </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> Deletant, pp. 240, 344; Kelso, p. 129; Nicholls, p. 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Chant, pp. 84, 303 </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Deletant, pp. 239–240 </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> Chant, p. 124; Deletant, p. 237 </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> Ancel (2005 a), p. 321; Bucur (2004), pp. 173–176; Chant, pp. 84–85, 124–125, 303; Cioroianu, pp. 50–55; Deletant, pp. 3–4, 241–246, 265–266, 343–346; Gella, p. 172; Guran & Ștefan, p. 112; Ioanid, pp. 235–236; Kelso, p. 129; Kenney, p. 93; Kent, p. 52; King, p. 94; Morgan, p. 188; Nicholls, pp. 6, 166–167; Roper, pp. 13–15; Weber, pp. 152–154, 158–159; White, p. 158 </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> Deletant, pp. 241–242; Roper, p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> Cioroianu, p. 55; Deletant, pp. 242–243; Roper, p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> Chant, pp. 84–85, 124–125, 303; Gella, p. 172; Kelso, p. 129 </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> Chant, p. 122 </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> Final Report, p. 316; Cioroianu, p. 51; Deletant, pp. 247–248; Kelso, p. 130; Nicholls, pp. 167, 225 </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> Harvey, p. 498; Morgan, p. 188; Veiga, pp. 302–303, 313–314 </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> Deletant, pp. 243–244, 345–346 </li> <li id="cite_note-d244-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-d244_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d244_192-1">b</a> Deletant, p. 244 </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> Cioroianu, p. 296; Deletant, pp. 244, 246 </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> Deletant, pp. 246, 346 </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> Deletant, p. 249 </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> Final Report, pp. 317–331; Cioroianu, pp. 295–296; Deletant, pp. 245–261, 346–350; Frankowski, pp. 218–219 </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> Final Report, pp. 316, 319–320, 331; Deletant, pp. 247–248, 261 </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> Final Report, pp. 316–317; Frankowski, p. 219; Ioanid, p. 235 </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> Final Report, pp. 313–331; Cioroianu, pp. 295–296; Deletant, pp. 245–261; Frankowski, pp. 218–219 </li> <li id="cite_note-d248,255-200">^ <a href="#cite_ref-d248,255_200-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d248,255_200-1">b</a> Deletant, pp. 248, 255 </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> Final Report, p. 314; Deletant, pp. 172, 248–249, 328 </li> <li id="cite_note-d251-202">^ <a href="#cite_ref-d251_202-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d251_202-1">b</a> Deletant, p. 251 </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> Final Report, pp. 313, 322; Deletant, pp. 250–251 </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> Final Report, pp. 320–321; Deletant, p. 248 </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> Final Report, p. 321 </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> Final Report, pp. 240–241, 252, 321–322; Achim, p. 168; Deletant, pp. 73, 252–255, 261, 276–277; Kelso, p. 97 </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> Final Report, p. 245; Deletant, pp. 173–174, 252–253, 261, 276–277, 329 </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> Deletant, pp. 255–256, 348 </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> Deletant, pp. 248, 261 </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> Deletant, pp. 255–257, 349–350 </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> Deletant, pp. 256–259, 349–350 </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> Deletant, pp. 259, 350 </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> Deletant, pp. 5, 259 </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> Deletant, p. 259 </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> Cioroianu, p. 296; Deletant, p. 259 </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> Deletant, p. 260 </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> Final Report, pp. 171–172; Deletant, pp. 61–62, 75–76, 79, 167; Haynes, pp. 106–110, 120; Ioanid, p. 245; Trașcă, pp. 380–385 </li> <li id="cite_note-k224-218">^ <a href="#cite_ref-k224_218-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-k224_218-1">b</a> Kent, p. 224. </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> Deletant, p. 76; Haynes, pp. 99–100, 102–109. </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> Deletant, p. 76; Haynes, pp. 99–100, 108–110, 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> Deletant, pp. 76, 326. </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> Haynes, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <a href="/wiki/John_S._Koliopoulos" title="John S. Koliopoulos">John S. Koliopoulos</a>, Plundered Loyalties: Axis Occupation and Civil Strife in Greek West Macedonia, 1941–1949, <a href="/wiki/C._Hurst_%26_Co._Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Hurst & Co. Publishers">C. Hurst & Co. Publishers</a>, London, 1999, pp. 87–88. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85065-381-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85065-381-X">1-85065-381-X</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> Final Report, pp. 171–172, 253; Deletant, pp. 62, 85–87, 93; Trașcă, pp. 379–380. </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> Deletant, p. 85. Partly rendered in Trașcă, p. 378. </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> Achim, p. 184; Boia, p. 270; Deletant, pp. 167, 326; Trașcă, pp. 380–385; White, pp. 157–158. </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> Trașcă, pp. 380–382. </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> King, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> Deletant, pp. 253–254. </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> Boia, pp. 270–271. </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> Final Report, p. 253; Gella, p. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-t383-232">^ <a href="#cite_ref-t383_232-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-t383_232-1">b</a> Trașcă, p. 383. </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> Deletant, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> Deletant, pp. 152–153; Trașcă, p. 383. </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> Deletant, pp. 325–326; Haynes, pp. 119–120; White, p. 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> Final Report, pp. 116, 181. </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> Final Report, pp. 246–247, 248, 322–323. </li> <li id="cite_note-fr243-238">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fr243_238-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fr243_238-1">b</a> Final Report, p. 243. </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> Boia, p. 260. </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> Final Report, pp. 116, 127–128, 181–182, 184, 202–203, 323, 325, 383, 385; Deletant, pp. 1, 128–129; Trașcă, pp. 388–389. </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> Final Report, pp. 101, 209–211, 243–247, 384; Deletant, pp. 15–20, 116–120, 128–129, 138, 140–141, 210–211, 259, 276–277, 318; Ioanid, pp. 232–233; Penkower, p. 182; Trașcă, pp. 387–389. </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> Final Report, pp. 82–86, 247, 285; Deletant, pp. 15–20, 140–142, 318; Ioanid, p. 232; Trașcă, p. 387. Several researchers mention violence committed by retreating Romanian troops against the <a href="/wiki/Bessarabian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Bessarabian Jews">Bessarabian Jews</a> (Browning, pp. 275–276; Deletant, p. 18; King p. 93) or the retaliatory <a href="/wiki/Dorohoi_pogrom" title="Dorohoi pogrom">Dorohoi pogrom</a> (Final Report, pp. 84–86). </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> Boia, pp. 258–259; Deletant, pp. 15–20; Ornea, p. 394. </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> Deletant, p. 85. Partly rendered in Final Report, p. 244 and Trașcă, p. 388. </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> Final Report, pp. 120–122, 127–142, 169, 175–177, 321; Ancel (2005 a), pp. 15–19, 291, 402; Deletant, pp. 79, 116–118, 127–130, 142–150, 155–156, 319; Polonsky, p. 27. The term used by <a href="/wiki/Mihai_Antonescu" title="Mihai Antonescu">Mihai Antonescu</a> in his recommendations to the Romanian administrators is "ethnic purification", as confinement to "labor camps, where Jews and other foreigners with doubtful attitudes will not be able to exercise their prejudicial influences." (Ioanid, p. 232); Achim, p. 167; Browning, p. 276; Trașcă, pp. 387–389. </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> Deletant, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> Final Report, pp. 133–134; Deletant, pp. 118, 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> Ancel (2005 b), p. 234. </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> Final Report, pp. 225–228, 240–241; Achim, pp. 168–169; Deletant, pp. 189–190; Ioanid, p. 234; Kelso, pp. 97–98. </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> Final Report, p. 229; Achim, p. 169; Deletant, p. 192; Ioanid, p. 234; Kelso, pp. 101, 105, 124–127. </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> Final Report, pp. 225–226; Achim, pp. 166–167; Deletant, pp. 187–189. </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> Final Report, pp. 227, 240–241; Achim, pp. 168, 171; Deletant, pp. 188–189, 254. </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> Final Report, pp. 225–226; Achim, pp. 168, 171; Deletant, p. 188. </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> Kelso, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> Final Report, pp. 223–228; Achim, pp. 164–168. </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> Final Report, p. 227; Achim, p. 168; Deletant, pp. 187–188. </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> According to Achim (pp. 167–170, 179, 182–183, 185) and Deletant (pp. 189–190), the measures reflected Antonescu's views on "social problems" more than a racist perspective. However, Kelso (pp. 99–100) believes the report was a notable factor in the decision to deport the Romani people. </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Zeev_Sternhell" title="Zeev Sternhell">Zeev Sternhell</a>, Neither Right nor Left: Fascist Ideology in France, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, Princeton, 1996, p. 5. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-00629-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-00629-6">0-691-00629-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-hs292-259">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hs292_259-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hs292_259-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Hagen_Schulze" title="Hagen Schulze">Hagen Schulze</a>, States, Nations and Nationalism, <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Publishing">Blackwell Publishing</a>, Oxford, 2002, p. 292. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-20933-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-20933-6">0-631-20933-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Griffin" title="Roger Griffin">Roger Griffin</a>, "Staging the Nation's Rebirth: The Politics and Aesthetics of Performance in the Context of Fascist Studies", in Günter Berghaus (ed.), Fascism and Theatre, <a href="/wiki/Berghahn_Books" title="Berghahn Books">Berghahn Books</a>, Providence, 1996, p. 18. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57181-877-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-57181-877-4">1-57181-877-4</a>. Griffin also draws direct comparisons between Antonescu's conflict with the Iron Guard on one hand and <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">António de Oliveira Salazar</a>'s clash with the <a href="/wiki/National_Syndicalists_(Portugal)" title="National Syndicalists (Portugal)">National Syndicalists</a> (1993, pp. 151–152). </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> Laqueur, pp. 203, 205; Morgan, p. 86; Roper, pp. 8, 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> Veiga, pp. 281–283, 290, 296, 305, 327; White, p. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> Final Report, pp. 115, 323. </li> <li id="cite_note-rg93127-264">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rg93127_264-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rg93127_264-1">b</a> Griffin (1993), p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Paxton" title="Robert Paxton">Robert O. Paxton</a>, "The Five Stages of Fascism", in Brian Jenkins (ed.), France in the Era of Fascism: Essays on the French Authoritarian Right, Berghahn Books, Providence, 2007, p. 119. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57181-537-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-57181-537-6">1-57181-537-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-jgckwolchik-266">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jgckwolchik_266-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jgckwolchik_266-1">b</a> John Gledhill, <a href="/wiki/Charles_King_(professor_of_international_affairs)" title="Charles King (professor of international affairs)">Charles King</a>, "Romania since 1989: Living beyond the Past", in Sharon L. Wolchik, Jane L. Curry, Central and East European Politics: From Communism to Democracy, <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>, Lanham, 2007, p. 319. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-4067-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-4067-7">0-7425-4067-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> Final Report, pp. 115–116, 237, 313, 316, 322–324, 384–385; Achim, pp. 167, 180; Ancel (2005 b), pp. 234, 245, 255; Boia, pp. 118–119; Gella, pp. 171, 172, 173; Ioanid, pp. 232, 235, 237–238, 244, 245; Kenney, pp. 92–93; Nicholls, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> Deletant, pp. 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Mann_(sociologist)" title="Michael Mann (sociologist)">Michael Mann</a>, "The Sources of Social Power Revisited: A Response to Criticism", in John A. Hall, Ralph Schroeder (eds.), An Anatomy of Power. The Social Theory of Michael Mann, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, Cambridge, 2006, p. 350. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-85000-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-85000-2">0-521-85000-2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> Geran Pilon, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> Boia, pp. 316–317 </li> <li id="cite_note-ameternal-272">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ameternal_272-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ameternal_272-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ameternal_272-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ameternal_272-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ameternal_272-4">e</a> Adrian Majuru, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plural-magazine.com/article_king_carol_ii_and_the_myth_of_eternal_romania.html">"King Carol II and the Myth of Eternal Romania"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715093814/http://www.plural-magazine.com/article_king_carol_ii_and_the_myth_of_eternal_romania.html#">Archived</a> 15 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Cultural_Institute" title="Romanian Cultural Institute">Romanian Cultural Institute</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plural-magazine.com/">Plural Magazine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120321152817/http://www.plural-magazine.com/">Archived</a> 21 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Nr. 29/2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-d69-273">^ <a href="#cite_ref-d69_273-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d69_273-1">b</a> Deletant, p. 69 </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> Deletant, p. 71 </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> Deletant, pp. 70–71 </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> Harvey, pp. 544–545; Steven Béla Várady, "Hungarian Americans during World War II: Their Role in Defending Hungary's Interests", in Mieczysław B. Biskupski (ed.), Ideology, Politics, and Diplomacy in East Central Europe, University of Rochester Press, Rochester, p. 145. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58046-137-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-58046-137-9">1-58046-137-9</a>; Achim, p. 167 </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> Deletant, p. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> Deletant, p. 53 </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> Final Report, pp. 31, 43, 117, 384–385 </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> Morgan, p. 85 </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> Final Report, pp. 31–32, 43, 116, 253, 384 </li> <li id="cite_note-d72-282">^ <a href="#cite_ref-d72_282-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d72_282-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d72_282-2">c</a> Deletant, p. 72 </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> Final Report, pp. 139, 141; Deletant, pp. 72, 87–88, 152–153, 166–171, 277, 321–327; Trașcă, pp. 384–385 </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> Final Report, p. 139; Deletant, pp. 72, 83, 87–88, 153, 277, 305, 322, 324 </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> Final Report, pp. 118–119, 385; Deletant, pp. 69–70, 72, 88–90, 169–170, 277, 327 </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> Deletant, p. 59 </li> <li id="cite_note-rw136-287">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rw136_287-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rw136_287-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rw136_287-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner_(novelist)" title="Richard Wagner (novelist)">Richard Wagner</a>, "Ethnic Germans in Romania", in <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Wolff" title="Stefan Wolff">Stefan Wolff</a> (ed.), German Minorities in Europe: Ethnic Identity and Cultural Belonging, Berghahn Books, Providence, 2000, p. 136. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57181-738-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-57181-738-7">1-57181-738-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> Deletant, p. 168 </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> Achim, p. 169; Deletant, pp. 70–71; Frankowski, p. 217 </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> Deletant, pp. 71–72, 253; Frankowski, p. 217 </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> Veiga, p. 305 </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> Bucur (2006), p. 182 </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> Final Report, pp. 92, 96; Bucur (2006), p. 191; Deletant, pp. 114, 231 </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> Final Report, pp. 92, 96; Ornea, pp. 249–250 </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> Final Report, pp. 92–102 </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> Final Report, p. 97 </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> Final Report, pp. 92–93; Ancel (2005 a), p. 403 </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> Ornea, pp. 281–282, 284–285 </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> Final Report, pp. 91–107, 117, 204, 284–285, 383, 385; Ancel (2005 a), pp. 406–408; (2005 b), pp. 231–232, 234–235; Bucur (2006), p. 186; Deletant, pp. 114, 138, 140; Neubauer et al., p. 150; Trașcă, pp. 387, 389 </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> Trașcă, pp. 387, 389. Among these, Trașcă cites (p. 387): "The Romanian and German armies are fighting against <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> and the kikes, not against the <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russian</a> soldier and people!" and "The war was provoked by the kikes of the entire world. Fight against the warmongers!" </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> Final Report, p. 94; Ancel (2005 a), pp. 403, 407; Deletant, pp. 81–82, 83, 92–93, 101, 304–305; Harvey, p. 498; Nicholls, p. 225 </li> <li id="cite_note-t379-302">^ <a href="#cite_ref-t379_302-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-t379_302-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-t379_302-2">c</a> Trașcă, p. 379 </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> Deletant, p. 54 </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> Ornea, pp. 320, 342–343 </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> Ioanid, p. 232; Ornea, p. 393 </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> Final Report, pp. 118–119, 197–199, 201, 206, 291–292; Browning, p. 211; Deletant, pp. 103, 108–113, 120, 123–124, 159, 201, 207, 211, 310–311, 381; Kelso, pp. 100–101 </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> Final Report, pp. 118–119, 184, 199–201, 206, 292–293, 381; Deletant, pp. 115–116, 310 </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> Final Report, pp. 63, 183–214, 220–221, 238, 290–291, 381; Browning, p. 211; Deletant, pp. 103–106, 198–199, 308–314; Ioanid, p. 232; Ornea, pp. 393–394 </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> Final Report, pp. 19–20, 63, 92, 117, 168–169, 181–182, 185–195, 202–203, 238, 250, 384–385; Deletant, pp. 106–108, 123, 210–211; Kelso, pp. 100–101; Ornea, pp. 393–394 </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> Final Report, pp. 120, 243; Ancel (2005 a), pp. 17–46, 100–108, 403; Deletant, pp. 130–132 </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> Final Report, pp. 120–123, 200, 208–209, 244, 329; Ancel (2005 a), pp. 11–12, 40–46, 49–51, 57–58, 69–70, 73, 100–110, 130, 161–163, 169, 274, 325; Deletant, pp. 130–134, 138 </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> Final Report, pp. 120–126, 200, 204, 208–209, 243–244, 285–286, 315, 323, 323, 327–329; Ancel (2005 a), passim; Browning, pp. 276–277; Deletant, pp. 133–140; Ioanid, pp. 233, 236; Laqueur, p. 206; Penkower, p. 149; Polonsky, p. 27; Veiga, pp. 300, 312; Weber, p. 167 </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> Final Report, pp. 125–126, 209, 295; Ancel (2005 a), pp. 12, 130, 151–344; Deletant, pp. 134–137, 317 </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> Final Report, p. 126; Deletant, pp. 130, 136–137; Polonsky, p. 27 </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> Deletant, pp. 137, 316; Ioanid, p. 233; Penkower, p. 149; Polonsky, p. 27 </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> Final Report, pp. 321, 329; Deletant, p. 137; Ioanid, pp. 233, 236 </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> Final Report, pp. 126, 382; Ancel (2005 a), pp. 11, 15, 390–393; Deletant, p. 316; Weber, p. 167 </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> Final Report, pp. 121–125, 208–209; Ancel (2005 a), pp. 11–12, 15–19, 22–23, 26–33, 40–46, 49–51, 57–58, 69–70, 73, 100–110, 130, 141–154, 158–169, 238–247, 274, 290–293, 325, 422–427; Deletant, pp. 137–140, 252, 276, 317; Ioanid, p. 233; Trașcă, pp. 398–399. According to Ioanid, German participation in the Romanian-coordinated operation resulted in, at most, 3,000 of the deaths of a total 10,000 to 12,000. </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> Final Report, pp. 121, 122; Ancel (2005 a), pp. 21–22, 26–30, 50–51, 149, 328, 391, 414, 416; Deletant, pp. 137, 317; Weber, p. 167 </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> Final Report, p. 124; Ancel (2005 a), pp. 12, 158, 175–189, 317–328, 379–422; Deletant, pp. 138–139 </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> Final Report, pp. 66, 125, 128–134, 141, 175–177; Ancel (2005 a), pp. 21, 361–365, 402; Browning, pp. 275–277; Deletant, pp. 127–128, 143–149, 275, 314, 319–321; Ioanid, p. 233; Penkower, p. 149 </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> Browning, p. 276; Ioanid, p. 233 </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> Deletant, pp. 127, 314 </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> Browning, pp. 275, 276, 277. He also notes (p. 275): "Hungarian soldiers seem to have largely abstained from following the German example". </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> Final Report, pp. 65–66, 134–136, 176–177, 244–245, 383; Deletant, pp. 128, 142–152, 171, 321–322; Polonsky, pp. 27–28 </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> Polonsky, pp. 27–28. Partly rendered in Final Report, pp. 127–128; Ancel (2005 a), p. 408; Deletant, pp. 142–143 </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> Deletant, p. 155 </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> Final Report, p. 175; Deletant, p. 120 </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-329">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_329-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_329-1">b</a> Ancel, Jean "Antonescu and the Jews" pp. 463–479 from The Holocaust and History The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed and the Reexamined edited by Michael Berenbaum and Abraham Peck, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998 p. 468. </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> Final Report, pp. 135–136, 244–245 </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> Final Report, pp. 65–66, 135–136; Deletant, pp. 151–152, 171 </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> Final Report, pp. 65–66, 135–136, 383; Deletant, pp. 150–152 </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> Final Report, pp. 66, 136–137, 200–201; Deletant, pp. 124, 146–149, 152–153, 184–187; Ioanid, p. 233 </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> Final Report, p. 138sqq; Ancel (2005 b), passim; Deletant, pp. 116, 123–126, 141–142, 152–230, 275, 321–341; Ioanid, pp. 231, 233–234; Kelso, pp. 100–101; Ornea, pp. 394–395; Weber, passim </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> Final Report, p. 244; Deletant, pp. 153, 322–323 </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> Final Report, pp. 26, 139–140, 210–211; Deletant, pp. 152–165, 171; Penkower, p. 149; Weber, p. 151 </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> Final Report, p. 244; Deletant, pp. 152–153, 155 </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceD-338">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceD_338-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceD_338-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceD_338-2">c</a> Ancel, Jean "Antonescu and the Jews" pp. 463–479 from The Holocaust and History The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed and the Reexamined edited by Michael Berenbaum and Abraham Peck, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998 p. 469. </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> Final Report, pp. 139–140, 185–186, 201, 244–246; Ancel (2005 b), p. 232; Deletant, pp. 107–108, 152–155, 207, 329 </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> Final Report, pp. 144–146, 178–179, 382; Ancel (2005 b), p. 231; Deletant, pp. 127, 128, 170–171, 177–180, 314–315, 329–331; Ioanid, pp. 231, 233–235, 236 </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> Final Report, pp. 143, 146, 179, 385–386; Deletant, pp. 177–184 </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> Final Report, pp. 146–150, 293; Deletant, pp. 171, 177–184, 195, 323 </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> Ancel, Jean "Antonescu and the Jews" pp. 463–479 from The Holocaust and History The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed and the Reexamined edited by Michael Berenbaum and Abraham Peck, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998 p. 472. </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> Ancel, Jean "Antonescu and the Jews" pp. 463–479 from The Holocaust and History The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed and the Reexamined edited by Michael Berenbaum and Abraham Peck, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998 pp. 471–474. </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> Deletant, pp. 161, 165 </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> Final Report, pp. 226–241, 250, 252; Achim, pp. 168–180; Deletant, pp. 187–196, 331–332; Ioanid, p. 234; Kelso, pp. 98, 100sqq; Weber, p. 151 </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> Deletant, pp. 73, 187, 254 </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> Final Report, pp. 225–226; Achim, p. 168; Deletant, pp. 73, 189–190, 254 </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> Final Report, pp. 226–230; Achim, pp. 171–175; Deletant, pp. 190–192; Kelso, pp. 101, 103–104, 105, 108, 112, 124–127 </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> Final Report, pp. 228–229; Achim, pp. 172–173; Deletant, pp. 191–192; Kelso, p. 112 </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> Kelso, pp. 98, 100 </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> Final Report, pp. 229, 240; Achim, p. 174; Deletant, p. 191; Kelso, pp. 101, 113 </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> Achim, pp. 173–174; Deletant, p. 191; Ioanid, p. 234; Kelso, pp. 110–114. Ioanid mentions that 40 pounds was the accepted limit. </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a> Final Report, pp. 231–236, 250; Achim, pp. 175–180; Deletant, pp. 192–196; Kelso, p. 113sqq </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> Final Report, pp. 230, 236; Achim, pp. 178, 180; Deletant, pp. 191, 195–197; Kelso, pp. 121–123, 127–128 </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a> Deletant, p. 127 </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> Final Report, pp. 150, 152 </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a> Trașcă, pp. 393, 398 </li> <li id="cite_note-glw239-359">^ <a href="#cite_ref-glw239_359-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-glw239_359-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-glw239_359-2">c</a> Weinberg, p. 239 </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a> Final Report, p. 151; Trașcă, p. 391 </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a> Final Report, p. 247; Deletant, pp. 116–118; Trașcă, pp. 386–389 </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> Trașcă, pp. 386–389 </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a> Final Report, pp. 151–153, 245; Deletant, pp. 171–172, 253; Trașcă, pp. 392–394. Antonescu's initial order defines the intended victims as "communists", but a later conversation with his ministers exclusively uses "Jews" for the same categories (Deletant, pp. 171–172; Trașcă, pp. 393–394). </li> <li id="cite_note-364"><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a> Final Report, p. 150; Trașcă, pp. 389–391 </li> <li id="cite_note-365"><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a> Final Report, pp. 151–153, 323; Trașcă, pp. 391–394. The detonation was a method of execution ordered by Antonescu personally (Final Report, pp. 152–153; Trașcă, p. 393). </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a> Deletant, pp. 175–177; Trașcă, pp. 395–397 </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a> Deletant, p. 176; Trașcă, p. 396. Partly rendered in Final Report, p. 246 </li> <li id="cite_note-368"><a href="#cite_ref-368">^</a> Trașcă, p. 396 </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a> Final Report, pp. 150, 153–157, 323; Deletant, pp. 177, 329; Trașcă, pp. 397–398 </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a> Final Report, pp. 153–168, 246, 248; Deletant, pp. 182–184 </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a> Final Report, p. 382; Deletant, p. 127; Oldson, p. 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-372"><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a> Cioroianu, p. 296; Deletant, pp. 260–261 </li> <li id="cite_note-373"><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a> Oldson, pp. 2–5 </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> Final Report, pp. 179, 381; Weber, pp. 150–151 </li> <li id="cite_note-bbcmdcrit-375">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbcmdcrit_375-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcmdcrit_375-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcmdcrit_375-2">c</a> (in Romanian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/romanian/news/story/2007/02/070223_moldova_antonescu_critici.shtml">"Moldova critică reabilitarea parțială a lui Antonescu"</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> Romanian edition, 23 February 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-376"><a href="#cite_ref-376">^</a> Final Report, p. 382; Deletant, p. 127; Ornea, p. 394; Weber, p. 151 </li> <li id="cite_note-377"><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a> Ancel (2005 b), p. 231 </li> <li id="cite_note-378"><a href="#cite_ref-378">^</a> Final Report, p. 382; Deletant, pp. 127–128 </li> <li id="cite_note-379"><a href="#cite_ref-379">^</a> Ramet, p. 173 </li> <li id="cite_note-380"><a href="#cite_ref-380">^</a> Deletant, pp. 2, 127, 171, 314; Laqueur, p. 206; Polonsky, p. 28; Weber, pp. 150–151, 164 </li> <li id="cite_note-apjbm28-381">^ <a href="#cite_ref-apjbm28_381-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-apjbm28_381-1">b</a> Polonsky, p. 