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<li id="toc-Consolidation_of_power_and_initial_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consolidation_of_power_and_initial_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Consolidation of power and initial reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consolidation_of_power_and_initial_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Albanian–Yugoslav_tensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albanian–Yugoslav_tensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Albanian–Yugoslav tensions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albanian–Yugoslav_tensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deteriorating_relations_with_the_West" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deteriorating_relations_with_the_West"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Deteriorating relations with the West</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deteriorating_relations_with_the_West-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Soviet_sphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Soviet_sphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>In the Soviet sphere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Soviet_sphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Chinese_sphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Chinese_sphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>In the Chinese sphere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Chinese_sphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Withdrawal_from_the_Warsaw_Pact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Withdrawal_from_the_Warsaw_Pact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Withdrawal_from_the_Warsaw_Pact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_and_Ideological_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_and_Ideological_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Cultural and Ideological Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_and_Ideological_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-reliance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-reliance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Self-reliance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-reliance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Transition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>List of leaders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">People's Socialist Republic of Albania</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جمهورية ألبانيا الشعبية الاشتراكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جمهورية ألبانيا الشعبية الاشتراكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaniya_Sosialist_Xalq_Respublikas%C4%B1" title="Albaniya Sosialist Xalq Respublikası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Albaniya Sosialist Xalq Respublikası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Народная Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка Албанія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Народная Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка Албанія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Народная Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка Альбанія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Народная Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка Альбанія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Народна социалистическа република Албания – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Народна социалистическа република Албания" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_d%27Alb%C3%A0nia" title="República Popular d'Albània – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="República Popular d'Albània" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alb%C3%A1nsk%C3%A1_socialistick%C3%A1_lidov%C3%A1_republika" title="Albánská socialistická lidová republika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Albánská socialistická lidová republika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialistiske_Folkerepublik_Albanien" title="Socialistiske Folkerepublik Albanien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Socialistiske Folkerepublik Albanien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sozialistische_Volksrepublik_Albanien" title="Sozialistische Volksrepublik Albanien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sozialistische Volksrepublik Albanien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaania_Sotsialistlik_Rahvavabariik" title="Albaania Sotsialistlik Rahvavabariik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Albaania Sotsialistlik Rahvavabariik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Λαϊκή Σοσιαλιστική Δημοκρατία της Αλβανίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λαϊκή Σοσιαλιστική Δημοκρατία της Αλβανίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_Socialista_de_Albania" title="República Popular Socialista de Albania – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="República Popular Socialista de Albania" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albana_Socialisma_Popola_Respubliko" title="Albana Socialisma Popola Respubliko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Albana Socialisma Popola Respubliko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaniako_Herri_Errepublika_Sozialista" title="Albaniako Herri Errepublika Sozialista – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Albaniako Herri Errepublika Sozialista" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%82_%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="جمهوری سوسیالیستی خلق آلبانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جمهوری سوسیالیستی خلق آلبانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_populaire_socialiste_d%27Albanie" title="République populaire socialiste d'Albanie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="République populaire socialiste d'Albanie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_de_Albania" title="República Popular de Albania – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="República Popular de Albania" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%B0%94%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84_%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98_%EC%9D%B8%EB%AF%BC%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD" title="알바니아 사회주의 인민공화국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알바니아 사회주의 인민공화국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narodna_Socijalisti%C4%8Dka_Republika_Albanija" title="Narodna Socijalistička Republika Albanija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Narodna Socijalistička Republika Albanija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Sosialis_Albania" title="Republik Rakyat Sosialis Albania – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Republik Rakyat Sosialis Albania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubblica_Popolare_Socialista_d%27Albania" title="Repubblica Popolare Socialista d'Albania – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Repubblica Popolare Socialista d'Albania" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="הרפובליקה הסוציאליסטית העממית של אלבניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרפובליקה הסוציאליסטית העממית של אלבניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ალბანეთის სახალხო სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალბანეთის სახალხო სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%99_%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B5" title="ສາທາລະນະລັດສັງຄົມນິຍົມປະຊາຊົນ ອານບານີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສາທາລະນະລັດສັງຄົມນິຍົມປະຊາຊົນ ອານບານີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alb%C4%81nijas_Tautas_Republika" title="Albānijas Tautas Republika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Albānijas Tautas Republika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alb%C3%A1n_Szocialista_N%C3%A9pk%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g" title="Albán Szocialista Népköztársaság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Albán Szocialista Népköztársaság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Народна Социјалистичка Република Албанија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Народна Социјалистичка Република Албанија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%94_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ალბანეთიშ ოკათე სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ალბანეთიშ ოკათე სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialistische_Volksrepubliek_Albani%C3%AB" title="Socialistische Volksrepubliek Albanië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Socialistische Volksrepubliek Albanië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%90%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="アルバニア社会主義人民共和国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルバニア社会主義人民共和国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_sosialistiske_folkerepublikken_Albania" title="Den sosialistiske folkerepublikken Albania – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den sosialistiske folkerepublikken Albania" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania_w_okresie_komunizmu" title="Albania w okresie komunizmu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Albania w okresie komunizmu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_Socialista_da_Alb%C3%A2nia" title="República Popular Socialista da Albânia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="República Popular Socialista da Albânia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Popular%C4%83_Socialist%C4%83_Albania" title="Republica Populară Socialistă Albania – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Republica Populară Socialistă Albania" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Людова Социалистична Република Албания – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Людова Социалистична Република Албания" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Народная Социалистическая Республика Албания – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Народная Социалистическая Республика Албания" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Popullore_e_Shqip%C3%ABris%C3%AB" title="Republika Popullore e Shqipërisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Republika Popullore e Shqipërisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Народна Република Албанија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Народна Република Албанија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narodna_Republika_Albanija" title="Narodna Republika Albanija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Narodna Republika Albanija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_sosialistinen_kansantasavalta" title="Albanian sosialistinen kansantasavalta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Albanian sosialistinen kansantasavalta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialistiska_folkrepubliken_Albanien" title="Socialistiska folkrepubliken Albanien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Socialistiska folkrepubliken Albanien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="สาธารณรัฐสังคมนิยมประชาชนแอลเบเนีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สาธารณรัฐสังคมนิยมประชาชนแอลเบเนีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnavutluk_Sosyalist_Halk_Cumhuriyeti" title="Arnavutluk Sosyalist Halk Cumhuriyeti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Arnavutluk Sosyalist Halk Cumhuriyeti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Народна Соціалістична Республіка Албанія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Народна Соціалістична Республіка Албанія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="عوامی اشتراکی جمہوریہ البانیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عوامی اشتراکی جمہوریہ البانیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%B9blega_Popo%C5%82are_Socia%C5%82ista_de_Albania" title="Repùblega Popołare Sociałista de Albania – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Repùblega Popołare Sociałista de Albania" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%99ng_h%C3%B2a_Nh%C3%A2n_d%C3%A2n_X%C3%A3_h%E1%BB%99i_ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_Albania" title="Cộng hòa Nhân dân Xã hội chủ nghĩa Albania – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cộng hòa Nhân dân Xã hội chủ nghĩa Albania" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="阿尔巴尼亚社会主义人民共和国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿尔巴尼亚社会主义人民共和国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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For the current country, see <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Albania_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Albania (disambiguation)">Albania (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="ib-country-names"><b>People's Republic of Albania</b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1946–1976)</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">Republika Popullore e Shqipërisë</i></span></span><hr /><span class="nowrap"><b>People's Socialist Republic of Albania</b></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1976–1991)</span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">Republika Popullore Socialiste e Shqipërisë</i></span></span></span><hr /><span class="nowrap"><b>Republic of Albania</b></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1991–1992)</span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">Republika e Shqipërisë</i></span></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1946–1992</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Albania_(1946%E2%80%931992).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of People's Socialist Republic of Albania"><img alt="Flag of People's Socialist Republic of Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Albania#Flag_of_the_People's_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="Flag of Albania">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:State_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Albania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of People's Socialist Republic of Albania"><img alt="Emblem of People's Socialist Republic of Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/State_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Albania.svg/85px-State_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/State_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Albania.svg/128px-State_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/State_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Albania.svg/170px-State_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="304" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblem of the Republic of Albania">Emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><i><a href="/wiki/Ti_Shqip%C3%ABri,_m%C3%AB_jep_nder,_m%C3%AB_jep_emrin_Shqip%C3%ABtar" title="Ti Shqipëri, më jep nder, më jep emrin Shqipëtar">Ti Shqipëri, më jep nder, më jep emrin Shqipëtar</a></i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">"Albania, you give me honor, you give me the name Albanian"</span><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Workers_of_the_world,_unite!" title="Workers of the world, unite!">Proletarë të të gjitha vendeve, bashkohuni!</a></i><br /><small>"Proletarians of all countries, unite!"</small></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq"><a href="/wiki/Himni_i_Flamurit" title="Himni i Flamurit">Himni i Flamurit</a></i></span><br />"Hymn to the Flag"<div class="paragraphbreak" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Albania_1956-1990.svg/375px-Albania_1956-1990.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Albania_1956-1990.svg/500px-Albania_1956-1990.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The People's Socialist Republic of Albania in 1989</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> (until 1968) and <a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a> (until 1987)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a> (official)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist republic</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">hoxhaist</a> <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(1946-1985)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Labour_of_Albania#First_Secretaries_of_the_Party_of_Labour_of_Albania" title="Party of Labour of Albania">First Secretary</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1946–1985 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1985–1992 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ramiz_Alia" title="Ramiz Alia">Ramiz Alia</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Albania" title="List of heads of state of Albania">Chairman of the Presidium of the People's Assembly</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1946–1953 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Omer_Nishani" title="Omer Nishani">Omer Nishani</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1953–1982 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Haxhi_Lleshi" title="Haxhi Lleshi">Haxhi Lleshi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1982–1991 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ramiz_Alia" title="Ramiz Alia">Ramiz Alia</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Albania">Prime Minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1946–1954 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1954–1981 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Shehu" title="Mehmet Shehu">Mehmet Shehu</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1981–1991 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adil_%C3%87ar%C3%A7ani" title="Adil Çarçani">Adil Çarçani</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Assembly_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Assembly of Albania">People's Assembly</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Government_of_Albania" title="Democratic Government of Albania">Democratic Government</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">20 October 1944</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap">People's Republic formed</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">10 January 1946</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1956–1961</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="Constitution of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Constitution amended</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">28 December 1976</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1972–1978</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">11 December 1990</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1991_Albanian_Constitutional_Assembly_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Albanian Constitutional Assembly election">Democratic elections</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">31 March 1991</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1992_Albanian_parliamentary_election" title="1992 Albanian parliamentary election">1992 Albanian parliamentary election</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">22 March 1992</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(1990 formula)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">0.790<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:forestgreen">high</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franga" title="Franga">Franga</a> (1946–1947)</span><br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_lek" title="Albanian lek">Albanian lek</a> (1947–1991)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Calling code</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Albania" title="Telephone numbers in Albania">+355</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Government_of_Albania_%281944%E2%80%931946%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Government_of_Albania_%281944%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Government_of_Albania_%281944%E2%80%931946%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Government_of_Albania_%281944%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Government_of_Albania_%281944%E2%80%931946%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Government_of_Albania_%281944%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="349" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Government_of_Albania" title="Democratic Government of Albania">Democratic Government of Albania</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Republic of Albania</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/20px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/40px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:0; font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc"><span style="color:white;">Eastern Bloc</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg/120px-Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg/180px-Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg/240px-Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="860" /></span></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF"><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union"><span style="color:white;">Republics</span></a> of the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR"><span style="color:white;">USSR</span></a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic">Kirghizia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic">Turkmenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Allied and satellite states</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albania</a> (until 1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Angola" title="People's Republic of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin" title="People's Republic of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (until 1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="People's Republic of the Congo">Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Revolutionary Government">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">Kampuchea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a> (until 1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somalia</a> (until 1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">PRG</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> (until 1948)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Related organizations</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">World Federation of Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth">World Federation of Democratic Youth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF"><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_insurgencies_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe"><span style="color:white;">Opposition</span></a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet_partisans" title="Anti-Soviet partisans">Anti-Soviet partisans</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goryani" title="Goryani">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusaders_(guerrilla)" title="Crusaders (guerrilla)">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931953)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet_resistance_by_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Anti-Soviet resistance by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukraine</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Soviet occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_partisans" title="Estonian partisans">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_partisans" title="Latvian partisans">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_partisans" title="Lithuanian partisans">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation Jungle</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> Protests and uprisings</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931989)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1989)">Poland 1944–1989</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">Poznań 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">1980–89</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Plze%C5%88_uprising" title="1953 Plzeň uprising">Plzeň 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East Germany 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Georgian_demonstrations" title="1956 Georgian demonstrations">Georgia 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungary 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novocherkassk_massacre" title="Novocherkassk massacre">Novocherkassk 