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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gheorghe_R%C4%83dulescu&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Gheorghe Rădulescu">Gheorghe Rădulescu</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Romanian politician (1914–1991)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Gogu Rădulescu</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Gogu_R%C4%83dulescu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Gogu_R%C4%83dulescu.jpg/220px-Gogu_R%C4%83dulescu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Gogu_R%C4%83dulescu.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="400" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Rădulescu's official portrait</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Romania" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Romania">Deputy Prime Minister of Romania</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 31 October 1963 – 19 March 1979</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Romanian Minister of Internal Trade</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 24 November 1956 – February 1957</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Romanian Minister of Trade</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 17 August 1959 – 30 April 1962</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Romanian Minister of Foreign Trade</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 30 April 1962 – 31 October 1963</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Audit_(Romania)" title="Court of Audit (Romania)">Higher Court of Financial Control</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 22 May 1973 – 22 December 1989</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Office established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Office disestablished; <div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;">Ioan Bogdan from 1992</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Great_National_Assembly_(Socialist_Republic_of_Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great National Assembly (Socialist Republic of Romania)">Great National Assembly</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office March 1961 – 22 December 1989</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a> (1961–1965)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Suceava" title="Suceava">Suceava</a> (1965–1969)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Romania" title="Alexandria, Romania">Alexandria</a> (1969–1980)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Buz%C4%83u" title="Buzău">Buzău</a> (1980–1985)</li><li><a href="/wiki/G%C4%83e%C8%99ti" title="Găești">Găești</a> (1985–1989)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Gheorghe Rădulescu</div> (1914-09-05)5 September 1914 <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">24 May 1991(1991-05-24) (aged 76) <a href="/wiki/Bucure%C8%99tii_Noi" title="Bucureștii Noi">Bucureștii Noi</a>, Bucharest, Romania</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">Romanian Communist</a> (1949–1952, 1957–1989)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Communist_Youth" title="Union of Communist Youth">Union of Communist Youth</a> (1933–1937/8)</li><li>Democratic Students' Front (1935–1937)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Dorina Rudich</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1938; died 1982)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest_Academy_of_Economic_Studies" title="Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies">Bucharest Commercial Academy</a></li><li>Marxist-Leninist Night School</li><li>Political and Leadership University</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r979066050">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}</style><ul class="cslist"><li>Journalist</li><li>propagandist</li><li>schoolteacher</li><li>academic</li><li>soldier</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_Romania" title="Order of the Star of Romania">Knight of the Order of the Star of Romania</a>, (1947)</li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordinul_Muncii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ordinul Muncii (page does not exist)">Ordinul Muncii</a>, Second Class (1957)</li><li>Order of the Star of the Socialist Republic of Romania, First Class (1964, 1984)</li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Tudor_Vladimirescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Order of Tudor Vladimirescu (page does not exist)">Order of Tudor Vladimirescu</a>, First Class (1966)</li><li>Hero of Socialist Labor (1971)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Land_Forces" title="Romanian Land Forces">Romanian Land Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_Vladimirescu_Division" title="Tudor Vladimirescu Division">Tudor Vladimirescu Division</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r979066050" /><ul class="cslist"><li>1937</li><li>1941</li><li>1943–1944</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">Lieutenant (Romania)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Gheorghe "Gogu" Rădulescu (5 September 1914 – 24 May 1991) was a Romanian journalist, economist, and high-ranking figure of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">communist regime</a>. Of mixed <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Romania" title="Romani people in Romania">Romani</a> and Russian heritage, he began his leftist and anti-fascist militancy in the early 1930s, while a student at the <a href="/wiki/Bucharest_Academy_of_Economic_Studies" title="Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies">Commercial Academy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>. He established a Democratic Students' Front, which embarked on a direct confrontation with the fascist <a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a>, as well as with the conservative establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Kingdom">Romanian Kingdom</a>; supported by the clandestine <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">Romanian Communist Party</a> (PCR) and its <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Communist_Youth" title="Union of Communist Youth">Union of Communist Youth</a> (of which he was a member from 1933), Rădulescu networked with moderate leftists and independents. In 1935, he organized a training camp in <a href="/wiki/Moieciu" title="Moieciu">Moieciu</a>, which was nearly broken up by the <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie_(Romania)" title="Gendarmerie (Romania)">Gendarmes</a>. In 1937, he was kidnapped and tortured by Iron Guard affiliates, and then also expelled from the Communist Youth for his apparent insubordination. Taking his doctorate in 1938, Rădulescu worked as a researcher for the Institute of Economic Conjecture, under his communist friend <a href="/wiki/Belu_Zilber" title="Belu Zilber">Belu Zilber</a>. During the early stages of World War II, Rădulescu was called to serve as a Lieutenant in the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Land_Forces" title="Romanian Land Forces">Romanian Land Forces</a>. He deserted shortly before, or during, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a> (June 1941), surrendering to the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>. He was granted the same status as <a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners of war</a>, and was transported to camps deep inside the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. In 1943, he was recovered by the PCR's exile wing, or "Muscovite faction", and was tasked with recruiting Romanian captives for the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_Vladimirescu_Division" title="Tudor Vladimirescu Division">Tudor Vladimirescu Division</a>. Rădulescu returned in 1946, two years after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Romania" title="Battle of Romania">Soviet conquest of Romania</a>, and was integrated into the country's new administrative apparatus. He was allowed to join the PCR (or "Workers' Party") in 1949, the year when he also rose to the position of Deputy Minister of Foreign Trade. In 1952, he was caught up in the roundup of alleged "<a href="/wiki/Right_Opposition" title="Right Opposition">right-wing deviationists</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Wrecking_(Soviet_Union)" title="Wrecking (Soviet Union)">wreckers of the economy</a>, and arrested by the <a href="/wiki/Securitate" title="Securitate">Securitate</a>; he was allowed to preserve a teacher's post, and was slowly reintegrated politically, then fully <a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(Soviet)" title="Rehabilitation (Soviet)">rehabilitated</a>, with the onset of <a href="/wiki/De-satellization_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania">Romanian de-satellization</a>. Rădulescu became a Minister of Internal Trade in 1956, but established his international profile from 1959, when he was Minister of Trade, and then of Foreign Trade, as well as serving continuously as <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Romania" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Romania">Deputy Prime Minister</a> in 1963–1979. Embraced by <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a> and his <a href="/wiki/National_communism_in_Romania" title="National communism in Romania">national-communists</a>, who took control of the PCR in 1965, Rădulescu was granted a quasi-permanent seat on the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Committee">Central Committee</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">Politburo</a> (or "Executive Committee"). He played a part in <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Economy of the Socialist Republic of Romania">socialist industrialization</a> by 1970, when he was instrumental in prospecting international markets, especially in <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a>, as well as in negotiating loans with the <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_banking_family_of_France" title="Rothschild banking family of France">French Rothschilds</a>. Later that decade, he renounced his positions in government, and was instead assigned to lead the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Audit_(Romania)" title="Court of Audit (Romania)">Higher Court of Financial Control</a>. Spurred on by his novelist wife Dorina, and already cultivating the poet <a href="/wiki/Miron_Radu_Paraschivescu" title="Miron Radu Paraschivescu">Miron Radu Paraschivescu</a>, he established his own literary circle, or "court", centered on his rural property in <a href="/wiki/Comana,_Giurgiu" title="Comana, Giurgiu">Comana</a>. Rădulescu both undermined and selectively enforced <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Communist_Romania" title="Censorship in Communist Romania">communist censorship</a>—specifically, against his ideological enemy <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a>; he was seen in the writers' community as rather more liberal than the standard <a href="/wiki/Nomenklatura" title="Nomenklatura">nomenklatura</a>. As protector of the <a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nia_Literar%C4%83" title="România Literară">România Literară</a> circle, with a say in the affairs of the <a href="/wiki/Writers%27_Union_of_Romania" title="Writers' Union of Romania">Writers' Union</a>, Rădulescu emerged as a selective critic of national-communism—while also fully participating in <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu's cult of personality">Ceaușescu's personality cult</a>. In 1986, he took a public stand against "<a href="/wiki/Dacianism" title="Dacianism">Protochronism</a>", which he controversially depicted as an offshoot of interwar fascism. The Securitate followed closely his contacts with other political figures, noting him as a probable