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-382"><a href="#cite_ref-382">^</a> Final Report, pp. 226, 230, 235–237, 241, 382; Achim, pp. 169, 174–175, 179, 182; Deletant, pp. 4, 6, 171, 195, 254; Ioanid, p. 234; Kelso, pp. 109, 130. The authorities themselves counted 24,686 deportees (Final Report, p. 230; Kelso, p. 109). Around 6,000 survivors were recorded alive by late 1944 (Achim, p. 179; Deletant, p. 195; Kelso, p. 130). However, the actual number of survivors may in theory be twice as high (Final Report, p. 236; Achim, p. 179; Deletant, pp. 4, 6, 195). </li> <li id="cite_note-383"><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a> Final Report, pp. 68–69, 117–118, 168–172, 243, 249, 383, 385–386; Ancel, p. 231; Boia, pp. 260–261; Deletant, pp. 2, 4, 114–115, 205–229, 235, 334; Ioanid, pp. 232, 233, 235; Oldson, pp. 4–11, 161–163; Ornea, pp. 394–395; Penkower, p. 148sqq. In these definitions, the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Old_Kingdom" title="Romanian Old Kingdom">Romanian Old Kingdom</a> also includes areas of <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a> still under Romanian rule after 1940. </li> <li id="cite_note-384"><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a> Boia, pp. 260–261 </li> <li id="cite_note-385"><a href="#cite_ref-385">^</a> Oldson, p. 162 </li> <li id="cite_note-386"><a href="#cite_ref-386">^</a> Deletant, pp. 275, 354; Oldson, pp. 4–11, 161–163 </li> <li id="cite_note-387"><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a> Final Report, pp. 68–69, 117–118, 120, 168, 171–172, 201, 210, 253–254, 385; Ancel (2005 b), pp. 231–232, 234–235; Deletant, pp. 100–101, 112–113, 121–124, 125, 206, 213–214, 311; Oldson, pp. 7–8, 10–11, 162; Ornea, pp. 394–395; Penkower, pp. 148, 153–155; Weinberg, p. 239 </li> <li id="cite_note-388"><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a> Final Report, pp. 117–118, 120, 201, 210–217, 385; Deletant, pp. 108–114, 123–124, 311 </li> <li id="cite_note-389"><a href="#cite_ref-389">^</a> Ancel (2005 b), pp. 231–232, 234–235. Ancel places blame for the discontent provoked among locals on Antonescu's earlier propaganda themes. </li> <li id="cite_note-390"><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a> Final Report, pp. 201, 212–217; Deletant, pp. 120–124, 213–214, 216, 312–313 </li> <li id="cite_note-391"><a href="#cite_ref-391">^</a> Deletant, pp. 213–219, 337–338; Penkower, pp. 149–152, 154–157, 161–163 </li> <li id="cite_note-392"><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a> Final Report, pp. 120, 200, 207–210, 247; Deletant, pp. 71–72, 114, 120–122, 125, 216, 311, 317–318; Ioanid, p. 234; Penkower, pp. 152–153, 157, 161, 169–170 </li> <li id="cite_note-393"><a href="#cite_ref-393">^</a> Final Report, pp. 120, 200, 209–210, 247; Deletant, pp. 114, 311; Ioanid, p. 234 </li> <li id="cite_note-394"><a href="#cite_ref-394">^</a> Final Report, pp. 120, 200; Deletant, pp. 114–115, 124, 184 </li> <li id="cite_note-395"><a href="#cite_ref-395">^</a> Deletant, pp. 118–119; Ioanid, p. 234 </li> <li id="cite_note-396"><a href="#cite_ref-396">^</a> Final Report, pp. 251–252; Penkower, p. 161 </li> <li id="cite_note-397"><a href="#cite_ref-397">^</a> Deletant, p. 119 </li> <li id="cite_note-398"><a href="#cite_ref-398">^</a> Final Report, pp. 218, 383–384; Deletant, p. 100 </li> <li id="cite_note-399"><a href="#cite_ref-399">^</a> Final Report, pp. 252–253; Ancel (2005 b), pp. 231–234; Deletant, pp. 100–101; Ornea, p. 394; Penkower, pp. 153, 161. The decision appears to have been taken by <a href="/wiki/Mihai_Antonescu" title="Mihai Antonescu">Mihai Antonescu</a> at a time when the leader was incapacitated by his 1942 disease (Deletant, pp. 209–211). </li> <li id="cite_note-400"><a href="#cite_ref-400">^</a> Final Report, pp. 218–220, 251–252, 383–384; Ancel (2005 b), pp. 232–234; Deletant, pp. 118–119, 203–204, 215–225, 338–340 </li> <li id="cite_note-401"><a href="#cite_ref-401">^</a> Deletant, pp. 116–117, 119 </li> <li id="cite_note-402"><a href="#cite_ref-402">^</a> Deletant, pp. 118–120, 276 </li> <li id="cite_note-403"><a href="#cite_ref-403">^</a> Final Report, pp. 237–238; Achim, pp. 169–170 </li> <li id="cite_note-404"><a href="#cite_ref-404">^</a> Achim, p. 170 </li> <li id="cite_note-405"><a href="#cite_ref-405">^</a> Final Report, p. 229; Kelso, pp. 124–127 </li> <li id="cite_note-406"><a href="#cite_ref-406">^</a> Achim, pp. 184–185 </li> <li id="cite_note-407"><a href="#cite_ref-407">^</a> Achim, p. 180; Kelso, pp. 128–129 </li> <li id="cite_note-408"><a href="#cite_ref-408">^</a> Kelso, pp. 128–129 </li> <li id="cite_note-409"><a href="#cite_ref-409">^</a> Final Report, pp. 236–237, 240–241; Achim, p. 180; Kelso, pp. 129–130 </li> <li id="cite_note-410"><a href="#cite_ref-410">^</a> Final Report, pp. 63–65, 126–127 </li> <li id="cite_note-411"><a href="#cite_ref-411">^</a> Final Report, pp. 133–134; Deletant, pp. 116, 118, 128, 151 </li> <li id="cite_note-412"><a href="#cite_ref-412">^</a> Final Report, pp. 66, 133, 134, 383; Browning, pp. 276–277; Deletant, pp. 146, 150–151, 177; Ioanid, p. 235; Oldson, pp. 2, 10; Penkower, p. 149 </li> <li id="cite_note-413"><a href="#cite_ref-413">^</a> Final Report, pp. 66, 136; Deletant, pp. 128, 151 </li> <li id="cite_note-414"><a href="#cite_ref-414">^</a> Browning, p. 320. Partly rendered in Final Report, p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-415"><a href="#cite_ref-415">^</a> Final Report, pp. 66–69, 167–172, 243, 249, 286, 383; Deletant, pp. 205–215, 334–336; Ioanid, p. 234; Weber, p. 150 </li> <li id="cite_note-416"><a href="#cite_ref-416">^</a> Final Report, pp. 66–69, 172; Deletant, pp. 205, 209, 212, 334–335; Ioanid, pp. 234, 235; Penkower, p. 152 </li> <li id="cite_note-417"><a href="#cite_ref-417">^</a> Final Report, pp. 67–69; Deletant, pp. 208–211; Penkower, pp. 152–153 </li> <li id="cite_note-418"><a href="#cite_ref-418">^</a> Final Report, p. 67; Deletant, pp. 121–122, 124 </li> <li id="cite_note-419"><a href="#cite_ref-419">^</a> Final Report, p. 171 </li> <li id="cite_note-420"><a href="#cite_ref-420">^</a> Final Report, pp. 69, 171–172, 243, 249, 383; Deletant, pp. 127, 208–215, 334–336; Penkower, pp. 152–153 </li> <li id="cite_note-421"><a href="#cite_ref-421">^</a> Deletant, pp. 1, 214–215 </li> <li id="cite_note-422"><a href="#cite_ref-422">^</a> Final Report, pp. 69, 253; Weinberg, pp. 239–240 </li> <li id="cite_note-423"><a href="#cite_ref-423">^</a> Ancel, Jean "Antonescu and the Jews" pp. 463–479 from The Holocaust and History The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed and the Reexamined edited by Michael Berenbaum and Abraham Peck, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998 pp. 475–476. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceE-424">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceE_424-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceE_424-1">b</a> Ancel, Jean "Antonescu and the Jews" pp. 463–479 from The Holocaust and History The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed and the Reexamined edited by Michael Berenbaum and Abraham Peck, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998 p. 476. </li> <li id="cite_note-425"><a href="#cite_ref-425">^</a> Oldson, p. 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-426"><a href="#cite_ref-426">^</a> Final Report, pp. 68–69, 168–172, 252–253, 384; Deletant, pp. 211, 213–219; Oldson, p. 7; Weinberg, pp. 239–240. In February 1943, Romanian officials announced to the world that they were going to allow "70,000 Jews" to depart from Transnistria to Palestine on ships with <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a> insignia, in exchange for payments. The project was sabotaged by the Nazis, reportedly upon the request of <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Amin_al-Husayni" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Amin al-Husayni">Mohammad Amin al-Husayni</a>, the fugitive <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mufti_of_Jerusalem" title="Grand Mufti of Jerusalem">Grand Mufti of Jerusalem</a>. Antonescu later approached the <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a> for similar transfer efforts, including the ill-fated ship <a href="/wiki/MV_Mefk%C3%BCre" title="MV Mefküre">Mefküre</a>. (Penkower, pp. 148, 153–155, 157; Deletant, pp. 213–218). </li> <li id="cite_note-427"><a href="#cite_ref-427">^</a> Final Report, pp. 69, 171–172, 383; Deletant, pp. 121–122, 210; Oldson, pp. 4, 8–11, 161–163. According to Penkower (p. 153), <a href="/wiki/Radu_Lecca" title="Radu Lecca">Radu Lecca</a> changed orders for the deportation into <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)">occupied Poland</a> immediately after being "snubbed" by <a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a>'s employees. </li> <li id="cite_note-428"><a href="#cite_ref-428">^</a> Deletant, pp. 216, 218, 225–229, 340–341; Penkower, pp. 169–170; Weber, p. 150 </li> <li id="cite_note-429"><a href="#cite_ref-429">^</a> Final Report, p. 237; Achim, pp. 170, 185 </li> <li id="cite_note-430"><a href="#cite_ref-430">^</a> Achim, pp. 183–184; Deletant, pp. 228–229 </li> <li id="cite_note-431"><a href="#cite_ref-431">^</a> Final Report, p. 201; Deletant, pp. 226–228, 253 </li> <li id="cite_note-432"><a href="#cite_ref-432">^</a> Deletant, p. 228 </li> <li id="cite_note-433"><a href="#cite_ref-433">^</a> Final Report, pp. 173–175; Deletant, p. 229; Ioanid, pp. 244–245; Penkower, p. 152 </li> <li id="cite_note-434"><a href="#cite_ref-434">^</a> Final Report, pp. 173–175, 250–251; Deletant, pp. 229, 340; Ioanid, pp. 244–245 </li> <li id="cite_note-435"><a href="#cite_ref-435">^</a> Final Report, pp. 284–285, 320, 324; Deletant, p. 319; Gella, p. 171; King, pp. 93–94; Trașcă, pp. 378–379; White, pp. 157–158 </li> <li id="cite_note-436"><a href="#cite_ref-436">^</a> Haynes, pp. 111–113 </li> <li id="cite_note-437"><a href="#cite_ref-437">^</a> Deletant, pp. 51, 84–85, 93–94, 98, 266–267; Kenney, p. 93; King, p. 94 </li> <li id="cite_note-438"><a href="#cite_ref-438">^</a> King, p. 94 </li> <li id="cite_note-439"><a href="#cite_ref-439">^</a> Deletant, pp. 93–94, 117–118, 206, 234; Kenney, p. 93 </li> <li id="cite_note-d75-440">^ <a href="#cite_ref-d75_440-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d75_440-1">b</a> Deletant, p. 75 </li> <li id="cite_note-441"><a href="#cite_ref-441">^</a> Deletant, pp. 74, 94, 307 </li> <li id="cite_note-442"><a href="#cite_ref-442">^</a> Deletant, p. 343 </li> <li id="cite_note-443"><a href="#cite_ref-443">^</a> Deletant, pp. 53, 99–100 </li> <li id="cite_note-444"><a href="#cite_ref-444">^</a> Trașcă, pp. 378–380 </li> <li id="cite_note-445"><a href="#cite_ref-445">^</a> Deletant, pp. 98, 264, 307 </li> <li id="cite_note-446"><a href="#cite_ref-446">^</a> Final Report, pp. 292–296 </li> <li id="cite_note-447"><a href="#cite_ref-447">^</a> Deletant, p. 52 </li> <li id="cite_note-448"><a href="#cite_ref-448">^</a> Final Report, pp. 286, 288, 290, 300; Deletant, pp. 212, 337; Ioanid, p. 234; Weber, pp. 158–159 </li> <li id="cite_note-449"><a href="#cite_ref-449">^</a> Final Report, pp. 177, 283, 289–290; Deletant, pp. 161–165, 177 </li> <li id="cite_note-450"><a href="#cite_ref-450">^</a> Deletant, p. 177 </li> <li id="cite_note-451"><a href="#cite_ref-451">^</a> Final Report, pp. 286, 301; Deletant, pp. 211–212, 337; Ioanid, pp. 234–235 </li> <li id="cite_note-452"><a href="#cite_ref-452">^</a> Final Report, pp. 252, 286, 301, 383; Deletant, pp. 198–204, 333, 336 </li> <li id="cite_note-453"><a href="#cite_ref-453">^</a> Deletant, pp. 159–160; Penkower, p. 149 </li> <li id="cite_note-454"><a href="#cite_ref-454">^</a> Penkower, p. 149. According to Penkower, the plans were rejected by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">Department of State</a> official <a href="/wiki/Cavendish_W._Cannon" title="Cavendish W. Cannon">Cavendish W. Cannon</a>, who called attention to <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-455"><a href="#cite_ref-455">^</a> Deletant, p. 117 </li> <li id="cite_note-456"><a href="#cite_ref-456">^</a> Final Report, pp. 169–170, 190, 286, 290, 298–300; Deletant, pp. 206, 208; Weber, p. 154 </li> <li id="cite_note-457"><a href="#cite_ref-457">^</a> Final Report, p. 322; Ancel (2005 a), pp. 409–411; Weber, pp. 153–156, 164 </li> <li id="cite_note-458"><a href="#cite_ref-458">^</a> Final Report, p. 238; Achim, p. 174 </li> <li id="cite_note-fr238-239-459">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fr238-239_459-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fr238-239_459-1">b</a> Final Report, pp. 238–239 </li> <li id="cite_note-460"><a href="#cite_ref-460">^</a> Final Report, pp. 287–312; Ancel (2005 a), pp. 288–299; Deletant, pp. 135–136. A list of Romanian and <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldovan</a> <a href="/wiki/Righteous_among_the_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Righteous among the Nations">Righteous among the Nations</a> is found in Final Report, pp. 303–312. </li> <li id="cite_note-461"><a href="#cite_ref-461">^</a> Penkower, pp. 153, 157, 169–170 </li> <li id="cite_note-462"><a href="#cite_ref-462">^</a> Final Report, p. 298; Deletant, pp. 124, 313; Penkower, p. 161 </li> <li id="cite_note-463"><a href="#cite_ref-463">^</a> Deletant, pp. 216–219, 225–229, 337–339; Oldson, pp. 7–8; Penkower, p. 148sqq </li> <li id="cite_note-464"><a href="#cite_ref-464">^</a> Final Report, p. 324; Cioroianu, pp. 44–45, 55, 126–132, 151–154; Deletant, pp. 238–239, 344; Gella, p. 172. In addition to the PCR, these included the <a href="/wiki/Ploughmen%27s_Front" title="Ploughmen's Front">Ploughmen's Front</a> and the Socialist Peasants' Party (Cioroianu, pp. 55, 126–127, 132, 151–154). </li> <li id="cite_note-465"><a href="#cite_ref-465">^</a> Final Report, pp. 65, 243; Browning, p. 276 </li> <li id="cite_note-466"><a href="#cite_ref-466">^</a> Final Report, pp. 104–105, 143; Cioroianu, pp. 42–52, 132–134; Deletant, pp. 116, 123, 196–198, 219, 225, 238–239, 254, 303, 311, 332–333, 335–336, 340, 343–344 </li> <li id="cite_note-467"><a href="#cite_ref-467">^</a> Final Report, p. 143; Ioanid, p. 233 </li> <li id="cite_note-468"><a href="#cite_ref-468">^</a> Deletant, pp. 72, 303, 332 </li> <li id="cite_note-469"><a href="#cite_ref-469">^</a> Frankowski, p. 217. According to Deletant (p. 72), 72 communists believed to be Soviet agents or partisans were executed in 1940–1944, from a total of 313 PCR members sentenced to death. The rest had their sentences commuted. </li> <li id="cite_note-470"><a href="#cite_ref-470">^</a> Final Report, p. 105; Deletant, p. 225 </li> <li id="cite_note-471"><a href="#cite_ref-471">^</a> Final Report, pp. 62–63; Achim, p. 169; Deletant, pp. 71–72, 302–303, 311; Griffin (1993), p. 127; Laqueur, p. 205; Ornea, pp. 219, 346; Veiga, pp. 299, 313. Antonescu notably ordered the execution of 7 out of 20 Guardists sentenced to death for their roles in the <a href="/wiki/Jilava_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Jilava Massacre">Jilava Massacre</a> (Deletant, p. 302). </li> <li id="cite_note-472"><a href="#cite_ref-472">^</a> They included the Iron Guardist <a href="/wiki/Haig_Acterian" title="Haig Acterian">Haig Acterian</a> (Ornea, p. 219) and, possibly, the communist <a href="/wiki/Ion_Gheorghe_Maurer" title="Ion Gheorghe Maurer">Ion Gheorghe Maurer</a> (Cioroianu, p. 134). </li> <li id="cite_note-473"><a href="#cite_ref-473">^</a> Cioroianu, pp. 43–46, 48–52; Deletant, pp. 332, 344; Roper, pp. 14–16 </li> <li id="cite_note-474"><a href="#cite_ref-474">^</a> Cioroianu, pp. 46, 48–49, 62, 134 </li> <li id="cite_note-475"><a href="#cite_ref-475">^</a> Deletant, pp. 343–344; Gella, p. 172; Roper, pp. 13–16 </li> <li id="cite_note-476"><a href="#cite_ref-476">^</a> Cioroianu, pp. 128, 134–135, 140, 171, 265; Gella, p. 172; Roper, pp. 14–15 </li> <li id="cite_note-477"><a href="#cite_ref-477">^</a> Guran & Ștefan, p. 113 </li> <li id="cite_note-478"><a href="#cite_ref-478">^</a> Neubauer et al., pp. 148, 150 </li> <li id="cite_note-479"><a href="#cite_ref-479">^</a> Neubauer et al., p. 148 </li> <li id="cite_note-480"><a href="#cite_ref-480">^</a> Boia, p. 259 </li> <li id="cite_note-481"><a href="#cite_ref-481">^</a> Final Report, pp. 290–292, 295 </li> <li id="cite_note-482"><a href="#cite_ref-482">^</a> Final Report, pp. 300–301; Deletant, pp. 206–207 </li> <li id="cite_note-483"><a href="#cite_ref-483">^</a> Deletant, p. 237 </li> <li id="cite_note-484"><a href="#cite_ref-484">^</a> Bucur (2006), pp. 184–186 </li> <li id="cite_note-485"><a href="#cite_ref-485">^</a> Deletant, pp. 58, 297, 302 </li> <li id="cite_note-486"><a href="#cite_ref-486">^</a> Earl A. Pope, "Protestantism in Romania", in Pedro Ramet, Sabrina P. Ramet (eds.), Christianity under Stress. Vol. III: Protestantism and Politics in Eastern Europe and Russia: The Communist and Postcommunist Eras, <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>, 1992, pp. 174–175, 184. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-1241-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-1241-7">0-8223-1241-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-487"><a href="#cite_ref-487">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.r-s-g.info/downloads/rsg-1-2007.pdf">"Jehovah's Witnesses in East Central, South Eastern and Southern Europe. The Fate of a Religious Minority (book reviews)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222158/http://www.r-s-g.info/downloads/rsg-1-2007.pdf">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in LIT Verlag's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.r-s-g.info/index.html">Religion-Staat-Gesellschaft</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924083830/http://www.r-s-g.info/index.html">Archived</a> 24 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1/2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-488"><a href="#cite_ref-488">^</a> Deletant, pp. 73, 254 </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-489">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_489-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_489-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeletant2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Deletant" title="Dennis Deletant">Deletant, Dennis</a> (12 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8taGDAAAQBAJ">Hitler's Forgotten Ally: Ion Antonsecu and his Regime, Romania, 1940–1944</a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0230502091" title="Special:BookSources/0230502091"><bdi>0230502091</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Forgotten+Ally%3A+Ion+Antonsecu+and+his+Regime%2C+Romania%2C+1940%E2%80%931944&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006-04-12&rft.isbn=0230502091&rft.aulast=Deletant&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8taGDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIon+Antonescu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-490"><a href="#cite_ref-490">^</a> Final Report, pp. 313–331; Cioroianu, pp. 130–131, 265–268, 295–297; Deletant, pp. 264, 347, 349; Gella, p. 173; Ioanid, pp. 235–237; Weber, pp. 158–159 </li> <li id="cite_note-491"><a href="#cite_ref-491">^</a> Final Report, pp. 315–316, 324; Deletant, pp. 249–250, 349; Ioanid, p. 235 </li> <li id="cite_note-492"><a href="#cite_ref-492">^</a> Cioroianu, pp. 266–267 </li> <li id="cite_note-493"><a href="#cite_ref-493">^</a> Ancel (2005 b), pp. 235–236, 241; Gella, p. 173 </li> <li id="cite_note-494"><a href="#cite_ref-494">^</a> Kent, pp. 109–110 </li> <li id="cite_note-495"><a href="#cite_ref-495">^</a> Ioanid, pp. 235–236 </li> <li id="cite_note-496"><a href="#cite_ref-496">^</a> Final Report, pp. 316, 339; Ancel (2005 b), pp. 235–256; Weber, pp. 152–159, 164–167. Ancel discusses in particular the influx of Zionists fleeing Soviet rule in the late 1940s, the renewed antisemitic violence of the period, as well as the various clashes between Romanian officials and Jewish community leaders both before and after the communist takeover. </li> <li id="cite_note-497"><a href="#cite_ref-497">^</a> Deletant, pp. 313, 350 </li> <li id="cite_note-498"><a href="#cite_ref-498">^</a> Deletant, p. 350 </li> <li id="cite_note-499"><a href="#cite_ref-499">^</a> Final Report, pp. 281, 315, 317–318 </li> <li id="cite_note-500"><a href="#cite_ref-500">^</a> Final Report, pp. 337–338; Ioanid, pp. 233, 244; Weber, p. 161 </li> <li id="cite_note-501"><a href="#cite_ref-501">^</a> Final Report, pp. 321–331, 335–339, 347, 385; Deletant, pp. 3–4, 262–263; Weber, pp. 157, 159, 166–167 </li> <li id="cite_note-502"><a href="#cite_ref-502">^</a> Ioanid, p. 236; Weber, pp. 161–163 </li> <li id="cite_note-503"><a href="#cite_ref-503">^</a> Ancel (2005 a), pp. 17–18, 427–428; Deletant, p. 273; Ioanid, p. 236; Weber, pp. 160–161 </li> <li id="cite_note-504"><a href="#cite_ref-504">^</a> Final Report, pp. 240–241; Achim, pp. 170–171, 189 </li> <li id="cite_note-505"><a href="#cite_ref-505">^</a> Boia, p. 119; Bucur (2004), pp. 173–176; Deletant, pp. 243, 265–266, 269, 344; Roper, pp. 13–14, 41–42 </li> <li id="cite_note-506"><a href="#cite_ref-506">^</a> Deletant, pp. 243, 265–266, 343–344; Roper, pp. 13–15, 41–42 </li> <li id="cite_note-507"><a href="#cite_ref-507">^</a> Final Report, pp. 280–281, 283–284, 335–339, 347, 385; Deletant, pp. 264–265; Ioanid, pp. 236–237; Weber, pp. 158–159, 166–167 </li> <li id="cite_note-508"><a href="#cite_ref-508">^</a> Deletant, pp. 4, 264–265 </li> <li id="cite_note-509"><a href="#cite_ref-509">^</a> Final Report, pp. 283–284, 340–348; Ancel (2005 a), p. 423; Boia, pp. 118–119, 336, 340; Deletant, pp. 4–5, 265–269; Geran Pilon, pp. 59–66; Ioanid, pp. 236–245; Oldson, pp. 3–4 </li> <li id="cite_note-510"><a href="#cite_ref-510">^</a> Final Report, pp. 339–340; Boia, pp. 119, 340; Deletant, pp. 4–5, 266–269; Ioanid, pp. 239–240 </li> <li id="cite_note-511"><a href="#cite_ref-511">^</a> Boia, p. 336; Cioroianu, pp. 416–420, 490–492 </li> <li id="cite_note-512"><a href="#cite_ref-512">^</a> Ioanid, pp. 239–240, 245 </li> <li id="cite_note-513"><a href="#cite_ref-513">^</a> Final Report, p. 348; Boia, pp. 160–161, 259, 340; Deletant, p. 269; Geran Pilon, pp. 67, 116; Ioanid, pp. 246, 251; Laqueur, p. 205; Shafir, p. 215 </li> <li id="cite_note-514"><a href="#cite_ref-514">^</a> Boia, pp. 339–341 </li> <li id="cite_note-515"><a href="#cite_ref-515">^</a> Boia, p. 339 </li> <li id="cite_note-516"><a href="#cite_ref-516">^</a> Ioanid, p. 240 </li> <li id="cite_note-517"><a href="#cite_ref-517">^</a> Final Report, pp. 283–284, 302, 345–346; Ancel (2005 a), p. 424; Bucur (2004), pp. 174–175; Ioanid, p. 240 </li> <li id="cite_note-518"><a href="#cite_ref-518">^</a> Ancel (2005 a), pp. 12–13, 17, 414; Ioanid, p. 236 </li> <li id="cite_note-519"><a href="#cite_ref-519">^</a> Ioanid, pp. 240–241 </li> <li id="cite_note-520"><a href="#cite_ref-520">^</a> Ancel (2005 a), pp. 428–425; Ioanid, pp. 240–241 </li> <li id="cite_note-521"><a href="#cite_ref-521">^</a> Final Report, p. 345; Ioanid, p. 241 </li> <li id="cite_note-522"><a href="#cite_ref-522">^</a> Final Report, pp. 284, 302, 340–348; Ancel (2005 a), pp. 414, 418; Deletant, pp. 264, 269; Ioanid, pp. 241–245; Oldson, p. 3; Weber, pp. 164–165 </li> <li id="cite_note-523"><a href="#cite_ref-523">^</a> Boia, pp. 28–29, 340, 344; Shafir, p. 230 </li> <li id="cite_note-524"><a href="#cite_ref-524">^</a> Boia, pp. 28–29 </li> <li id="cite_note-525"><a href="#cite_ref-525">^</a> Final Report, pp. 319, 322, 330–331; Boia, pp. 340–341; Bucur (2004), p. 178; Deletant, pp. 270–271 </li> <li id="cite_note-526"><a href="#cite_ref-526">^</a> Boia, p. 259; Deletant, pp. 270–271 </li> <li id="cite_note-527"><a href="#cite_ref-527">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a>, "The Past is Another Country: Myth and Memory in Post-war Europe", in Jan-Werner Müller (ed.), Memory and Power in Post-war Europe, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, Cambridge, 2002, p. 175. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-00070-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-00070-X">0-521-00070-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-528"><a href="#cite_ref-528">^</a> Deletant, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-529"><a href="#cite_ref-529">^</a> Final Report, pp. 349, 352–353, 360–361; Boia, pp. 340–341; Bucur (2004), p. 178sqq; Deletant, pp. 269–271, 312; Ioanid, p. 246sqq; Kenney, p. 93; Laqueur, pp. 205–206 </li> <li id="cite_note-530"><a href="#cite_ref-530">^</a> Ramet, pp. 172–173 </li> <li id="cite_note-531"><a href="#cite_ref-531">^</a> Laqueur, p. 205. Both factions have also been known to endorse integral denial (Final Report, pp. 365–367). </li> <li id="cite_note-532"><a href="#cite_ref-532">^</a> Final Report, pp. 349, 350, 351, 353–354, 359, 373–374; Boia, pp. 340–341; Bucur (2004), p. 178; Deletant, pp. 6, 269–271; Geran Pilon, pp. 67–71; Ioanid, pp. 246, 250–252; Laqueur, pp. 203–205; Shafir, pp. 214–215 </li> <li id="cite_note-533"><a href="#cite_ref-533">^</a> Final Report, pp. 349, 350, 373; Boia, p. 340; Bucur (2004), p. 178; Deletant, pp. 6, 269, 281–282 </li> <li id="cite_note-534"><a href="#cite_ref-534">^</a> Deletant, pp. 281–282; Shafir, p. 231 </li> <li id="cite_note-535"><a href="#cite_ref-535">^</a> Boia, p. 340 </li> <li id="cite_note-536"><a href="#cite_ref-536">^</a> Final Report, pp. 350, 353; Ioanid, pp. 246, 251; Laqueur, pp. 205–206 </li> <li id="cite_note-537"><a href="#cite_ref-537">^</a> Final Report, pp. 350–352, 362–363; Ioanid, p. 246 </li> <li id="cite_note-538"><a href="#cite_ref-538">^</a> Final Report, p. 350; Shafir, p. 215 </li> <li id="cite_note-539"><a href="#cite_ref-539">^</a> Deletant, pp. 271, 352. Theodoru stands out for his complete form of Holocaust denial (Final Report, pp. 350–352, 354, 362, 373). </li> <li id="cite_note-540"><a href="#cite_ref-540">^</a> Final Report, pp. 356, 357–358, 372, 375–376, 378 </li> <li id="cite_note-541"><a href="#cite_ref-541">^</a> Among those cited are Expres Magazin (Ioanid, pp. 129, 250) and Dosarele Historia (Deletant, p. 350) <a href="/wiki/Evenimentul_Zilei" title="Evenimentul Zilei">Evenimentul Zilei</a> did the same in the early 1990s. (Weber, p. 150). </li> <li id="cite_note-542"><a href="#cite_ref-542">^</a> Final Report, pp. 349, 354, 356, 375 </li> <li id="cite_note-543"><a href="#cite_ref-543">^</a> Ioanid, pp. 247, 248 </li> <li id="cite_note-544"><a href="#cite_ref-544">^</a> Boia, pp. 340–341; Deletant, pp. 269–270; Ioanid, pp. 247–250, 251–252; Kenney, p. 93; Laqueur, p. 205 </li> <li id="cite_note-545"><a href="#cite_ref-545">^</a> Boia, pp. 340–341; Deletant, pp. 269, 270; Kenney, p. 93 </li> <li id="cite_note-shafir2010-546">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shafir2010_546-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shafir2010_546-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShafir2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Shafir" title="Michael Shafir">Shafir, Michael</a> (2010). "Romania's tortuous road to facing collaboration". In Stauber, Roni (ed.). Collaboration with the Nazis: public discourse after the Holocaust. London, New York: Routledge. pp. 255–258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415564410" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415564410"><bdi>978-0415564410</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Romania%E2%80%99s+tortuous+road+to+facing+collaboration&rft.btitle=Collaboration+with+the+Nazis%3A+public+discourse+after+the+Holocaust&rft.place=London%2C+New+York&rft.pages=255-258&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0415564410&rft.aulast=Shafir&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIon+Antonescu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-547"><a href="#cite_ref-547">^</a> Deletant, p. 270; Ioanid, p. 247 </li> <li id="cite_note-548"><a href="#cite_ref-548">^</a> Final Report, pp. 360–362; Boia, p. 29; Ioanid, pp. 249–250, 252; Kenney, p. 93 </li> <li id="cite_note-549"><a href="#cite_ref-549">^</a> Final Report, pp. 374–375; Deletant, pp. 271–272 </li> <li id="cite_note-550"><a href="#cite_ref-550">^</a> Final Report, p. 349 </li> <li id="cite_note-551"><a href="#cite_ref-551">^</a> Bucur (2004), p. 158 </li> <li id="cite_note-552"><a href="#cite_ref-552">^</a> Deletant, pp. 2, 3, 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-553"><a href="#cite_ref-553">^</a> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gine_Robin" title="Régine Robin">Régine Robin</a>, "Une juste mémoire, est-ce possible?", in Thomas Ferenczi (ed.), Devoir de mémoire, droit à l'oubli?, Éditions Complexe, Paris, 2002, p. 109. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-87027-941-8" title="Special:BookSources/2-87027-941-8">2-87027-941-8</a>; Bucur (2004), pp. 158, 178–179; Deletant, pp. 4–7, 262, 270–273 </li> <li id="cite_note-554"><a href="#cite_ref-554">^</a> Bucur (2004), p. 178; Ioanid, p. 245. According to Ioanid, these Romanian-sourced interpretations affected historiographic accounts at an international level, when they were republished by the <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-555"><a href="#cite_ref-555">^</a> Final Report, pp. 348, 350, 355–356, 357–359, 361, 367; Bucur (2004), p. 178; Deletant, pp. 7, 270–271, 352–353 </li> <li id="cite_note-556"><a href="#cite_ref-556">^</a> Final Report, p. 348 </li> <li id="cite_note-557"><a href="#cite_ref-557">^</a> Final Report, p. 353; Deletant, p. 273 </li> <li id="cite_note-558"><a href="#cite_ref-558">^</a> Final Report, pp. 348, 362; Deletant, pp. 273–274 </li> <li id="cite_note-559"><a href="#cite_ref-559">^</a> Final Report, pp. 179, 341, 379; Deletant, p. 272; Ioanid, p. 249 </li> <li id="cite_note-560"><a href="#cite_ref-560">^</a> Final Report, p. 379; Deletant, pp. 281, 253, 352 </li> <li id="cite_note-561"><a href="#cite_ref-561">^</a> Deletant, p. 272 </li> <li id="cite_note-562"><a href="#cite_ref-562">^</a> Final Report, pp. 361, 374; Deletant, pp. 270–273 </li> <li id="cite_note-563"><a href="#cite_ref-563">^</a> Final Report, pp. 9–13, 17–18, 361–362, 386–393; Deletant, pp. 6–7 </li> <li id="cite_note-dsb-564">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dsb_564-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dsb_564-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dsb_564-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dsb_564-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dsb_564-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dsb_564-5">f</a> (in Romanian) Daniela Șontică, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jurnalul.ro/stire-martorii/biserica-lui-antonescu-21020.html">"Biserica lui Antonescu"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090613025128/http://www.jurnalul.ro/stire-martorii/biserica-lui-antonescu-21020.html">Archived</a> 13 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Jurnalul_Na%C8%9Bional" title="Jurnalul Național">Jurnalul Național</a>, 20 May 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-vgmariro-565">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vgmariro_565-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vgmariro_565-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vgmariro_565-2">c</a> (in Romanian) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasile_G%C3%A2rne%C8%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasile Gârneț (page does not exist)">Vasile Gârneț</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.contrafort.md/2006/144/1096.html">"Mari Români. Concursul s-a terminat, discuțiile continuă"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070712030758/http://www.contrafort.md/2006/144/1096.html">Archived</a> 12 July 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Contrafort" title="Contrafort">Contrafort</a>, October 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-medfreabil-566">^ <a href="#cite_ref-medfreabil_566-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-medfreabil_566-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-medfreabil_566-2">c</a> (in Romanian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mediafax.ro/justitie/reabilitarea-numelui-maresalului-antonescu-respinsa.html?4727;2616337">"Reabilitarea numelui mareșalului Antonescu, respinsă"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090224093600/http://www.mediafax.ro/justitie/reabilitarea-numelui-maresalului-antonescu-respinsa.html?4727;2616337">Archived</a> 24 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>,<a href="/wiki/Mediafax" title="Mediafax">Mediafax</a>, 6 May 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-ccchisinau-567">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ccchisinau_567-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ccchisinau_567-1">b</a> (in Romanian) Claudia Ciobanu, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cotidianul.ro/pentru_chisinau_antonescu_ramine_criminal_de_razboi-22531.htm">"Pentru Chișinău, Antonescu ramîne criminal de război"</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍], in <a href="/wiki/Cotidianul" title="Cotidianul">Cotidianul</a>, 23 February 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-568"><a href="#cite_ref-568">^</a> (in Romanian) Claudia Ciobanu, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cotidianul.ro/rusia_il_considera_pe_antonescu_criminal_de_razboi-22810.html">"Rusia îl consideră pe Antonescu criminal de război"</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍], in <a href="/wiki/Cotidianul" title="Cotidianul">Cotidianul</a>, 23 February 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-569"><a href="#cite_ref-569">^</a> (in Romanian) Ionel Stoica, Dan Sebastian, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/batalie-in-justitie-pe-vila-de-un-milion-de-euro-din-predeal-a-maresalului-antonescu.html">"Bătălie în justiție pe vila de un milion de euro din Predeal a mareșalului Antonescu"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043734/http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/batalie-in-justitie-pe-vila-de-un-milion-de-euro-din-predeal-a-maresalului-antonescu.html">Archived</a> 26 May 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Adev%C4%83rul" title="Adevărul">Adevărul</a>, 26 September 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-570"><a href="#cite_ref-570">^</a> Bucur (2004), p. 172 </li> <li id="cite_note-571"><a href="#cite_ref-571">^</a> Bucur (2004), pp. 172–173 </li> <li id="cite_note-572"><a href="#cite_ref-572">^</a> (in Romanian) Ion Longin Popescu, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.formula-as.ro/2008/823/mica-enciclopedie-as-27/un-sat-istoric-antonesti-9737">"Un sat istoric: Antonești"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090912045550/http://www.formula-as.ro/2008/823/mica-enciclopedie-as-27/un-sat-istoric-antonesti-9737">Archived</a> 12 September 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Formula_As&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formula As (page does not exist)">Formula As</a>, Nr. 823, June 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-573"><a href="#cite_ref-573">^</a> Deletant, pp. 98, 118, 231 </li> <li id="cite_note-574"><a href="#cite_ref-574">^</a> Deletant, p. 305 </li> <li id="cite_note-575"><a href="#cite_ref-575">^</a> Richard Stites, "Frontline Entertainment", in Richard Stites (ed.), Culture and Entertainment in Wartime Russia, <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>, Bloomington & Indianapolis, pp. 135–136. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-20949-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-20949-8">0-253-20949-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-576"><a href="#cite_ref-576">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Roy_Douglas_(academic)" title="Roy Douglas (academic)">Roy Douglas</a>, The World War, 1939–1945. The Cartoonists' Vision, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, London, pp. 94, 96. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-03049-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-03049-8">0-415-03049-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-577"><a href="#cite_ref-577">^</a> Neubauer et al., p. 174 </li> <li id="cite_note-578"><a href="#cite_ref-578">^</a> Deletant, pp. 267–268; Ioanid, p. 239 </li> <li id="cite_note-579"><a href="#cite_ref-579">^</a> Deletant, p. 268; Ioanid, p. 239 </li> <li id="cite_note-580"><a href="#cite_ref-580">^</a> Deletant, p. 267 </li> <li id="cite_note-581"><a href="#cite_ref-581">^</a> Final Report, pp. 359–361; Bucur (2004), pp. 158, 178; Ioanid, pp. 251–252; Kenney, p. 93; Ramet, p. 173 </li> <li id="cite_note-582"><a href="#cite_ref-582">^</a> Final Report, p. 360; Ioanid, p. 251; Shafir, p. 215 </li> <li id="cite_note-583"><a href="#cite_ref-583">^</a> Final Report, p. 360; Shafir, p. 215 </li> <li id="cite_note-584"><a href="#cite_ref-584">^</a> Ioanid, p. 251 </li> <li id="cite_note-585"><a href="#cite_ref-585">^</a> Bucur (2004), p. 178 </li> <li id="cite_note-586"><a href="#cite_ref-586">^</a> Ioanid, p. 252 </li> <li id="cite_note-587"><a href="#cite_ref-587">^</a> Final Report, pp. 359–361 </li> <li id="cite_note-588"><a href="#cite_ref-588">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Mihir_Bose" title="Mihir Bose">Mihir Bose</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/2364962/Johansson-worried-by-Romanian-racist-antics.html">"Johansson Worried by Romanian Racist Antics"</a>, in <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>, 7 September 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-589"><a href="#cite_ref-589">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ziare.com/social/administratia/in-tara-cu-noua-strazi-care-poarta-numele-lui-antonescu-guvernul-tace-o-saptamana-in-cazul-distrugerii-cimitirului-evreiesc-din-husi-1557803">"În țara cu nouă străzi care poartă numele lui Antonescu, Guvernul tace o săptamâna în cazul distrugerii cimitirului evreiesc din Huși"</a>. Ziare.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ziare.com&rft.atitle=%C3%8En+%C8%9Bara+cu+nou%C4%83+str%C4%83zi+care+poart%C4%83+numele+lui+Antonescu%2C+Guvernul+tace+o+s%C4%83ptam%C3%A2na+%C3%AEn+cazul+distrugerii+cimitirului+evreiesc+din+Hu%C8%99i&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ziare.com%2Fsocial%2Fadministratia%2Fin-tara-cu-noua-strazi-care-poarta-numele-lui-antonescu-guvernul-tace-o-saptamana-in-cazul-distrugerii-cimitirului-evreiesc-din-husi-1557803&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIon+Antonescu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-romanianciv-590">^ <a href="#cite_ref-romanianciv_590-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-romanianciv_590-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentrul_de_Istorie_și_Civilizație_Europeană_(Academia_Română)Fundația_Culturală_Română1995" class="citation book cs1">Centrul de Istorie și Civilizație Europeană (Academia Română); Fundația Culturală Română (1995). Romanian civilization, Volume 4. <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Cultural_Foundation" title="Romanian Cultural Foundation">Romanian Cultural Foundation</a>; Original: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. p. 95.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romanian+civilization%2C+Volume+4&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Romanian+Cultural+Foundation%3B+Original%3A+Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Centrul+de+Istorie+%C8%99i+Civiliza%C8%9Bie+European%C4%83+%28Academia+Rom%C3%A2n%C4%83%29&rft.au=Funda%C8%9Bia+Cultural%C4%83+Rom%C3%A2n%C4%83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIon+Antonescu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-591"><a href="#cite_ref-591">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuzeul_Literaturii_Române_(Romania)1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Muzeul Literaturii Române (Romania) (1998). Manuscriptum, Volume 29 (in Romanian). Muzeul Literaturii Române; Original: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>. p. 119.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manuscriptum%2C+Volume+29&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Muzeul+Literaturii+Rom%C3%A2ne%3B+Original%3A+University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Muzeul+Literaturii+Rom%C3%A2ne+%28Romania%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIon+Antonescu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RomanianArmy-592">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RomanianArmy_592-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RomanianArmy_592-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxworthyHoria_Șerbănescu1992" class="citation book cs1">Axworthy, Mark; Horia Șerbănescu (1992). The Romanian Army of World War II. <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-169-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-169-6"><bdi>1-85532-169-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romanian+Army+of+World+War+II&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=1-85532-169-6&rft.aulast=Axworthy&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Horia+%C8%98erb%C4%83nescu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIon+Antonescu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-593"><a href="#cite_ref-593">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiloiu2008" class="citation journal cs1">Miloiu, Silviu (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120328092924/http://www.arsbn.ro/user/image/the-marshals-as-key-symbols-to-the-romanian-finnish-relations.pdf">"The Marshals as Key Symbols of the Romanian – Finnish Cooperation during World War II"</a> (PDF). Annals of University "Valahia" Târgoviște. X (Section of Archaeology and History). Valahia University Press: 78. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1584-1855">1584-1855</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arsbn.ro/user/image/the-marshals-as-key-symbols-to-the-romanian-finnish-relations.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 March 2012. Retrieved 30 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+University+%22Valahia%22+T%C3%A2rgovi%C8%99te&rft.atitle=The+Marshals+as+Key+Symbols+of+the+Romanian+%E2%80%93+Finnish+Cooperation+during+World+War+II&rft.volume=X&rft.issue=Section+of+Archaeology+and+History&rft.pages=78&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=1584-1855&rft.aulast=Miloiu&rft.aufirst=Silviu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arsbn.ro%2Fuser%2Fimage%2Fthe-marshals-as-key-symbols-to-the-romanian-finnish-relations.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIon+Antonescu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-594"><a href="#cite_ref-594">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson2012" class="citation book cs1">Williamson, Gordon (20 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AJ4XDAAAQBAJ&q=crimea+shield+antonescu&pg=PA19">World War II German Battle Insignia</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780965703" title="Special:BookSources/9781780965703"><bdi>9781780965703</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II+German+Battle+Insignia&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2012-03-20&rft.isbn=9781780965703&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAJ4XDAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dcrimea%2Bshield%2Bantonescu%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIon+Antonescu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-595"><a href="#cite_ref-595">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchranck2014" class="citation book cs1">Schranck, David (19 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kahZBAAAQBAJ&q=crimea+shield+antonescu&pg=RA1-PA25">Thunder at Prokhorovka: A Combat History of Operation Citadel, Kursk, July 1943</a>. Helion and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781909384545" title="Special:BookSources/9781909384545"><bdi>9781909384545</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thunder+at+Prokhorovka%3A+A+Combat+History+of+Operation+Citadel%2C+Kursk%2C+July+1943&rft.pub=Helion+and+Company&rft.date=2014-01-19&rft.isbn=9781909384545&rft.aulast=Schranck&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkahZBAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dcrimea%2Bshield%2Bantonescu%26pg%3DRA1-PA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIon+Antonescu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-596"><a href="#cite_ref-596">^</a> Paul Carell, Scorched earth; Hitler's war on Russia, <a href="/wiki/G._G._Harrap" class="mw-redirect" title="G. G. Harrap">G. G. Harrap</a>, 1970, p. 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-597"><a href="#cite_ref-597">^</a> Adolf Hitler, Max Domarus, Speeches and proclamations, 1932-1945, Bolchazy-Carducci, 2004, p. 2799 </li> <li id="cite_note-598"><a href="#cite_ref-598">^</a> Christopher Ailsby, Combat medals of the Third Reich, P. Stephens, 1987, p. 98 </li> <li id="cite_note-599"><a href="#cite_ref-599">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatikkala2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Matikkala, Antti (2017). Kunnian ruletti: Korkeimmat ulkomaalaisille 1941-1944 annetut suomalaiset kunniamerkit (in Finnish). Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. p. 511. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-222-847-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-952-222-847-5"><bdi>978-952-222-847-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kunnian+ruletti%3A+Korkeimmat+ulkomaalaisille+1941-1944+annetut+suomalaiset+kunniamerkit&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pages=511&rft.pub=Suomalaisen+Kirjallisuuden+Seura&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-952-222-847-5&rft.aulast=Matikkala&rft.aufirst=Antti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIon+Antonescu" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_further_reading">References and further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inshr-ew.ro/ro/files/Raport%20Final/Final_Report.pdf">Final Report</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Wiesel_Commission" title="Wiesel Commission">International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polirom" title="Polirom">Polirom</a>, Iași, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-681-989-2" title="Special:BookSources/973-681-989-2">973-681-989-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viorel_Achim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viorel Achim (page does not exist)">Viorel Achim</a>, The Roma in Romanian History, <a href="/wiki/Central_European_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Central European University Press">Central European University Press</a>, Budapest, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-9241-84-9" title="Special:BookSources/963-9241-84-9">963-9241-84-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Ancel" title="Jean Ancel">Jean Ancel</a>, <ul><li>Preludiu la asasinat. Pogromul de la Iași, 29 iunie 1941, <a href="/wiki/Polirom" title="Polirom">Polirom</a>, Iași, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-681-799-7" title="Special:BookSources/973-681-799-7">973-681-799-7</a></li> <li>" 'The New Jewish Invasion' – The Return of the Survivors in Transnistria", in David Bankier (ed.), The Jews are Coming Back: The Return of the Jews to Their Countries of Origin after WWII, <a href="/wiki/Berghahn_Books" title="Berghahn Books">Berghahn Books</a>, Providence, 2005, pp. 231–256. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57181-527-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-57181-527-9">1-57181-527-9</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Boia" title="Lucian Boia">Lucian Boia</a>, Istorie și mit în conștiința românească, <a href="/wiki/Humanitas_publishing_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanitas publishing house">Humanitas</a>, Bucharest, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-50-0055-5" title="Special:BookSources/973-50-0055-5">973-50-0055-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_R._Browning" title="Christopher R. Browning">Christopher R. Browning</a>, The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 – March 1942, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>, Lincoln, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-5979-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-5979-9">978-0-8032-5979-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Bucur" title="Maria Bucur">Maria Bucur</a>, <ul><li>"Edifices of the Past: War Memorials and Heroes in Twentieth-century Romania", in <a href="/wiki/Maria_Todorova" title="Maria Todorova">Maria Todorova</a> (ed.), Balkan Identities: Nation and Memory, <a href="/wiki/C._Hurst_%26_Co._Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Hurst & Co. Publishers">C. Hurst & Co. Publishers</a>, London, 2004, pp. 158–179. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85065-715-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85065-715-7">1-85065-715-7</a></li> <li>"Women's Stories as Sites of Memory: Gender and Remembering Romania's World Wars", in Nancy M. Wingfield, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Bucur" title="Maria Bucur">Maria Bucur</a> (eds.), Gender & War in Twentieth-century Eastern Europe, <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>, Bloomington, 2006, pp. 171–192</li></ul></li> <li>Christopher Chant, The Encyclopedia of Codenames of World War II, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a> & Kegan Paul Books Ltd., London, 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7102-0718-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7102-0718-2">0-7102-0718-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a>, Pe umerii lui Marx. O introducere în istoria comunismului românesc, <a href="/wiki/Editura_Curtea_Veche" title="Editura Curtea Veche">Editura Curtea Veche</a>, Bucharest, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-669-175-6" title="Special:BookSources/973-669-175-6">973-669-175-6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcel_Cornis-Pope&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcel Cornis-Pope (page does not exist)">Marcel Cornis-Pope</a>, John Neubauer (eds.), History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe, <a href="/wiki/John_Benjamins" class="mw-redirect" title="John Benjamins">John Benjamins</a>, Amsterdam & Philadelphia, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-272-3452-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-272-3452-3">90-272-3452-3</a>; see: <ul><li>Letiția Guran, Alexandru Ștefan, "Romanian Literature under Stalinism", pp. 112–124</li> <li>John Neubauer et al., "1945", pp. 143–177</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Deletant" title="Dennis Deletant">Dennis Deletant</a>, Hitler's Forgotten Ally: Ion Antonescu and His Regime, Romania, 1940–1944, <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>, London, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-9341-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-4039-9341-6">1-4039-9341-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Deletant" title="Dennis Deletant">Dennis Deletant</a>, "Romania" in The Oxford Companion to World War II edited by <a href="/wiki/I._C._B._Dear" title="I. C. B. Dear">I. C. B. Dear</a> and <a href="/wiki/M._R._D._Foot" title="M. R. D. Foot">M. R. D. Foot</a> (2001) pp 954–959.</li> <li>Stanislaw Frankowski, "Post-Communist Europe", in Peter Hodgkinson, Andrew Rutherford (eds.), Capital Punishment: Global Issues and Prospects, Waterside Press, Winchester, 1996, pp. 215–242. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-872870-32-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-872870-32-5">1-872870-32-5</a></li> <li>Aleksander Gella, Development of Class Structure in Eastern Europe: Poland and Her Southern Neighbors, <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>, Albany, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88706-833-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-88706-833-2">0-88706-833-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliana_Geran_Pilon" title="Juliana Geran Pilon">Juliana Geran Pilon</a>, The Bloody Flag. Post-Communist Nationalism in Eastern Europe. Spotlight on Romania (Studies in Social Philosophy & Policy No. 16), <a href="/wiki/Transaction_Publishers" title="Transaction Publishers">Transaction Publishers</a>, New Brunswick & London, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56000-620-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-56000-620-X">1-56000-620-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinu_C._Giurescu" title="Dinu C. Giurescu">Dinu C. Giurescu</a>, Romania in the Second World War: 1939–1945 (East European Monographs, 2000).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Griffin" title="Roger Griffin">Roger Griffin</a>, The Nature of Fascism, Routledge, London, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-09661-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-09661-8">0-415-09661-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._D._Harvey" title="A. D. Harvey">Arnold D. Harvey</a>, Collision of Empires: Britain in Three World Wars, 1793–1945, <a href="/wiki/Continuum_International_Publishing_Group" title="Continuum International Publishing Group">Continuum International Publishing Group</a>, London, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85285-078-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85285-078-7">1-85285-078-7</a></li> <li>Rebecca Ann Haynes, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110609155431/http://eprints.ucl.ac.uk/12954/1/12954.pdf">" 'A New Greater Romania'? Romanian Claims to the Serbian Banat in 1941"</a>, in Central Europe, Vol. 3, No. 2, November 2005, pp. 99–120; republished by <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/Library/">Library Services</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radu_Ioanid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radu Ioanid (page does not exist)">Radu Ioanid</a>, "Romania", in <a href="/wiki/David_S._Wyman" class="mw-redirect" title="David S. Wyman">David S. Wyman</a>, Charles H. Rosenzveig (eds.), The World Reacts to the Holocaust, <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>, Baltimore & London, 1996, pp. 225–252. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-4969-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-4969-1">0-8018-4969-1</a></li> <li>Michelle Kelso, "Gypsy Deportations from Romania to Transnistria, 1942–44", in <a href="/wiki/Karola_Fings" title="Karola Fings">Karola Fings</a>, Donald Kenrick (eds.), In the Shadow of the Swastika: Volume 2: The Gypsies during the Second World War, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hertfordshire_Press" title="University of Hertfordshire Press">University of Hertfordshire Press</a>, Hatfield, 1999, pp. 95–130. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900458-85-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-900458-85-2">0-900458-85-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padraic_Kenney" title="Padraic Kenney">Padraic Kenney</a>, The Burdens of Freedom: Eastern Europe since 1989, Zed Books, London, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84277-663-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-84277-663-0">1-84277-663-0</a></li> <li>Peter C. Kent, The Lonely Cold War of Pope Pius XII: The Roman Catholic Church and the Division of Europe, 1943–1950, <a href="/wiki/McGill-Queen%27s_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="McGill-Queen's University Press">McGill-Queen's University Press</a>, Montreal & Kingston, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-2326-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-2326-X">0-7735-2326-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_King_(professor_of_international_affairs)" title="Charles King (professor of international affairs)">Charles King</a>, The Moldovans: Romania, Russia, and the Politics of Culture, <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoover Press">Hoover Press</a>, Stanford, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8179-9792-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8179-9792-X">0-8179-9792-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a>, Fascism: Past, Present, Future, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, Oxford etc., 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-511793-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-511793-X">0-19-511793-X</a></li> <li>Philip Morgan, Fascism in Europe, 1919–1945, Routledge, London, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-16943-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-16943-7">0-415-16943-7</a></li> <li>David Nicholls, Adolf Hitler: A Biographical Companion, <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>, Santa Barbara, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87436-965-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87436-965-7">0-87436-965-7</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_O._Oldson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William O. Oldson (page does not exist)">William O. Oldson</a>, A Providential Anti-Semitism. Nationalism and Polity in Nineteenth-Century Romania, <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>, Philadelphia, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87169-193-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87169-193-0">0-87169-193-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z._Ornea" class="mw-redirect" title="Z. Ornea">Z. Ornea</a>, Anii treizeci. Extrema dreaptă românească, <a href="/wiki/Editura_Funda%C8%9Biei_Culturale_Rom%C3%A2ne" class="mw-redirect" title="Editura Fundației Culturale Române">Editura Fundației Culturale Române</a>, Bucharest, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-9155-43-X" title="Special:BookSources/973-9155-43-X">973-9155-43-X</a></li> <li>Monty Noam Penkower, The Jews Were Expendable: Free World Diplomacy and the Holocaust, <a href="/wiki/Wayne_State_University_Press" title="Wayne State University Press">Wayne State University Press</a>, Detroit, 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8143-1952-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8143-1952-1">0-8143-1952-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Polonsky" title="Antony Polonsky">Antony Polonsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joanna_B._Michlic" class="mw-redirect" title="Joanna B. Michlic">Joanna B. Michlic</a>, introduction to The Neighbors Respond: The Controversy over the Jedwabne Massacre in Poland, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, Princeton, 2004, pp. 1–43. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-11306-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-11306-8">0-691-11306-8</a></li> <li>Sabrina P. Ramet, "The Way We Were—And Should Be Again? European Orthodox Churches and the 'Idyllic Past' ", in Timothy A. Byrnes, <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Katzenstein" title="Peter J. Katzenstein">Peter J. Katzenstein</a> (eds.), Religion in an Expanding Europe, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, Cambridge, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-85926-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-85926-3">0-521-85926-3</a></li> <li>Steven D. Roper, Romania: The Unfinished Revolution, Routledge, London, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5823-027-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-5823-027-9">90-5823-027-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Shafir" title="Michael Shafir">Michael Shafir</a>, "The Mind of Romania's Radical Right", in Sabrina P. Ramet (ed.), The Radical Right in Central and Eastern Europe since 1989, <a href="/wiki/Penn_State_University_Press" title="Penn State University Press">Penn State University Press</a>, University Park, 1999, pp. 213–232. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-271-01811-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-271-01811-9">0-271-01811-9</a></li> <li>Thomas, Martin. "To arm an ally: French arms sales to Romania, 1926–1940." Journal of Strategic Studies 19.2 (1996): 231–259.</li> <li>Ottmar Trașcă, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history-cluj.ro/Istorie/anuare/AnuarBaritHistorica2008/20%20OttmarTrasca.pdf">"Ocuparea orașului Odessa de căre armata română și măsurile adoptate față de populația evreiască"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180915104401/http://www.history-cluj.ro/Istorie/anuare/AnuarBaritHistorica2008/20">Archived</a> 15 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Academy" title="Romanian Academy">Romanian Academy</a> George Bariț Institute of History's Historica Yearbook 2008, pp. 377–425</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Veiga" title="Francisco Veiga">Francisco Veiga</a>, Istoria Gărzii de Fier, 1919–1941: Mistica ultranaționalismului, <a href="/wiki/Humanitas_publishing_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanitas publishing house">Humanitas</a>, Bucharest, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-28-0392-4" title="Special:BookSources/973-28-0392-4">973-28-0392-4</a></li> <li>Watts, Larry L. Romanian Cassandra: Ion Antonescu and the Struggle for Reform, 1916–1941 (East European Monographs, 1993)</li> <li>Petru Weber, "Die Wahrnehmung des »Domestic Holocaust« im Rumänien der Nachkriegsjahre", in Regina Fritz, Carola Sachse, Edgar Wolfrum (eds.), Nationen und ihre Selbstbilder. Postdiktatorische Gesellschaften in Europa, Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen, 2008, pp. 150–167. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8353-0212-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8353-0212-9">978-3-8353-0212-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_L._Weinberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerhard L. Weinberg">Gerhard L. Weinberg</a>, Germany, Hitler, and World War II: Essays in Modern German and World History, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56626-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-56626-6">0-521-56626-6</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography_and_memory">Historiography and memory</h3></div> <ul><li>Chioveanu, Mihai. "A Deadlock Of Memory The Myth And Cult Of Ion Antonescu In Post-Communist Romania." Studia Hebraica 3 (2003): 102–123.</li> <li>Treptow, Kurt W. Romania and World War II ( Center for Romanian Studies, 1996).</li> <li>White, George W. Nationalism and Territory. Constructing Group Identity in Southeastern Europe, <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>, Lanham, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8476-9809-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8476-9809-2">0-8476-9809-2</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/000548">Newspaper clippings about Ion Antonescu</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ion_Gigurtu" title="Ion Gigurtu">Ion Gigurtu</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Romania" title="Prime Minister of Romania">Prime Minister of Romania</a> 5 September 1940 – 23 August 1944 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Constantin_S%C4%83n%C4%83tescu" title="Constantin Sănătescu">Constantin Sănătescu</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Recreated<div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><a href="/wiki/Carol_II_of_Romania" title="Carol II of Romania">Carol II</a> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Conduc%C4%83tor" title="Conducător">Conducător</a> of Romania 6 September 1940 – 23 August 1944 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Vacant<div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prime_Ministers_of_Romania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Romania" title="Template:Prime ministers of Romania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_Romania" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of Romania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Romania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of Romania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prime_Ministers_of_Romania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Romania" title="Prime Minister of Romania">Prime Ministers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Romania" title="List of heads of government of Romania">List of heads of government of Romania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Principalities_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia">United Principalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbu_Catargiu" title="Barbu Catargiu">B. Catargiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostol_Arsache" title="Apostol Arsache">Arsache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Cre%C8%9Bulescu" title="Nicolae Crețulescu">N. Crețulescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Kog%C4%83lniceanu" title="Mihail Kogălniceanu">Kogălniceanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Bosianu" title="Constantin Bosianu">Bosianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Cre%C8%9Bulescu" title="Nicolae Crețulescu">N. Crețulescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Ghica" title="Ion Ghica">I. Ghica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasc%C4%83r_Catargiu" title="Lascăr Catargiu">L. Catargiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Ghica" title="Ion Ghica">I. Ghica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_A._Cre%C8%9Bulescu" title="Constantin A. Crețulescu">C. Crețulescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Golescu" title="Ștefan Golescu">Ș. Golescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Golescu" title="Nicolae Golescu">N. Golescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Ghica" title="Dimitrie Ghica">D. Ghica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_G._Golescu" title="Alexandru G. Golescu">A. Golescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manolache_Costache_Epureanu" title="Manolache Costache Epureanu">Epureanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Ghica" title="Ion Ghica">I. Ghica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasc%C4%83r_Catargiu" title="Lascăr Catargiu">L. Catargiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Emanuel_Florescu" title="Ion Emanuel Florescu">Florescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manolache_Costache_Epureanu" title="Manolache Costache Epureanu">Epureanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_C._Br%C4%83tianu" title="Ion C. Brătianu">Ion C. Brătianu</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Romania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Prime Minister of Romania"><img alt="Flag of the Prime Minister of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Romania.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Romania.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Romania.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_C._Br%C4%83tianu" title="Ion C. Brătianu">Ion C. Brătianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Br%C4%83tianu" title="Dimitrie Brătianu">D. Brătianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_C._Br%C4%83tianu" title="Ion C. Brătianu">Ion C. Brătianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Rosetti" title="Theodor Rosetti">Rosetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasc%C4%83r_Catargiu" title="Lascăr Catargiu">L. Catargiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Manu" title="Gheorghe Manu">Manu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Emanuel_Florescu" title="Ion Emanuel Florescu">Florescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasc%C4%83r_Catargiu" title="Lascăr Catargiu">L. Catargiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Sturdza" title="Dimitrie Sturdza">Sturdza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petre_S._Aurelian" title="Petre S. Aurelian">Aurelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Sturdza" title="Dimitrie Sturdza">Sturdza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Grigore_Cantacuzino" title="Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino">Cantacuzino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petre_P._Carp" title="Petre P. Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Sturdza" title="Dimitrie Sturdza">Sturdza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Grigore_Cantacuzino" title="Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino"> Cantacuzino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Sturdza" title="Dimitrie Sturdza">Sturdza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_I._C._Br%C4%83tianu" title="Ion I. C. Brătianu">Ion I. C. Brătianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petre_P._Carp" title="Petre P. Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titu_Maiorescu" title="Titu Maiorescu">Maiorescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_I._C._Br%C4%83tianu" title="Ion I. C. Brătianu">Ion I. C. Brătianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Averescu" title="Alexandru Averescu">Averescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Marghiloman" title="Alexandru Marghiloman"> Marghiloman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Coand%C4%83" title="Constantin Coandă">Coandă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_I._C._Br%C4%83tianu" title="Ion I. C. Brătianu">Ion I. C. Brătianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_V%C4%83itoianu" title="Artur Văitoianu">Văitoianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Vaida-Voevod" title="Alexandru Vaida-Voevod">Vaida-Voevod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Averescu" title="Alexandru Averescu">Averescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Take_Ionescu" title="Take Ionescu">Ionescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_I._C._Br%C4%83tianu" title="Ion I. C. Brătianu">Ion I. C. Brătianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Averescu" title="Alexandru Averescu">Averescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbu_%C8%98tirbey" title="Barbu Știrbey">Știrbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_I._C._Br%C4%83tianu" title="Ion I. C. Brătianu">Ion I. C. Brătianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintil%C4%83_Br%C4%83tianu" title="Vintilă Brătianu"> V. Brătianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iuliu_Maniu" title="Iuliu Maniu">Maniu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Mironescu" title="Gheorghe Mironescu">Mironescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iuliu_Maniu" title="Iuliu Maniu">Maniu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Mironescu" title="Gheorghe Mironescu">Mironescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Vaida-Voevod" title="Alexandru Vaida-Voevod">Vaida-Voevod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iuliu_Maniu" title="Iuliu Maniu">Maniu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Vaida-Voevod" title="Alexandru Vaida-Voevod">Vaida-Voevod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_G._Duca" title="Ion G. Duca">Duca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Angelescu" title="Constantin Angelescu">Angelescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_T%C4%83t%C4%83rescu" title="Gheorghe Tătărescu">Tătărescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavian_Goga" title="Octavian Goga">Goga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Miron_of_Romania" title="Patriarch Miron of Romania">Cristea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_C%C4%83linescu" title="Armand Călinescu">Călinescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Arge%C8%99anu" title="Gheorghe Argeșanu">Argeșanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Argetoianu" title="Constantin Argetoianu">Argetoianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_T%C4%83t%C4%83rescu" title="Gheorghe Tătărescu">Tătărescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Gigurtu" title="Ion Gigurtu">Gigurtu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antonescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_S%C4%83n%C4%83tescu" title="Constantin Sănătescu">Sănătescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_R%C4%83descu" title="Nicolae Rădescu">Rădescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petru_Groza" title="Petru Groza">Groza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">R.P.R.—R.S.R.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petru_Groza" title="Petru Groza">Groza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghiu-Dej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chivu_Stoica" title="Chivu Stoica">Stoica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Gheorghe_Maurer" title="Ion Gheorghe Maurer">Maurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manea_M%C4%83nescu" title="Manea Mănescu">Mănescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilie_Verde%C8%9B" title="Ilie Verdeț">Verdeț</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_D%C4%83sc%C4%83lescu" title="Constantin Dăscălescu">Dăscălescu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania_(1989%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Romania (1989–present)">Romania since 1989</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petre_Roman" title="Petre Roman">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Stolojan" title="Theodor Stolojan">Stolojan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_V%C4%83c%C4%83roiu" title="Nicolae Văcăroiu">Văcăroiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Ciorbea" title="Victor Ciorbea">Ciorbea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavril_Dejeu" title="Gavril Dejeu">Dejeu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radu_Vasile" title="Radu Vasile">Vasile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Athanasiu" title="Alexandru Athanasiu">Athanasiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugur_Is%C4%83rescu" title="Mugur Isărescu">Isărescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_N%C4%83stase" title="Adrian Năstase">Năstase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Bejinariu" title="Eugen Bejinariu">Bejinariu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C4%83lin_Popescu-T%C4%83riceanu" title="Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu">Popescu-Tăriceanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Boc" title="Emil Boc">Boc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C4%83t%C4%83lin_Predoiu" title="Cătălin Predoiu">Predoiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_R%C4%83zvan_Ungureanu" title="Mihai Răzvan Ungureanu">Ungureanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Ponta" title="Victor Ponta">Ponta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Oprea" title="Gabriel Oprea">Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Ponta" title="Victor Ponta">Ponta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Oprea" title="Gabriel Oprea">Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Ponta" title="Victor Ponta">Ponta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorin_C%C3%AEmpeanu" title="Sorin Cîmpeanu">Cîmpeanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_Ciolo%C8%99" title="Dacian Cioloș">Cioloș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorin_Grindeanu" title="Sorin Grindeanu">Grindeanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Tudose" title="Mihai Tudose">Tudose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Fifor" title="Mihai Fifor">Fifor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viorica_D%C4%83ncil%C4%83" title="Viorica Dăncilă">Dăncilă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludovic_Orban" title="Ludovic Orban">Orban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ciuc%C4%83" title="Nicolae Ciucă">Ciucă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florin_C%C3%AE%C8%9Bu" title="Florin Cîțu">Cîțu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ciuc%C4%83" title="Nicolae Ciucă">Ciucă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C4%83t%C4%83lin_Predoiu" title="Cătălin Predoiu">Predoiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Ciolacu" title="Marcel Ciolacu">Ciolacu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/Ad_interim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad interim">ad interim</a>/<a href="/wiki/Acting_(law)" title="Acting (law)">acting</a> office holders. Bold indicates current office holder.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_state_of_Romania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Romania" title="Template:Heads of state of Romania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_of_Romania" title="Template talk:Heads of state of Romania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Romania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state of Romania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_state_of_Romania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Romania" title="List of heads of state of Romania">Heads of state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heads_of_state_of_Romania" title="Category:Heads of state of Romania">Heads of state of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_Romania" title="Category:Presidents of Romania">Presidents of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Romanian_monarchs" title="Category:Romanian monarchs">Romanian monarchs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Principalities_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia">United Principalities of Romania</a> <a href="/wiki/Domnitor" title="Domnitor">Domnitor of Romania</a> (1862–1881)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller;">1862–1866</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Ioan_Cuza" title="Alexandru Ioan Cuza">Alexandru Ioan Cuza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Princely_Lieutenancy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Princely Lieutenancy (page does not exist)">Princely Lieutenancy</a> [<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locotenen%C8%9Ba_Domneasc%C4%83_(1866)" class="extiw" title="ro:Locotenența Domnească (1866)">ro</a>]</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lasc%C4%83r_Catargiu" title="Lascăr Catargiu">Lascăr Catargiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Golescu" title="Nicolae Golescu">Nicolae Golescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Haralambie" title="Nicolae Haralambie">Nicolae Haralambie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller;">1866–1881</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carol_I_of_Romania" title="Carol I of Romania">Carol I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Romania" title="King of Romania">King of Romania</a> (1881–1947)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller;">1881–1914</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carol_I_of_Romania" title="Carol I of Romania">Carol I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller;">1914–1927</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Romania" title="Ferdinand I of Romania">Ferdinand I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller;">1927–1930</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_of_Romania" title="Michael I of Romania">Michael I</a> <ul><li>under regents <a href="/wiki/Prince_Nicholas_of_Romania" title="Prince Nicholas of Romania">Prince Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Miron_of_Romania" title="Patriarch Miron of Romania">Miron Cristea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Buzdugan" title="Gheorghe Buzdugan">Gheorghe Buzdugan</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_S%C4%83r%C4%83%C5%A3eanu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantin Sărăţeanu (page does not exist)">Constantin Sărăţeanu</a> [<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_S%C4%83r%C4%83%C5%A3eanu" class="extiw" title="ro:Constantin Sărăţeanu">ro</a>]</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller;">1930–1940</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carol_II_of_Romania" title="Carol II of Romania">Carol II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller;">1940–1947</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_of_Romania" title="Michael I of Romania">Michael I</a> <ul><li>with <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ion Antonescu</a> as <a href="/wiki/Conduc%C4%83tor" title="Conducător">Conducător</a> between 1940 and 1944</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_People%27s_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian People's Republic">Romanian People's Republic</a> (1947–65) <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Socialist Republic of Romania</a> (1965–89)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_Republic_(Romania)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the Republic (Romania) (page does not exist)">Provisional Presidium of the Republic</a> (1947–1948)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Ion_Parhon" title="Constantin Ion Parhon">Constantin Ion Parhon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Niculi" title="Ion Niculi">Ion Niculi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Sadoveanu" title="Mihail Sadoveanu">Mihail Sadoveanu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gheorghe_Stere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gheorghe Stere (page does not exist)">Gheorghe Stere</a> [<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gheorghe_Stere" class="extiw" title="ro:Gheorghe Stere">ro</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Voitec" title="Ștefan Voitec">Ștefan Voitec</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller;"><a href="/wiki/Great_National_Assembly_(Socialist_Republic_of_Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great National Assembly (Socialist Republic of Romania)">Presidium of the Great National Assembly</a> (1948–1961)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Ion_Parhon" title="Constantin Ion Parhon">Constantin Ion Parhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petru_Groza" title="Petru Groza">Petru Groza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Sadoveanu" title="Mihail Sadoveanu">Mihail Sadoveanu</a> & <a href="/wiki/Anton_Moisescu" title="Anton Moisescu">Anton Moisescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Gheorghe_Maurer" title="Ion Gheorghe Maurer">Ion Gheorghe Maurer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller;"><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_Romania" title="State Council of Romania">State Council</a> (1961–1974)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chivu_Stoica" title="Chivu Stoica">Chivu Stoica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Gheorghe_Maurer" title="Ion Gheorghe Maurer">Ion Gheorghe Maurer</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Voitec" title="Ștefan Voitec">Ștefan Voitec</a> & <a href="/wiki/Avram_Bunaciu" title="Avram Bunaciu">Avram Bunaciu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Romania" title="President of Romania">President of SR Romania</a> (1974–1989)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania_(1989%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Romania (1989–present)">Post–1989 Romania</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Romania" title="President of Romania">President of Romania</a> (1989–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Iliescu" title="Ion Iliescu">Ion Iliescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Constantinescu" title="Emil Constantinescu">Emil Constantinescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Iliescu" title="Ion Iliescu">Ion Iliescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traian_B%C4%83sescu" title="Traian Băsescu">Traian Băsescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_V%C4%83c%C4%83roiu" title="Nicolae Văcăroiu">Nicolae Văcăroiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traian_B%C4%83sescu" title="Traian Băsescu">Traian Băsescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crin_Antonescu" title="Crin Antonescu">Crin Antonescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traian_B%C4%83sescu" title="Traian Băsescu">Traian Băsescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Iohannis" title="Klaus Iohannis">Klaus Iohannis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicate interim officeholders. Bold indicates incumbent/current officeholder.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="First_Cristea_cabinet_(2_February_1938_–_30_March_1938)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:First_Cristea_Cabinet" title="Template:First Cristea Cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li 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Cristea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Averescu" title="Alexandru Averescu">Alexandru Averescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_V%C4%83itoianu" title="Artur Văitoianu">Artur Văitoianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Vaida-Voevod" title="Alexandru Vaida-Voevod">Alexandru Vaida-Voevod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Nicolae Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Angelescu" title="Constantin Angelescu">Constantin Anghelescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_T%C4%83t%C4%83rescu" title="Gheorghe Tătărescu">Gheorghe Tătărescu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armand_C%C4%83linescu" title="Armand Călinescu">Armand Călinescu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Administration_and_Interior_(Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Administration and Interior (Romania)">Interior</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_T%C4%83t%C4%83rescu" title="Gheorghe Tătărescu">Gheorghe Tătărescu</a> (External Affairs)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mircea_Cancicov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mircea Cancicov (page does not exist)">Mircea Cancicov</a> (Finances)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mircea_Cancicov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mircea Cancicov (page does not exist)">Mircea Cancicov</a> (Justice)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Iamandi" title="Victor Iamandi">Victor Iamandi</a> (National Education)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Iamandi" title="Victor Iamandi">Victor Iamandi</a> (Religious Affairs and Arts)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ion Antonescu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defence_(Romania)" title="Ministry of National Defence (Romania)">National Defence</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ion Antonescu</a> (Air and Marine)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Argetoianu" title="Constantin Argetoianu">Constantin Argetoianu</a> (Agriculture, Domains and Cooperatives)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Angelescu" title="Constantin Angelescu">Constantin Anghelescu</a> (Public Works and Communications)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voicu_Ni%C5%A3escu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voicu Niţescu (page does not exist)">Voicu Niţescu</a> (Labour)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_Costinescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ion Costinescu (page does not exist)">Ion Costinescu</a> (Labour, Health and Social Protection)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Undersecretaries of State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Petrescu-Comnen" title="Nicolae Petrescu-Comnen">Nicolae Petrescu-Comnen</a> (External Affairs)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Teodorescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Teodorescu (page does not exist)">Paul Teodorescu</a> (National Defence)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px_Marshals_of_Romania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#798050; color:#FFD700;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Marshals_of_Romania" title="Template:Marshals of Romania"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#FFD700">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Marshals_of_Romania" title="Template talk:Marshals of Romania"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#FFD700">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Marshals_of_Romania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Marshals of Romania"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#FFD700">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20px_Marshals_of_Romania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_Romania.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Roundel_of_Romania.svg/20px-Roundel_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Roundel_of_Romania.svg/30px-Roundel_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Roundel_of_Romania.svg/40px-Roundel_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mare%C8%99al_(Romania)" title="Mareșal (Romania)">Marshals</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mare%C8%99al_(Romania)" title="Mareșal (Romania)">Romania</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand of Romania">Ferdinand I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_II_of_Romania" title="Carol II of Romania">Carol II of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Averescu" title="Alexandru Averescu">Alexandru Averescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Prezan" title="Constantin Prezan">Constantin Prezan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia" title="Alexander I of Yugoslavia">Alexander I of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael of Romania">Michael I</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ion Antonescu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Defence_Ministers_of_Romania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Defence_Ministers_of_Romania" title="Template:Defence Ministers of Romania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Defence_Ministers_of_Romania" title="Template talk:Defence Ministers of Romania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Defence_Ministers_of_Romania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Defence Ministers of Romania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Defence_Ministers_of_Romania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defence_(Romania)" title="Ministry of National Defence (Romania)">Defence Ministers of Romania</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Principalities" class="mw-redirect" title="United Principalities">United Principalities</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Principality of Romania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbu_Vl%C4%83doianu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbu Vlădoianu (page does not exist)">Vlădoianu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandru_D._Macedonski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandru D. Macedonski (page does not exist)">Macedonski</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_Cornescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ion Cornescu (page does not exist)">Cornescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Emanuel_Florescu" title="Ion Emanuel Florescu">Florescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Golescu" title="Nicolae Golescu">Golescu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gheorghe_Adrian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gheorghe Adrian (page does not exist)">Adrian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istratie_S%C4%83m%C4%83%C8%99escu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istratie Sămășescu (page does not exist)">Sămășescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioan_Grigore_Ghica" title="Ioan Grigore Ghica">Grigore Ghica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandru_Iacovache&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandru Iacovache (page does not exist)">Iacovache</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Savel_Manu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Savel Manu (page does not exist)">Manu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandru_Solomon_(general)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandru Solomon (general) (page does not exist)">Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Lecca" title="Dimitrie Lecca">Lecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Haralambie" title="Nicolae Haralambie">Haralambie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobias_Gherghel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tobias Gherghel (page does not exist)">Gherghel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_C._Br%C4%83tianu" title="Ion C. Brătianu">I.C. Brătianu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandru_Duca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandru Duca (page does not exist)">Duca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Manu" title="Gheorghe Manu">Manu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusta%C8%9Biu_Pencovici" title="Eustațiu Pencovici">Pencovici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Tell" title="Christian Tell">Tell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gheorghe_Sl%C4%83niceanu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gheorghe Slăniceanu (page does not exist)">Slăniceanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Cernat" title="Alexandru Cernat">Cernat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Dabija_(general)" title="Nicolae Dabija (general)">Dabija</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gheorghe_Angelescu_(general)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gheorghe Angelescu (general) (page does not exist)">Gheorghe Angelescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_F%C4%83lcoianu" title="Ștefan Fălcoianu">Fălcoianu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandru_Anghelescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandru Anghelescu (page does not exist)">Alexandru Anghelescu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Barozzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantin Barozzi (page does not exist)">Barozzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matei_Vl%C4%83descu" title="Matei Vlădescu">Vlădescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iacob_Lahovary" title="Iacob Lahovary">Lahovary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasc%C4%83r_Catargiu" title="Lascăr Catargiu">Catargiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Poenaru" title="Constantin Poenaru">Poenaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Budi%C8%99teanu" title="Constantin Budișteanu">Budișteanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Stoicescu" title="Constantin Stoicescu">Stoicescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Berindei" title="Anton Berindei">Berindei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Sturdza" title="Dimitrie Sturdza">Sturdza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Averescu" title="Alexandru Averescu">Averescu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toma_Stelian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toma Stelian (page does not exist)">Stelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigore_C._Cr%C4%83iniceanu" title="Grigore C. Crăiniceanu">Crăiniceanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Filipescu" title="Nicolae Filipescu">Filipescu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioan_Argetoianu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ioan Argetoianu (page does not exist)">Argetoianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_H%C3%A2rjeu" title="Constantin Hârjeu">Hârjeu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_I._C._Br%C4%83tianu" title="Ion I. C. Brătianu">I. I. C. Brătianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintil%C4%83_Br%C4%83tianu" title="Vintilă Brătianu">Vintilă Brătianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Iancovescu" title="Constantin Iancovescu">Iancovescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eremia_Grigorescu" title="Eremia Grigorescu">Grigorescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_V%C4%83itoianu" title="Artur Văitoianu">Văitoianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioan_R%C4%83%C8%99canu" title="Ioan Rășcanu">Rășcanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traian_Mo%C8%99oiu" title="Traian Moșoiu">Moșoiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Holban_(general)" title="Ștefan Holban (general)">Holban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_M%C4%83rd%C4%83rescu" title="Gheorghe Mărdărescu">Mărdărescu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludovic_Mircescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludovic Mircescu (page does not exist)">Mircescu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Angelescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Angelescu (page does not exist)">Paul Angelescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Cihoski" title="Henri Cihoski">Cihoski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iuliu_Maniu" title="Iuliu Maniu">Maniu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Condeescu" title="Nicolae Condeescu">Condeescu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_%C8%98tef%C4%83nescu_Amza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantin Ștefănescu Amza (page does not exist)">Ștefănescu Amza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Samsonovici" title="Nicolae Samsonovici">Samsonovici</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Uic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolae Uică (page does not exist)">Uică</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_T%C4%83t%C4%83rescu" title="Gheorghe Tătărescu">Tătărescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radu_Irimescu" title="Radu Irimescu">Irimescu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Ilasievici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantin Ilasievici (page does not exist)">Ilasievici</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antonescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Arge%C8%99anu" title="Gheorghe Argeșanu">Argeșanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ciuperc%C4%83" title="Nicolae Ciupercă">Ciupercă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_C%C4%83linescu" title="Armand Călinescu">Călinescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioan_Ilcu%C8%99" title="Ioan Ilcuș">Ilcuș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Nicolescu" title="Constantin Nicolescu">Nicolescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iosif_Iacobici" title="Iosif Iacobici">Iacobici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Pantazi" title="Constantin Pantazi">Pantazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioan_Mihail_Racovi%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Ioan Mihail Racoviță">Racoviță</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_S%C4%83n%C4%83tescu" title="Constantin Sănătescu">Sănătescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Negulescu" title="Ion Negulescu">Negulescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Vasiliu-R%C4%83%C8%99canu" title="Constantin Vasiliu-Rășcanu">Rașcanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Lasc%C4%83r" title="Mihail Lascăr">Lascăr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Socialist Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Bodn%C4%83ra%C8%99" title="Emil Bodnăraș">Bodnăraș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontin_S%C4%83l%C4%83jan" title="Leontin Sălăjan">Sălăjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioan_Ioni%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Ioan Ioniță">Ioniță</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Coman_(general)" title="Ion Coman (general)">Coman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Olteanu_(politician)" title="Constantin Olteanu (politician)">Olteanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasile_Milea" title="Vasile Milea">Milea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania since 1989</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Militaru" title="Nicolae Militaru">Militaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_St%C4%83nculescu" title="Victor Stănculescu">Stănculescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niculae_Spiroiu" title="Niculae Spiroiu">Spiroiu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gheorghe_Tinca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gheorghe Tinca (page does not exist)">Tinca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Babiuc" title="Victor Babiuc">Babiuc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Dudu_Ionescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantin Dudu Ionescu (page does not exist)">Ionescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorin_Frunz%C4%83verde" title="Sorin Frunzăverde">Frunzăverde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioan_Mircea_Pa%C8%99cu" title="Ioan Mircea Pașcu">Pașcu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teodor_Atanasiu" title="Teodor Atanasiu">Atanasiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorin_Frunz%C4%83verde" title="Sorin Frunzăverde">Frunzăverde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teodor_Mele%C8%99canu" title="Teodor Meleșcanu">Meleșcanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_St%C4%83ni%C8%99oar%C4%83" title="Mihai Stănișoară">Stănișoară</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Oprea" title="Gabriel Oprea">Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corneliu_Dobri%C8%9Boiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corneliu Dobrițoiu (page does not exist)">Dobrițoiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Du%C8%99a" title="Mircea Dușa">Dușa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihnea_Motoc" title="Mihnea Motoc">Motoc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel-Beniamin_Le%C8%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabriel-Beniamin Leș (page does not exist)">Leș</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrian_%C8%9Au%C8%9Buianu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adrian Țuțuianu (page does not exist)">Țuțuianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Fifor" title="Mihai Fifor">Fifor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel-Beniamin_Le%C8%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabriel-Beniamin Leș (page does not exist)">Leș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ciuc%C4%83" title="Nicolae Ciucă">Ciucă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasile_D%C3%AEncu" title="Vasile Dîncu">Dîncu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_T%C3%AElv%C4%83r" title="Angel Tîlvăr">Tîlvăr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Romania&#124;link=Romania_Chief_of_the_General_Staff_of_Romania" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SMG_chiefs" title="Template:SMG chiefs"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SMG_chiefs" title="Template talk:SMG chiefs"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SMG_chiefs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SMG chiefs"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Romania&#124;link=Romania_Chief_of_the_General_Staff_of_Romania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Romanian_General_Staff" title="Chief of the Romanian General Staff">Chief of the General Staff of</a> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grigore_G%C4%83rdescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grigore Gărdescu (page does not exist)">Grigore