1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Red_Square_demonstration" title="1968 Red Square demonstration">Moscow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_77" title="Charter 77">Czechoslovakia 1976–1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiu_Valley_miners%27_strike_of_1977" title="Jiu Valley miners' strike of 1977">Romania 1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeltoqsan" title="Jeltoqsan">Kazakhstan 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov_rebellion" title="Brașov rebellion">Brașov 1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9_tragedy" title="April 9 tragedy">Tbilisi 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989%E2%80%931991_Ukrainian_revolution" title="1989–1991 Ukrainian revolution">Ukraine 1989–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_January" title="Black January">Baku 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Events_(Lithuania)" class="mw-redirect" title="January Events (Lithuania)">Lithuania 1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Barricades" title="The Barricades">Riga 1991</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Emigration from the Eastern Bloc">Dissent</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissidents" title="Soviet dissidents">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissident_movement_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" title="Dissident movement in the People's Republic of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_attempts_and_victims_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Escape attempts and victims of the inner German border">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee_wave_from_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_to_British_Hong_Kong" title="Refugee wave from the People's Republic of China to British Hong Kong">to Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_defectors" title="North Korean defectors">North Korea</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Cold War events</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">Czechoslovak coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">Secret Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/De-satellization_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania">De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_intervention_in_Angola" title="Cuban intervention in Angola">Cuban intervention in Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet invasion of Afghanistan">Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics" title="1980 Summer Olympics">1980 Moscow Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics" title="1984 Summer Olympics">1984 Los Angeles Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Fall</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Events_(Lithuania)" class="mw-redirect" title="January Events (Lithuania)">January Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Barricades" title="The Barricades">Barricades in Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">End of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet conflicts">Post-Soviet conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Bloc_sidebar" title="Template:Eastern Bloc sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Bloc_sidebar" title="Template talk:Eastern Bloc sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Bloc_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Bloc sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>People's Socialist Republic of Albania</b> (Albanian: <i lang="sq">Republika Popullore Socialiste e Shqipërisë</i>), officially as the <b>People's Republic of Albania</b> from 1946 until 1976, and as the <b>Republic of Albania</b> from 1991 to 1992, was the <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist state</a> in <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> from 1946 to 1991. It succeeded the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Government_of_Albania" title="Democratic Government of Albania">Democratic Government of Albania</a> (1944–1946). </p><p>During this time period, the country was ruled mainly by <a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Labour_of_Albania" title="Party of Labour of Albania">Party of Labour of Albania</a>. They ruled Albania by establishing a <a href="/wiki/Stalinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinist">Stalinist</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Hoxhaist" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoxhaist">Hoxhaist</a>, style of state administration and adhering to policies which stressed <a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism" title="Albanian nationalism">national unity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Self-sufficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-sufficiency">self-reliance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Described by scholars as a totalitarian state,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> travel and visa restrictions made Albania one of the most difficult countries to visit or travel from. Being <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Albania" title="Islam in Albania">Europe's only Muslim-majority country</a> (aside from <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>) <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe">at the time</a>, it declared itself the world's first <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">atheist state</a> in 1967, but after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">fall of communism in Albania</a> in 1991, the practice of <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> slowly increased.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the only <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> member to formally withdraw from the alliance before 1990, an action which was occasioned by the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a> in August 1968. The government implemented reforms which were aimed at modernizing Albania, and they resulted in significant gains in the areas of industry, agriculture, education, the arts, and culture, which contributed to a general increase in the Albanian population's standard of living. However, these developments coincided with <a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">political repression</a> by the secret police, the <a href="/wiki/Sigurimi" title="Sigurimi">Sigurimi</a>, for the purposes of preventing a <a href="/wiki/Counter-revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-revolution">counter-revolution</a>, which included dismissal from employment, imprisonment in <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_camps_in_Communist_Albania" title="Forced labour camps in Communist Albania">forced labor camps</a> and executions.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first multi-party elections in Socialist Albania <a href="/wiki/1991_Albanian_Constitutional_Assembly_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Albanian Constitutional Assembly election">took place on 31 March 1991</a> – the Communists gained a majority in an <a href="/wiki/Interim_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Interim government">interim government</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Albania">Republic of Albania</a> was proclaimed on 29 April 1991 and the country's first parliamentary elections were <a href="/wiki/1992_Albanian_parliamentary_election" title="1992 Albanian parliamentary election">held on 22 March 1992</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The People's Socialist Republic of Albania was officially dissolved on 28 November 1998 upon the adoption of the new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Albania" title="Constitution of Albania">Constitution of Albania</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consolidation_of_power_and_initial_reforms">Consolidation of power and initial reforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Consolidation of power and initial reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 29 November 1944, Albania was liberated<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> by the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Movement_(Albania)" title="National Liberation Movement (Albania)">National Liberation Movement</a> (In Albanian: Lëvizja Nacional-Çlirimtare LNÇ). The Anti-Fascist National Liberation Council, formed in May, became the country's provisional government. </p><p>The government, like the LNÇ, was dominated by the two-year-old Communist Party of Albania, and the party's first secretary, <a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a>, became Albania's <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Albania" title="Prime Minister of Albania">prime minister</a>. From the start, the LNC government was an undisguised <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist regime</a>. In most of the rest of what became the Eastern Bloc, the Communist parties were nominally part of a coalition government for a few years before seizing full control and creating one-party states. </p><p>Having sidelined the nationalist <a href="/wiki/Balli_Komb%C3%ABtar" title="Balli Kombëtar">Balli Kombëtar</a> after their collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazis</a>, the LNÇ quickly moved to consolidate its power, liberate the country's tenants and workers, and fraternally link Albania with other socialist countries. <a href="/wiki/Zog_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Zog of Albania">King Zog I</a> was permanently barred from returning to Albania. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Partizan%C3%AB_n%C3%AB_Tiran%C3%AB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Partizan%C3%AB_n%C3%AB_Tiran%C3%AB.jpg/220px-Partizan%C3%AB_n%C3%AB_Tiran%C3%AB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Partizan%C3%AB_n%C3%AB_Tiran%C3%AB.jpg/330px-Partizan%C3%AB_n%C3%AB_Tiran%C3%AB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Partizan%C3%AB_n%C3%AB_Tiran%C3%AB.jpg/440px-Partizan%C3%AB_n%C3%AB_Tiran%C3%AB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1245" data-file-height="706" /></a><figcaption>Partisans entering Tirana on 29 November 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>The internal affairs minister, <a href="/wiki/Ko%C3%A7i_Xoxe" title="Koçi Xoxe">Koçi Xoxe</a>, "an erstwhile pro-<a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> tinsmith", presided over the <a href="/wiki/Special_Court_of_Albania,_1945" title="Special Court of Albania, 1945">trial</a> of many non-communist politicians who were condemned as "<a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">enemies of the people</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war criminals</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many were sentenced to death. Those spared were imprisoned for years in work camps and jails and later settled on state farms built on reclaimed marshlands. </p><p>In December 1944, the provisional government adopted laws allowing the state to regulate foreign and domestic trade, commercial enterprises, and the few industries the country possessed. The laws sanctioned confiscation of property belonging to political exiles and "enemies of the people." The state also expropriated all German- and Italian-owned property, nationalized transportation enterprises, and canceled all concessions granted by previous Albanian governments to foreign companies. </p><p>In August 1945, the provisional government adopted the first sweeping agricultural reforms in Albania's history. The country's 100 largest landowners, who controlled close to a third of Albania's arable land, had frustrated all agricultural reform proposals before the war. The communists' reforms were aimed at squeezing large landowners out of business, winning peasant support, and increasing farm output to avert <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a>. The government annulled outstanding agricultural debts, granted peasants access to inexpensive water for <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>, and nationalized forest and pastureland. </p><p>Under the Agrarian Reform Law, which redistributed about half of Albania's arable land, the government confiscated property belonging to absentee landlords and people not dependent on agriculture for a living. The few peasants with agricultural machinery were permitted to keep up to 40 hectares (99 acres) of land. Landholdings of religious institutions and peasants without agricultural machinery were limited to 20 hectares (49 acres). Finally, landless peasants and peasants with tiny landholdings were given up to 5 hectares (12 acres), although they had to pay nominal compensation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In December 1945, Albanians elected a new <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Assembly_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Assembly of Albania">People's Assembly</a>, but voters were presented with a single list from the Communist-dominated <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Front_(Albania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Front (Albania)">Democratic Front</a> (previously the National Liberation Movement). Official ballot tallies showed that 92% of the electorate voted and that 93% of the voters chose the Democratic Front ticket. </p><p>The assembly convened in January 1946. Its first act was to formally dethrone Zog, abolish the monarchy and to declare Albania a "people's republic." However, the country had already been under out-and-out Communist rule for just over two years. After months of angry debate, the assembly adopted a constitution that mirrored the Yugoslav and Soviet constitutions. A couple of months later, the assembly members chose a new government, which was emblematic of Hoxha's continuing consolidation of power: Hoxha became simultaneously prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign minister">foreign minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Defense_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense minister">defense minister</a>, and the army's <a href="/wiki/Commander_in_chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander in chief">commander in chief</a>. Xoxe remained both internal affairs minister and the party's organizational secretary. </p><p>In late 1945 and early 1946, Xoxe and other party hard-liners purged moderates who had pressed for close contacts with the West, a modicum of political pluralism, and a delay in the introduction of strict communist economic measures until Albania's economy had more time to develop. Hoxha remained in control despite the fact that he had once advocated restoring relations with Italy and even allowing Albanians to study in Italy. </p><p>The government took major steps to introduce a Stalinist-style <a href="/wiki/Centrally_planned_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Centrally planned economy">centrally planned economy</a> in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It nationalized all industries, transformed foreign trade into a government monopoly, brought almost all domestic trade under state control, and banned land sales and transfers. Planners at the newly founded Economic Planning Commission emphasized industrial development and in 1947 the government introduced the Soviet cost-accounting system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Albanian–Yugoslav_tensions"><span id="Albanian.E2.80.93Yugoslav_tensions"></span>Albanian–Yugoslav tensions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Albanian–Yugoslav tensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>'s expulsion from the <a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a> in 1948, Albania was effectively a Yugoslav satellite. In repudiating the 1943 Albanian internal <a href="/wiki/Mukaj_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukaj agreement">Mukaj agreement</a> under pressure from the Yugoslavs, Albania's communists had given up on their demands for a Yugoslav cession of <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> to Albania after the war. In January 1945, the two governments signed a treaty establishing Kosovo as a Yugoslav autonomous province. Shortly thereafter, Yugoslavia became the first country to recognize Albania's provisional government. </p><p>In July 1946, Yugoslavia and Albania signed a treaty of friendship and cooperation that was quickly followed by a series of technical and economic agreements laying the groundwork for integrating the Albanian and Yugoslav economies. The pacts provided for coordinating the economic plans of both states, standardizing their monetary systems, and creating a common pricing system and a customs union. So close was the Yugoslav-Albanian relationship that <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> became a required subject in Albanian high schools.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Yugoslavia signed a similar <a href="/wiki/Friendship_treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Friendship treaty">friendship treaty</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_People%27s_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian People's Republic">Bulgarian People's Republic</a>, and Marshal <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> and Bulgaria's <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Dimitrov" title="Georgi Dimitrov">Georgi Dimitrov</a> talked of plans to establish a <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Federation" title="Balkan Federation">Balkan Federation</a> to include Albania, Yugoslavia, and Bulgaria. Yugoslav advisers poured into Albania's government offices and its army headquarters. <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a> was desperate for outside aid, and about 20,000 tons of Yugoslav grain helped stave off famine. Albania also received US$26.3 million from the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Relief_and_Rehabilitation_Administration" title="United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration">United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration</a> immediately after the war but had to rely on Yugoslavia for investment and development aid. </p><p>Joint Albanian–Yugoslav companies were created for mining, railroad construction, the production of petroleum and electricity, and international trade. Yugoslav investments led to the construction of a sugar refinery in <a href="/wiki/Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB" title="Korçë">Korçë</a>, a food-processing plant in <a href="/wiki/Elbasan" title="Elbasan">Elbasan</a>, a hemp factory at <a href="/wiki/Rrogozhin%C3%AB" title="Rrogozhinë">Rrogozhinë</a>, a fish cannery in <a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Vlorë</a>, and a printing press, telephone exchange, and textile mill in Tirana. The Yugoslavs also bolstered the Albanian economy by paying three times the international price for Albanian copper and other materials. </p><p>Relations between Albania and Yugoslavia declined, however, when the Albanians began complaining that the Yugoslavs were paying too little for Albanian raw materials and exploiting Albania through the joint stock companies. In addition, the Albanians sought investment funds to develop light industries and an oil refinery, while the Yugoslavs wanted the Albanians to concentrate on agriculture and raw-material extraction. The head of Albania's Economic Planning Commission, and Hoxha's right-hand man,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nako_Spiru" title="Nako Spiru">Nako Spiru</a>, became the leading critic of Yugoslavia's efforts to exert economic control over Albania. Tito distrusted the intellectuals (Hoxha and his allies) of the Albanian Party and, through Xoxe and his loyalists, attempted to unseat them. </p><p>In 1947, Yugoslavia acted against anti-Yugoslav Albanian communists, including Hoxha and Spiru. In May, Tirana announced the arrest, trial, and conviction of nine People's Assembly members, all of whom were known for opposing Yugoslavia, on charges of antistate activities. A month later, the Communist Party of Yugoslavia's Central Committee accused Hoxha of following "independent" policies and turning the Albanian people against Yugoslavia. This was the closest Hoxha ever came to being removed from power. Apparently attempting to buy support inside the Albanian Communist Party, Belgrade extended Tirana credits which were worth 40 million USD, an amount which was equivalent to 58% of Albania's 1947 state budget. A year later, Yugoslavia's credits accounted for nearly half of Albania's 1948 state budget. Relations worsened in the fall, however, when Spiru's commission developed an economic plan that stressed self-sufficiency, light industry, and agriculture. The Yugoslavs complained bitterly. Subsequently, at a November 1947 meeting of the Albanian Economic Central Committee, Spiru came under intense criticism, which was spearheaded by Xoxe. Failure to win support from anyone within the party (he was effectively a <a href="/wiki/Fall_guy" title="Fall guy">fall guy</a> for Hoxha) <a href="/wiki/Nako_Spiru" title="Nako Spiru">he was assassinated</a> the very next day and his death framed as a suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The insignificance of Albania's standing in the communist world was clearly highlighted when the emerging Eastern European nations did not invite the Party of Labour of Albania to the September 1947 founding meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a>. Rather, Yugoslavia represented Albania at Cominform meetings. Although the Soviet Union gave Albania a pledge to build textile and sugar mills and other factories and provide agricultural and industrial machinery to Albania, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> told <a href="/wiki/Milovan_Djilas" title="Milovan Djilas">Milovan Djilas</a>, at the time a high-ranking member of Yugoslavia's communist hierarchy, that Yugoslavia should "swallow" Albania. </p><p>The pro-Yugoslav faction wielded decisive political power in Albania well into 1948. At a party plenum in February and March, the communist leadership voted to merge the Albanian and Yugoslav economies and militaries. Hoxha even denounced Spiru for attempting to ruin Albanian-Yugoslav relations. During a party Political Bureau (<a href="/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">Politburo</a>) meeting a month later, Xoxe proposed appealing to Belgrade to admit Albania as a seventh Yugoslav republic. However, when the Cominform expelled Yugoslavia on 28 June, Albania made a rapid about-face in its policy towards Yugoslavia. Three days later, Tirana gave the Yugoslav advisers in Albania 48 hours to leave the country, rescinded all bilateral economic agreements with its neighbor, and launched a virulent anti-Yugoslav propaganda blitz that transformed Stalin into an Albanian national hero, Hoxha into a warrior against foreign aggression, and Tito into an imperialist monster. </p><p>Albania entered an orbit around the Soviet Union, and in September 1948 Moscow stepped in to compensate for Albania's loss of Yugoslav aid. The shift proved to be a boon for Albania because Moscow had far more to offer Albania than hard-strapped Belgrade had. The fact that the Soviet Union had no common border with Albania also appealed to the Albanian regime because it made it more difficult for Moscow to exert pressure on Tirana. In November at the First Party Congress of the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Party_of_Labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Party of Labor">Albanian Party of Labor</a> (APL), the former Albanian Communist Party which renamed itself at Stalin's suggestion, Hoxha pinned the blame for the country's woes on Yugoslavia and Xoxe. Hoxha had Xoxe sacked as Albania's internal affairs minister in October, and he was replaced with <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Shehu" title="Mehmet Shehu">Mehmet Shehu</a>. After a secret trial in May 1949, Xoxe was executed. The subsequent anti-Titoist <a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">purges</a> in Albania brought the liquidation of 14 members of the party's 31 person Central Committee and 32 of the 109 People's Assembly deputies. Overall, the party expelled about 25% of its members. Yugoslavia responded by launching a propaganda counterattack and canceling its treaty of friendship with Albania and in 1950, it withdrew its diplomatic mission from Tirana. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deteriorating_relations_with_the_West">Deteriorating relations with the West</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Deteriorating relations with the West"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Albania's relations with the West soured after the Communist government's refusal to allow free elections in December 1945. Albania restricted the movement of <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> personnel in the country, charging that they had instigated anti-Communist uprisings in the northern mountains. Britain announced in April that it would not send a diplomatic mission to Tirana; the United States withdrew its mission in November; and both the United States and Britain opposed admitting Albania to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN). Albania feared that the United States and Britain, which were supporting anti-Communist forces in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">ongoing civil war</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a>, would back Greek demands for <a href="/wiki/Northern_Epirus" title="Northern Epirus">territory in southern Albania</a>; and anxieties grew in July when a United States Senate resolution backed the Greek demands.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_incident" title="Corfu Channel incident">major incident</a> between Albania and Britain erupted in 1946 after Tirana claimed jurisdiction over the channel between the Albanian mainland and the Greek island of <a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a>. Britain challenged Albania by sailing four destroyers into the channel. Two of the ships struck mines on 22 October 1946, and 44 crew members died. Britain complained to the UN and the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> which, in its first case ever, ruled against Tirana. </p><p>After 1946 the United States and the United Kingdom began <a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">implementing an elaborate covert plan</a> to overthrow Albania's Communist government by backing anti-Communist and royalist forces within the country. By 1949 the United States and British intelligence organizations were working with <a href="/wiki/Zog_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Zog of Albania">King Zog</a> and the mountainmen of his personal guard. They recruited Albanian refugees and émigrés from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, and Greece; trained them in <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, and the Federal Republic of Germany (<a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>); and infiltrated them into Albania. Guerrilla units entered Albania in 1950 and 1952, but Albanian security forces killed or captured all of them. <a href="/wiki/Kim_Philby" title="Kim Philby">Kim Philby</a>, a Soviet double agent working as a liaison officer between the British intelligence service and the United States Central Intelligence Agency, had leaked details of the infiltration plan to Moscow, and the security breach claimed the lives of about 300 infiltrators. </p><p>Following a wave of subversive activity, including the failed infiltration and the March 1951 bombing of the Soviet embassy in Tirana, the Communist authorities implemented harsh internal security measures. In September 1952, the assembly enacted a penal code that required the death penalty for anyone over eleven years old who was found guilty of conspiring against the state, damaging state property, or committing economic sabotage. Political executions were common and between 5,000 and 25,000 people were killed in total during the Communist era.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (August 2021)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Soviet_sphere">In the Soviet sphere</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In the Soviet sphere"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Albanian-Soviet_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian-Soviet relations">Albanian-Soviet relations</a></div> <p>Albania primarily depended on Soviet assistance and know-how after its break with Yugoslavia in 1948. In February 1949, Albania gained membership in the <a href="/wiki/Communist_bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist bloc">communist bloc</a>'s organization for coordinating <a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">economic planning</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Council_for_Mutual_Economic_Assistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Council for Mutual Economic Assistance">Council for Mutual Economic Assistance</a> (Comecon). Tirana soon entered into trade agreements with <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Republic_(1948-1960)" class="mw-redirect" title="Czechoslovak Republic (1948-1960)">Czechoslovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Romania">Romania</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. Soviet and East European technical advisers took up residence in Albania, and the Soviet Union also sent Albania military advisers and built a submarine installation on <a href="/wiki/Sazan_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Sazan Island">Sazan Island</a>. After the Soviet-Yugoslav split, Albania and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> remained the only countries that the Soviet Union could use to supply war material to the communists <a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">fighting in Greece</a>. What little strategic value Albania offered the Soviet Union, however, gradually shrank as nuclear-arms technology developed. </p><p>Aligned with the orthodox line of <a href="/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalin</a>, Albania's Communist Party implemented elements of <a href="/wiki/Stalinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinist">Stalinist</a> policy and economics. In 1949 Albania adopted the basic elements of the Soviet fiscal system, under which <a href="/wiki/State_enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="State enterprise">state enterprises</a> paid direct contributions to the treasury from their profits and kept only a share authorized for self-financed investments and other purposes. In 1951 the Albanian government launched its first five-year plan, which emphasized utilizing the country's <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chromite" title="Chromite">chromite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">asphalt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> resources; expanding <a href="/wiki/Electricity_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricity production">electricity production</a> and the power grid; increasing <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Albania" title="Agriculture in Albania">agricultural output</a>; and improving <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Albania" title="Transport in Albania">transportation</a>. The government began a program of rapid <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a> after the APL's Second Party Congress and a campaign of <a href="/wiki/Collectivization" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivization">collectivization</a> of farmland in 1955. At the time, private farms still produced about 87% of Albania's agricultural output, but by 1960 the same percentage came from collective or state farms. </p><p>Soviet-Albanian relations remained warm during the last years of Stalin's life, although Albania was an economic liability for the Soviet Union. Albania conducted all its foreign trade with Soviet European countries in 1949, 1950, and 1951 – and over half its trade with the Soviet Union itself. Together with its satellites, the Soviet Union underwrote shortfalls in Albania's balance-of-payments with long-term grants. </p><p>Although far behind Western practice, <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Albania" title="Healthcare in Albania">health care</a> and <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Albania" title="Education in Albania">education</a> improved dramatically for Albania's 1.2 million people in the early 1950s. The number of Albanian doctors increased by a third to about 150 early in the decade (although the doctor-patient ratio remained unacceptable by most<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="This term requires quantification. (October 2015)">quantify</span></a></i>]</sup> standards), and the state opened new medical-training facilities. The number of hospital beds rose from 1,765 in 1945 to about 5,500 in 1953. Better health-care and living conditions produced an improvement in Albania's dismal infant-mortality rate, lowering it from 112.2 deaths per 1,000 live births in 1945 to 99.5 deaths per 1,000 births in 1953. The education system, geared towards cementing <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> and creating the academic and technical cadres necessary for construction of a socialist state and society, also improved dramatically. The number of schools, teachers, and students doubled between 1945 and 1950. Illiteracy declined from perhaps 85% in 1946 to 31% in 1950. The Soviet Union provided scholarships for Albanian students and supplied specialists and study materials to improve instruction in Albania. The State University of Tirana (later the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tirana" title="University of Tirana">University of Tirana</a>) was founded in 1957 and the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Academy of Sciences">Albanian Academy of Sciences</a> opened 15 years later. </p><p>Stalin died in March 1953, and apparently fearing that the Soviet leader's demise might encourage rivals within the Albanian party's ranks, neither Hoxha nor Shehu risked traveling to Moscow to attend <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_Joseph_Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="State funeral of Joseph Stalin">his funeral</a>. The Soviet Union's subsequent movement toward rapprochement with the Yugoslavs alarmed the two Albanian leaders. Tirana soon came under pressure from Moscow to copy, at least formally, the new <a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collective leadership in the Soviet Union">Soviet model for collective leadership</a>. In July 1953, Hoxha handed over the foreign affairs and defense portfolios to loyal followers, but he kept both the top party post and the premiership until 1954, when Shehu became Albania's prime minister. The Soviet Union, responding with an effort to raise the Albanian leaders' morale, elevated diplomatic relations between the two countries to the ambassadorial level. </p><p>Despite some cautious expressions of enthusiasm, Hoxha and Shehu quickly turned against <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>'s programs of "<a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">peaceful coexistence</a>" and "different roads to socialism". Raising concerns over supposed steps towards <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marxist_Revisionism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marxist Revisionism (page does not exist)">Marxist Revisionism</a>, the Albanian Communists relationship with the Union began to decline. Tirana and Belgrade renewed diplomatic relations in December 1953, but Hoxha refused Khrushchev's repeated appeals to posthumously rehabilitate the pro-Yugoslav Xoxe as a gesture to Tito. The Albanian duo instead entrenched their political position, expanding their control over their country's domestic life and letting the propaganda war with the Yugoslavs grind on. In 1955 Albania became a founding member of the Warsaw Treaty Organization, better known as the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a>, the only military alliance the nation ever joined. Although the pact represented the first promise Albania had obtained from any of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist countries">communist countries</a> to defend its borders, the treaty did nothing to assuage the Albanian leaders' deep mistrust of <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>. </p><p>Hoxha and Shehu, utilizing their immediate successes and Albanians' deep-seated fear of Yugoslav domination, were able to successfully maintain power during the <a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Party_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Twentieth Party Congress">Twentieth Party Congress</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> in 1956, when Khrushchev denounced Stalin's Administration in his "<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">secret speech</a>". Hoxha, deeply alarmed by the denunciation, defended Stalin and refused to follow Khrushchev's attempt at stepping away from the prior Soviet Administration. As the first years of the Khrushchev Administration passed, Hoxha continued to maintain this position, including through the <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_1956_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznań 1956 protests">disturbances in Poland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">rebellion in Hungary</a> in 1956. Hoxha during this period purged party moderates with pro-Soviet and pro-Yugoslav leanings, however toned down his anti-Yugoslav rhetoric after a successful April 1957 trip to Moscow. This trip proved pivotal for the Albanian State, Hoxha having won cancellation of about US$105 million in outstanding loans and about US$7.8 million in additional food assistance. By 1958, however, tensions had re-sparked between Hoxha and Tito, with continued conflict over the issue of <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in Kosovo">Albanians in Kosovo</a>. There was further tension over a Comecon plan for integrating the East European economies, which called for Albania to produce agricultural goods and minerals instead of emphasizing the development of heavy industry. On a twelve-day visit to Albania in 1959, Khrushchev reportedly tried to convince Hoxha and Shehu that their country should aspire to become "<a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>'s orchard".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Chinese_sphere">In the Chinese sphere</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In the Chinese sphere"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Albanian_split" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet–Albanian split">Soviet–Albanian split</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HOD%C5%BDA_druh%C3%A1_m%C3%ADza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/HOD%C5%BDA_druh%C3%A1_m%C3%ADza.jpg/170px-HOD%C5%BDA_druh%C3%A1_m%C3%ADza.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/HOD%C5%BDA_druh%C3%A1_m%C3%ADza.jpg/255px-HOD%C5%BDA_druh%C3%A1_m%C3%ADza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/HOD%C5%BDA_druh%C3%A1_m%C3%ADza.jpg/340px-HOD%C5%BDA_druh%C3%A1_m%C3%ADza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>Enver Hoxha in 1971</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albania_bunkers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Albania_bunkers.jpg/220px-Albania_bunkers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Albania_bunkers.jpg/330px-Albania_bunkers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Albania_bunkers.jpg/440px-Albania_bunkers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bunkers_in_Albania" title="Bunkers in Albania">Bunkers in Albania</a> built during Hoxha's rule to avert the possibility of external invasions. By 1983 approximately 173,371 concrete bunkers were scattered throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Albania played a pronounced role in the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a>. By 1958, Albania stood with the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> (PRC)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in opposing Moscow on issues of <a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">peaceful coexistence</a>, <a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">de-Stalinization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Separate_road_to_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Separate road to socialism">separate road to socialism</a>" through <a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">decentralization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Economy of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">economic life</a>. The Soviet Union, other Eastern European countries, and China all offered Albania large amounts of aid. Soviet leaders also promised to build a large <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Culture_of_Tirana" title="Palace of Culture of Tirana">Palace of Culture</a> in Tirana as a symbol of the Soviet people's "love and friendship" for the Albanians. But despite these gestures, Tirana was dissatisfied with Moscow's economic policy towards Albania. <a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Hoxha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Shehu" title="Mehmet Shehu">Shehu</a> apparently decided in either May or June 1960 that Albania was assured of Chinese support, and when sharp polemics erupted between the PRC and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, they openly sided with the former. <a href="/wiki/Ramiz_Alia" title="Ramiz Alia">Ramiz Alia</a>, at the time a candidate-member of the Politburo and Hoxha's adviser on ideological questions, played a prominent role in the rhetoric. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a> burst into the open in June 1960 at a <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Workers%27_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Workers' Party">Romanian Workers' Party</a> congress, at which <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Khrushchev</a> attempted to secure condemnation of <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>. Albania's delegation, alone among the European delegations, supported the Chinese. The Soviet Union immediately retaliated by organizing a campaign to oust Hoxha and Shehu in the summer of 1960. Moscow cut promised grain deliveries to Albania during a drought, and the Soviet embassy in Tirana overtly encouraged a pro-Soviet faction in the <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Labour_of_Albania" title="Party of Labour of Albania">Party of Labour of Albania</a> (APL) to speak out against the party's pro-Chinese stance. Moscow also apparently involved itself in a plot within the APL to unseat Hoxha and Shehu by force. But given their tight control of the party machinery, army, and Shehu's secret police, the Directorate of State Security (Drejtorija e Sigurimit të Shtetit—<a href="/wiki/Sigurimi" title="Sigurimi">Sigurimi</a>), the two Albanian leaders easily parried the threat. Four pro-Soviet Albanian leaders, including <a href="/wiki/Teme_Sejko" title="Teme Sejko">Teme Sejko</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tahir_Demi" title="Tahir Demi">Tahir Demi</a>, were eventually tried and executed. The PRC immediately began making up for the cancellation of Soviet wheat shipments despite a paucity of foreign currency and its own economic hardships. </p><p>Albania again sided with the People's Republic of China when it launched an attack on the Soviet Union's leadership of the international communist movement at the November 1960 Moscow conference of the world's 81 communist parties. Hoxha inveighed against Khrushchev for encouraging <a href="/wiki/Northern_Epirus" title="Northern Epirus">Greek claims to southern Albania</a>, sowing discord within the APL and army, and using economic blackmail. "Soviet rats were able to eat while the Albanian people were dying of hunger," Hoxha railed, referring to purposely delayed Soviet grain deliveries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Communist leaders loyal to Moscow described Hoxha's performance as "gangsterish" and "infantile," and the speech extinguished any chance of an agreement between Moscow and Tirana.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For the next year, Albania played proxy for China. Pro-Soviet Communist parties, reluctant to confront China directly, criticized Beijing by castigating Albania. China, for its part, frequently gave prominence to the Albanians' fulminations against the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia, which Tirana referred to as a "socialist hell." </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mao_Zedong_and_Enver_Hoxha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Mao_Zedong_and_Enver_Hoxha.jpg/220px-Mao_Zedong_and_Enver_Hoxha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Mao_Zedong_and_Enver_Hoxha.jpg/330px-Mao_Zedong_and_Enver_Hoxha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Mao_Zedong_and_Enver_Hoxha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> and Hoxha in 1956</figcaption></figure> <p>Hoxha and Shehu continued their harangue against the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia at the APL's Fourth Party Congress in February 1961. During the congress, the Albanian government announced the broad outlines of the country's Third Five-Year Plan (1961–65), which allocated 54% of all investment to industry, thereby rejecting Khrushchev's wish to make Albania primarily an agricultural producer. Moscow responded by canceling aid programs and lines of credit for Albania, but China again came to the rescue. </p><p>After additional sharp exchanges between Soviet and Chinese delegates over Albania at the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Twenty-Second Party Congress in October 1961, Khrushchev lambasted the Albanians for executing an allegedly pregnant, pro-Soviet member of the Albanian party Politburo <a href="/wiki/Liri_Gega" title="Liri Gega">Liri Gega</a>, and the Soviet Union finally broke diplomatic relations with Albania in December. Moscow then withdrew all Soviet economic advisers and technicians from the country, including those at work on the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Culture" title="Palace of Culture">Palace of Culture</a>, and halted shipments of supplies and spare parts for equipment already in place in Albania. In addition, the Soviet Union continued to dismantle its naval installations on <a href="/wiki/Sazan_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Sazan Island">Sazan Island</a>, a process that had begun even before the break in relations. </p><p>China again compensated Albania for the loss of Soviet economic support, supplying about 90% of the parts, foodstuffs, and other goods the Soviet Union had promised. China lent Albania money on more favorable terms than Moscow, and, unlike Soviet advisers, Chinese technicians earned the same low pay as Albanian workers and lived in similar housing. China also presented Albania with a powerful radio transmission station from which Tirana sang the praises of Stalin, Hoxha, and <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> for decades. For its part, Albania offered China a <a href="/wiki/Beachhead" title="Beachhead">beachhead</a> in Europe and acted as China's chief spokesman at the United Nations. To Albania's dismay, however, Chinese equipment and technicians were not nearly as sophisticated as the Soviet goods and advisers they replaced. Ironically, a language barrier even forced the Chinese and Albanian technicians to communicate in Russian. Albanians no longer took part in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> activities or <a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a> agreements. The other East European communist nations, however, did not break diplomatic or trade links with Albania. In 1964, the Albanians went so far as to seize the empty Soviet embassy in Tirana, and Albanian workers pressed on with construction of the Palace of Culture on their own. </p><p>The shift away from the Soviet Union wreaked havoc on Albania's economy. Half of its imports and exports had been geared toward Soviet suppliers and markets, so the souring of Tirana's relations with Moscow brought Albania's foreign trade to near collapse as China proved incapable of delivering promised machinery and equipment on time. The low productivity, flawed planning, poor workmanship, and inefficient management at Albanian enterprises became clear when Soviet and Eastern European aid and advisers were withdrawn. In 1962, the Albanian government introduced an austerity program, appealing to the people to conserve resources, cut production costs, and abandon unnecessary investment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Withdrawal_from_the_Warsaw_Pact">Withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 1964, Hoxha hailed Khrushchev's fall from power, and the Soviet Union's new leaders made overtures to Tirana. It soon became clear, however, that the new Soviet leadership had no intention of changing its basic policies to suit Albania, and relations failed to improve. For decades, Tirana's propaganda continued to refer to Soviet officials as "treacherous revisionists" and "traitors to Communism," and in 1964, Hoxha said that Albania's terms for reconciliation were a Soviet apology to Albania and reparations for damages which it had inflicted on the country. Albania had also been feuding with Moscow over suggestions that Albania should focus on agriculture to the detriment of industrial development. Soviet-Albanian relations dipped to new lows after the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a> in 1968, and Albania felt that the Soviet Union had become too liberal since the death of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>. The invasion served as the tipping point, and within one month (September 1968) Albania formally withdrew from the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-withdrawal_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-withdrawal-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a> made no attempt to force Albania to remain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cultural_and_Ideological_Revolution">Cultural and Ideological Revolution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cultural and Ideological Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="Special:EditPage/People's Socialist Republic of Albania">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_and_Ideological_Revolution" title="Cultural and Ideological Revolution">Cultural and Ideological Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albanian_Poster_in_1978.