conspirator against the regime and a critic of its <a href="/wiki/1980s_austerity_policy_in_Romania" title="1980s austerity policy in Romania">austerity policies</a>; Rădulescu was still present by Ceaușescu's side throughout the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution_of_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution of 1989">Romanian Revolution of 1989</a>, though he advised against its violent repression. He was immediately after captured and indicted for genocide and economic crimes by the <a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Romania)" title="National Salvation Front (Romania)">National Salvation Front</a>, but escaped prosecution due to his poor health, and died at a <a href="/wiki/Nursing_home" title="Nursing home">nursing home</a> in 1991. The controversy—surrounding his political positioning, his cultural profile, and his role in various intrigues—was prolonged over the following decades. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gogu_R%C4%83dulescu&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_FSD">Early life and FSD</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gogu_R%C4%83dulescu&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life and FSD">edit</a>]</div> Born in <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> on 5 September 1914,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Gheorghe Rădulescu was almost exclusively known under the pet name "Gogu" to the age of sixty.<a href="#cite_note-bodor-2">[2]</a> Though officially listed as having "Romanian nationality and citizenship",<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> he was the son of a <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Romania" title="Romani people in Romania">Romani</a> musician (<a href="/wiki/L%C4%83utari" title="Lăutari">Lăutar</a>) father and a Russian mother, who had met on tour in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lbpatronul-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-lbcomana-5">[5]</a> One of his acquaintances, <a href="/wiki/Egon_Balas" title="Egon Balas">Egon Balas</a>, described Gogu as a man of "strange features, [who] resembled a <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatar</a> <a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">khan</a>".<a href="#cite_note-lbpatronul-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-lbcomana-5">[5]</a> He and his four siblings were paternally orphaned in 1923, with the eldest brother, Alexandru, playing violin for cinema-goers, as a means to support the others.<a href="#cite_note-lbcomana-5">[5]</a> After graduating from Cantemir High School,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> where he was colleagues with future <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealist</a> <a href="/wiki/Gellu_Naum" title="Gellu Naum">Gellu Naum</a>,<a href="#cite_note-rrmemoria-7">[7]</a> young Rădulescu embraced a career in economics. He took a diploma from the Higher-level Commercial School No 2 in 1931, enlisting at the <a href="/wiki/Bucharest_Academy_of_Economic_Studies" title="Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies">Commercial Academy</a> (Faculty of General Economics) the following year.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Rădulescu graduated from the Academy in 1937, as one of the few diploma-holders of lower-class origins; by then, he was in engaged to Dorina Rudich. A PCR militant of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Jewish ethnicity</a>,<a href="#cite_note-lbpatronul-4">[4]</a> she was born at <a href="/wiki/Roznov,_Neam%C8%9B" title="Roznov, Neamț">Roznov</a> on 23 May 1909,<a href="#cite_note-apomagiu-9">[9]</a> and was noted as a good friend of poet <a href="/wiki/Ilarie_Voronca" title="Ilarie Voronca">Ilarie Voronca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> They were married in 1938, when Dorina was a typist for Lafayette General Store in Bucharest.<a href="#cite_note-lbcomana-5">[5]</a> Rădulescu's own communist activity was being monitored by agents of the <a href="/wiki/Siguran%C8%9Ba" title="Siguranța">Siguranța</a>. His file included the mention: "[he] was the organizer and leader of all student action and strikes […]. as part of communist propaganda work during the school year 1935—1936."<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> As an economist and journalist, Rădulescu openly embraced <a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">historical materialism</a> with an October 1935 article in Revista de Studii Sociologice și Muncitorești, describing <a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian fascism</a> as a "brazen <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_bourgeoisie" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictatorship of the bourgeoisie">dictatorship of the bourgeoisie</a>".<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> His fiancee, meanwhile, contributed a series of anti-fascist articles and sketch stories in <a href="/wiki/Petre_Pandrea" title="Petre Pandrea">Petre Pandrea</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuv%C3%A2ntul_Liber_(1933)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cuvântul Liber (1933) (page does not exist)">Cuvântul Liber</a>.<a href="#cite_note-apomagiu-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-ghiță-13">[13]</a> Rădulescu also became a contributor, with a column on student affairs.<a href="#cite_note-lbcomana-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-zobraniște-14">[14]</a> In May<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> or June 1935,<a href="#cite_note-cptineri-16">[16]</a> Rădulescu had set up the Democratic Students' Front (FSD). It was designed as a method of curbing the rise of <a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a> fascists, and functioned as a legal annex of the outlawed PCR.