Gărdescu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istratie_S%C4%83m%C4%83%C8%99escu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istratie Sămășescu (page does not exist)">Istratie Sămășescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Emanuel_Florescu" title="Ion Emanuel Florescu">Ion Emanuel Florescu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gheorghe_Sl%C4%83niceanu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gheorghe Slăniceanu (page does not exist)">Gheorghe Slăniceanu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Barozzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantin Barozzi (page does not exist)">Constantin Barozzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_F%C4%83lcoianu" title="Ștefan Fălcoianu">Ștefan Fălcoianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Cernat" title="Alexandru Cernat">Alexandru Cernat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Dona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolae Dona (page does not exist)">Nicolae Dona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iacob_Lahovary" title="Iacob Lahovary">Iacob Lahovary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Poenaru" title="Constantin Poenaru">Constantin Poenaru</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandru_C%C4%83rc%C4%83leteanu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandru Cărcăleteanu (page does not exist)">Alexandru Cărcăleteanu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_T%C4%83t%C4%83r%C4%83scu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolae Tătărăscu (page does not exist)">Nicolae Tătărăscu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigore_C._Cr%C4%83iniceanu" title="Grigore C. Crăiniceanu">Grigore C. Crăiniceanu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_Istrati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ion Istrati (page does not exist)">Ion Istrati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasile_Zottu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasile Zottu (page does not exist)">Vasile Zottu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Averescu" title="Alexandru Averescu">Alexandru Averescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Christescu" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantin Christescu">Constantin Christescu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumitru_Iliescu-Turtucaia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dumitru Iliescu-Turtucaia (page does not exist)">Dumitru Iliescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Prezan" title="Constantin Prezan">Constantin Prezan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandru_Gorski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandru Gorski (page does not exist)">Alexandru Gorski</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandru_Lupescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandru Lupescu (page does not exist)">Alexandru Lupescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Samsonovici" title="Nicolae Samsonovici">Nicolae Samsonovici</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_L%C4%83z%C4%83rescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantin Lăzărescu (page does not exist)">Constantin Lăzărescu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ion Antonescu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_Sichitiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ion Sichitiu (page does not exist)">Ion Sichitiu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%98tefan_Gh._Ionescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ștefan Gh. Ionescu (page does not exist)">Ștefan Gh. Ionescu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florea_%C8%9Aenescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Florea Țenescu (page does not exist)">Florea Țenescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Mihail" title="Gheorghe Mihail">Gheorghe Mihail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Ioani%C8%9Biu" title="Alexandru Ioanițiu">Alexandru Ioanițiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iosif_Iacobici" title="Iosif Iacobici">Iosif Iacobici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilie_%C8%98teflea" title="Ilie Șteflea">Ilie Șteflea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_R%C4%83descu" title="Nicolae Rădescu">Nicolae Rădescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_S%C4%83n%C4%83tescu" title="Constantin Sănătescu">Constantin Sănătescu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Costin_Iona%C8%99cu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Costin Ionașcu (page does not exist)">Costin Ionașcu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Gh._Popescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantin Gh. Popescu (page does not exist)">Constantin Gh. Popescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontin_S%C4%83l%C4%83jan" title="Leontin Sălăjan">Leontin Sălăjan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_Tutoveanu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ion Tutoveanu (page does not exist)">Ion Tutoveanu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_Gheorghe_(general)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ion Gheorghe (general) (page does not exist)">Ion Gheorghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Coman_(general)" title="Ion Coman (general)">Ion Coman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_Hortopan_(general)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ion Hortopan (general) (page does not exist)">Ion Hortopan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasile_Milea" title="Vasile Milea">Vasile Milea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Gu%C8%99%C4%83" title="Ștefan Gușă">Ștefan Gușă</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasile_Ionel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasile Ionel (page does not exist)">Vasile Ionel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumitru_Cioflin%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dumitru Cioflină (page does not exist)">Dumitru Cioflină</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Degeratu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantin Degeratu (page does not exist)">Constantin Degeratu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Chelaru" title="Mircea Chelaru">Mircea Chelaru</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mihail_Eugen_Popescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mihail Eugen Popescu (page does not exist)">Mihail Eugen Popescu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugen_B%C4%83d%C4%83lan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugen Bădălan (page does not exist)">Eugen Bădălan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gheorghe_Marin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gheorghe Marin (page does not exist)">Gheorghe Marin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%98tefan_D%C4%83nil%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ștefan Dănilă (page does not exist)">Ștefan Dănilă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ciuc%C4%83" title="Nicolae Ciucă">Nicolae Ciucă</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Petrescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel Petrescu (page does not exist)">Daniel Petrescu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fascism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism#Core_tenets" title="Fascism">Core tenets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actual_idealism" title="Actual idealism">Actual idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism#Fascism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_nation" title="Bourgeois nation">Anti-materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Criticism" title="Pacifism">Anti-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_capitalism" title="Heroic capitalism">Heroic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">Indoctrination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_rationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of rationalism">Irrationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machismo" title="Machismo">Machismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_of_masculinity_under_fascist_Italy" title="Model of masculinity under fascist Italy">Masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">National syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">Palingenetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Man_(utopian_concept)#Fascist" title="New Man (utopian concept)">New Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_nation" title="Proletarian nation">Proletarian nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism#Nazism,_eugenics,_fascism,_imperialism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_interventionism" title="Social interventionism">Social interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercapitalism" title="Supercapitalism">Supercapitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_fascism" title="Definitions of fascism">Definitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_fascism" title="Economics of fascism">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology" title="Fascism and ideology">Fascism and ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements" title="List of fascist movements">Fascism worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_symbolism" title="Fascist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Variants" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Variants</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_fascism" title="Arab fascism">Arab</a></li> <li>Argentine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">Nacionalismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrofascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrofascism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera#Views" title="Stepan Bandera">Banderism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" title="Brazilian Integralism">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_fascism" title="British fascism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fascism" title="Christian fascism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Synarchist_Union#Ideology" title="National Synarchist Union">Mexican synarchism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucian_fascism" title="Confucian fascism">Confucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-fascism" title="Crypto-fascism">Crypto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="French fascism">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party#Ideology_and_fascism_of_PPF" title="French Popular Party">Doriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Pétainism</a> <ul><li>Neo-Pétainism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeune_Nation#Ideology" title="Jeune Nation">Jeune Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27%C5%92uvre_Fran%C3%A7aise#Ideology" title="L'Œuvre Française">L'Œuvre Française</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Faisceau#Valois's_version_of_fascism" title="Le Faisceau">Valoisism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party#Ideology" title="Arrow Cross Party">Hungarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ailtir%C3%AD_na_hAis%C3%A9irghe#Ideology" title="Ailtirí na hAiséirghe">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamofascism" title="Islamofascism">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intransigent_fascism" title="Intransigent fascism">Intransigent</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japanese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reform_bureaucrats" title="Reform bureaucrats">Reform bureaucratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Statism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Restoration" title="Shōwa Restoration">Restoration</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_fascism" title="Jewish fascism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Revisionist Maximalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Asia#Korean_Peninsula" title="Fascism in Asia">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right_(South_Korea)" title="New Right (South Korea)">Nyulaiteu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Lyndon_LaRouche_and_the_LaRouche_movement" title="Views of Lyndon LaRouche and the LaRouche movement">LaRoucheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%93rkonkrusts#Principles_and_ideology" title="Pērkonkrusts">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_mysticism" title="Fascist mysticism">Mystical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Nazism" title="Austrian Nazism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Nazism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric Nazism">Esoteric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Political views of Adolf Hitler">Hitlerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism_in_Russia#Ideology" title="Neo-Nazism in Russia">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Sweden#Ideology" title="Nazism in Sweden">Swedish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">Neo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-and-Black_Movement#Ideology" title="Blue-and-Black Movement">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">NRx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Lights_Doctrine" title="Nine Lights Doctrine">Pan-Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party#Ideology" title="Rexist Party">Rexism</a></li> <li>Romanian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legionarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionarism">Legionarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Legionarism" title="Neo-Legionarism">Neo-Legionarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Romanianism#Ideology" title="Crusade of Romanianism">Romanianism/Stelism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruscism" title="Ruscism">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism#Eurasianism_as_ideology" title="Eurasianism">Neo-Eurasianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_syndicalism" title="Fascist syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party#Ideology" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Techno-fascism">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Positionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">National-anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maoism" title="Nazi-Maoism">Nazi-Maoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Uruguayan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay#Marzism" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Marzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay#Uruguayan_revisionism" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosism" title="Sosism">Sosism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e#Ideology" title="Ustaše">Ustašism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Movements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Movements</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Weerstandsbeweging" title="Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging">Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Gentile_National_Socialist_Movement" title="South African Gentile National Socialist Movement">Greyshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Association_of_the_Lictor" title="Muslim Association of the Lictor">Muslim Association of the Lictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossewabrandwag" title="Ossewabrandwag">Ossewabrandwag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Egypt_Party_(1933)" title="Young Egypt Party (1933)">Young Egypt Party (1933)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Asia" title="Fascism in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinav_Bharat" title="Abhinav Bharat">Abhinav Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muthanna_Club" title="Al-Muthanna Club">Al-Muthanna Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aria_Party" title="Aria Party">Aria Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Democrat_Party" title="Azerbaijan National Democrat Party">Azerbaijan National Democrat Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azure_Party" title="Azure Party">Azure Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Dragon_Society" title="Black Dragon Society">Black Dragon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_HaBirionim" title="Brit HaBirionim">Brit HaBirionim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_Association" title="Concordia Association">Concordia Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Square_(Iraq)" title="Golden Square (Iraq)">Golden Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran-e-No_Party" title="Iran-e-No Party">Iran-e-No Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Front" title="Jewish National Front">Jewish National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kach_(political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kach (political party)">Kach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Party" title="Kataeb Party">Kataeb Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenkokukai" title="Kenkokukai">Kenkokukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokumin_D%C5%8Dmei" title="Kokumin Dōmei">Kokumin Dōmei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Nationalist_Party" title="Korea Nationalist Party">Korea Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_National_Youth_Association" title="Korean National Youth Association">Korean National Youth Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group)" title="Lehi (militant group)">Lehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(South_Korea)" title="Liberal Party (South Korea)">Liberal Party (South Korea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasyonal_Aktivite_ve_Zinde_%C4%B0nki%C5%9Faf" title="Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf">Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialism_Association" title="National Socialism Association">National Socialism Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Japanese_Workers%27_Party" title="National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party">National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Movement_Party" title="Nationalist Movement Party">Nationalist Movement Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Task_Party" title="Nationalist Task Party">Nationalist Task Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Will_Party" title="National Will Party">National Will Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Party_of_Iran" title="Nation Party of Iran">Nation Party of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otzma_Yehudit" title="Otzma Yehudit">Otzma Yehudit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Iranist_Party" title="Pan-Iranist Party">Pan-Iranist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Arab_Party" title="Palestine Arab Party">Palestine Arab Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_36" title="Patrol 36">Patrol 36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Iran)" title="Progress Party (Iran)">Progress Party (Iran)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Falange" title="Philippine Falange">Philippine Falange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastakhiz_Party" title="Rastakhiz Party">Rastakhiz Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastriya_Prajatantra_Party" title="Rastriya Prajatantra Party">Rastriya Prajatantra Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_bureaucrats" title="Reform bureaucrats">Reform bureaucrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionist_Party" title="Religious Zionist Party">Religious Zionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakurakai" title="Sakurakai">Sakurakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangh_Parivar" title="Sangh Parivar">Sangh Parivar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Vidyarthi_Parishad" title="Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad">Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Gau_Raksha_Dal" title="Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal">Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Yuva_Morcha" title="Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha">Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jana_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Jana Sangh">Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Kisan_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Kisan Sangh">Bharatiya Kisan Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Mazdoor_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh">Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Vikas_Parishad" title="Bharat Vikas Parishad">Bharat Vikas Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekal_Vidyalaya" title="Ekal Vidyalaya">Ekal Vidyalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Makkal_Katchi" title="Hindu Makkal Katchi">Hindu Makkal Katchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Munnani" title="Hindu Munnani">Hindu Munnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh">Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_Praja_Parishad" title="Jammu Praja Parishad">Jammu Praja Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Rashtriya_Manch" title="Muslim Rashtriya Manch">Muslim Rashtriya Manch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Janmabhoomi_Nyas" title="Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas">Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtra_Sevika_Samiti" title="Rashtra Sevika Samiti">Rashtra Sevika Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Sikh_Sangat" title="Rashtriya Sikh Sangat">Rashtriya Sikh Sangat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Itihas_Sankalan_Yojana" title="Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana">Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seva_Bharati" title="Seva Bharati">Seva Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidya_Bharati" title="Vidya Bharati">Vidya Bharati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanavasi_Kalyan_Ashram" title="Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram">Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishva_Hindu_Parishad" title="Vishva Hindu Parishad">Vishva Hindu Parishad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bajrang_Dal" title="Bajrang Dal">Bajrang Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Vahini" title="Durga Vahini">Durga Vahini</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUMKA" title="SUMKA">SUMKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dh%C5%8Dkai" title="Tōhōkai">Tōhōkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsagaan_Khas" title="Tsagaan Khas">Tsagaan Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Union_Party_(Northern_Cyprus)" title="Turkish Union Party (Northern Cyprus)">Turkish Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang_(Wang_Jingwei)" title="Kuomintang (Wang Jingwei)">Wang Jingwei Kuomintang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Northern / Northwestern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Karelia_Society" title="Academic Karelia Society">Academic Karelia Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ailtir%C3%AD_na_hAis%C3%A9irghe" title="Ailtirí na hAiséirghe">Ailtirí na hAiséirghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonome_Nationalisten" title="Autonome Nationalisten">Autonome Nationalisten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bases_Aut%C3%B3nomas" title="Bases Autónomas">Bases Autónomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Front_(Netherlands)" title="Black Front (Netherlands)">Black Front (Netherlands)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_%26_Honour" title="Blood & Honour">Blood & Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueshirts" title="Blueshirts">Blueshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Social-National_Workers%27_Movement" title="Breton Social-National Workers' Movement">Breton Social-National Workers' Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Democratic_Party_(2013)" title="British Democratic Party (2013)">British Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Fascists" title="British Fascists">British Fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_First" title="Britain First">Britain First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_League_of_Ex-Servicemen_and_Women" title="British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women">British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Movement" title="British Movement">British Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Party_(1960)" title="British National Party (1960)">British National Party (1960)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Party" title="British National Party">British National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_People%27s_Party_(1939)" title="British People's Party (1939)">British People's Party (1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_People%27s_Party_(2005)" title="British People's Party (2005)">British People's Party (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Union_of_Fascists" title="British Union of Fascists">British Union of Fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Britons" title="The Britons">The Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Cagoule" title="La Cagoule">La Cagoule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuals_United" title="Casuals United">Casuals United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_%2786" title="Centre Party '86">Centre Party '86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_People%27s_Party" title="Clerical People's Party">Clerical People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Fascist_Union" title="Dutch Fascist Union">Dutch Fascist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Defence_League" title="English Defence League">English Defence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_National_Association" title="English National Association">English National Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberation_Front" title="European Liberation Front">European Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Faisceau" title="Le Faisceau">Le Faisceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_d%27action_nationale_et_europ%C3%A9enne" title="Fédération d'action nationale et européenne">Fédération d'action nationale et européenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_National_Socialist_Labor_Organisation" title="Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation">Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_People%27s_Organisation" title="Finnish People's Organisation">Finnish People's Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish-Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party">Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlaamsch_Nationaal_Verbond" title="Vlaamsch Nationaal Verbond">Flemish National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_National-Collectivist_Party" title="French National-Collectivist Party">French National-Collectivist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Nationalist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="French Nationalist Party">French Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party" title="French Popular Party">French Popular Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dutch_Fascist_League" title="General Dutch Fascist League">General Dutch Fascist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Britain_Movement" title="Greater Britain Movement">Greater Britain Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_Collaboration" title="Groupe Collaboration">Groupe Collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_Front" title="Heathen Front">Heathen Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Fascist_League" title="Imperial Fascist League">Imperial Fascist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Third_Position" title="International Third Position">International Third Position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeune_Nation" title="Jeune Nation">Jeune Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalli_Alliance_of_Finland" title="Lalli Alliance of Finland">Lalli Alliance of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapua_Movement" title="Lapua Movement">Lapua Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Saint_George" title="League of Saint George">League of Saint George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Identitaires" title="Les Identitaires">Les Identitaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_d%27Action_Civique" title="Mouvement d'Action Civique">Mouvement d'Action Civique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_Franciste" title="Mouvement Franciste">Mouvement Franciste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">Nasjonal Samling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Action_(UK)" title="National Action (UK)">National Action (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Sweden)" title="National Alliance (Sweden)">National Alliance (Sweden)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Corporate_Party" title="National Corporate Party">National Corporate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascisti" title="National Fascisti">National Fascisti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(UK)" title="National Front (UK)">National Front (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_League_of_Sweden" title="National League of Sweden">National League of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_(Iceland)" title="Nationalist Party (Iceland)">Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Popular_Rally" title="National Popular Rally">National Popular Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rally" title="National Rally">National Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Bloc" title="National Socialist Bloc">National Socialist Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Dutch_Workers_Party" title="National Socialist Dutch Workers Party">National Socialist Dutch Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Front" title="National Socialist Front">National Socialist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_League" title="National Socialist League">National Socialist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(UK,_1962)" title="National Socialist Movement (UK, 1962)">National Socialist Movement (UK, 1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Socialist Movement (United Kingdom)">National Socialist Movement (United Kingdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands">National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_of_Norway" title="National Socialist Movement of Norway">National Socialist Movement of Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Union_of_Finland" title="National Socialist Union of Finland">National Socialist Union of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_(Sweden)" title="National Socialist Workers' Party (Sweden)">National Socialist Workers' Party (Sweden)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_of_Denmark" title="National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark">National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialists_of_Finland" title="National Socialists of Finland">National Socialists of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Syndicalists_(Portugal)" title="National Syndicalists (Portugal)">National Syndicalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Netherlands)" title="National Union (Netherlands)">National Union (Netherlands)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Portugal)" title="National Union (Portugal)">National Union (Portugal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Party_(UK)" title="New Party (UK)">New Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipster" title="Nipster">Nipsters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_League" title="Nordic League">Nordic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nordic_Realm_Party" title="The Nordic Realm Party">The Nordic Realm Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Resistance_Movement" title="Nordic Resistance Movement">Nordic Resistance Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_League_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern League (United Kingdom)">Northern League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Defence_League#Norwegian_Defence_League" title="European Defence League">Norwegian Defence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GRECE" title="GRECE">GRECE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27%C5%92uvre_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="L'Œuvre Française">L'Œuvre Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_National_Front" title="Official National Front">Official National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Flemish_Militants" title="Order of Flemish Militants">Order of Flemish Militants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Nine_Angles" title="Order of Nine Angles">Order of Nine Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_National_Socialists" title="Organisation of National Socialists">Organisation of National Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parti_Communautaire_National-Europ%C3%A9en" title="Parti Communautaire National-Européen">Parti Communautaire National-Européen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Finnish_Labor" title="Party of Finnish Labor">Party of Finnish Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_the_Swedes" title="Party of the Swedes">Party of the Swedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Alternative" title="Patriotic Alternative">Patriotic Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_People%27s_Movement" title="Patriotic People's Movement">Patriotic People's Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_People%27s_Movement_(1993)" title="Patriotic People's Movement (1993)">Patriotic People's Movement (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%93rkonkrusts" title="Pērkonkrusts">Pērkonkrusts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalange_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Phalange Française">Phalange Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party" title="Rexist Party">Rexist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rising_Finland" title="Rising Finland">Rising Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Democratic_Fascist_Party" title="Scottish Democratic Fascist Party">Scottish Democratic Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Protestant_League" title="Scottish Protestant League">Scottish Protestant League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormers_(Finland)" title="Stormers (Finland)">Stormers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terre_et_Peuple" title="Terre et Peuple">Terre et Peuple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(France)" title="Third Way (France)">Third Way (France)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(UK_organisation)" title="Third Way (UK organisation)">Third Way (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Movement" title="Union Movement">Union Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdinaso" title="Verdinaso">Verdinaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigrid_(Norway)" title="Vigrid (Norway)">Vigrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Aryan_Resistance_(Sweden)" title="White Aryan Resistance (Sweden)">White Aryan Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Union_of_National_Socialists" title="World Union of National Socialists">World Union of National Socialists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Central Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Front_of_National_Socialists/National_Activists" title="Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists">Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artgemeinschaft" title="Artgemeinschaft">Artgemeinschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Nazism" title="Austrian Nazism">Austrian Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Front" title="Black Front">Black Front</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bund_Deutscher_Osten" title="Bund Deutscher Osten">Bund Deutscher Osten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_National_Socialist_Front" title="Christian National Socialist Front">Christian National Socialist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Reichspartei" title="Deutsche Reichspartei">Deutsche Reichspartei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidgen%C3%B6ssische_Sammlung" title="Eidgenössische Sammlung">Eidgenössische Sammlung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_German_Workers%27_Party" title="Free German Workers' Party">Free German Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Faith_Movement" title="German Faith Movement">German Faith Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_Movement_in_Liechtenstein" title="German National Movement in Liechtenstein">German National Movement in Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_(Czechoslovakia)" title="German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia)">German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Social_Union_(West_Germany)" title="German Social Union (West Germany)">German Social Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Front" title="Hungarian National Front">Hungarian National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Socialist_Agricultural_Labourers%27_and_Workers%27_Party" title="Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party">Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Socialist_Party" title="Hungarian National Socialist Party">Hungarian National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampfbund_Deutscher_Sozialisten" title="Kampfbund Deutscher Sozialisten">Kampfbund Deutscher Sozialisten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_Homeland_Service" title="Liechtenstein Homeland Service">Liechtenstein Homeland Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(Austria)" title="National Democratic Party (Austria)">National Democratic Party (Austria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="National Democratic Party of Germany">National Democratic Party of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Hungary)" title="National Front (Hungary)">National Front (Hungary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Switzerland)" title="National Front (Switzerland)">National Front (Switzerland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Movement_of_Switzerland" title="National Movement of Switzerland">National Movement of Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp" title="National Radical Camp">National Radical Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp#Modern_incarnation_(1993)" title="National Radical Camp">National Radical Camp (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Revival_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="National Revival of Poland">National Revival of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Switzerland)" title="National Union (Switzerland)">National Union (Switzerland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Front_(Germany)" title="Nationalist Front (Germany)">Nationalist Front (Germany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_German_People%27s_Community" title="Greater German People's Community">Greater German People's Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Freedom_Movement" title="National Socialist Freedom Movement">National Socialist Freedom Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Working_Association" title="National Socialist Working Association">National Socialist Working Association</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Germany)" title="New Order (Germany)">New Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipster" title="Nipster">Nipsters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity">Positive Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Christians_(movement)" title="German Christians (movement)">German Christians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_(Germany)" title="The Right (Germany)">The Right (Germany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Reich_Party" title="Socialist Reich Party">Socialist Reich Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudeten_German_Party" title="Sudeten German Party">Sudeten German Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(Germany)" title="Third Way (Germany)">The Third Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Hungarian_National_Socialist_Party" title="United Hungarian National Socialist Party">United Hungarian National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche_Bewegung" title="Volksdeutsche Bewegung">Volksdeutsche Bewegung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkssozialistische_Bewegung_Deutschlands/Partei_der_Arbeit" title="Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit">Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiking-Jugend" title="Wiking-Jugend">Wiking-Jugend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Southern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD%C3%91%E2%80%93Spanish_Identity" title="ADÑ–Spanish Identity">ADÑ–Spanish Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Fascist_Party" title="Albanian Fascist Party">Albanian Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balli_Komb%C3%ABtar" title="Balli Kombëtar">Balli Kombëtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Italy" title="Brothers of Italy">Brothers of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEDADE" title="CEDADE">CEDADE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Fascist_Party" title="Democratic Fascist Party">Democratic Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Nation_State" title="European Nation State">European Nation State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_Italiani_di_Combattimento" title="Fasci Italiani di Combattimento">Fasci Italiani di Combattimento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascio_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS" title="FET y de las JONS">Falange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secci%C3%B3n_Femenina" title="Sección Femenina">Sección Femenina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Falange_(1999)" title="La Falange (1999)">La Falange (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Aut%C3%A9ntica" title="Falange Auténtica">Falange Auténtica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Falange Española">Falange Española</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_Aut%C3%A9ntica" title="Falange Española Auténtica">Falange Española Auténtica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_las_JONS" title="Falange Española de las JONS">Falange Española de las JONS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_las_JONS_(1976)" title="Falange Española de las JONS (1976)">Falange Española de las JONS (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_Independiente" title="Falange Española Independiente">Falange Española Independiente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangist_Movement_of_Spain" title="Falangist Movement of Spain">Falangist Movement of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethinkers%27_Party" title="Freethinkers' Party">Freethinkers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium_Europa" title="Imperium Europa">Imperium Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Fascist_Party" title="Republican Fascist Party">Republican Fascist Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Movement" title="Italian Social Movement">Italian Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juntas_de_Ofensiva_Nacional-Sindicalista" title="Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista">Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juntas_Espa%C3%B1olas" title="Juntas Españolas">Juntas Españolas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Spain)" title="National Alliance (Spain)">National Alliance (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_July_18" title="National Alliance July 18">National Alliance July 18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Italy)" title="National Democracy (Italy)">National Democracy (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Spain)" title="National Democracy (Spain)">National Democracy (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Spain,_1986)" title="National Front (Spain, 1986)">National Front (Spain, 1986)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Spain,_2006)" title="National Front (Spain, 2006)">National Front (Spain, 2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Italy,_1923)" title="National Union (Italy, 1923)">National Union (Italy, 1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Spain)" title="National Union (Spain)">National Union (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Force_(Italy)" title="New Force (Italy)">New Force (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Force_(Spain)" title="New Force (Spain)">New Force (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Social_Movement" title="Republican Social Movement">Republican Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_(Italy)" title="The Right (Italy)">The Right (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_Fascist_Party" title="Sammarinese Fascist Party">Sammarinese Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Military_Union" title="Spanish Military Union">Spanish Military Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maoism" title="Nazi-Maoism">Struggle of the People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Action_(Italy)" title="Student Action (Italy)">Student Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terza_Posizione" title="Terza Posizione">Terza Posizione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricolour_Flame" title="Tricolour Flame">Tricolour Flame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unidad_Falangista_Monta%C3%B1esa" title="Unidad Falangista Montañesa">Unidad Falangista Montañesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Front" title="Youth Front">Youth Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Eastern and Southeastern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autochthonous_Croatian_Party_of_Rights" title="Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights">Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Movement_of_National_Pride" title="Bosnian Movement of National Pride">Bosnian Movement of National Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Socialist_Workers_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party">Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Liberation_Movement" title="Croatian Liberation Movement">Croatian Liberation Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Resistance" title="Croatian National Resistance">Croatian National Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Party_of_Rights" title="Croatian Party of Rights">Croatian Party of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Romanianism" title="Crusade of Romanianism">Crusade of Romanianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_National_Union" title="Ethnic National Union">Ethnic National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasia Movement">Eurasia Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia_Party" title="Eurasia Party">Eurasia Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falanga_(organisation)" title="Falanga (organisation)">Falanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Format18" title="Format18">Format18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_the_Native_Language!" title="For the Native Language!">For the Native Language!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_of_National_Revolutionary_Action" title="Front of National Revolutionary Action">Front of National Revolutionary Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Party_(Romania)" title="German Party (Romania)">German Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party_(Romania)" title="German People's Party (Romania)">German People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Dawn_(Greece)" title="Golden Dawn (Greece)">Golden Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_National_Socialist_Party" title="Greek National Socialist Party">Greek National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosank" title="Hosank">Hosank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LEPEN_(political_party)" title="LEPEN (political party)">LEPEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_of_Russia" title="Liberal Democratic Party of Russia">Liberal Democratic Party of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Nationalist_Union" title="Lithuanian Nationalist Union">Lithuanian Nationalist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Agrarian_Party" title="National Agrarian Party">National Agrarian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevik_Front" title="National Bolshevik Front">National Bolshevik Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevik_Party" title="National Bolshevik Party">National Bolshevik Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-Christian_Defense_League" title="National-Christian Defense League">National-Christian Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Christian_Party" title="National Christian Party">National Christian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Community" title="National Fascist Community">National Fascist Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Movement" title="National Fascist Movement">National Fascist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Italo-Romanian_Cultural_and_Economic_Movement" title="National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement">National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_%E2%80%93_Greeks" title="National Party – Greeks">National Party – Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Patriotic_Organisation" title="National Socialist Patriotic Organisation">National Socialist Patriotic Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Society" title="National Socialist Society">National Socialist Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Social_Movement" title="National Social Movement">National Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp" title="National Radical Camp">National Radical Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Romanian_Fascio" title="National Romanian Fascio">National Romanian Fascio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Front" title="National Renaissance Front">National Renaissance Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Russia)" title="National Salvation Front (Russia)">National Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialism_/_White_Power" title="National Socialism / White Power">National Socialism / White Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Pedophilia" title="Occupy Pedophilia">Occupy Pedophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Nine_Angles" title="Order of Nine Angles">Order of Nine Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ukrainian_Nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists">Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Other_Russia_of_E._V._Limonov" title="The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov">The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamyat" title="Pamyat">Pamyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Alliance_(Greece)" title="Patriotic Alliance (Greece)">Patriotic Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(interwar_Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Party (interwar Romania)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Socialist_Party_of_Ukraine" title="Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine">Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratniks" title="Ratniks">Ratniks</a> (Bulgaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Front" title="Romanian Front">Romanian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Imperial_Movement" title="Russian Imperial Movement">Russian Imperial Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Fascist_Party" title="Russian Fascist Party">Russian Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_National_Unity" title="Russian National Unity">Russian National Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Women%27s_Fascist_Movement" title="Russian Women's Fascist Movement">Russian Women's Fascist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Action" title="Serbian Action">Serbian Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Radical_Party" title="Serbian Radical Party">Serbian Radical Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_People%27s_Party" title="Slovak People's Party">Slovak People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_(Romania)" title="National Socialist Party (Romania)">Steel Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svoboda_(political_party)" title="Svoboda (political party)">Svoboda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bulgarian_National_Legions" title="Union of Bulgarian National Legions">Union of Bulgarian National Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_in_Australia" title="Ustaše in Australia">Ustaše in Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Revolutionary_Brotherhood" title="Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood">Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlajka" title="Vlajka">Vlajka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Radical_Union" title="Yugoslav Radical Union">Yugoslav Radical Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_National_Movement" title="Yugoslav National Movement">ZBOR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_North_America" title="Fascism in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Canada" title="Fascism in Canada">Fascism in Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Guard" title="Aryan Guard">Aryan Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Nations" title="Aryan Nations">Aryan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Association_for_Free_Expression" title="Canadian Association for Free Expression">Canadian Association for Free Expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Union_of_Fascists" title="Canadian Union of Fascists">Canadian Union of Fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_for_Foreign_Aid_Reform" title="Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform">Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Front" title="Heritage Front">Heritage Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_Party_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Unity Party (Canada)">Parti national social chrétien</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_North_America#United_States" title="Fascism in North America">Fascism in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Front" title="American Front">American Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Nazi_Party" title="American Nazi Party">American Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_League_of_North_America" title="Fascist League of North America">Fascist League of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goyim_Defense_League" title="Goyim Defense League">Goyim Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerskins" title="Hammerskins">Hammerskins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_Evropa" title="Identity Evropa">Identity Evropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaRouche_movement" title="LaRouche movement">LaRouche movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_the_South" title="League of the South">League of the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(United_States)" title="National Alliance (United States)">National Alliance (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Party_(United_States)" title="National Renaissance Party (United States)">National Renaissance Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Social_Club-131" title="Nationalist Social Club-131">Nationalist Social Club-131</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Legion" title="National Socialist Legion">National Socialist Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Liberation_Front" title="National Socialist Liberation Front">National Socialist Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_States)" title="National Socialist Movement (United States)">National Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_States%27_Rights_Party" title="National States' Rights Party">National States' Rights Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Vanguard_(American_organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Vanguard (American organization)">National Vanguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Front_(United_States)" title="Nationalist Front (United States)">Nationalist Front (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Order_(white_supremacist_group)" title="The Order (white supremacist group)">The Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Front" title="Patriot Front">Patriot Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proud_Boys" title="Proud Boys">Proud Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_Above_Movement" title="Rise Above Movement">Rise Above Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America" title="Silver Legion of America">Silver Legion of America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Party_(United_States,_1930s)" title="Christian Party (United States, 1930s)">Christian Party (United States, 1930s)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Third Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Worker_Party" title="Traditionalist Worker Party">Traditionalist Worker Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_America" title="Vanguard America">Vanguard America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksfront" title="Volksfront">Volksfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Aryan_Resistance" title="White Aryan Resistance">White Aryan Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wotansvolk" title="Wotansvolk">Wotansvolk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Mexicanist_Action" title="Revolutionary Mexicanist Action">Revolutionary Mexicanist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Democratic_Party" title="Mexican Democratic Party">Mexican Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Fascist_Party" title="Mexican Fascist Party">Mexican Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pro_Patria_Party" title="National Pro Patria Party">National Pro Patria Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Synarchist_Union" title="National Synarchist Union">National Synarchist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Front_of_Mexico" title="Nationalist Front of Mexico">Nationalist Front of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Nine_Angles" title="Order of Nine Angles">Order of Nine Angles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Zealandia" title="Action Zealandia">Action Zealandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipodean_Resistance" title="Antipodean Resistance">Antipodean Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_First_Movement" title="Australia First Movement">Australia First Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_First_Party" title="Australia First Party">Australia First Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_League" title="Australian Defence League">Australian Defence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_National_Socialist_Party" title="Australian National Socialist Party">Australian National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(New_South_Wales)" title="Centre Party (New South Wales)">Centre Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lads_Society" title="Lads Society">Lads Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Action_(Australia)" title="National Action (Australia)">National Action (Australia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Network" title="National Socialist Network">National Socialist Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_of_Australia" title="National Socialist Party of Australia">National Socialist Party of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Nationalist_Party" title="Progressive Nationalist Party">Progressive Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaim_Australia" title="Reclaim Australia">Reclaim Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Blue_Crew" title="True Blue Crew">True Blue Crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Patriots_Front" title="United Patriots Front">United Patriots Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_South_America" title="Fascism in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_Labor_Party" title="Agrarian Labor Party">Agrarian Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Anticommunist_Alliance" title="Argentine Anticommunist Alliance">Argentine Anticommunist Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Fascist_Party" title="Argentine Fascist Party">Argentine Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Nationalist_Action" title="Argentine Nationalist Action">Argentine Nationalist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Patriotic_League" title="Argentine Patriotic League">Argentine Patriotic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Socialist_Falange" title="Bolivian Socialist Falange">Bolivian Socialist Falange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" title="Brazilian Integralism">Brazilian Integralism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Action" title="Brazilian Integralist Action">Brazilian Integralist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Front" title="Brazilian Integralist Front">Brazilian Integralist Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangism_in_Latin_America" title="Falangism in Latin America">Falangism in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_Peronist_Party" title="Female Peronist Party">Female Peronist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard_(Argentina)" title="Iron Guard (Argentina)">Iron Guard (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo_(Argentine_political_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nacionalismo (Argentine political movement)">Nacionalismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party_(Argentina)" title="National Fascist Party (Argentina)">National Fascist Party (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Union" title="National Fascist Union">National Fascist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Liberation_Alliance" title="Nationalist Liberation Alliance">Nationalist Liberation Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Movement_(Guatemala)" title="National Liberation Movement (Guatemala)">National Liberation Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_of_Chile" title="National Socialist Movement of Chile">National Socialist Movement of Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Universitary_Concentration" title="National Universitary Concentration">National Universitary Concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Triumph_Party" title="New Triumph Party">New Triumph Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Front_(Argentina)" title="Patriot Front (Argentina)">Patriot Front (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Dignity" title="Popular Dignity">Popular Dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Freedom_Alliance" title="Popular Freedom Alliance">Popular Freedom Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Representation_Party" title="Popular Representation Party">Popular Representation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Socialist_Vanguard" title="Popular Socialist Vanguard">Popular Socialist Vanguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_League" title="Republican League">Republican League</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Resistencia_Dios,_Patria_y_Familia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia (page does not exist)">La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Union_(Peru)" title="Revolutionary Union (Peru)">Revolutionary Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacuara_Nationalist_Movement" title="Tacuara Nationalist Movement">Tacuara Nationalist Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Campbell_(political_activist)" title="Eric Campbell (political activist)">Campbell (Eric)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeme_Campbell_(politician)" title="Graeme Campbell (politician)">Campbell (Graeme)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blair_Cottrell" title="Blair Cottrell">Cottrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Groot" title="Francis de Groot">Groot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rud_Mills" title="Alexander Rud Mills">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Saleam" title="Jim Saleam">Saleam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Miklas" title="Wilhelm Miklas">Miklas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pfrimer" title="Walter Pfrimer">Pfrimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Planetta" title="Otto Planetta">Planetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schuschnigg" title="Kurt Schuschnigg">Schuschnigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Seyss-Inquart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%BCdiger_Starhemberg" title="Ernst Rüdiger Starhemberg">Starhemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belgium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Daye" title="Pierre Daye">Daye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staf_Declercq" class="mw-redirect" title="Staf Declercq">Declercq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Degrelle" title="Léon Degrelle">Degrelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Denis_(politician)" title="Jean Denis (politician)">Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Elias" title="Hendrik Elias">Elias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bert_Eriksson" title="Bert Eriksson">Eriksson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_Hermans" title="Ward Hermans">Hermans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Lagrou" title="René Lagrou">Lagrou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Poulet" title="Robert Poulet">Poulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris_Van_Severen" title="Joris Van Severen">Severen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Streel" title="José Streel">Streel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jef_van_de_Wiele" title="Jef van de Wiele">van de Wiele</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Croatia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Boban" title="Rafael Boban">Boban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jure_Franceti%C4%87" title="Jure Francetić">Francetić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bla%C5%BE_Kraljevi%C4%87" title="Blaž Kraljević">Kraljević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavko_Kvaternik" title="Slavko Kvaternik">Kvaternik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vjekoslav_Luburi%C4%87" title="Vjekoslav Luburić">Luburić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ante_Paveli%C4%87" title="Ante Pavelić">Pavelić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Pavi%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Viktor Pavičić">Pavičić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sre%C4%87ko_Rover" title="Srećko Rover">Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vjekoslav_Servatzy" title="Vjekoslav Servatzy">Servatzy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilho_Helanen" title="Vilho Helanen">Helanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antti_Isotalo_(J%C3%A4ger)" title="Antti Isotalo (Jäger)">Isotalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvi_Kalsta" title="Arvi