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Albanian_Poster_in_1978.jpg/220px-Albanian_Poster_in_1978.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Albanian_Poster_in_1978.jpg/330px-Albanian_Poster_in_1978.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Albanian_Poster_in_1978.jpg/440px-Albanian_Poster_in_1978.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3327" data-file-height="2218" /></a><figcaption>Albanian poster in 1978: Marxism-Leninism: Victorious flag</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mali_i_Shpiragut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mali_i_Shpiragut.jpg/220px-Mali_i_Shpiragut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mali_i_Shpiragut.jpg/330px-Mali_i_Shpiragut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mali_i_Shpiragut.jpg/440px-Mali_i_Shpiragut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1359" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Mount Shpiragu as seen from Berat showing the name of <a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver</a> written on its side</figcaption></figure> <p>In the mid-1960s, Albania's leaders grew wary of a threat to their power by a burgeoning <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a>. Party discipline had eroded. People complained about <a href="/wiki/Malfeasance" class="mw-redirect" title="Malfeasance">malfeasance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a>, and low-quality goods. Writers strayed from the orthodoxy of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">socialist realism</a>, which demanded that art and literature serve as instruments of government and party policy. As a result, after <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> unleashed the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> in China in 1966, Hoxha launched his own Cultural and Ideological Revolution. The Albanian leader concentrated on reforming the military, government bureaucracy, and economy as well as on creating new support for his system. The regime abolished military ranks, reintroduced political commissars into the military, and renounced professionalism in the army. Railing against a "white-collar mentality," the authorities also slashed the salaries of mid- and high-level officials, ousted administrators and specialists from their desk jobs, and sent such persons to toil in the factories and fields. Six ministries, including the Ministry of Justice, were eliminated. <a href="/wiki/Farm_collectivization" class="mw-redirect" title="Farm collectivization">Farm collectivization</a> even spread to the remote mountains. In addition, the government attacked dissident writers and artists, reformed its educational system, and generally reinforced Albania's isolation from <a href="/wiki/European_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="European culture">European culture</a> in an effort to keep out foreign influences. </p><p>After the 5th Congress of the Party of Labor of Albania and Enver Hoxha's speech on 6 February 1967, the authorities launched a violent campaign to extinguish <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the People's Socialist Republic of Albania">religious life in Albania</a>, claiming that <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> had divided the Albanian nation and kept it mired in backwardness.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Student agitators combed the countryside, forcing Albanians to quit practicing their faiths. Despite complaints, even by APL members, all churches, mosques, monasteries, and other religious institutions were closed or converted into warehouses, gymnasiums, and workshops by year's end. A special decree abrogated the charters by which the country's main religious communities had operated. The campaign culminated in an announcement that Albania had become the world's first <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">atheistic state</a>, a feat which was trumpeted as one of Enver Hoxha's greatest achievements.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Albanian Constitution had formally guaranteed freedom of religion to the Albanian people right up until that time, religious freedom was virtually non-existent after 1967. The 1976 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="Constitution of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Constitution of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania</a> later stipulated in Article 37 that "The state recognizes no religion whatever and supports atheist propaganda for the purpose of inculcating the scientific materialist world outlook in people" and Article 55 explicitly forbade the formation of "any type of organization of a fascist, anti-democratic, <i>religious,</i> and anti-socialist character" and stated that "Fascist, anti-democratic, <i>religious</i>, war-mongering, and anti-socialist activities and propaganda, as well as the incitement of national and racial hatred are prohibited."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 November 1977, Enver Hoxha claimed in his Report submitted to the 7th Congress of the Party of Labor of Albania on the activity of the Party's Central Committee that the 1976 Constitution was an embodiment of the free will of the Albanian people, because genuine democracy was necessary in order for socialism to actually exist. He said that, "the broad masses of the working people freely aired their views on the new Fundamental Law of our state of the dictatorship of the proletariat. About 1,500,000 people, practically the entire adult population of the country, participated in the meetings which were held, and about 300,000 people contributed to the discussion... The great popular discussion, characterized by a free and fruitful thrashing out of opinions, by lively and constructive debate, was a clear expression of our socialist democracy in action and the genuine sovereignty of the people. It demonstrated in practice that in socialist Albania the people are the masters, that nothing is done against their will."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The numerous testimonies of those who suffered under the religious persecution of this era,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, casts serious doubts into how "free and fruitful" the thrashing out of opinions in this grand debate were, and consequently as critics of the regime would argue, the genuinely socialist character of Albania's socialist democracy. </p><p>During the Cultural and Ideological Revolution, traditional kinship links in Albania, which were centered on the patriarchal family, were shattered by the postwar repression of clan leaders, collectivization of agriculture, industrialization, migration from the countryside to urban areas, and suppression of religion.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The postwar regime brought a radical change in the status of <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Albania" title="Women in Albania">Albania's women</a>. Considered <a href="/wiki/Second-class_citizen" title="Second-class citizen">second-class citizens</a> in traditional Albanian society, women did most of the work at home and they also did most of the work in the fields. Before World War II, about 90% of Albania's women were illiterate, and in many areas, they were regarded as <a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">chattel</a> under ancient tribal laws and customs. During the Cultural and Ideological Revolution, the party encouraged women to take jobs outside the home in an effort to compensate for labor shortages and overcome their <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservatism</a>. Hoxha himself proclaimed that anyone who trampled on the party's edict on <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a> should be "hurled into the fire." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-reliance">Self-reliance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Self-reliance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleksand%C3%ABr_Moisiu_Theatre_Durr%C3%ABs_1978.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Aleksand%C3%ABr_Moisiu_Theatre_Durr%C3%ABs_1978.jpg/220px-Aleksand%C3%ABr_Moisiu_Theatre_Durr%C3%ABs_1978.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Aleksand%C3%ABr_Moisiu_Theatre_Durr%C3%ABs_1978.jpg/330px-Aleksand%C3%ABr_Moisiu_Theatre_Durr%C3%ABs_1978.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Aleksand%C3%ABr_Moisiu_Theatre_Durr%C3%ABs_1978.jpg/440px-Aleksand%C3%ABr_Moisiu_Theatre_Durr%C3%ABs_1978.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2720" data-file-height="1696" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a> in 1978</figcaption></figure> <p>Albanian-Chinese relations had stagnated by 1970, and when China began to reemerge from isolation and the Cultural Revolution in the early 1970s, Mao and the other Chinese leaders reassessed their commitment to Albania. In response, Albania began to broaden its contacts with the outside world. Albania opened trade negotiations with <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, and the recently independent <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a> states, and in 1971 it normalised relations with <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greece</a>. Albania's leaders abhorred the contacts of China with the United States in the early 1970s, and its press and radio ignored President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">trip to Beijing in 1972</a>. Albania actively worked to reduce its dependence on China by diversifying trade and improving diplomatic and cultural relations, especially with <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>. But Albania shunned the <a href="/wiki/Conference_on_Security_and_Cooperation_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe">Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe</a>, and it was the only European country that refused to take part in the <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Accords" title="Helsinki Accords">Helsinki Conference</a> of July 1975. Soon after Mao's death in 1976, Hoxha criticized the new leadership as well as Beijing's pragmatic policy towards the United States and Western Europe. China retorted by inviting Tito to visit Beijing in 1977 and ending assistance programs for Albania in 1978. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tirana_in_1978_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Tirana_in_1978_2.jpg/220px-Tirana_in_1978_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Tirana_in_1978_2.jpg/330px-Tirana_in_1978_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Tirana_in_1978_2.jpg/440px-Tirana_in_1978_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3327" data-file-height="2218" /></a><figcaption>Center of <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a> in 1978, with slogans and propaganda on all of the main buildings</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a> left Albania with no foreign benefactor. Albania ignored calls to normalize relations by the United States and the Soviet Union. Instead, Albania expanded its diplomatic ties with Western Europe and the <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing nations</a>, and it also began to stress the principle of self-reliance as the keystone of the country's strategy for economic development. Albania, however, did not have many resources of its own, and Hoxha's cautious opening to the outside world was not enough to bolster Albania's economy, and nascent movements for change stirred up inside Albania. Without Chinese or Soviet aid, the country began to experience widespread shortages of everything from machine parts to wheat and animal feed. Infrastructure and living standards began to collapse. According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, Albania netted around US$750 in gross national product per capita throughout much of the 1980s. As Hoxha's health slipped, muted calls arose for the relaxation of party controls and greater openness. In response, Hoxha launched a fresh series of purges that removed the defense minister and many top military officials. A year later, Hoxha purged ministers who were responsible for the country's economy and replaced them with younger people. </p><p>As Hoxha began to experience more health problems, he progressively withdrew from state affairs and took longer and more frequent leaves of absence. Meanwhile, he began to plan an orderly succession. He worked to institutionalize his policies, hoping to frustrate any attempt which his successors might make to venture from the Stalinist path which he had blazed for Albania. In December 1976, Albania adopted its second Stalinist constitution of the postwar era. The document guaranteed Albanians <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">press</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freedom of organization (page does not exist)">organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">association</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">assembly</a> but subordinated these rights to the individual's duties to society as a whole. The constitution continued to emphasize national pride and unity, the idea of <a href="/wiki/Autarky" title="Autarky">autarky</a> was enshrined in law and the government was prohibited from seeking financial aid or credits or forming joint companies with partners from capitalist or revisionist communist countries. The constitution's preamble also boasted that the foundations of religious belief had been abolished in Albania. </p><p>In 1980, Hoxha tapped <a href="/wiki/Ramiz_Alia" title="Ramiz Alia">Ramiz Alia</a> to succeed him as Albania's communist patriarch, overlooking his long-standing comrade-in-arms, <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Shehu" title="Mehmet Shehu">Mehmet Shehu</a>. Hoxha first tried to convince Shehu to voluntarily step aside, but when this move failed, Hoxha arranged for all of the members of the Politburo to rebuke him for allowing his son to become engaged to the daughter of a former <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeois</a> family. Shehu allegedly committed suicide on 17 December 1981. Some suspect that Hoxha had him killed. Hoxha had Shehu's wife and three sons arrested, one of whom killed himself in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1982, Hoxha announced that Shehu had been simultaneously working as a foreign spy for the United States, British, Soviet, and Yugoslav intelligence agencies in planning the assassination of Hoxha himself. "He was buried like a dog," Hoxha wrote in the Albanian edition of his book, <i>The Titoites</i>. </p><p>In 1983 Hoxha relinquished many of his duties due to poor health, and Alia assumed responsibility for Albania's administration. Alia traveled around Albania extensively, standing in for Hoxha at major events and delivering addresses laying down new policies and intoning litanies to the enfeebled president. Hoxha died on 11 April 1985. Alia succeeded Hoxha to the presidency and became the legal secretary of the APL two days later. In due course, he became a dominant figure in the Albanian media, and his slogans were painted in crimson letters on signboards across the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transition">Transition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Transition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></div> <p>After Hoxha's death, <a href="/wiki/Ramiz_Alia" title="Ramiz Alia">Ramiz Alia</a> maintained firm control of the country and its security apparatus, but Albania's desperate economic situation required Alia to introduce some reforms. Continuing a policy set by Hoxha, Alia reestablished diplomatic relations with <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> in return for development aid and also courted <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The very gradual and slight reforms intensified as <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> introduced his new policies of <a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">fall of the Berlin Wall</a> in November 1989 and the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">collapse of communist governments</a> across <a href="/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</a>. </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a> (the leader of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Communist Romania</a>) was <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Nicolae_and_Elena_Ceau%C8%99escu#Execution" class="mw-redirect" title="Trial of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu">executed</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution">revolution</a> in December 1989, Alia expedited his reforms, apparently concerned about violence and his own fate if radical changes were not made. He signed the <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Helsinki Agreement">Helsinki Agreement</a> (which was signed by other countries in 1975) which respected some <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>. On 11 December 1990, under enormous pressure from students and workers, Alia announced that the Party of Labor had abandoned its guaranteed right to rule, that other parties could be formed, and free elections would be held in the spring of 1991. </p><p>Alia's party won the elections on 31 March 1991—the first free elections held in decades.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Nevertheless, it was clear that the change would not be stopped. The position of the communists was confirmed in the first round of elections under a 1991 interim law, but two months later, it fell during a general strike. A committee of "national salvation" took over but it also collapsed within six months. On 22 March 1992, the Communists were trumped by the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Albania" title="Democratic Party of Albania">Democratic Party</a> in national elections.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The change from dictatorship to democracy came with many challenges. The Democratic Party had to implement the reforms it had promised, but they were either too slow or did not solve the country's problems, so people were disappointed when their hopes for fast prosperity went unfulfilled. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1996_Albanian_parliamentary_election" title="1996 Albanian parliamentary election">general elections of June 1996</a> the Democratic Party tried to win an absolute majority by manipulating the results. This government collapsed in 1997 in the wake of additional collapses of <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_scheme" title="Pyramid scheme">pyramid schemes</a> and widespread <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Albania" title="Corruption in Albania">corruption</a>, which caused <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Civil War">chaos and rebellion throughout the country</a>. The government attempted to suppress the rebellion by military force but the attempt failed, due to long-term corruption of the armed forces, forcing other nations to intervene. Pursuant to the 1991 interim basic law, Albanians ratified a constitution in 1998, establishing a <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic system of government</a> based upon the rule of law and guaranteeing the protection of fundamental human rights.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name "People's Socialist Republic of Albania" was officially illegitimate after November 28, 1998 with the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Albania" title="Constitution of Albania">new Constitution of Albania</a>, although the old communist symbols were already withdrawn and got replaced with the current coat of arms and flag of Albania. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During its communist era, Albania was governed by the Party of Labor of Albania. </p><p>According to the Albanian constitution of 1976, legislative powers were vested in the People's Assembly, which the constitution described as "the supreme organ of state power". Its competences included directing the internal and external policies of Albania, approving and amending the constitution and laws, approving plans for economic and cultural development as well as state budget, ratifying international treaties, granting amnesty, defining the "administrative and territorial structure", and deciding on popular referendums. It also elected and dismissed the Presidium of the Peoples Assembly, the Council of Ministers, and the Supreme Court of Albania. The People's Assembly was composed of 250 deputies who were "elected in constituencies with an equal number of inhabitants" for a term of four years. It met in normal session twice per year. </p><p>The Presidium of the People's Assembly was described as "a superior organ of the state power with permanent activity" in the 1976 constitution. It was composed of a President, three Vice-Presidents, one Secretary, and ten other members. </p><p>The supreme and executive organ of the government was the Council of Ministers. They were appointed from among the ranks of the People's Assembly. Like the People's Assembly, it also had its own presidium, which was composed of a Chairman and Vice-Chairmen. <sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Having emerged as Europe’s poorest nation in the post-war period, Albania embarked on a radical economic postwar program along the lines of Stalinism. </p><p>Beginning as early as 1945, Albania issued the agrarian reform law which saw private landholdings be confiscated by the state and the dismantlement of these landownings although the collectivization of agriculture was the slowest sector to be government owned in Albania, due to the rugged terrain, having not completed until 1967. In 1946, the communist regime targeted private business owners, taxing them at prohibitive levels in order to expropriate their enterprises and bring them under state control.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1947, the state had taken control of all domestic industry was under state control. </p><p>By 1951, Albania had effectively wiped out any semblance of a market economy and instead replaced it with a centrally planned economy, modeled along the lines of Stalin’s USSR.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first five year plan with Soviet assistance began, leaning on heavy industry. The State Planning Commission was the organ responsible for such endeavors and by 1959, the Soviet system of economics was fully adopted. Despite these advances, Albania frequently suffered from chronic shortages of goods and foodstuffs throughout the 1950s, despite Soviet foreign aid. As foreign aid accounted for half the Albanian economy at the time, productivity was low. The cessation of relations between Albania and the USSR damaged the Albanian economy by 1961 and the country embarked on austerity measures by 1962; in spite of this, Albania became more self-sufficient (in part due to Chinese foreign aid) in the 1960s, manufacturing its own televisions, radios, firearms, bricks, cement, light bulbs, textiles, foodstuffs, agricultural exports as well as mining chromium. By the 1970s, Albania became the third largest exporter of chromium in the world. </p><p>State enterprises, entities which were meant to generate revenue briefly operated on market terms until 1948 when they were subject to central planning as well.