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Headquartered at Batiștei Street 26, in downtown Bucharest,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> the FSD primarily included communist students—Rădulescu, <a href="/wiki/Miron_Constantinescu" title="Miron Constantinescu">Miron Constantinescu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mihnea_Gheorghiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mihnea Gheorghiu (page does not exist)">Mihnea Gheorghiu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corneliu_M%C4%83nescu" title="Corneliu Mănescu">Corneliu Mănescu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manea_M%C4%83nescu" title="Manea Mănescu">Manea Mănescu</a>—and teachers—<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Mezincescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eduard Mezincescu (page does not exist)">Eduard Mezincescu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Florica_Mezincescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Florica Mezincescu (page does not exist)">Florica Mezincescu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pompiliu_Macovei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pompiliu Macovei (page does not exist)">Pompiliu Macovei</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cptineri-16">[16]</a> Rădulescu was the FSD's country-level president, with Mihail I. Dragomirescu as a general secretary. They maintained permanent contact with the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Communist_Youth" title="Union of Communist Youth">Union of Communist Youth</a> (UTC), through "a comrade with the conspiratorial name Emil, who remains unidentified to this day", and then through Constantinescu and Tatiana Leapis-Bulan.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Most members were also affiliated with the UTC, but some, like Petre Vulpescu, represented the <a href="/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_(Romania)" title="United Socialist Party (Romania)">Popovici Socialists</a>, and a "very small number" were <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Social_Democratic_Party_(1927%E2%80%931948)" title="Romanian Social Democratic Party (1927–1948)">Social Democrats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Despite its far-leftist coloring, the organization also came to include <a href="/wiki/National_Peasants%27_Party" title="National Peasants' Party">National Peasantists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radical_Peasants%27_Party" title="Radical Peasants' Party">Radical Peasantists</a>, as well as independents.<a href="#cite_note-cptineri-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In a 1984 article, poet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandru_Voitin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandru Voitin (page does not exist)">Alexandru Voitin</a> recalled that Rădulescu was an "occasional songwriter", who had "put together" an FSD march honoring peasant hero <a href="/wiki/Vasile_Ursu_Nicola" title="Vasile Ursu Nicola">Vasile Ursu Nicola</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Rădulescu obtained support from painter <a href="/wiki/Victor_Brauner" title="Victor Brauner">Victor Brauner</a>, who had previously affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Association_des_%C3%89crivains_et_Artistes_R%C3%A9volutionnaires" title="Association des Écrivains et Artistes Révolutionnaires">French Revolutionary Artists</a>; Victor tried to convince his brother, the composer <a href="/wiki/Harry_Brauner" title="Harry Brauner">Harry Brauner</a>, to write "revolutionary hymns" in support of the cause.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The FSD put out its own magazine, Studentul Român, between 27 June 1935, and 31 May 1936.<a href="#cite_note-cptineri-16">[16]</a> Dragomirescu obtained imprimatur from the Siguranța after submitting a false list of editors, including the non-communist <a href="/wiki/Pericle_Martinescu" title="Pericle Martinescu">Pericle Martinescu</a> (who was not informed of this until 1981).<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> After Ispas Zâmbrea, who organized an FSD chapter in <a href="/wiki/Teleorman_County" title="Teleorman County">Teleorman County</a>, also created a self-defense unit, Studentul Român advised all his readers to copy his example.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> On 16 March 1936, Rădulescu himself was at <a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a>, appearing as a defense witness for <a href="/wiki/Petre_Constantinescu-Ia%C8%99i" title="Petre Constantinescu-Iași">Petre Constantinescu-Iași</a>—an academic who had been charged with activities in support of the PCR after setting up an Anti-Fascist Committee. In his deposition, Rădulescu "[spoke] about the political currents in the universities", informing the jury that the FSD had allied itself with Constantinescu-Iași.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In late 1935, he had embarked on a collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Romanianism" title="Crusade of Romanianism">Crusade of Romanianism</a>, which had broken out of the Guard; the organization were able to cancel a Guardist protest.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> He followed the same pattern in June 1936, when he sealed a pact with <a href="/wiki/Dem_I._Dobrescu" title="Dem I. Dobrescu">Dem I. Dobrescu</a> and his Citizens' Committees, managing to "prevent fascist hooligans from creating disorder."<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> He was himself arrested by the Siguranța at some point in 1936, and, during interrogations by Commissioner Turcu, was invited to become an informant, but refused.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Turcu reportedly warned him that his activities were closely followed, and that, unless he gave up on the PCR, he would end up "rotting in jail".