Kalsta">Kalsta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juhani_Konkka" title="Juhani Konkka">Konkka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vihtori_Kosola" title="Vihtori Kosola">Kosola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risto_Orko" title="Risto Orko">Orko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Simojoki" title="Elias Simojoki">Simojoki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Somersalo" title="Arne Somersalo">Somersalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauri_T%C3%B6rni" title="Lauri Törni">Törni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unto_Varjonen" title="Unto Varjonen">Varjonen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Loup_(writer)" title="Saint-Loup (writer)">Augier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bard%C3%A8che" title="Maurice Bardèche">Bardèche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Benoist-M%C3%A9chin" title="Jacques Benoist-Méchin">Benoist-Méchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_B%C3%A9raud" title="Henri Béraud">Béraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brasillach" title="Robert Brasillach">Brasillach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Bucard" title="Marcel Bucard">Bucard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Ch%C3%A2teaubriant" title="Alphonse de Châteaubriant">Châteaubriant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Déat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_D%C3%A9roul%C3%A8de" title="Paul Déroulède">Déroulède</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Dior" title="Françoise Dior">Dior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Doriot" title="Jacques Doriot">Doriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Drieu_La_Rochelle" title="Pierre Drieu La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Lagardelle" title="Hubert Lagardelle">Lagardelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Rebatet" title="Lucien Rebatet">Rebatet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Myatt" title="David Myatt">Myatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Valois" title="Georges Valois">Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Vial" title="Pierre Vial">Vial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Abetz" title="Otto Abetz">Abetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Andrae" title="Alexander Andrae">Andrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Baeumler" title="Alfred Baeumler">Baeumler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Berchtold" title="Joseph Berchtold">Berchtold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Berger" title="Gottlob Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Best" title="Werner Best">Best</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alois_Brunner" title="Alois Brunner">Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_B%C3%BChler" title="Josef Bühler">Bühler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Darré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Falkenhausen" title="Alexander von Falkenhausen">Falkenhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjorn_Hocke" class="mw-redirect" title="Bjorn Hocke">Hocke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Feder" title="Gottfried Feder">Feder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Forster" title="Albert Forster">Forster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Franz,_Hereditary_Grand_Duke_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Friedrich Franz, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Franz V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Gesche" title="Bruno Gesche">Gesche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Goebbels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Göring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Graf" title="Ulrich Graf">Graf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greiser" title="Arthur Greiser">Greiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hanke" title="Karl Hanke">Hanke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erhard_Heiden" title="Erhard Heiden">Heiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Heydrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Ulrich_Klintzsch" title="Hans Ulrich Klintzsch">Klintzsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Julius_Kuhn" title="Fritz Julius Kuhn">Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_K%C3%BChnen" title="Michael Kühnen">Kühnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff">Ludendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Maurice" title="Emil Maurice">Maurice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_M%C3%BCller_(Gestapo)" title="Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Niekisch" title="Ernst Niekisch">Niekisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ploetz" title="Alfred Ploetz">Ploetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rahn" title="Rudolf Rahn">Rahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanna_Reitsch" title="Hanna Reitsch">Reitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Ernst_Remer" title="Otto Ernst Remer">Remer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9cil_von_Renthe-Fink" title="Cécil von Renthe-Fink">Renthe-Fink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Ribbentrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Rieger" title="Jürgen Rieger">Rieger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Schreck" title="Julius Schreck">Schreck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Skorzeny" title="Otto Skorzeny">Skorzeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Strasser (Gregor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Strasser (Otto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Streicher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Terboven" title="Josef Terboven">Terboven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Thadden" title="Adolf von Thadden">Thadden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk">Krosigk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Z%C3%BCndel" title="Ernst Zündel">Zündel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Dragoumis" title="Ion Dragoumis">Dragoumis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilias_Kasidiaris" title="Ilias Kasidiaris">Kasidiaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Koryzis" title="Alexandros Koryzis">Koryzis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Lagos" title="Ioannis Lagos">Lagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Michaloliakos" title="Nikolaos Michaloliakos">Michaloliakos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Papadopoulos" title="Georgios Papadopoulos">Papadopoulos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L._K._Advani" title="L. K. Advani">Advani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathuram_Godse" title="Nathuram Godse">Godse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Golwalkar" title="M. S. Golwalkar">Golwalkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._B._Hedgewar" title="K. B. Hedgewar">Hedgewar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dariush_Forouhar" title="Dariush Forouhar">Forouhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abol-Ghasem_Kashani" title="Abol-Ghasem Kashani">Kashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davud_Monshizadeh" title="Davud Monshizadeh">Monshizadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Pezeshkpour" title="Mohsen Pezeshkpour">Pezeshkpour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdolhossein_Teymourtash" title="Abdolhossein Teymourtash">Teymourtash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abba_Ahimeir" title="Abba Ahimeir">Ahimeir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ben-Ari" title="Michael Ben-Ari">Ben-Ari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itamar_Ben-Gvir" title="Itamar Ben-Gvir">Ben-Gvir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryeh_Eldad" title="Aryeh Eldad">Eldad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amihai_Eliyahu" title="Amihai Eliyahu">Eliyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Goldstein" title="Baruch Goldstein">Goldstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bentzi_Gopstein" title="Bentzi Gopstein">Gopstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uri_Zvi_Greenberg" title="Uri Zvi Greenberg">Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ha%27ivri" title="David Ha'ivri">Ha'ivri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaakov_Heruti" title="Yaakov Heruti">Heruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Kahane" title="Meir Kahane">Kahane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Marzel" title="Baruch Marzel">Marzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_Natan-Zada" title="Eden Natan-Zada">Natan-Zada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avraham_Stern" title="Avraham Stern">Stern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehoshua_Yeivin" title="Yehoshua Yeivin">Yeivin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Acerbo" title="Giacomo Acerbo">Acerbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dino_Alfieri" title="Dino Alfieri">Alfieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alceste_De_Ambris" title="Alceste De Ambris">Ambris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_D%27Annunzio" title="Gabriele D'Annunzio">D'Annunzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Azara" title="Antonio Azara">Azara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio" title="Pietro Badoglio">Badoglio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_Balbo" title="Italo Balbo">Balbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Torrente_Ballester" title="Gonzalo Torrente Ballester">Torrente Ballester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bastianini" title="Giuseppe Bastianini">Bastianini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michele_Bianchi" title="Michele Bianchi">Bianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Boni_(archaeologist)" title="Giacomo Boni (archaeologist)">Boni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_De_Bono" title="Emilio De Bono">Bono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Boselli" title="Paolo Boselli">Boselli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bottai" title="Giuseppe Bottai">Bottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costanzo_Ciano" title="Costanzo Ciano">Ciano (Costanzo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano" title="Galeazzo Ciano">Ciano (Galeazzo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Cogni" title="Giulio Cogni">Cogni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Corradini" title="Enrico Corradini">Corradini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Freda" title="Franco Freda">Freda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Giuriati" title="Giovanni Giuriati">Giuriati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuliano_Gozi" title="Giuliano Gozi">Gozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dino_Grandi" title="Dino Grandi">Grandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Graziani" title="Rodolfo Graziani">Graziani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Buffarini_Guidi" title="Guido Buffarini Guidi">Guidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curzio_Malaparte" title="Curzio Malaparte">Malaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Marinetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manlio_Morgagni" title="Manlio Morgagni">Morgagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Oliviero_Olivetti" title="Angelo Oliviero Olivetti">Olivetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Panunzio" title="Sergio Panunzio">Panunzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Papini" title="Giovanni Papini">Papini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Pavolini" title="Alessandro Pavolini">Pavolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pino_Rauti" title="Pino Rauti">Rauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renato_Ricci" title="Renato Ricci">Ricci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionisio_Ridruejo" title="Dionisio Ridruejo">Ridruejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Rocco" title="Alfredo Rocco">Rocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmondo_Rossoni" title="Edmondo Rossoni">Rossoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margherita_Sarfatti" title="Margherita Sarfatti">Sarfatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardengo_Soffici" title="Ardengo Soffici">Soffici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Spirito" title="Ugo Spirito">Spirito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Volpi" title="Giuseppe Volpi">Volpi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Japan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bin_Akao" title="Bin Akao">Akao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadao_Araki" title="Sadao Araki">Araki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isamu_Ch%C5%8D" title="Isamu Chō">Chō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingoro_Hashimoto" title="Kingoro Hashimoto">Hashimoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Honj%C5%8D" title="Shigeru Honjō">Honjō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikki_Kita" title="Ikki Kita">Kita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshio_Kodama" title="Yoshio Kodama">Kodama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dsuke_Matsuoka" title="Yōsuke Matsuoka">Matsuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shir%C5%8D_Nonaka" title="Shirō Nonaka">Nonaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABmei_%C5%8Ckawa" title="Shūmei Ōkawa">Ōkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dichi_Sasakawa" title="Ryōichi Sasakawa">Sasakawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antonescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Bacaloglu" title="Elena Bacaloglu">Bacaloglu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Codreanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichifor_Crainic" title="Nichifor Crainic">Crainic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Cuza" title="A. C. Cuza">Cuza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Gigurtu" title="Ion Gigurtu">Gigurtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavian_Goga" title="Octavian Goga">Goga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Manoilescu" title="Mihail Manoilescu">Manoilescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Mo%C8%9Ba" title="Ion Moța">Moța</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Gavril%C4%83_Ogoranu" title="Ion Gavrilă Ogoranu">Ogoranu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima">Sima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benes_Ayo" title="Benes Ayo">Ayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radas%C5%82a%C5%AD_Astro%C5%ADski" title="Radasłaŭ Astroŭski">Astroŭski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Barkashov" title="Alexander Barkashov">Barkashov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Borovikov" title="Dmitry Borovikov">Borovikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darya_Dugina" title="Darya Dugina">Dugina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ilyin" title="Ivan Ilyin">Ilyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronislav_Kaminski" title="Bronislav Kaminski">Kaminski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kuryokhin" title="Sergey Kuryokhin">Kuryokhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yegor_Letov" title="Yegor Letov">Letov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Limonov" title="Eduard Limonov">Limonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Martsinkevich" title="Maxim Martsinkevich">Martsinkevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Milchakov" title="Alexey Milchakov">Milchakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Oktan" title="Mikhail Oktan">Oktan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakhar_Prilepin" title="Zakhar Prilepin">Prilepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhanov" title="Alexander Prokhanov">Prokhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Rodzaevsky" title="Konstantin Rodzaevsky">Rodzaevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Stojadinovi%C4%87" title="Milan Stojadinović">Stojadinović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zhirinovsky" title="Vladimir Zhirinovsky">Zhirinovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_de_Arrese" title="José Luis de Arrese">Arrese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Bau_Nolla" title="Joaquín Bau Nolla">Bau Nolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esteban_de_Bilbao_Egu%C3%ADa" title="Esteban de Bilbao Eguía">Bilbao Eguía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Carrero_Blanco" title="Luis Carrero Blanco">Carrero Blanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimundo_Fern%C3%A1ndez-Cuesta" title="Raimundo Fernández-Cuesta">Fernández-Cuesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Franco,_1st_Duchess_of_Franco" title="Carmen Franco, 1st Duchess of Franco">Franco y Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Gim%C3%A9nez_Caballero" title="Ernesto Giménez Caballero">Giménez Caballero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Primo_de_Rivera" title="José Antonio Primo de Rivera">Primo de Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_Ledesma_Ramos" title="Ramiro Ledesma Ramos">Ramos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_S%C3%A1nchez_Mazas" title="Rafael Sánchez Mazas">Sánchez Mazas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Serrano_Su%C3%B1er" title="Ramón Serrano Suñer">Serrano Suñer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ukraine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera" title="Stepan Bandera">Bandera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriy_Biletsky" title="Andriy Biletsky">Biletsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Dontsov" title="Dmytro Dontsov">Dontsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Gubarev" title="Pavel Gubarev">Gubarev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Klyachkivsky" title="Dmytro Klyachkivsky">Klyachkivsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Lebed" title="Mykola Lebed">Lebed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Rebet" title="Lev Rebet">Rebet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulas_Samchuk" title="Ulas Samchuk">Samchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Shukhevych" title="Roman Shukhevych">Shukhevych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_Stetsko" title="Yaroslav Stetsko">Stetsko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleh_Tyahnybok" title="Oleh Tyahnybok">Tyahnybok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nataliya_Vitrenko" title="Nataliya Vitrenko">Vitrenko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Beckett_(politician)" title="John Beckett (politician)">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Chesterton" title="A. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Griffin" title="Nick Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Jordan" title="Colin Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Leese" title="Arnold Leese">Leese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Mosley" title="Diana Mosley">Mosley (Diana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Mosley (Oswald)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adela_Pankhurst" title="Adela Pankhurst">Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Pearson_(anthropologist)" title="Roger Pearson (anthropologist)">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Maule_Ramsay" title="Archibald Maule Ramsay">Ramsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy_Southgate" title="Troy Southgate">Southgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyndall_(far-right_activist)" title="John Tyndall (far-right activist)">Tyndall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_5th_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 5th Duke of Wellington">Wellesley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Abascal" title="Salvador Abascal">Abascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Anglin" title="Andrew Anglin">Anglin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Auernheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Auernheimer">Auernheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biggs" title="Joe Biggs">Biggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Black_(white_supremacist)" title="Don Black (white supremacist)">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler#Attitude_towards_Fascism_and_Nazism" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Carto" title="Willis Carto">Carto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seward_Collins" title="Seward Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dilling" title="Elizabeth Dilling">Dilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Duke" title="David Duke">Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Enoch" title="Mike Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Frankhouser" title="Roy Frankhouser">Frankhouser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Fuentes" title="Nick Fuentes">Fuentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roque_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Garza" title="Roque González Garza">Garza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michale_Graves" title="Michale Graves">Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Heimbach" title="Matthew Heimbach">Heimbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jeff_Hall" title="Murder of Jeff Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Sol_Invictus" title="Augustus Sol Invictus">Invictus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_J._Jones" title="Arthur J. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Joyce" title="William Joyce">Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Kessler" title="Jason Kessler">Kessler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lane_(white_supremacist)" title="David Lane (white supremacist)">Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche" title="Lyndon LaRouche">LaRouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_MacDonald_(evolutionary_psychologist)" title="Kevin MacDonald (evolutionary psychologist)">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mason_(neo-Nazi)" title="James Mason (neo-Nazi)">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Metzger" title="Tom Metzger">Metzger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frazier_Glenn_Miller_Jr." title="Frazier Glenn Miller Jr.">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Mills_(Aryan_Brotherhood)" title="Barry Mills (Aryan Brotherhood)">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Minadeo_II" title="Jon Minadeo II">Minadeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_Mullins" title="Eustace Mullins">Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Nordean" title="Ethan Nordean">Nordean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Patsalos" title="John Patsalos">Patsalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley" title="William Dudley Pelley">Pelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Luther_Pierce" title="William Luther Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lincoln_Rockwell" title="George Lincoln Rockwell">Rockwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irv_Rubin" title="Irv Rubin">Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_L._K._Smith" title="Gerald L. K. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Spencer" title="Richard B. Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Alfred_Strom" title="Kevin Alfred Strom">Strom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Tarrio" title="Enrique Tarrio">Tarrio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Raven_Thomson" title="Alexander Raven Thomson">Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_fascism" title="Donald Trump and fascism">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasy_Vonsiatsky" title="Anastasy Vonsiatsky">Vonsyatsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Parker_Yockey" title="Francis Parker Yockey">Yockey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Manuel_Arana_Osorio" title="Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio">Arana Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Arcand" title="Adrien Arcand">Arcand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_D%27Aubuisson" title="Roberto D'Aubuisson">D'Aubuisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devlet_Bah%C3%A7eli" title="Devlet Bahçeli">Bahçeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Blythe" title="Ernest Blythe">Blythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maliq_Bushati" title="Maliq Bushati">Bushati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Caetano" title="Marcelo Caetano">Caetano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Carrasco" title="Nicolás Rodríguez Carrasco">Carrasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Castillo_Armas" title="Carlos Castillo Armas">Castillo Armas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavs_Celmi%C5%86%C5%A1" title="Gustavs Celmiņš">Celmiņš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Miguel_S%C3%A1nchez_Cerro" title="Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro">Cerro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frits_Clausen" title="Frits Clausen">Clausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Coughlin" title="Charles Coughlin">Coughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitri_Devi" title="Savitri Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoin_O%27Duffy" title="Eoin O'Duffy">O'Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_%C4%8Eur%C4%8Dansk%C3%BD" title="Ferdinand Ďurčanský">Ďurčanský</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid%27hat_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Mid'hat Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali_al-Gaylani" title="Rashid Ali al-Gaylani">al-Gaylani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Genoud" title="François Genoud">Genoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyula_G%C3%B6mb%C3%B6s" title="Gyula Gömbös">Gömbös</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gustloff" title="Wilhelm Gustloff">Gustloff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_H%C3%A1cha" title="Emil Hácha">Hácha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isgandar_Hamidov" title="Isgandar Hamidov">Hamidov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun#Racism_and_admiration_for_Hitler" title="Knut Hamsun">Hamsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrej_Hlinka" title="Andrej Hlinka">Hlinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Qadir_al-Husayni" title="Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni">al-Husayni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini" title="Amin al-Husseini">al-Husseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Beom-seok_(prime_minister)" title="Lee Beom-seok (prime minister)">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Linderman" title="Vladimir Linderman">Linderman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87" title="Dimitrije Ljotić">Ljotić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Lugones" title="Leopoldo Lugones">Lugones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hristo_Lukov" title="Hristo Lukov">Lukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mach" title="Alexander Mach">Mach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Emilio_Madero" title="Pablo Emilio Madero">Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximiliano_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Maximiliano Hernández Martínez">Martínez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Merlika-Kruja" title="Mustafa Merlika-Kruja">Merlika-Kruja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Noreika" title="Jonas Noreika">Noreika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Piasecki" title="Bolesław Piasecki">Piasecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón">Perón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaek_Phibunsongkhram" title="Plaek Phibunsongkhram">Phibunsongkhram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Rol%C3%A3o_Preto" title="Francisco Rolão Preto">Preto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aisin-Gioro_Puyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aisin-Gioro Puyi">Puyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling" title="Vidkun Quisling">Quisling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Pedro Pablo Ramírez">Ramírez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee">Rhee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_la_Riva-Ag%C3%BCero_y_Osma" title="José de la Riva-Agüero y Osma">Riva-Agüero y Osma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Rupnik" title="Leon Rupnik">Rupnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoun_Saadeh" title="Antoun Saadeh">Saadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%ADnio_Salgado" title="Plínio Salgado">Salgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayez_Sayigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fayez Sayigh">Sayigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojislav_%C5%A0e%C5%A1elj" title="Vojislav Šešelj">Šešelj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Sz%C3%A1lasi" title="Ferenc Szálasi">Szálasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Terre%27Blanche" title="Eugène Terre'Blanche">Terre'Blanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jozef_Tiso" title="Jozef Tiso">Tiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Tsankov" title="Aleksandar Tsankov">Tsankov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varg_Vikernes" title="Varg Vikernes">Vikernes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Weinstein" title="Meir Weinstein">Weinstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Works" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Works</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1776_Returns" title="1776 Returns">1776 Returns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Conquista_del_Estado" title="La Conquista del Estado">La Conquista del Estado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Critique_series" title="The Culture of Critique series">The Culture of Critique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defiance_(book)" title="Defiance (book)">Defiance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Did_Six_Million_Really_Die%3F" title="Did Six Million Really Die?">Did Six Million Really Die?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Doctrine_of_Fascism" title="The Doctrine of Fascism">The Doctrine of Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Manifesto" title="Fascist Manifesto">Fascist Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_My_Legionaries" title="For My Legionaries">For My Legionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Geopolitics" title="Foundations of Geopolitics">The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fourth_Political_Theory" title="The Fourth Political Theory">The Fourth Political Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitlers_Zweites_Buch" title="Hitlers Zweites Buch">Hitlers Zweites Buch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_(Pierce_novel)" title="Hunter (Pierce novel)">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Man" title="Impeachment of Man">Impeachment of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium:_The_Philosophy_of_History_and_Politics" title="Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics">Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Investigation_of_Global_Policy_with_the_Yamato_Race_as_Nucleus" title="An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus">An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokutairon_and_Pure_Socialism" title="Kokutairon and Pure Socialism">Kokutairon and Pure Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Will_of_a_Russian_Fascist" title="The Last Will of a Russian Fascist">The Last Will of a Russian Fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_Race" title="Manifesto of Race">Manifesto of Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Fascist_Intellectuals" title="Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals">Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Autobiography_(Mussolini_book)" title="My Autobiography (Mussolini book)">My Autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Life_(Mosley_autobiography)" title="My Life (Mosley autobiography)">My Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Twentieth_Century" title="The Myth of the Twentieth Century">The Myth of the Twentieth Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPROP!" title="OPROP!">OPROP!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Race_Will_Rule_Undisputed_Over_The_World" title="Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World">Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantische_Rompilger" title="Protestantische Rompilger">Protestantische Rompilger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Racial_Program_for_the_Twentieth_Century" title="A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century">A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Mason_book)" title="Siege (Mason book)">Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Turner_Diaries" title="The Turner Diaries">The Turner Diaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Warning_to_the_Hindus" title="A Warning to the Hindus">A Warning to the Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_Are_the_Mind_Benders%3F" title="Who Are the Mind Benders?">Who Are the Mind Benders?