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> State Companies ranged from 700 workers to over 4,000 and typically engaged in various sectors. Despite the increased industrial output, salary cutbacks were common and wages remained very low and productivity on the lower end. By the late 1980s, due to aging equipment, the industrial base began to collapse.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1983, Albania imported 280 million dollars worth of goods and exported 290 million dollars resulting in a trade surplus of 10 million USD.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1983 and 1988, a prolonged drought brought economic hardship because it lowered the water level in hydropower reservoirs, reducing the electricity supply needed for chromium mining.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The economy was further impacted by the 1983 <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a> oil price cut.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The policies which were pursued by Enver Hoxha and his followers influenced political and economic thought around the world. Thus, <a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaist</a> parties were founded in many countries and they based their ideology on Enver Hoxha's ideas as to how a <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist state</a> should be constructed and embraced his strict adherence to <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a>. Following the fall of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania in 1991, the Hoxhaist parties regrouped as an <a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Parties_and_Organizations_(Unity_%26_Struggle)" title="International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations (Unity & Struggle)">international conference and the publication <i>Unity and Struggle</i></a>. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> emphasizes that <i>"Hoxha's modernization program aimed to transform Albania from a backward agrarian country into a modern industrial society, and indeed, within four decades, Albania made respectable, even historic, progress in the development of industry, agriculture, education, arts and culture. One of the most notable achievements has been the drainage of coastal swamps-formerly breeding grounds for malaria mosquitoes-and the reclamation of land for agricultural and industrial use. The historic reform of the language, which merged elements of the <a href="/wiki/Gheg_Albanian" title="Gheg Albanian">Gheg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tosk_Albanian" title="Tosk Albanian">Tosk</a> dialects into a unified literary language, was also a symbol of this change."</i><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2016 survey conducted by the <i>Institute for Development Research and Alternatives</i> (IDRA), showed that 42% of Albanians believe that Enver Hoxha had a positive impact on history – not much less than 45% who see his impact as negative.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Citizens in the regions of southern and southwestern Albania that were interviewed, had the most positive view of Hoxha, with 55%.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 35% of respondents said that the communist past was not a problem for them, while 62% saw it as "at least somewhat problematic".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_leaders">List of leaders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: List of leaders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>First Secretaries of the <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Labour_of_Albania" title="Party of Labour of Albania">Party of Labour of Albania</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a> (1946–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiz_Alia" title="Ramiz Alia">Ramiz Alia</a> (1985–1991)</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/President_of_Albania" title="President of Albania">Chairmen of the Presidium of the People's Assembly</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omer_Nishani" title="Omer Nishani">Omer Nishani</a> (1946–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haxhi_Lleshi" title="Haxhi Lleshi">Haxhi Lleshi</a> (1953–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiz_Alia" title="Ramiz Alia">Ramiz Alia</a> (1982–1991)</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Albania" title="Prime Minister of Albania">Prime Ministers</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a> (1946–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Shehu" title="Mehmet Shehu">Mehmet Shehu</a> (1954–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adil_%C3%87ar%C3%A7ani" title="Adil Çarçani">Adil Çarçani</a> (1981–1991)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Albanian_People%27s_Army" title="Albanian People's Army">Albanian People's Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Air_Force#Socialist_Albania" title="Albanian Air Force">Albanian Air Force § Socialist Albania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Naval_Force#During_the_Socialist_Era" title="Albanian Naval Force">Albanian Naval Force § During the Socialist Era</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Albanian_People%27s_Army" title="Albanian People's Army">Albanian People's Army</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: <i lang="sq">Ushtria Popullore Shqiptare</i>, <b>UPSh</b>) was the term for the national army of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania from 1946 to 1990. After withdrawing from <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> activities in 1968, it conducted a self-reliance policy for national defence. It was dissolved in 1990 and is retained in its current form through the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Armed_Forces" title="Albanian Armed Forces">Albanian Armed Forces</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Socialist Albania’s Military Equipment </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Image </th> <th>Origin </th> <th>Number </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Tanks </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/T-34/85" class="mw-redirect" title="T-34/85">T-34/85</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%A2-34-85_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%86%D0%B0_1944_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%A2-34-85_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%86%D0%B0_1944_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5.jpg/150px-%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%A2-34-85_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%86%D0%B0_1944_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%A2-34-85_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%86%D0%B0_1944_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5.jpg/225px-%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%A2-34-85_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%86%D0%B0_1944_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%A2-34-85_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%86%D0%B0_1944_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5.jpg/300px-%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%A2-34-85_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%86%D0%B0_1944_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">190 <sup id="cite_ref-IISS_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IISS-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2">Serviceability doubtful<sup id="cite_ref-IISS_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IISS-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Type_59_tank" title="Type 59 tank">Type-59</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Type_59_tank_in_Military_Museum_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Revolution_20180219.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Type_59_tank_in_Military_Museum_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Revolution_20180219.jpg/150px-Type_59_tank_in_Military_Museum_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Revolution_20180219.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Type_59_tank_in_Military_Museum_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Revolution_20180219.jpg/225px-Type_59_tank_in_Military_Museum_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Revolution_20180219.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Type_59_tank_in_Military_Museum_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Revolution_20180219.jpg/300px-Type_59_tank_in_Military_Museum_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Revolution_20180219.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Type_62" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 62">Type-62</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Type_62_light_tank_20220203.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Type_62_light_tank_20220203.jpg/150px-Type_62_light_tank_20220203.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Type_62_light_tank_20220203.jpg/225px-Type_62_light_tank_20220203.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Type_62_light_tank_20220203.jpg/300px-Type_62_light_tank_20220203.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Tank Destroyers </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/SU-76" title="SU-76">SU-76</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Su76_nn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Su76_nn.jpg/150px-Su76_nn.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Su76_nn.jpg/225px-Su76_nn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Su76_nn.jpg/300px-Su76_nn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1744" data-file-height="1260" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>(Kept in reserve).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/SU-100" title="SU-100">SU-100</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Su-100_-_TankBiathlon2013-07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Su-100_-_TankBiathlon2013-07.jpg/150px-Su-100_-_TankBiathlon2013-07.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Su-100_-_TankBiathlon2013-07.jpg/225px-Su-100_-_TankBiathlon2013-07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Su-100_-_TankBiathlon2013-07.jpg/300px-Su-100_-_TankBiathlon2013-07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2248" data-file-height="1464" /></a></span> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Armoured Fighting Vehicles </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/BA-64" title="BA-64">BA-64</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BA-64_in_Nizhny_Novgorod_Kremlin.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BA-64_in_Nizhny_Novgorod_Kremlin.JPG/150px-BA-64_in_Nizhny_Novgorod_Kremlin.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BA-64_in_Nizhny_Novgorod_Kremlin.JPG/225px-BA-64_in_Nizhny_Novgorod_Kremlin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BA-64_in_Nizhny_Novgorod_Kremlin.JPG/300px-BA-64_in_Nizhny_Novgorod_Kremlin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>(Kept in reserve).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Armoured Personnel Carriers </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Type_63_(armoured_personnel_carrier)" title="Type 63 (armoured personnel carrier)">Type-63</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Type_63_APC_at_the_Beijing_Military_Museum_-_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Type_63_APC_at_the_Beijing_Military_Museum_-_1.jpg/150px-Type_63_APC_at_the_Beijing_Military_Museum_-_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Type_63_APC_at_the_Beijing_Military_Museum_-_1.jpg/225px-Type_63_APC_at_the_Beijing_Military_Museum_-_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Type_63_APC_at_the_Beijing_Military_Museum_-_1.jpg/300px-Type_63_APC_at_the_Beijing_Military_Museum_-_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1912" data-file-height="1388" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Type_77_(armored_personnel_carrier)" title="Type 77 (armored personnel carrier)">Type-77</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAMC_Amphibious_drill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/PLAMC_Amphibious_drill.jpg/150px-PLAMC_Amphibious_drill.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/PLAMC_Amphibious_drill.jpg/225px-PLAMC_Amphibious_drill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/PLAMC_Amphibious_drill.jpg/300px-PLAMC_Amphibious_drill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="422" /></a></span> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Armoured Recovery Vehicles </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/T-34_variants" title="T-34 variants">T-34-T</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Type 73 </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Amphibious Transport Vehicles </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/BAV_485" title="BAV 485">BAV 385</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samoch%C3%B3d_p%C5%82ywaj%C4%85cy_BAW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Samoch%C3%B3d_p%C5%82ywaj%C4%85cy_BAW.jpg/150px-Samoch%C3%B3d_p%C5%82ywaj%C4%85cy_BAW.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Samoch%C3%B3d_p%C5%82ywaj%C4%85cy_BAW.jpg/225px-Samoch%C3%B3d_p%C5%82ywaj%C4%85cy_BAW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Samoch%C3%B3d_p%C5%82ywaj%C4%85cy_BAW.jpg/300px-Samoch%C3%B3d_p%C5%82ywaj%C4%85cy_BAW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1598" data-file-height="947" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Bridgelayers </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jiefang_CA-30" title="Jiefang CA-30">Jiefang CA30</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangladesh_Army_Type_79_Pontoon_bridge_on_Jiefang_CA-30_truck._(32381273492).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bangladesh_Army_Type_79_Pontoon_bridge_on_Jiefang_CA-30_truck._%2832381273492%29.jpg/150px-Bangladesh_Army_Type_79_Pontoon_bridge_on_Jiefang_CA-30_truck._%2832381273492%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bangladesh_Army_Type_79_Pontoon_bridge_on_Jiefang_CA-30_truck._%2832381273492%29.jpg/225px-Bangladesh_Army_Type_79_Pontoon_bridge_on_Jiefang_CA-30_truck._%2832381273492%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bangladesh_Army_Type_79_Pontoon_bridge_on_Jiefang_CA-30_truck._%2832381273492%29.jpg/300px-Bangladesh_Army_Type_79_Pontoon_bridge_on_Jiefang_CA-30_truck._%2832381273492%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Artillery Tractors </th></tr> <tr> <td>AT-S </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AT-S_SU_H%C3%A4meenlinna.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/AT-S_SU_H%C3%A4meenlinna.JPG/150px-AT-S_SU_H%C3%A4meenlinna.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/AT-S_SU_H%C3%A4meenlinna.JPG/225px-AT-S_SU_H%C3%A4meenlinna.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/AT-S_SU_H%C3%A4meenlinna.JPG/300px-AT-S_SU_H%C3%A4meenlinna.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AT-T" title="AT-T">AT-T</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AT-T_der_NVA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/AT-T_der_NVA.jpg/150px-AT-T_der_NVA.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/AT-T_der_NVA.jpg/225px-AT-T_der_NVA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/AT-T_der_NVA.jpg/300px-AT-T_der_NVA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Type-60-1 </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Heavy Mortars </th></tr> <tr> <td>120mm <a href="/wiki/M1938_mortar" title="M1938 mortar">120-PM-38</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mortar-batey-haosef-3-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Mortar-batey-haosef-3-2.jpg/150px-Mortar-batey-haosef-3-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Mortar-batey-haosef-3-2.jpg/225px-Mortar-batey-haosef-3-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Mortar-batey-haosef-3-2.jpg/300px-Mortar-batey-haosef-3-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2203" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>120mm <a href="/wiki/120-PM-43_mortar" title="120-PM-43 mortar">120-PM-43</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:120-millimetre_calibre_mortar_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/120-millimetre_calibre_mortar_001.jpg/112px-120-millimetre_calibre_mortar_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/120-millimetre_calibre_mortar_001.jpg/168px-120-millimetre_calibre_mortar_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/120-millimetre_calibre_mortar_001.jpg/225px-120-millimetre_calibre_mortar_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2134" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>160mm <a href="/wiki/M-160_mortar" title="M-160 mortar">M160</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:160mm-mortar-batey-haosef-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/160mm-mortar-batey-haosef-1.jpg/150px-160mm-mortar-batey-haosef-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/160mm-mortar-batey-haosef-1.jpg/225px-160mm-mortar-batey-haosef-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/160mm-mortar-batey-haosef-1.jpg/300px-160mm-mortar-batey-haosef-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2501" data-file-height="1890" /></a></span> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>160mm <a href="/wiki/M-160_mortar" title="M-160 mortar">Type-56</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Towed Artillery </th></tr> <tr> <td>76mm <a href="/wiki/76_mm_divisional_gun_M1942_(ZiS-3)" title="76 mm divisional gun M1942 (ZiS-3)">ZiS-3</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:76_mm_divisional_gun_M1942_(ZiS-3)_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/76_mm_divisional_gun_M1942_%28ZiS-3%29_001.jpg/150px-76_mm_divisional_gun_M1942_%28ZiS-3%29_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/76_mm_divisional_gun_M1942_%28ZiS-3%29_001.jpg/225px-76_mm_divisional_gun_M1942_%28ZiS-3%29_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/76_mm_divisional_gun_M1942_%28ZiS-3%29_001.jpg/300px-76_mm_divisional_gun_M1942_%28ZiS-3%29_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2134" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="5"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>76mm M-1943 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:M43_76mm_kalemegdan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/M43_76mm_kalemegdan.jpg/150px-M43_76mm_kalemegdan.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/M43_76mm_kalemegdan.jpg/225px-M43_76mm_kalemegdan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/M43_76mm_kalemegdan.jpg/300px-M43_76mm_kalemegdan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2631" data-file-height="1974" /></a></span> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>85mm D-44 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:85_mm_divisional_gun_(D-44)_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/85_mm_divisional_gun_%28D-44%29_001.jpg/150px-85_mm_divisional_gun_%28D-44%29_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/85_mm_divisional_gun_%28D-44%29_001.jpg/225px-85_mm_divisional_gun_%28D-44%29_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/85_mm_divisional_gun_%28D-44%29_001.jpg/300px-85_mm_divisional_gun_%28D-44%29_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2134" /></a></span> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>100mm BS-3 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BS-3_in_Korolyov.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/BS-3_in_Korolyov.JPG/150px-BS-3_in_Korolyov.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/BS-3_in_Korolyov.JPG/225px-BS-3_in_Korolyov.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/BS-3_in_Korolyov.JPG/300px-BS-3_in_Korolyov.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4145" data-file-height="2830" /></a></span> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>122mm <a href="/wiki/122_mm_howitzer_M1938_(M-30)" title="122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30)">M-30</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:122mm_M-30_kalemegdan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/122mm_M-30_kalemegdan.jpg/150px-122mm_M-30_kalemegdan.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/122mm_M-30_kalemegdan.jpg/225px-122mm_M-30_kalemegdan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/122mm_M-30_kalemegdan.jpg/300px-122mm_M-30_kalemegdan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2480" /></a></span> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>122mm Type-54 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Type_54_122_mm_howitzer_MW_side.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Type_54_122_mm_howitzer_MW_side.JPG/150px-Type_54_122_mm_howitzer_MW_side.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Type_54_122_mm_howitzer_MW_side.JPG/225px-Type_54_122_mm_howitzer_MW_side.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Type_54_122_mm_howitzer_MW_side.JPG/300px-Type_54_122_mm_howitzer_MW_side.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="4"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>122mm <a href="/wiki/Type_60_122_mm_field_gun" title="Type 60 122 mm field gun">Type-60</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USSR_122mm_Field_Gun_(9732336843).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/USSR_122mm_Field_Gun_%289732336843%29.jpg/150px-USSR_122mm_Field_Gun_%289732336843%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/USSR_122mm_Field_Gun_%289732336843%29.jpg/225px-USSR_122mm_Field_Gun_%289732336843%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/USSR_122mm_Field_Gun_%289732336843%29.jpg/300px-USSR_122mm_Field_Gun_%289732336843%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>130mm <a href="/wiki/Type_59-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 59-1">Type-59</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:M-46_Lutsk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/M-46_Lutsk.jpg/150px-M-46_Lutsk.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/M-46_Lutsk.jpg/225px-M-46_Lutsk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/M-46_Lutsk.jpg/300px-M-46_Lutsk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="840" /></a></span> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>130mm <a href="/wiki/Type_59-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 59-1">Type-59-I</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraqi_Type_59_130_mm_field_gun.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Iraqi_Type_59_130_mm_field_gun.JPEG/150px-Iraqi_Type_59_130_mm_field_gun.JPEG" decoding="async" width="150" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Iraqi_Type_59_130_mm_field_gun.JPEG/225px-Iraqi_Type_59_130_mm_field_gun.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Iraqi_Type_59_130_mm_field_gun.JPEG/300px-Iraqi_Type_59_130_mm_field_gun.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2820" data-file-height="1860" /></a></span> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>130mm SM-4-1 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:130-mm_gun_SM-4-1-0870.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/130-mm_gun_SM-4-1-0870.JPG/150px-130-mm_gun_SM-4-1-0870.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/130-mm_gun_SM-4-1-0870.JPG/225px-130-mm_gun_SM-4-1-0870.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/130-mm_gun_SM-4-1-0870.JPG/300px-130-mm_gun_SM-4-1-0870.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>152mm <a href="/wiki/ML-20" class="mw-redirect" title="ML-20">ML-20</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Smolensk-War-Museum-39.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Smolensk-War-Museum-39.jpg/150px-Smolensk-War-Museum-39.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Smolensk-War-Museum-39.jpg/225px-Smolensk-War-Museum-39.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Smolensk-War-Museum-39.jpg/300px-Smolensk-War-Museum-39.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>152mm <a href="/wiki/D-1_howitzer" class="mw-redirect" title="D-1 howitzer">D-1</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:D1_howitzer_kiev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/D1_howitzer_kiev.jpg/150px-D1_howitzer_kiev.