<a href="#cite_note-lbcomana-5">[5]</a> On 25 July 1936, Cuvântul Liber hosted a piece by Rădulescu and Ilie Constantinovski, in which they announced the FSD summer camp in <a href="/wiki/Moieciu" title="Moieciu">Moieciu</a>, which was partly an answer to Guardist camps, and also promised to train students in offering assistance to local peasants.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The event took place in August, and brought Rădulescu himself to Moieciu, where he lectured about the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Romania" title="Great Depression in Romania">Great Depression in Romania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> After the right-wing <a href="/wiki/Universul" title="Universul">Universul</a> published an expose about the FSD camp as a "communist nucleus", Rădulescu and Constantinovski returned with another article in Cuvântul Liber, reporting that the Iron Guard and <a href="/wiki/National-Christian_Defense_League" title="National-Christian Defense League">National-Christian Defense League</a> were recruiting the wealthy peasants of <a href="/wiki/Predeal" title="Predeal">Predeal</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C4%83cele" title="Săcele">Satulung</a> for a violent march on Moieciu.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Preparing themselves for this confrontation (including by purchasing eight revolvers), the students were instead surrounded by the local <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie_(Romania)" title="Gendarmerie (Romania)">Gendarmes</a>, on 9 August. In the resulting siege, the FSD voted to go on a <a href="/wiki/Hunger_strike" title="Hunger strike">hunger strike</a>, as a means of publicizing their cause; on 12 August, Rădulescu and his colleagues published a letter of protest in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diminea%C8%9Ba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dimineața (page does not exist)">Dimineața</a> daily, noting that the Romanian left was suffering under a "regime of terror", whereas the "tens of Guardist camps carry on with their Hitlerite propaganda, totally unhindered".<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Negative publicity forced the Gendarmes to lift their siege, allowing the camp to function until its scheduled closure, on 20 August; five days later, Dimineața hosted a sympathetic reportage by <a href="/wiki/Stephan_Roll" title="Stephan Roll">Stephan Roll</a>, which was effectively a pierce of UTC propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Overall, Rădulescu's activism largely failed at generating a following in the student body.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Volleyball_match_at_the_Democratic_Students%27_Front_camp_in_Moieciu,_August_1936.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Volleyball_match_at_the_Democratic_Students%27_Front_camp_in_Moieciu%2C_August_1936.png/600px-Volleyball_match_at_the_Democratic_Students%27_Front_camp_in_Moieciu%2C_August_1936.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Volleyball_match_at_the_Democratic_Students%27_Front_camp_in_Moieciu%2C_August_1936.png/900px-Volleyball_match_at_the_Democratic_Students%27_Front_camp_in_Moieciu%2C_August_1936.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Volleyball_match_at_the_Democratic_Students%27_Front_camp_in_Moieciu%2C_August_1936.png/1200px-Volleyball_match_at_the_Democratic_Students%27_Front_camp_in_Moieciu%2C_August_1936.png 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="671" /></a><figcaption>Democratic Students' Front members during a volleyball match in <a href="/wiki/Moieciu" title="Moieciu">Moieciu</a>, August 1936</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wartime_desertion_and_return">Wartime desertion and return</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gogu_R%C4%83dulescu&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Wartime desertion and return">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> (1936–1937), Rădulescu helped recruit local volunteers for the <a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">International Brigades</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> He befriended a number of left-wing activists and journalists, variously including Roll, <a href="/wiki/N._D._Cocea" title="N. D. Cocea">N. D. Cocea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miron_Radu_Paraschivescu" title="Miron Radu Paraschivescu">Miron Radu Paraschivescu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_P%C4%83un" title="Paul Păun">Paul Păun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Sahia" title="Alexandru Sahia">Alexandru Sahia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Virgil_Teodorescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virgil Teodorescu (page does not exist)">Virgil Teodorescu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolfi_Trost" title="Dolfi Trost">Dolfi Trost</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%98tefan_Voicu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ștefan Voicu (page does not exist)">Ștefan Voicu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> In 1952, he recounted that his first mentors were Constantinovski (who "instilled in me a great love for the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>") and Vulpescu.<a href="#cite_note-lbcomana-5">[5]</a> Another reported connection was <a href="/wiki/D._I._Suchianu" title="D. I. Suchianu">D. I. Suchianu</a>, who allowed Rădulescu's contributions to appear in <a href="/wiki/Via%C8%9Ba_Rom%C3%AEneasc%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Viața Romînească">Viața Romînească</a> magazine.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> His own party records suggests that he joined the UTC in 1933, but also that he was excluded in 1937, when his FSD mandate also ended.