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periodicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_(newspaper)" title="Action (newspaper)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajan_Suunta" title="Ajan Suunta">Ajan Suunta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Alba" title="L'Alba">L'Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Alc%C3%A1zar" title="El Alcázar">El Alcázar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Review_(literary_journal)" title="The American Review (literary journal)">The American Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Angriff" title="Der Angriff">Der Angriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arriba_(newspaper)" title="Arriba (newspaper)">Arriba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blackshirt" title="The Blackshirt">The Blackshirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Conquista_del_Estado" title="La Conquista del Estado">La Conquista del Estado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Stormer" title="The Daily Stormer">The Daily Stormer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung">Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Deutsche_M%C3%A4del" title="Das Deutsche Mädel">Das Deutsche Mädel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Difesa_della_Razza" title="La Difesa della Razza">La Difesa della Razza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftheros_Kosmos" title="Eleftheros Kosmos">Eleftheros Kosmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_European_(1953_magazine)" title="The European (1953 magazine)">The European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashist" title="Fashist">Fashist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashizmi" title="Fashizmi">Fashizmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_France_au_travail" title="La France au travail">La France au travail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritt_Folk" title="Fritt Folk">Fritt Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fronten" title="Fronten">Fronten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A2ndirea" title="Gândirea">Gândirea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovent%C3%B9_Fascista" title="Gioventù Fascista">Gioventù Fascista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Dawn_(magazine)" title="Golden Dawn (magazine)">Golden Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamaas" title="Hamaas">Hamaas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrvatski_Domobran" title="Hrvatski Domobran">Hrvatski Domobran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Je_suis_partout" title="Je suis partout">Je suis partout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangura" title="Kangura">Kangura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansallissosialisti" title="Kansallissosialisti">Kansallissosialisti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limonka_(newspaper)" title="Limonka (newspaper)">Limonka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masada2000" title="Masada2000">Masada2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchener_Beobachter" title="Münchener Beobachter">Münchener Beobachter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nash_Put%27_(newspaper)" title="Nash Put' (newspaper)">Nash Put'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1stup" title="Nástup">Nástup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Europa" title="Nation Europa">Nation Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Anthropologie" title="Neue Anthropologie">Neue Anthropologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Volk" title="Neues Volk">Neues Volk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Het_Nieuwe_Volk" title="Het Nieuwe Volk">Het Nieuwe Volk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsk-Tysk_Tidsskrift" title="Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift">Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novopress" class="mw-redirect" title="Novopress">Novopress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsk-Tysk_Tidsskrift" title="Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift">Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organiser_(magazine)" title="Organiser (magazine)">Organiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchjanya_(magazine)" title="Panchjanya (magazine)">Panchjanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzerb%C3%A4r" title="Panzerbär">Panzerbär</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parole_der_Woche" title="Parole der Woche">Parole der Woche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Pays_R%C3%A9el" title="Le Pays Réel">Le Pays Réel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Pimpf" title="Der Pimpf">Der Pimpf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Popolo_d%27Italia" title="Il Popolo d'Italia">Il Popolo d'Italia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Reich_(newspaper)" title="Das Reich (newspaper)">Das Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revue_d%27histoire_du_fascisme" title="Revue d'histoire du fascisme">Revue d'histoire du fascisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfarm%C4%83-Piatr%C4%83" title="Sfarmă-Piatră">Sfarmă-Piatră</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_(magazine)" title="Signal (magazine)">Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siniristi" title="Siniristi">Siniristi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearhead_(magazine)" title="Spearhead (magazine)">Spearhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Der Stürmer">Der Stürmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkische_Post" title="Türkische Post">Türkische Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Umbruch" title="Der Umbruch">Der Umbruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairas" title="Vairas">Vairas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlajka" title="Vlajka">Vlajka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volk_en_Staat" title="Volk en Staat">Volk en Staat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkischer_Beobachter" title="Völkischer Beobachter">Völkischer Beobachter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Wehrmacht" title="Die Wehrmacht">Die Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wochenspruch_der_NSDAP" title="Wochenspruch der NSDAP">Wochenspruch der NSDAP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%27Armata_Azzurra" title="L'Armata Azzurra">L'Armata Azzurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengasi_(film)" title="Bengasi (film)">Bengasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condottieri_(film)" title="Condottieri (film)">Condottieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daughter_of_the_Samurai" title="The Daughter of the Samurai">The Daughter of the Samurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erbkrank" title="Erbkrank">Erbkrank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa:_The_Last_Battle" title="Europa: The Last Battle">Europa: The Last Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Appeal" title="The Great Appeal">The Great Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Guard_(1934_film)" title="The Old Guard (1934 film)">The Old Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raza_(film)" title="Raza (film)">Raza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scipio_Africanus:_The_Defeat_of_Hannibal" title="Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal">Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Victory_of_Faith" title="The Victory of Faith">Der Sieg des Glaubens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Siege_of_the_Alcazar" title="The Siege of the Alcazar">The Siege of the Alcazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo_squadrone_bianco" title="Lo squadrone bianco">Lo squadrone bianco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_der_Freiheit:_Unsere_Wehrmacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht">Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumph_of_the_Will" title="Triumph of the Will">Triumph of the Will</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allach_(porcelain)" title="Allach (porcelain)">Allach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Cleansing_(video_game)" title="Ethnic Cleansing (video game)">Ethnic Cleansing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of the Third Reich">Art of the Third Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_architecture" title="Fascist architecture">Fascist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva_pop" title="Hindutva pop">Hindutva pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Nazi architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_cinema" title="Nazism and cinema">Nazism and cinema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Organizations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Organizations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe">Ahnenerbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Fasces_and_Corporations" title="Chamber of Fasces and Corporations">Chamber of Fasces and Corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_of_Fascism" title="Grand Council of Fascism">Grand Council of Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Way_Faction" title="Imperial Way Faction">Imperial Way Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Nationalist_Association" title="Italian Nationalist Association">Italian Nationalist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_League_of_the_Reich_for_Physical_Exercise" title="National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise">National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrumvirs" title="Quadrumvirs">Quadrumvirs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Institute" title="Adelaide Institute">Adelaide Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_Trade_Union_Federation" title="Agrarian Trade Union Federation">Agrarian Trade Union Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Britons" title="The Britons">The Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuals_United" title="Casuals United">Casuals United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeVlag" title="DeVlag">DeVlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Social_Movement" title="European Social Movement">European Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Realm_Union" title="Finnish Realm Union">Finnish Realm Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco_National_Foundation" title="Francisco Franco National Foundation">Francisco Franco National Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_New_Germany" title="Friends of New Germany">Friends of New Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRECE" title="GRECE">GRECE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Link_(UK_organization)" title="The Link (UK organization)">The Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mladorossi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mladorossi">Mladorossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Europe" title="National Party of Europe">National Party of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Policy_Institute" title="National Policy Institute">National Policy Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Popular_Consciousness" title="National Popular Consciousness">National Popular Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_Our_Slovakia" title="People's Party Our Slovakia">People's Party Our Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Force_Party" title="Popular Force Party">Popular Force Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Slovakia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic (Slovakia)">Republic (Slovakia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_Records" title="Resistance Records">Resistance Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Club" title="Right Club">Right Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Fascist_Organization" title="Russian Fascist Organization">Russian Fascist Organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_youth_organizations" title="List of youth organizations">Youth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adler_und_Falke" title="Adler und Falke">Adler und Falke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Lictor_Youth" title="Albanian Lictor Youth">Albanian Lictor Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Lictor_Youth" title="Arab Lictor Youth">Arab Lictor Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Yuva_Morcha" title="Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha">Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-and-Blacks" title="Blue-and-Blacks">Blue-and-Blacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Lictor_Youth" title="Ethiopian Lictor Youth">Ethiopian Lictor Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Union_of_Youth" title="Fascist Union of Youth">Fascist Union of Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frente_de_Juventudes" title="Frente de Juventudes">Frente de Juventudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Futuwwa_(Palestine)" title="Al-Futuwwa (Palestine)">Al-Futuwwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovent%C3%B9_Italiana_del_Littorio" title="Gioventù Italiana del Littorio">Gioventù Italiana del Littorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Japan_Youth_Party" title="Great Japan Youth Party">Great Japan Youth Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Beauty_Society" title="Faith and Beauty Society">Faith and Beauty Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Jungvolk" title="Deutsches Jungvolk">Deutsches Jungvolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungm%C3%A4delbund" title="Jungmädelbund">Jungmädelbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_German_Girls" title="League of German Girls">League of German Girls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeunesse_Populaire_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Jeunesse Populaire Française">Jeunesse Populaire Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juventudes_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Popular" title="Juventudes de Acción Popular">Juventudes de Acción Popular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_National_Youth_Association" title="Korean National Youth Association">Korean National Youth Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levente_(organization)" title="Levente (organization)">Levente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocidade_Portuguesa" title="Mocidade Portuguesa">Mocidade Portuguesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationale_Jeugdstorm" title="Nationale Jeugdstorm">Nationale Jeugdstorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_League_of_Sweden" title="National League of Sweden">National League of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Liberation_Front" title="National Socialist Liberation Front">National Socialist Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth" title="National Youth">National Youth</a> (Sweden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_(Italy)" title="National Youth (Italy)">National Youth (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Alliance" title="National Youth Alliance">National Youth Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Organisation_(Greece)" title="National Youth Organisation (Greece)">National Youth Organisation (Greece)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_Nazionale_Balilla" title="Opera Nazionale Balilla">Opera Nazionale Balilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterreichisches_Jungvolk" title="Österreichisches Jungvolk">Österreichisches Jungvolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_First_Party#Patriotic/Eureka_Youth_League" title="Australia First Party">Patriotic/Eureka Youth League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Fascist_Little_Ones" title="Union of Fascist Little Ones">Union of Fascist Little Ones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Young_Fascists_%E2%80%93_Vanguard_(boys)" title="Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (boys)">Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (boys)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Young_Fascists_%E2%80%93_Vanguard_(girls)" title="Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (girls)">Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (girls)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_Youth" title="Ustaše Youth">Ustaše Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiking-Jugend" title="Wiking-Jugend">Wiking-Jugend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Front" title="Youth Front">Youth Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascist_paramilitary" title="Fascist paramilitary">Paramilitary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_terrorism" title="Right-wing terrorism">terrorist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinav_Bharat" title="Abhinav Bharat">Abhinav Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Fascist_Militia" title="Albanian Fascist Militia">Albanian Fascist Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomwaffen_Division" title="Atomwaffen Division">Atomwaffen Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azov_Brigade" title="Azov Brigade">Azov Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajrang_Dal" title="Bajrang Dal">Bajrang Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Base_(hate_group)" title="The Base (hate group)">The Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Organization_of_Russian_Nationalists" title="Battle Organization of Russian Nationalists">Battle Organization of Russian Nationalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Brigades" title="Black Brigades">Black Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Legion_(Usta%C5%A1e_militia)" title="Black Legion (Ustaše militia)">Black Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackshirts" title="Blackshirts">Blackshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_Party_of_Canada" title="National Unity Party of Canada">Blueshirts (Canada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueshirts" title="Blueshirts">Blueshirts</a> (Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_88" title="Column 88">Column 88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_Terrorist_Organization" title="Combat Terrorist Organization">Combat Terrorist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Nation" title="Confederation of the Nation">Confederation of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpul_Muncitoresc_Legionar" title="Corpul Muncitoresc Legionar">Corpul Muncitoresc Legionar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Defence_Forces" title="Croatian Defence Forces">Croatian Defence Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Resistance" title="Croatian National Resistance">Croatian National Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Revolutionary_Brotherhood" title="Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood">Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bugojno_group" title="Bugojno group">Bugojno group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_di_Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci di Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasci di Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Armata" title="Falange Armata">Falange Armata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Militia" title="Falange Militia">Falange Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FEAR_(terrorist_group)" title="FEAR (terrorist group)">FEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Guard" title="Flemish Guard">Flemish Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Legion" title="Flemish Legion">Flemish Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontbann" title="Frontbann">Frontbann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Mexicanist_Action" title="Revolutionary Mexicanist Action">Gold Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilfspolizei" title="Hilfspolizei">Hilfspolizei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Greenshirts (Romania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Gentile_National_Socialist_Movement" title="South African Gentile National Socialist Movement">Greyshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimwehr" title="Heimwehr">Heimwehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirden" title="Hirden">Hirden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlinka_Guard" title="Hlinka Guard">Hlinka Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Defence_Association" title="Hungarian National Defence Association">Hungarian National Defence Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interbrigades" title="Interbrigades">Interbrigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Wolf_(organization)" title="Iron Wolf (organization)">Iron Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Defense_League" title="Jewish Defense League">Jewish Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Defense_Organization" title="Jewish Defense Organization">Jewish Defense Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Regulatory_Forces" title="Kataeb Regulatory Forces">Kataeb Regulatory Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C4%83ncieri" title="Lăncieri">Lăncieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_Wasa" title="Legion Wasa">Legion Wasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehava" title="Lehava">Lehava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group)" title="Lehi (militant group)">Lehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levente_(organization)" title="Levente (organization)">Levente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makapili" title="Makapili">Makapili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_Blanca" title="Mano Blanca">Mano Blanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Guard_(Italy)" title="National Republican Guard (Italy)">National Republican Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialism_/_White_Power" title="National Socialism / White Power">National Socialism / White Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guard" title="New Guard">New Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Order_(white_supremacist_group)" title="The Order (white supremacist group)">The Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostm%C3%A4rkische_Sturmscharen" title="Ostmärkische Sturmscharen">Ostmärkische Sturmscharen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodobrana" title="Rodobrana">Rodobrana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Imperial_Movement" title="Russian Imperial Movement">Russian Imperial Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_National_Unity_(2000)" title="Russian National Unity (2000)">Russian National Unity (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S14_(Ukrainian_group)" title="S14 (Ukrainian group)">S14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Volunteer_Corps_(World_War_II)" title="Serbian Volunteer Corps (World War II)">Serbian Volunteer Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicarii_(1989)" title="Sicarii (1989)">Sicarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sich_Battalion" title="Sich Battalion">Sich Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America" title="Silver Legion of America">Silver Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudetendeutsches_Freikorps" title="Sudetendeutsches Freikorps">Sudetendeutsches Freikorps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terror_Against_Terror" title="Terror Against Terror">Terror Against Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Third Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian Insurgent Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Militsiya" title="Ukrainian People's Militsiya">Ukrainian People's Militsiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_Militia" title="Ustaše Militia">Ustaše Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkssport" title="Volkssport">Volkssport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Guard" title="Walloon Guard">Walloon Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Legion" title="Walloon Legion">Walloon Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group" title="Wagner Group">Wagner Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rusich_Group" title="Rusich Group">Rusich Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weerbaarheidsafdeling" title="Weerbaarheidsafdeling">Weerbaarheidsafdeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werwolf" title="Werwolf">Werwolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_New_Post" title="Westland New Post">Westland New Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokusan_Sonendan" title="Yokusan Sonendan">Yokusan Sonendan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Front" title="Youth Front">Youth Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Student</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Vidyarthi_Parishad" title="Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad">Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avanguardia_Giovanile_Fascista" title="Avanguardia Giovanile Fascista">Avanguardia Giovanile Fascista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frente_de_Estudiantes_Sindicalistas" title="Frente de Estudiantes Sindicalistas">Frente de Estudiantes Sindicalistas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Student_Union" title="German Student Union">German Student Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Students%27_League" title="National Socialist German Students' League">National Socialist German Students' League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindicato_Espa%C3%B1ol_Universitario" title="Sindicato Español Universitario">Sindicato Español Universitario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Action_(Italy)" title="Student Action (Italy)">Student Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSDAP/AO" class="mw-redirect" title="NSDAP/AO">NSDAP/AO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ODESSA" title="ODESSA">ODESSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1900s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herero_and_Nama_genocide#Link_between_the_Herero_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Herero and Nama genocide">Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1910s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arditi" title="Arditi">Arditi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascio" title="Fascio">Fascio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Armenian genocide and the Holocaust">Armenian genocide and the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1920s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_incident" title="Corfu incident">Corfu incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acerbo_Law" title="Acerbo Law">Acerbo Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventine_Secession_(20th_century)" title="Aventine Secession (20th century)">Aventine Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_battles" title="Italian economic battles">Italian economic battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Faisceau" title="Le Faisceau">Le Faisceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_May_1926_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="28 May 1926 coup d'état">28 May 1926 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_genocide" title="Libyan genocide">Libyan genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Iron_Will" title="March of the Iron Will">March of the Iron Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1932_German_federal_election" title="November 1932 German federal election">November 1932 German federal election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1933_German_federal_election" title="March 1933 German federal election">March 1933 German federal election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Civil_War" title="Austrian Civil War">Austrian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Putsch" title="July Putsch">July Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Montreux_Fascist_conference" title="1934 Montreux Fascist conference">1934 Montreux Fascist conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Romani Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_of_August_Regime" title="4th of August Regime">4th of August Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against the Polish nation">Nazi crimes against the Polish nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">End in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg Trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Tokyo Trials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_by_or_about_Adolf_Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="List of books by or about Adolf Hitler">Books about Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_fascist_parties" title="List of British fascist parties">British fascist parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country" title="List of fascist movements by country">Fascist movements by country</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_A%E2%80%93F" title="List of fascist movements by country A–F">A-F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_G%E2%80%93M" title="List of fascist movements by country G–M">G-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_N%E2%80%93T" title="List of fascist movements by country N–T">N-T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_U%E2%80%93Z" title="List of fascist movements by country U–Z">U-Z</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues" title="List of Nazi ideologues">Nazi ideologues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">Nazi leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_Italian_fascist_parties" title="List of secretaries of Italian fascist parties">Secretaries of Italian fascist parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speeches_given_by_Adolf_Hitler" title="List of speeches given by Adolf Hitler">Speeches by Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SS_personnel" title="List of SS personnel">SS personnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain#Francoism" title="Francoist Spain">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alt-lite" title="Alt-lite">Alt-lite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right_pipeline" title="Alt-right pipeline">Alt-right pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-tech" title="Alt-tech">Alt-tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement" title="Identitarian movement">Identitarian movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Conservative Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_a_Nation" title="Europe a Nation">Europe a Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_(insult)" title="Fascist (insult)">Fascist (epithet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_mysticism" title="Fascist mysticism">Fascist mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_fascism" title="Feudal fascism">Feudal fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-scale_(personality_test)" title="F-scale (personality test)">F-scale (personality test)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garveyism" title="Garveyism">Garveyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanisation_of_Poles_during_the_Partitions" title="Germanisation of Poles during the Partitions">of Poles during the Partitions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italianization" title="Italianization">Italianization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italianization_of_South_Tyrol" title="Italianization of South Tyrol">of South Tyrol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanization" title="Japanization">Japanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morenazi" title="Morenazi">Morenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neosocialism" title="Neosocialism">Neosocialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para/semi-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-fascism" title="Post-fascism">Post-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-fascism" title="Proto-fascism">Proto-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fascism" title="Red fascism">Red fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red%E2%80%93green%E2%80%93brown_alliance" title="Red–green–brown alliance">Red–green–brown alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_salute" title="Roman salute">Roman salute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansepolcrismo" title="Sansepolcrismo">Sansepolcrismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">Social fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorelianism" title="Sorelianism">Sorelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synarchism" title="Synarchism">Synarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szeged_Idea" title="Szeged Idea">Szeged Idea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_fascism" title="Donald Trump and fascism">Donald Trump and fascism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Women in Nazi Germany">Women in Nazi Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fascism" title="Category:Fascism">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/168905/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpj9FtFYM6cMqW6bqvbVC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11864968X">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85178213">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124652918">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124652918">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000700063&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech 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class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=42950">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Romania" title="Portal:Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Ion Antonescu at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ion_Antonescu" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Ion Antonescu">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" class="extiw" title="q:Ion Antonescu">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ion_Antonescu&oldid=1257602880">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ion_Antonescu&oldid=1257602880</a>"</div></div> 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