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/D1_howitzer_kiev.jpg/225px-D1_howitzer_kiev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/D1_howitzer_kiev.jpg/300px-D1_howitzer_kiev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1125" /></a></span> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>152mm <a href="/wiki/Type_66_howitzer" title="Type 66 howitzer">Type-66</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Type_66_152mm_Flying_Leatherneck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Type_66_152mm_Flying_Leatherneck.jpg/150px-Type_66_152mm_Flying_Leatherneck.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Type_66_152mm_Flying_Leatherneck.jpg/225px-Type_66_152mm_Flying_Leatherneck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Type_66_152mm_Flying_Leatherneck.jpg/300px-Type_66_152mm_Flying_Leatherneck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Multiple Rocket Launchers </th></tr> <tr> <td>107mm <a href="/wiki/Type_63_multiple_rocket_launcher" title="Type 63 multiple rocket launcher">Type-63</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Type1963_107mm_Rocket_Launcher.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Type1963_107mm_Rocket_Launcher.jpg/150px-Type1963_107mm_Rocket_Launcher.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Type1963_107mm_Rocket_Launcher.jpg/225px-Type1963_107mm_Rocket_Launcher.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Type1963_107mm_Rocket_Launcher.jpg/300px-Type1963_107mm_Rocket_Launcher.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>(Towed).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>107mm <a href="/wiki/Type_63_multiple_rocket_launcher" title="Type 63 multiple rocket launcher">Type-63</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>(Jeep-Based).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>130mm <a href="/wiki/Type_63_multiple_rocket_launcher" title="Type 63 multiple rocket launcher">Type-63</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>132mm <a href="/wiki/BM-13" class="mw-redirect" title="BM-13">BM-13 'Katyusha'</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BM-13-Katjuscha_Berlin.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/BM-13-Katjuscha_Berlin.JPG/150px-BM-13-Katjuscha_Berlin.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/BM-13-Katjuscha_Berlin.JPG/225px-BM-13-Katjuscha_Berlin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/BM-13-Katjuscha_Berlin.JPG/300px-BM-13-Katjuscha_Berlin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Anti-Aircraft Guns </th></tr> <tr> <td>12.7mm <a href="/wiki/DShK" title="DShK">DShK</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_DSHK_Model_1938_12.7mm_Heavy_Machine_Gun_(9885042345).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Soviet_DSHK_Model_1938_12.7mm_Heavy_Machine_Gun_%289885042345%29.jpg/150px-Soviet_DSHK_Model_1938_12.7mm_Heavy_Machine_Gun_%289885042345%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Soviet_DSHK_Model_1938_12.7mm_Heavy_Machine_Gun_%289885042345%29.jpg/225px-Soviet_DSHK_Model_1938_12.7mm_Heavy_Machine_Gun_%289885042345%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Soviet_DSHK_Model_1938_12.7mm_Heavy_Machine_Gun_%289885042345%29.jpg/300px-Soviet_DSHK_Model_1938_12.7mm_Heavy_Machine_Gun_%289885042345%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12.7mm <a href="/wiki/Type_54_heavy_machine_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 54 heavy machine gun">Type-54</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MITRALOZ_12.7_mm_KA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/MITRALOZ_12.7_mm_KA.jpg/150px-MITRALOZ_12.7_mm_KA.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/MITRALOZ_12.7_mm_KA.jpg/225px-MITRALOZ_12.7_mm_KA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/MITRALOZ_12.7_mm_KA.jpg/300px-MITRALOZ_12.7_mm_KA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="1896" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14.5mm <a href="/wiki/ZPU" title="ZPU">ZPU-2</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Skar%C5%BCysko_14,5_mm_ZPU-2_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Skar%C5%BCysko_14%2C5_mm_ZPU-2_01.jpg/150px-Skar%C5%BCysko_14%2C5_mm_ZPU-2_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Skar%C5%BCysko_14%2C5_mm_ZPU-2_01.jpg/225px-Skar%C5%BCysko_14%2C5_mm_ZPU-2_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Skar%C5%BCysko_14%2C5_mm_ZPU-2_01.jpg/300px-Skar%C5%BCysko_14%2C5_mm_ZPU-2_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14.5mm <a href="/wiki/ZPU" title="ZPU">ZPU-4</a>   </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ZPU-4_AA_gun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/ZPU-4_AA_gun.jpg/150px-ZPU-4_AA_gun.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/ZPU-4_AA_gun.jpg/225px-ZPU-4_AA_gun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/ZPU-4_AA_gun.jpg/300px-ZPU-4_AA_gun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1425" /></a></span> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14.5mm <a href="/wiki/ZPU" title="ZPU">Type-56</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Army_Artillery_pointing_towards_BDR_headquarters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Army_Artillery_pointing_towards_BDR_headquarters.jpg/150px-Army_Artillery_pointing_towards_BDR_headquarters.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Army_Artillery_pointing_towards_BDR_headquarters.jpg/225px-Army_Artillery_pointing_towards_BDR_headquarters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Army_Artillery_pointing_towards_BDR_headquarters.jpg/300px-Army_Artillery_pointing_towards_BDR_headquarters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>37mm <a href="/wiki/37_mm_automatic_air_defense_gun_M1939_(61-K)" title="37 mm automatic air defense gun M1939 (61-K)">M-1939</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:37mm_Anti-Aircraft_Gun_M1939_20181020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/37mm_Anti-Aircraft_Gun_M1939_20181020.jpg/150px-37mm_Anti-Aircraft_Gun_M1939_20181020.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/37mm_Anti-Aircraft_Gun_M1939_20181020.jpg/225px-37mm_Anti-Aircraft_Gun_M1939_20181020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/37mm_Anti-Aircraft_Gun_M1939_20181020.jpg/300px-37mm_Anti-Aircraft_Gun_M1939_20181020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>37mm Type-65 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Type_65_37mm_Air_Defense_Gun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Type_65_37mm_Air_Defense_Gun.jpg/150px-Type_65_37mm_Air_Defense_Gun.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Type_65_37mm_Air_Defense_Gun.jpg/225px-Type_65_37mm_Air_Defense_Gun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Type_65_37mm_Air_Defense_Gun.jpg/300px-Type_65_37mm_Air_Defense_Gun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2820" data-file-height="1880" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>57mm <a href="/wiki/AZP_S-60" title="AZP S-60">AZP S-60</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:57-mm-Flak_S-60_FPMC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/57-mm-Flak_S-60_FPMC.jpg/150px-57-mm-Flak_S-60_FPMC.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/57-mm-Flak_S-60_FPMC.jpg/225px-57-mm-Flak_S-60_FPMC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/57-mm-Flak_S-60_FPMC.jpg/300px-57-mm-Flak_S-60_FPMC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1565" data-file-height="1160" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>85mm 52-K M1939 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:85-mm_air_defense_gun_crews_of_732th_Anti-Aircraft_Regiment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/85-mm_air_defense_gun_crews_of_732th_Anti-Aircraft_Regiment.jpg/150px-85-mm_air_defense_gun_crews_of_732th_Anti-Aircraft_Regiment.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/85-mm_air_defense_gun_crews_of_732th_Anti-Aircraft_Regiment.jpg/225px-85-mm_air_defense_gun_crews_of_732th_Anti-Aircraft_Regiment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/85-mm_air_defense_gun_crews_of_732th_Anti-Aircraft_Regiment.jpg/300px-85-mm_air_defense_gun_crews_of_732th_Anti-Aircraft_Regiment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="420" /></a></span> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>100mm <a href="/wiki/100_mm_air_defense_gun_KS-19" class="mw-redirect" title="100 mm air defense gun KS-19">KS-19</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:100_mm_KS-19_M2_MWP_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/100_mm_KS-19_M2_MWP_01.jpg/150px-100_mm_KS-19_M2_MWP_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/100_mm_KS-19_M2_MWP_01.jpg/225px-100_mm_KS-19_M2_MWP_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/100_mm_KS-19_M2_MWP_01.jpg/300px-100_mm_KS-19_M2_MWP_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a></span> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>100mm Type-59 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Type_59_57_mm_AA_MW_front.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Type_59_57_mm_AA_MW_front.JPG/150px-Type_59_57_mm_AA_MW_front.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Type_59_57_mm_AA_MW_front.JPG/225px-Type_59_57_mm_AA_MW_front.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Type_59_57_mm_AA_MW_front.JPG/300px-Type_59_57_mm_AA_MW_front.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Static Surface-To-Air Missile Systems </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/HQ-2" class="mw-redirect" title="HQ-2">HQ-2</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HQ-2_missiles,_China_Aviation_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/HQ-2_missiles%2C_China_Aviation_Museum.jpg/150px-HQ-2_missiles%2C_China_Aviation_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/HQ-2_missiles%2C_China_Aviation_Museum.jpg/225px-HQ-2_missiles%2C_China_Aviation_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/HQ-2_missiles%2C_China_Aviation_Museum.jpg/300px-HQ-2_missiles%2C_China_Aviation_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td>~4 sites, 22 launchers<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Radars </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/P-35_radar" title="P-35 radar">P-35</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P-35M_radar_in_Latvia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/P-35M_radar_in_Latvia.jpg/150px-P-35M_radar_in_Latvia.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/P-35M_radar_in_Latvia.jpg/225px-P-35M_radar_in_Latvia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/P-35M_radar_in_Latvia.jpg/300px-P-35M_radar_in_Latvia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/SNR-75" title="SNR-75">SNR-75</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fan_Song_fire_control_radar_of_the_SA-2_SAM-system.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Fan_Song_fire_control_radar_of_the_SA-2_SAM-system.JPEG/150px-Fan_Song_fire_control_radar_of_the_SA-2_SAM-system.JPEG" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Fan_Song_fire_control_radar_of_the_SA-2_SAM-system.JPEG/225px-Fan_Song_fire_control_radar_of_the_SA-2_SAM-system.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Fan_Song_fire_control_radar_of_the_SA-2_SAM-system.JPEG/300px-Fan_Song_fire_control_radar_of_the_SA-2_SAM-system.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2840" data-file-height="1890" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>(For HQ-2), (Not yet seen).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/SON-9" title="SON-9">SON-9</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SON-9_in_Technical_museum_Togliatti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/SON-9_in_Technical_museum_Togliatti.jpg/150px-SON-9_in_Technical_museum_Togliatti.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/SON-9_in_Technical_museum_Togliatti.jpg/225px-SON-9_in_Technical_museum_Togliatti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/SON-9_in_Technical_museum_Togliatti.jpg/300px-SON-9_in_Technical_museum_Togliatti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>(For 57mm S-60 and 100mm KS-19 AA guns).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Utility Vehicles </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/GAZ-69" title="GAZ-69">GAZ-69</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GAZ_69_(217_XUD)_pic1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/GAZ_69_%28217_XUD%29_pic1.JPG/150px-GAZ_69_%28217_XUD%29_pic1.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/GAZ_69_%28217_XUD%29_pic1.JPG/225px-GAZ_69_%28217_XUD%29_pic1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/GAZ_69_%28217_XUD%29_pic1.JPG/300px-GAZ_69_%28217_XUD%29_pic1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3177" data-file-height="2389" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Beijing_BJ212" title="Beijing BJ212">Beijing BJ212</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beijing_BJ212_BJ2023CHB2_Longyan_01_2022-08-06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Beijing_BJ212_BJ2023CHB2_Longyan_01_2022-08-06.jpg/150px-Beijing_BJ212_BJ2023CHB2_Longyan_01_2022-08-06.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Beijing_BJ212_BJ2023CHB2_Longyan_01_2022-08-06.jpg/225px-Beijing_BJ212_BJ2023CHB2_Longyan_01_2022-08-06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Beijing_BJ212_BJ2023CHB2_Longyan_01_2022-08-06.jpg/300px-Beijing_BJ212_BJ2023CHB2_Longyan_01_2022-08-06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3797" data-file-height="2817" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ARO_24_Series" title="ARO 24 Series">ARO 244</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ARO_244_from_1977.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/ARO_244_from_1977.jpg/150px-ARO_244_from_1977.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/ARO_244_from_1977.jpg/225px-ARO_244_from_1977.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/ARO_244_from_1977.jpg/300px-ARO_244_from_1977.jpg 2x" data-file-width="696" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Trucks </th></tr> <tr> <td>Berliet GBC8 MT </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GBC_8KT_003.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/GBC_8KT_003.JPG/150px-GBC_8KT_003.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/GBC_8KT_003.JPG/225px-GBC_8KT_003.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/GBC_8KT_003.JPG/300px-GBC_8KT_003.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ZIS-151" title="ZIS-151">ZiL-151</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ZIS151_V_Pysma_Museum.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/ZIS151_V_Pysma_Museum.jpeg/150px-ZIS151_V_Pysma_Museum.jpeg" decoding="async" width="150" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/ZIS151_V_Pysma_Museum.jpeg/225px-ZIS151_V_Pysma_Museum.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/ZIS151_V_Pysma_Museum.jpeg/300px-ZIS151_V_Pysma_Museum.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2453" data-file-height="1236" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jiefang_CA-30" title="Jiefang CA-30">Jiefang CA10</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jiefang_CA10_at_PRC70_Exhibition_(20191203152134).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Jiefang_CA10_at_PRC70_Exhibition_%2820191203152134%29.jpg/150px-Jiefang_CA10_at_PRC70_Exhibition_%2820191203152134%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Jiefang_CA10_at_PRC70_Exhibition_%2820191203152134%29.jpg/225px-Jiefang_CA10_at_PRC70_Exhibition_%2820191203152134%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Jiefang_CA10_at_PRC70_Exhibition_%2820191203152134%29.jpg/300px-Jiefang_CA10_at_PRC70_Exhibition_%2820191203152134%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2688" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jiefang_CA-30" title="Jiefang CA-30">Jiefang CA30</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jiefang_CA-30_(36854930166).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Jiefang_CA-30_%2836854930166%29.jpg/150px-Jiefang_CA-30_%2836854930166%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Jiefang_CA-30_%2836854930166%29.jpg/225px-Jiefang_CA-30_%2836854930166%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Jiefang_CA-30_%2836854930166%29.jpg/300px-Jiefang_CA-30_%2836854930166%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yuejin NJ-130 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lehel_vez%C3%A9r_t%C3%A9r,_m%C3%A1jus_1-i_felvonul%C3%A1s._Fortepan_84349.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lehel_vez%C3%A9r_t%C3%A9r%2C_m%C3%A1jus_1-i_felvonul%C3%A1s._Fortepan_84349.jpg/150px-Lehel_vez%C3%A9r_t%C3%A9r%2C_m%C3%A1jus_1-i_felvonul%C3%A1s._Fortepan_84349.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lehel_vez%C3%A9r_t%C3%A9r%2C_m%C3%A1jus_1-i_felvonul%C3%A1s._Fortepan_84349.jpg/225px-Lehel_vez%C3%A9r_t%C3%A9r%2C_m%C3%A1jus_1-i_felvonul%C3%A1s._Fortepan_84349.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lehel_vez%C3%A9r_t%C3%A9r%2C_m%C3%A1jus_1-i_felvonul%C3%A1s._Fortepan_84349.jpg/300px-Lehel_vez%C3%A9r_t%C3%A9r%2C_m%C3%A1jus_1-i_felvonul%C3%A1s._Fortepan_84349.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3401" data-file-height="2252" /></a></span> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/IFA_W_50" title="IFA W 50">IFA W 50</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:W_50_L_Blau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/W_50_L_Blau.jpg/150px-W_50_L_Blau.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/W_50_L_Blau.jpg/225px-W_50_L_Blau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/W_50_L_Blau.jpg/300px-W_50_L_Blau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="659" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunkers_in_Albania" title="Bunkers in Albania">Bunkers in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="Islam in the People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Islam in the People's Socialist Republic of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoqata_Mbar%C3%ABkomb%C3%ABtare_e_t%C3%AB_P%C3%ABrndjekurve_Politik%C3%AB_Shqiptare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoqata Mbarëkombëtare e të Përndjekurve Politikë Shqiptare">Shoqata Mbarëkombëtare e të Përndjekurve Politikë Shqiptare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captive_Nations" title="Captive Nations">Captive Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of communism">Fall of communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albania" title="History of Albania">History of Albania</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSokol_Paja2014" class="citation journal cs1">Sokol Paja (February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/view/2835/2666">"Features of the Albanian Totalitarian State: Relations Between Religion and the State"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>European Scientific Journal</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Scientific+Journal&rft.atitle=Features+of+the+Albanian+Totalitarian+State%3A+Relations+Between+Religion+and+the+State&rft.date=2014-02&rft.au=Sokol+Paja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feujournal.org%2Findex.php%2Fesj%2Farticle%2Fview%2F2835%2F2666&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Socialist+Republic+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Predatory_publishing" title="Predatory publishing"><span title="This is a predatory publisher, it is not a reliable source.">predatory publisher</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/219/hdr_1990_en_complete_nostats.pdf">Human Development Report 1990, p. 111</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kushtetuta e Republikës Popullore Socialiste të Shqipërisë: miratuar nga Kuvendi Popullor më 28. 12. 1976 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/1880822">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPajo2016" class="citation journal cs1">Pajo, Matilda (September–December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revistia.com/files/articles/ejms_v1_i6_16/Matilda.pdf">"Consequences of the Totalitarian Past on Albanian post-communist society"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Revistia</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 138–141 – via European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revistia&rft.atitle=Consequences+of+the+Totalitarian+Past+on+Albanian+post-communist+society&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=138-141&rft.date=2016-09%2F2016-12&rft.aulast=Pajo&rft.aufirst=Matilda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frevistia.com%2Ffiles%2Farticles%2Fejms_v1_i6_16%2FMatilda.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Socialist+Republic+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Majeska, George P. (1976). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/305838">Religion and Atheism in the U.S.S.R. and Eastern Europe, Review</a>". <i>The Slavic and East European Journal</i>. <b>20</b>(2). pp. 204–206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Albania/Albanian-nationalism#ref42654">"Socialist Albania: The Stalinist state"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Socialist+Albania%3A+The+Stalinist+state&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FAlbania%2FAlbanian-nationalism%23ref42654&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Socialist+Republic+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Elsie2012" class="citation cs2">Robert Elsie (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pgf6GWJxuZgC&q=gjyqi+special+1945&pg=PA388"><i>A Biographical Dictionary of Albanian History</i></a>, I. B. Tauris, p. 388, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-431-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-431-3"><bdi>978-1-78076-431-3</bdi></a>, <q>...the Treason Trial conducted by the Special Court (Gjyqi Special), at which 60 members of the pre-Communist establishment were sentenced to death and long prison sentences as war criminals and enemies of the people</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Biographical+Dictionary+of+Albanian+History&rft.pages=388&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-78076-431-3&rft.au=Robert+Elsie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpgf6GWJxuZgC%26q%3Dgjyqi%2Bspecial%2B1945%26pg%3DPA388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Socialist+Republic+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Albania: From Anarchy to a Balkan Identity</i>; by Miranda Vickers & James Pettifer, 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85065-279-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85065-279-1">1-85065-279-1</a>; p. 222 "the French Communist Party, then ultra-Stalinist in orientation. He may have owed some aspects of his political thought and general psychology to that"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Owen Pearson: <i>Albania As Dictatorship And Democracy.</i> London 2006, S. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zitat nach: G. H. Hodos: <i>Schauprozesse.</i> Berlin 2001, S. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Congressional record, 66th Congress, 2nd session, Volume 59, Part 7 (4 May 1920 to 24 May 1920), p. 7160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">15 Feb 1994 Washington Times</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"WHPSI": The World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators by Charles Lewis Taylor</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerlez1997" class="citation news cs1">Perlez, Jane (8 July 1997). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/08/world/a-stalinist-dowager-in-her-bunker.html">"A Stalinist Dowager in Her Bunker"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210814221626/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/08/world/a-stalinist-dowager-in-her-bunker.html#selection-427.0-427.33">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Stalinist+Dowager+in+Her+Bunker&rft.date=1997-07-08&rft.aulast=Perlez&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F07%2F08%2Fworld%2Fa-stalinist-dowager-in-her-bunker.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Socialist+Republic+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170917171111/http://shqiptarja.com/speciale/2751/ekskluzive-hapet-dosja-ja-harta-e-bunkereve-e-tuneleve-sekrete-257289.html">"Hapet dosja, ja harta e bunkerëve dhe tuneleve sekretë"</a>. <i>Shqiptarja.com</i> (in Albanian). Tirana. 5 December 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shqiptarja.com/speciale/2751/ekskluzive-hapet-dosja-ja-harta-e-bunkereve-e-tuneleve-sekrete-257289.html">the original</a> on 17 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shqiptarja.com&rft.atitle=Hapet+dosja%2C+ja+harta+e+bunker%C3%ABve+dhe+tuneleve+sekret%C3%AB&rft.date=2014-12-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshqiptarja.com%2Fspeciale%2F2751%2Fekskluzive-hapet-dosja-ja-harta-e-bunkereve-e-tuneleve-sekrete-257289.