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Researcher <a href="/wiki/Stelian_T%C4%83nase" title="Stelian Tănase">Stelian Tănase</a> suggests that Rădulescu lost his membership in 1938, when the UTC's loyalism to the Soviet cause was verified by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a>. Vulpescu, who had been integrated into the UTC and been granted favors as its Secretary, was purged "in the same session", for his alleged <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Tănase also notes that Rădulescu's expulsion, which followed months of inactivity on his part, was taken by a vote of his friends, including Constantinescu and <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba_Cr%C4%83ciun" title="Constanța Crăciun">Constanța Crăciun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The PCR bureaucracy recorded his "anarchic outlook" as the main reason for his removal, adding that he "no longer had links with the revolutionary movement" during the 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Rădulescu himself claimed that he effectively joined the PCR in 1938—the year in which, on <a href="/wiki/Leonte_R%C4%83utu" title="Leonte Răutu">Leonte Răutu</a>'s advice, he began forging papers and organizing conspiratorial houses in support of more prestigious militants.<a href="#cite_note-lbcomana-5">[5]</a> He acknowledged that, if the UTC expulsion had ever been warranted, it was because of his habit of "cracking jokes, with no attention paid as to whether these could be interpreted as politically incorrect", and also because he had unwittingly insulted Constantinescu.<a href="#cite_note-lbcomana-5">[5]</a> In 1987, Rădulescu justified his FSD work as prompted by the Guard's success: "fascism, with its pernicious propaganda, had seeped deep down into university milieus. We ran into the Guardists everywhere, including at seminars. Most of them were entirely fanatical. And when they ran out of so-called theoretical arguments, they moved on to threats, and just about always followed up on them. There was nothing more saddening than the wet-rope flopping that Guardist students would savagely use, in Guardist safe-houses, against colleagues that did not share their political opinions."<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> This description matches Rădulescu's personal experience: in early 1937, he was kidnapped by Guardist students at the <a href="/wiki/Carol_Davila_University_of_Medicine_and_Pharmacy" title="Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy">Faculty of Medicine</a>, who took him to their hiding sport and tortured him.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> This was conceived of as a punishment for Rădulescu having insulted the Guardist Captain, <a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Corneliu Zelea Codreanu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> and left him incapacitated for some two weeks.<a href="#cite_note-lbcomana-5">[5]</a> The incident was reportedly welcomed by the right-wing essayist <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a>, who gleefully noted that Rădulescu being "beaten with wet ropes" was only good news.<a href="#cite_note-manea-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-seb114-47">[47]</a> Eliade told <a href="/wiki/Mihail_Sebastian" title="Mihail Sebastian">Mihail Sebastian</a> that: "It's what should be done to traitors. He, Mircea Eliade, would not have been content with that; he'd have pulled out [Rădulescu's] eyes as well."<a href="#cite_note-seb114-47">[47]</a> In 1938, shortly after completing his mandatory service with the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Land_Forces" title="Romanian Land Forces">Romanian Land Forces</a> (3rd Regiment),<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Rădulescu received his doctorate in economics from the Commercial Academy.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> He became a reviewer at the Institute for Economic Conjecture (ICE), which had been founded by Academy professor <a href="/wiki/Virgil_Madgearu" title="Virgil Madgearu">Virgil Madgearu</a>, but, as Rădulescu himself notes, was in reality managed by a PCR comrade, <a href="/wiki/Belu_Zilber" title="Belu Zilber">Belu Zilber</a>. He and the "charming man" Zilber maintained a "warm friendship" that lasted into their old age.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Rădulescu was kept at the ICE throughout the early stage of World War II<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> (when Romania was still neutral territory). In summer 1940, the eastern region of <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a> was <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_northern_Bukovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and northern Bukovina">seized by the Soviet Union</a>. Rădulescu encouraged Dorina, who (in addition to being targeted by <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_laws_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic laws in Romania">antisemitic laws</a>)<a href="#cite_note-lbcomana-5">[5]</a> feared that she would be arrested by the Romanian authorities, to flee into Soviet territory—which was organized as the <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Moldavian SSR">Moldavian SSR</a>. She followed his advice and they were separated.<a href="#cite_note-lbpatronul-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-lbcomana-5">[5]</a> Rădulescu remained in Bucharest during the Iron Guard's <a href="/wiki/National_Legionary_State" title="National Legionary State">National Legionary State</a> regime (September 1940–January 1941), which disestablished the ICE immediately after taking power;<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> he reports being shocked when the new authorities condoned Madgearu's assassination.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> He also witnessed the ultimate clash between the Guardists and <a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a>, or "<a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Legionary Rebellion</a>", noting that its violence "demonstrated what sort of 'new world' was desired by these theoreticians of hatred, of caning, of robbery and assassination."