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Socialist+Republic+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Albania: From Anarchy to a Balkan Identity</i>; by Miranda Vickers & James Pettifer, 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85065-279-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85065-279-1">1-85065-279-1</a>; p. 210 "with the split in the world communist movement it moved into a close relationship with China"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-withdrawal-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-withdrawal_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/14/newsid_3771000/3771065.stm">"1955: Communist states sign Warsaw Pact"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 14 May 1955<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=1955%3A+Communist+states+sign+Warsaw+Pact&rft.date=1955-05-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fmay%2F14%2Fnewsid_3771000%2F3771065.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Socialist+Republic+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>HISTORY OF THE PARTY OF LABOR OF ALBANIA</i>. Tirana, Albania: The "Naim Frasheri" Publishing House. 1971. pp. 624–625.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HISTORY+OF+THE+PARTY+OF+LABOR+OF+ALBANIA&rft.place=Tirana%2C+Albania&rft.pages=624-625&rft.pub=The+%22Naim+Frasheri%22+Publishing+House&rft.date=1971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Socialist+Republic+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-186.html">"Albania – Hoxha's Antireligious Campaign"</a>. <i>www.country-data.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.country-data.com&rft.atitle=Albania+%E2%80%93+Hoxha%27s+Antireligious+Campaign&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.country-data.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr-186.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Socialist+Republic+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>CONSTITUTION OF THE PEOPLE'S SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF ALBANIA</i>. Tirana, Albania: The "8 Nentori" Publishing House. 1977. pp. 20, 26–27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CONSTITUTION+OF+THE+PEOPLE%27S+SOCIALIST+REPUBLIC+OF+ALBANIA&rft.place=Tirana%2C+Albania&rft.pages=20%2C+26-27&rft.pub=The+%228+Nentori%22+Publishing+House&rft.date=1977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Socialist+Republic+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoxha1977" class="citation book cs1">Hoxha, Enver (1977). <i>REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE 7th CONGRESS OF THE PARTY OF LABOUR OF ALBANIA</i>. Tirana, Albania: The "8 Nentori" Publishing House. pp. 14–15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=REPORT+SUBMITTED+TO+THE+7th+CONGRESS+OF+THE+PARTY+OF+LABOUR+OF+ALBANIA&rft.place=Tirana%2C+Albania&rft.pages=14-15&rft.pub=The+%228+Nentori%22+Publishing+House&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Hoxha&rft.aufirst=Enver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Socialist+Republic+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForest2002" class="citation book cs1">Forest, Jim (2002). <i>The Resurrection of the Church in Albania</i>. Geneva: WCC Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8254-1359-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-8254-1359-3"><bdi>978-2-8254-1359-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Resurrection+of+the+Church+in+Albania&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=WCC+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-2-8254-1359-3&rft.aulast=Forest&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Socialist+Republic+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Albania: From Anarchy to a Balkan Identity</i>; by Miranda Vickers & James Pettifer, 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85065-279-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85065-279-1">1-85065-279-1</a>; p. 138 "Because of its association with the years of repression under communism, Albanians have developed an aversion to collective life in any form, even where it"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Albania: From Anarchy to a Balkan Identity</i>; by Miranda Vickers & James Pettifer, 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85065-279-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85065-279-1">1-85065-279-1</a>; p. 2 "Enver Hoxha's regime was haunted by fears of external intervention and internal subversion. Albania thus became a fortress state"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.da.mod.uk/colleges/csrc/document-listings/balkan/G97">The Greek Minority in Albania – In the Aftermath of Communism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150403113627/http://www.da.mod.uk/colleges/csrc/document-listings/balkan/G97">Archived</a> 3 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "Onset in 1967 of the campaign by Albania's communist party, the Albanian Party of Labour (PLA), to eradicate organised religion, a prime target of which was the Orthodox Church. Many churches were damaged or destroyed during this period, and many Greek-language books were banned because of their religious themes or orientation. Yet, as in other communist states, particularly in the Balkans, where measures which were putatively geared towards the consolidation of political control intersected with the pursuit of national integration, it is often impossible to draw sharp distinctions between the ideological and ethno-cultural bases of repression. This is all the more true in the case of Albania's anti-religious campaign because it was merely one element of the broader "Ideological and Cultural Revolution" which was begun by Hoxha in 1966 but whose main features he outlined at the PLA's Fourth Congress in 1961"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahams2015" class="citation book cs1">Abrahams, Fred C (2015). <i>Modern Albania: From Dictatorship to Democracy</i>. NYU Press. pp. 28–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-0511-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-0511-7"><bdi>978-0-8147-0511-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Albania%3A+From+Dictatorship+to+Democracy&rft.pages=28-29&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-0511-7&rft.aulast=Abrahams&rft.aufirst=Fred+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Socialist+Republic+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Albania_2008?lang=en">"Albania 1998 (rev. 2008)"</a>. <i>Constitute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oryx&rft.atitle=The+North+Korea+Of+Europe%3A+Listing+Socialist+Albania%27s+Military+Equipment&rft.au=Oryx&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oryxspioenkop.com%2F2023%2F03%2Fthe-north-korea-of-europe-listing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Socialist+Republic+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="International Institute for Strategic Studies">International Institute for Strategic Studies</a> (1989). <i>The Military Balance, 1989-1990</i>. London: Brassey's. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037569-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037569-4"><bdi>978-0-08-037569-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Balance%2C+1989-1990&rft.place=London&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Brassey%27s&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037569-4&rft.au=International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Socialist+Republic+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/altoc.html">Library of Congress Country Study</a> of Albania</i></li> <li>Afrim Krasniqi, <i>Political Parties in Albania 1912–2006</i>, Rilindje, 2007</li> <li>Afrim Krasniqi, <i>Political System in Albania 1912–2008</i>, Ufo press, 2010</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_of_Eastern_and_Central_Europe_during_their_Communist_period" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communist_Eastern_and_Central_Europe" title="Template:Communist Eastern and Central Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communist_Eastern_and_Central_Europe" title="Template talk:Communist Eastern and Central Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg/135px-Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg/180px-Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="860" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a><br /></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Cold War Europe"><img alt="Map of Cold War Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg/90px-NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg/135px-NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg/180px-NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Soviet Russia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Soviet_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union_(1917%E2%80%931927)" title="History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)">1917–1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%931953)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)">1927–1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1953%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1953–1964)">1953–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1964%E2%80%931982)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1964–1982)">1964–1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1982%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1982–1991)">1982–1991</a><br /></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukraine</a><br /></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Bloc" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Bloc" title="Template:Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="View this 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Conference">Yalta Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan#Rejection_by_Stalin" title="Marshall Plan">Soviet response to the Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soviet-allied states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">People's Republic of Albania <span style="font-size:85%;">(to 1961)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">People's Republic of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">German Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungarian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Socialist Republic of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia <span style="font-size:85%;">(to 1948)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">COMECON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">World Federation of Trade Unions <span style="font-size:85%;">(WFTU)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth">World Federation of Democratic Youth <span style="font-size:85%;">(WFDY)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Revolts and<br />opposition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goryani" title="Goryani">Goryani Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_East_German_State_Railway_strike" title="1949 East German State Railway strike">1949 East German State Railway strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cazin_rebellion" title="Cazin rebellion">Rebellion of Cazin 1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Plze%C5%88_uprising" title="1953 Plzeň uprising">1953 Plzeň uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">1953 East German uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">1956 Hungarian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a> / <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Spring" title="Croatian Spring">Croatian Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_protests_in_Kosovo" title="1981 protests in Kosovo">1981 protests in Kosovo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Emigration from the Eastern Bloc">Emigration and defection</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_and_Eastern_Bloc_defectors" title="List of Soviet and Eastern Bloc defectors">list of defectors</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovietization_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Sovietization of the Baltic states">Sovietization of the Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_media_and_propaganda" title="Eastern Bloc media and propaganda">Information dissemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_politics" title="Eastern Bloc politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_economies" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Bloc economies">Economies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_tapping_in_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc">Telephone tapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dissolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Die Wende</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_communism_in_Hungary" title="End of communism in Hungary">End of communism in Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Collapse of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Events" title="January Events">January 1991 events in Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Barricades" title="The Barricades">January 1991 events in Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Socialism_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism_by_state" title="Template:Socialism by state"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialism_by_state" title="Template talk:Socialism by state"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism_by_state" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism by state"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Socialism_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a> by country</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Argentina" title="Socialism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Australia" title="Socialism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Australia" title="New Australia">New Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Bangladesh" title="Socialism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Brazil" title="Socialism in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lulism" title="Lulism">Lulism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Canada" title="Socialism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party">Communist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">since 1978</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_ideology_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Socialism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Estonia" title="Socialism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Finland" title="Socialism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Left" title="French Left">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Greece" title="Socialism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Iran" title="Socialism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Italy" title="Socialism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Socialism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_New_Zealand" title="Socialism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Pakistan" title="Socialism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Socialism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Tunisia" title="Socialism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_left" title="British left">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">African-American</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chavismo" title="Chavismo">Chavismo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Vietnam" title="Socialism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain%27s_Road_to_Socialism" title="Britain's Road to Socialism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Way_to_Socialism" title="Burmese Way to Socialism">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_socialism" title="Melanesian socialism">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandinista_ideology" title="Sandinista ideology">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujamaa" title="Ujamaa">Tanzanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist-oriented_market_economy" title="Socialist-oriented market economy">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current and historical<br /><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Angola" title="People's Republic of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin" title="People's Republic of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Burkina_Faso#Burkina_Faso" title="History of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="People's Republic of the Congo">Congo-Brazzaville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser">Egypt</a></li> <li>Ethiopia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">1974–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">1987–1991</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guinea#Sékou_Touré's_rule_(1958–1984)" title="History of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Madagascar" title="Democratic Republic of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_rule_in_Seychelles" title="One-party rule in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Sudan" title="Democratic Republic of Sudan">Sudan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Government_(Grenada)" title="People's Revolutionary Government (Grenada)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Chile" title="Socialist Republic of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junta_of_National_Reconstruction" title="Junta of National Reconstruction">Nicaragua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_the_Union_of_Burma" title="Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li>Cambodia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">1975–1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">1979–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Government_of_Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea">1982–1992</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_People%27s_Republic" title="Tuvan People's Republic">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short-lived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_People%27s_Government" title="Azerbaijan People's Government">Azerbaijan People's Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="Second East Turkestan Republic">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Republic" title="Far Eastern Republic">Far East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian_People%27s_Government" title="Fujian People's Government">Fujian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Persian Socialist Soviet Republic">Gilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Inner Mongolian People's Republic">Inner Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Jiangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kuwait" title="Republic of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mahabad" title="Republic of Mahabad">Kurdish Republic of Mahabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_People%27s_Committee_of_North_Korea" title="Provisional People's Committee of North Korea">North Korea (1946–1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Committee_of_North_Korea" title="People's Committee of North Korea">North Korea (1947–1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Socialist_Republic" title="Czech Socialist Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Slovak Socialist Republic">Slovakia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary (1949–1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short-lived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_1918_insurgency_in_Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="November 1918 insurgency in Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Republic" title="Banat Republic">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian%E2%80%93Hungarian_Baranya%E2%80%93Baja_Republic" title="Serbian–Hungarian Baranya–Baja Republic">Baranya–Baja</a></li> <li>Bavaria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Bavaria" title="People's State of Bavaria">1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">1919</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic">Bessarabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Soviet_Republic_of_Byelorussia" title="Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia">Byelorussia (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_Soviet_Republic" title="Bremen Soviet Republic">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biha%C4%87_Republic" title="Bihać Republic">Bihać</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic">Crimea (1919)</a></li> <li>Finland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Socialist_Workers%27_Republic" title="Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Democratic_Republic" title="Finnish Democratic Republic">1939–1940</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commune_of_the_Working_People_of_Estonia" title="Commune of the Working People of Estonia">Estonia (1918–1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Galician Soviet Socialist Republic">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungary (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_soviets" title="Irish soviets">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naissaar#History" title="Naissaar">Naissaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxony_in_the_German_Revolution_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Saxony in the German Revolution (1918–1919)">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Soviet_Republic" title="Slovak Soviet Republic">Slovakia (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Tarnobrzeg" title="Republic of Tarnobrzeg">Tarnobrzeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_U%C5%BEice" title="Republic of Užice">Užice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg_Soviet_Republic" title="Würzburg Soviet Republic">Würzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Soldiers%27_Council" title="Brussels Soldiers' Council">Brussels Soldiers' Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History of socialism</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Albania_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Albania_topics" title="Template:Albania topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Albania_topics" title="Template talk:Albania topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Albania_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Albania topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Albania_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Albania" title="Outline of Albania">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albania" title="History of Albania">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardiaei" title="Ardiaei">Ardiaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanoi" title="Albanoi">Albanoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantes_(tribe)" title="Amantes (tribe)">Amantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantini" title="Amantini">Amantini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaites" title="Balaites">Balaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bylliones" title="Bylliones">Bylliones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dassaretii" title="Dassaretii">Dassaretii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchele" title="Enchele">Enchele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labeatae" title="Labeatae">Labeatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthini" title="Parthini">Parthini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taulantii" title="Taulantii">Taulantii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_principalities" title="Albanian principalities">Middle Ages</a><br />(1190–1385)<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Arbanon" title="Principality of Arbanon">Principality of Arbanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Albania_(medieval)" title="Kingdom of Albania (medieval)">Kingdom of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Arta" title="Despotate of Arta">Despotate of Arta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Kastrioti" title="House of Kastrioti">House of Kastrioti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albania_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman period</a><br />(1385–1912)<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_rebellion" title="Skanderbeg's rebellion">Skanderbeg's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Lezh%C3%AB" title="League of Lezhë">League of Lezhë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Kanun of Lekë Dukagjini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABni_Council" title="Arbëni Council">Arbëni Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Albania" title="Islamization of Albania">Islamization of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Pashaliks" title="Albanian Pashaliks">Albanian Pashaliks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Albanian_Beys" title="Massacre of the Albanian Beys">Massacre of the Albanian Beys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolts_of_1833%E2%80%931839" title="Albanian revolts of 1833–1839">Revolts of 1833–1839</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Dervish_Cara" title="Uprising of Dervish Cara">Uprising of Dervish Cara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_National_Awakening" title="Albanian National Awakening">Albanian National Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Prizren" title="League of Prizren">League of Prizren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Manastir" title="Congress of Manastir">Congress of Manastir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1910" title="Albanian revolt of 1910">Revolt of 1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malissori_uprising" title="Malissori uprising">Malissori uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taksim_meeting" title="Taksim meeting">Taksim meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912" title="Albanian revolt of 1912">Revolt of 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimza_Government" title="Kimza Government">Kimza Government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_Albania" title="Independent Albania">Independence</a><br />(1912–present)<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Albanian Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himni_i_Flamurit" title="Himni i Flamurit">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Albania" title="Provisional Government of Albania">Provisional Government of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania_during_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Albania during the Balkan Wars">Albania during the Balkan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Central_Albania" title="Republic of Central Albania">Republic of Central Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Albania" title="Principality of Albania">Principality of Albania (1914–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_in_Albania" title="World War I in Albania">World War I in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB" title="Autonomous Province of Korçë">Autonomous Province of Korçë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_over_Albania" title="Italian protectorate over Albania">Italian protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_War" title="Vlora War">Vlora War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mirdita" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Mirdita">Republic of Mirdita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Republic_(1925%E2%80%931928)" title="Albanian Republic (1925–1928)">Albanian Republic (1925–1928)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)">Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Union with Italian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Albania" title="German occupation of Albania">German Nazi occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Albania" title="The Holocaust in Albania">The Holocaust in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albanian resistance during World War II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Communist Albania (1946–91)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Orthography_Congress" title="Albanian Orthography Congress">Orthography Congress (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Post-Communist_Albania" title="History of Post-Communist Albania">Post-Communist Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Albanian_civil_unrest" title="1997 Albanian civil unrest">1997 Civil Unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Albania–NATO relations">NATO membership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Albania_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Albania to the European Union">EU Accession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Albanian_history" title="Timeline of Albanian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archives_in_Albania" title="List of archives in Albania">Archives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="383" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Albania" title="Geography of Albania">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Landscape</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Albania" title="List of mountains in Albania">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Albania" title="List of rivers of Albania">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Albania" title="List of lakes of Albania">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Albania" title="List of islands of Albania">Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Albania" title="Environment of Albania">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Albania" title="Climate of Albania">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Albania" title="Biodiversity of Albania">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Albania" title="Category:Fauna of Albania">Habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Albania" title="Protected areas of Albania">Protected areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Albania" title="Politics of Albania">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Albania)" title="Council of Ministers (Albania)">Government</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Category:Government_agencies_of_Albania" title="Category:Government agencies of Albania">agencies</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Albania" title="President of Albania">Head of state</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Albania" title="List of heads of state of Albania">list</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Albania" title="Prime Minister of Albania">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Albania" title="Foreign relations of Albania">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Albania" title="List of political parties in Albania">Political parties</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Albania" title="Category:Treaties of Albania">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Albania" title="Visa policy of Albania">Visa policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Albania" title="Judiciary of Albania">Judiciary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vetting_Institutions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Vetting Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Appellate_College_(Albania)" title="Special Appellate College (Albania)">KPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Public_Commissioners_(Albania)" title="Institution of Public Commissioners (Albania)">IKP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monitoring_Operation_(Albania)" title="International Monitoring Operation (Albania)">ONM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Qualification_Commission_(Albania)" title="Independent Qualification Commission (Albania)">KPK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Albania" title="Constitution of Albania">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Albania" title="Corruption in Albania">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EURALIUS" title="EURALIUS">EURALIUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPAK" class="mw-redirect" title="SPAK">SPAK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosecutor_General_(Albania)" title="Prosecutor General (Albania)">Prosecutor General</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Albania" title="Administrative divisions of Albania">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/NUTS_statistical_regions_of_Albania" title="NUTS statistical regions of Albania">NUTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Albania" title="Counties of Albania">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Albania" title="Municipalities of Albania">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Albania" title="List of cities and towns in Albania">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Albania" title="Communes of Albania">Communes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villages_of_Albania" title="Villages of Albania">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maps_of_Albania" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Maps of Albania">Maps</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Legislature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Albania" title="Elections in Albania">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Albania" title="Parliament of Albania">Assembly</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Parliament_of_Albania" title="Speaker of the Parliament of Albania">speakers</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_members_of_the_Parliament_of_Albania" title="Category:Lists of members of the Parliament of Albania">Members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Albania)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Albania)">Opposition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Albania" title="Human rights in Albania">Human rights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Albania" title="Abortion in Albania">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Albania" title="Capital punishment in Albania">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assassinations_in_Albania" title="List of assassinations in Albania">Assassinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Albania">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avokati_i_Popullit" title="Avokati i Popullit">Ombudsman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Security</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Armed_Forces" title="Albanian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Police_(Albania)" title="State Police (Albania)">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_mafia" title="Albanian mafia">Organized crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Albania" title="Prisons in Albania">Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_crossings_of_Albania" title="Border crossings of Albania">Border crossings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Albania" title="Economy of Albania">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Albania" title="Banking in Albania">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_lek" title="Albanian lek">Lek <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Albania" title="Taxation in Albania">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Albania" title="Trade unions in Albania">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Supreme_Audit_(Albania)" title="State Supreme Audit (Albania)">State Supreme Audit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Retail</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_Albania" title="List of shopping malls in Albania">Shopping centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supermarket_chains_in_Albania" title="List of supermarket chains in Albania">Supermarkets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Albania" title="Agriculture in Albania">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Albania" title="Healthcare in Albania">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Albania" title="List of companies of Albania">Companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Albania" title="Renewable energy in Albania">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Operators" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Operators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Power_Corporation" title="Albanian Power Corporation">KESH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_System_Operator_(Albania)" title="Transmission System Operator (Albania)">OST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operatori_i_Shp%C3%ABrndarjes_s%C3%AB_Energjis%C3%AB_Elektrike" title="Operatori i Shpërndarjes së Energjisë Elektrike">OSHEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Regulatory_Authority_(Albania)" title="Energy Regulatory Authority (Albania)">ERE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Albania" title="List of power stations in Albania">Hydropower plants</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Natural resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_and_gas_fields_in_Albania" title="List of oil and gas fields in Albania">Oil and gas</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mining_in_Albania" title="Category:Mining in Albania">Mining</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Albania" title="Highways in Albania">Highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Albania" title="List of airports in Albania">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Albania" title="List of ports in Albania">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Albania" title="Rail transport in Albania">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Albania" title="List of bridges in Albania">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tunnels_in_Albania" title="List of tunnels in Albania">Tunnels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Albania" title="List of tallest buildings in Albania">Highrises</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Albania" title="List of tallest structures in Albania">structures</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Albania" title="Telecommunications in Albania">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posta_Shqiptare" title="Posta Shqiptare">Posta Shqiptare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Albania" title="Squatting in Albania">Squatting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Albania" title="Tourism in Albania">Tourism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Monuments" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Albania" title="List of archaeological sites in Albania">Archaeological sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Albania" title="List of castles in Albania">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Albania" title="List of mosques in Albania">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tekkes_in_Albania" title="List of tekkes in Albania">Tekkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Albania" title="List of churches in Albania">Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lighthouses_in_Albania" title="List of lighthouses in Albania">Lighthouses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Adriatic_Sea_Coast" title="Albanian Adriatic Sea Coast">Adriatic Sea Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Ionian_Sea_Coast" title="Albanian Ionian Sea Coast">Ionian Sea Coast</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Albanian_Riviera" title="Albanian Riviera">riviera</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Albania" title="List of beaches in Albania">Beaches</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:High-contrast-camera-photo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/High-contrast-camera-photo.svg/17px-High-contrast-camera-photo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/High-contrast-camera-photo.svg/26px-High-contrast-camera-photo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/High-contrast-camera-photo.svg/34px-High-contrast-camera-photo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Photographs_of_Albania" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Photographs of Albania">Images of Albania</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Albania" title="Category:Society of Albania">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Albania" title="Demographics of Albania">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_in_Albania" title="Census in Albania">Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_tribes" title="Albanian tribes">Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nobility" title="Albanian nobility">Noble families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_diaspora" title="Albanian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Albania" title="Women in Albania">Women</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_art" title="Albanian art">Art</a> <small><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_galleries_in_Albania" title="List of art galleries in Albania">(galleries)</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Albania" title="Architecture of Albania">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Albania" title="Photography in Albania">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Albania" title="List of museums in Albania">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theatres_in_Albania" title="List of theatres in Albania">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Albania" title="Education in Albania">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_alphabet" title="Albanian alphabet">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Category:Albanian_scripts" title="Category:Albanian scripts">scripts</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abetare" title="Abetare">Abetare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_literature" title="Albanian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Research_institutes_in_Albania" title="Category:Research institutes in Albania">Research institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Albania" title="List of libraries in Albania">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Albania" title="List of universities in Albania">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_publishing_companies_of_Albania" title="List of publishing companies of Albania">Publishers</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wikiquote page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Albanian_proverbs" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Albanian proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanology" title="Albanology">Albanology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Tradition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Folk beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besa_(Albanian_culture)" title="Besa (Albanian culture)">Besa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oda_(Albania)" title="Oda (Albania)">Oda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Albania" title="Secularism in Albania">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevruz_in_Albania" title="Nevruz in Albania">Nevruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_sworn_virgins" title="Balkan sworn virgins">Sworn virgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Albanian_clothing" title="Traditional Albanian clothing">Costumes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qeleshe" title="Qeleshe">Qeleshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fustanella" title="Fustanella">Fustanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhubleta" title="Xhubleta">Xhubleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brez_(clothing)" title="Brez (clothing)">Brez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinga" title="Opinga">Opinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhamadan" title="Xhamadan">Xhamadan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_cuisine" title="Albanian cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gjell%C3%AB" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:gjellë">Gjellë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tav%C3%AB_kosi" title="Tavë kosi">Tavë kosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabuni" title="Kabuni">Kabuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakia" title="Rakia">Raki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Beer in Albania">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_wine" title="Albanian wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognac_Sk%C3%ABnderbeu" title="Cognac Skënderbeu">Cognac Skënderbeu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Football</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania_national_football_team" title="Albania national football team">National team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_Albania" title="List of football clubs in Albania">Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Albania_international_footballers" title="List of Albania international footballers">Players</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stadiums_in_Albania" title="List of stadiums in Albania">Stadiums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Other sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Weightlifting_Federation" title="Albanian Weightlifting Federation">Weightlifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Athletics_Federation" title="Albanian Athletics Federation">Athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Cycling_Federation" title="Albanian Cycling Federation">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Basketball_Federation" title="Albanian Basketball Federation">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Volleyball_Federation" title="Albanian Volleyball Federation">Volleyball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Swimming_Federation" title="Albanian Swimming Federation">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania_at_the_Olympics" title="Albania at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_indoor_arenas_in_Albania" title="List of indoor arenas in Albania">Indoor arenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Albania" title="Music of Albania">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Albania" title="Television in Albania">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Albania" title="List of radio stations in Albania">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Albania" title="Cinema of Albania">Cinema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Symbols_of_Albania" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Symbols of Albania">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_heraldry" title="Albanian heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Albania" title="Flag of Albania">Flag</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Albanian_flags" title="List of Albanian flags">list</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania" title="Coat of arms of Albania">Coat of arms</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Albania" title="Armorial of Albania">armorial</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitaph_of_Gllavenica" title="Epitaph of Gllavenica">Epitaph of Gllavenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Sign_Language" title="Albanian Sign Language">Sign language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations_and_medals_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders, decorations and medals of Albania">Orders, decorations and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_passport" title="Albanian passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.al" title=".al">.al</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Albania" title="Public holidays in Albania">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Albania" title="Smoking in Albania">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Albania" title="Copyright law of Albania">Copyright law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Albania" title="Outline of Albania">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Albania" title="Outline of Albania">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Albania" title="Bibliography of Albania">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Albania" title="Category:Albania">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467864#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467864#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467864#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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