<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In March or April 1941, Rădulescu found employment at the Institute of Statistics.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In June, with Antonescu's regime prepared to <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">wage war on the Soviets</a> as an ally of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, Rădulescu was mobilized to serve as a Lieutenant in the Land Forces.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> According to historian Lavinia Betea, on 12 June, he received his orders to prepare for <a href="/wiki/Operation_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Operation München">the incoming attack on the region</a>. He opted to cross the <a href="/wiki/Prut_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Prut River">Prut River</a> into Bessarabia and surrender to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Border_Troops" title="Soviet Border Troops">Soviet Border Troops</a>; he managed to do so, but his account of a Romanian mobilization was written off by the Soviets as an <a href="/wiki/Agent_provocateur" title="Agent provocateur">act of provocation</a>, and he was arrested as a spy.<a href="#cite_note-lbpatronul-4">[4]</a> As the Romanian–German invasion unfolded, Rădulescu was still not credited for his initiative, and instead was dispatched to prisons further inland.<a href="#cite_note-lbpatronul-4">[4]</a> A record from 1952 contrarily suggests that Rădulescu deserted on 22 or 23 June, which was after the invasion had begun, by surrendering to the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> At that junction in his life, Rădulescu noted that he had escaped during the confusion caused by shelling in <a href="/wiki/Karapchiv,_Chernivtsi_Raion,_Chernivtsi_Oblast" title="Karapchiv, Chernivtsi Raion, Chernivtsi Oblast">Coropcăuți</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Siret_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Siret River">Siret River</a>; he had then refused to help the Red Army by performing a suicide mission, and was punished as a result.<a href="#cite_note-lbcomana-5">[5]</a> Lieutenant Rădulescu ended up in prison camps for <a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian military captives</a> (specifically, in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>),<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> where he remained for almost three years.<a href="#cite_note-lbpatronul-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-lbcomana-5">[5]</a> According to his own account of that interval, he volunteered to educate other inmates politically, advancing through their hierarchy from manual laborer to foreman, to camp librarian, and then to camp representative. He was again asked to join the war effort, this time as a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet partisan</a>, but he claimed that <a href="/wiki/Parachuting" title="Parachuting">parachuting</a> was physically impossible for him; this caused suspicion that he was <a href="/wiki/Malingering" title="Malingering">malingering</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lbcomana-5">[5]</a> While being vetted and allowed to join <a href="/wiki/Ana_Pauker" title="Ana Pauker">Ana Pauker</a>'s "Moscovite" wing of PCR exiles,<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Rădulescu volunteered for the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_Vladimirescu_Division" title="Tudor Vladimirescu Division">Tudor Vladimirescu Division</a> (DTV), which was created as a Red-Army unit for Romanian renegade soldiers,<a href="#cite_note-lbpatronul-4">[4]</a> and "was afterwards used for the indoctrination of Romanian prisoners in Soviet camps."<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Some reports suggest that the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> actively sought his services as a spy, but do not record whether he was actually recruited.<a href="#cite_note-cenacliștii-61">[61]</a> Balas notes that his networking and his ability to befriend Soviet officials ensured that he was initially protected inside the PCR (known in 1948–1965 as the Romanian Workers' Party, or PMR), and that he could treat others with a "mordant wit".<a href="#cite_note-lbpatronul-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-lbcomana-5">[5]</a> By 1944, the Rădulescus had been reunited, with Dorina (who had lived in <a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk" title="Novosibirsk">Novosibirsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Alma-Ata</a>)<a href="#cite_note-apomagiu-9">[9]</a> being similarly employed as a DTV propagandist.<a href="#cite_note-lbcomana-5">[5]</a> There are conflicting accounts concerning Gogu's Romanian return: some records suggest that he came back either during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Romania" title="Battle of Romania">Soviet push of 1944</a>,<a href="#cite_note-lbpatronul-4">[4]</a> but he in fact arrived in late 1946, "alongside a batch of prisoners".<a href="#cite_note-lbcomana-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> He resumed his career as an economist in December 1946, when he was co-opted by the Ministry of Industry and Commerce, Foreign Trade Sector. He served as both general director and ministry consultant between 6 February 1947 and 11 May 1948, afterwards being promoted to general secretary of that body.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> His services were rewarded in 1947, when he was made a <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_Romania" title="Order of the Star of Romania">Knight of the Star of Romania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lbcomana-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> His interval in office saw the Romanian monarchy being toppled, and a <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">communist republic</a> proclaimed in its stead. From 29 November 1948, Rădulescu was general secretary of the republican Ministry of Foreign Trade, promoted to Deputy Minister on 15 September 1949; the new government also reconfirmed him as a recipient of the Star of Romania, now as "Star of the People's Republic of Romania, Third Class" (1949).<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> He finally became a member of the PMR on 2 November 1949, and was a recipient of formal training in <a href="/wiki/Marxism-Leninism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxism-Leninism">Marxism-Leninism</a>—the Marxist-Leninist Night School, and then the Political and Leadership University.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1952_fall_and_1956_recovery">1952 fall and 1956 recovery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gogu_R%C4%83dulescu&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1952 fall and 1956 recovery">edit</a>]</div> Rădulescu's relationship with PMR General Secretary <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a> soured in the early 1950s, when the former statistician was sidelined in a purge of Pauker and her followers. He lost his position at the Ministry on 1 July 1952, and was stripped of his party membership in October 1952, branded a "<a href="/wiki/Right_Opposition" title="Right Opposition">right-wing deviationist</a>".<a href="#cite_note-lbcomana-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-cenacliștii-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-cvnebun-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> More specifically, he was accused of having conspired with the disgraced <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Finance_(Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Public Finance (Romania)">Minister of Finance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasile_Luca" title="Vasile Luca">Vasile Luca</a>, to bring Romania under a localized version of the <a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a>, thus "favoring the growth and consolidation of capitalist elements",<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> as a form of <a href="/wiki/Wrecking_(Soviet_Union)" title="Wrecking (Soviet Union)">economic wrecking</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lbcomana-5">[5]</a> Rădulescu was placed subsequently placed under house arrest, and submitted to formal inquiries.<a href="#cite_note-lbpatronul-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> His interrogator was a <a href="/wiki/Securitate" title="Securitate">Securitate</a> Captain, Zalman Marcu, who viewed Rădulescu as part of a "counterrevolutionary" cell, alongside Zilber, Vulpescu, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aurel_Vijoli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aurel Vijoli (page does not exist)">Aurel Vijoli</a>, making note of their occasional meetings with known or alleged British agents such as <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Gardyne_de_Chastelain" title="Alfred Gardyne de Chastelain">Alfred Gardyne de Chastelain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Seton-Watson" title="Hugh Seton-Watson">Hugh Seton-Watson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> As Tănase writes, Rădulescu was being prepared for a <a href="/wiki/Show_trial" title="Show trial">show trial</a> modeled on the <a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD_trial" title="Slánský trial">Slánský Affair</a>, expecting to be prosecuted alongside Pauker, Luca, Zilber, <a href="/wiki/Teohari_Georgescu" title="Teohari Georgescu">Teohari Georgescu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lucre%C8%9Biu_P%C4%83tr%C4%83%C8%99canu" title="Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu">Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu</a>. The need for it was cut short when <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Joseph_Stalin" title="Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin">Stalin died in March 1953</a>; pressure was lifted on Rădulescu and hundreds of others caught up in the fabrication, though Luca and Pătrășcanu still encountered Gheorghiu-Dej's wrath.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> In 1952–1954, Rădulescu turned to teaching at his alma mater, which had become the <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> Institute of Economic and Political Research, and also at a commercial high school<a href="#cite_note-lbcomana-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> (the former Krețulescu School).<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> From 1954 to 24 November 1956, he was general director of the Romanian co-operative network (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centrocoop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centrocoop (page does not exist)">Centrocoop</a>) and, in parallel, of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Academy" title="Romanian Academy">Romanian Academy</a> Institute of Economics.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> In September–December 1955, he sent letters to Gheorghiu-Dej and <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Apostol" title="Gheorghe Apostol">Gheorghe Apostol</a>, effectively appealing for his PMR reinstatement.<a href="#cite_note-lbcomana-5">[5]</a> Balas reports that, in 1956, Rădulescu was visited by Constantinovski, who had relocated to the Soviet Union. The two men reportedly talked about the outcomes of communism, with Constantinovski noting that he no longer believed in its ideals, and advising Rădulescu to stop caring.<a href="#cite_note-lbcomana-5">[5]</a> His other old acquaintance Pandrea, who had been imprisoned and released by the communist regime, and had trouble finding work, asked Rădulescu, through their common friend <a href="/wiki/Geo_Bogza" title="Geo Bogza">Geo Bogza</a>, for employment as an academic researcher. As recounted by Pandrea in his since-published diary, Rădulescu shied away from providing assistance, since Pandrea as a one-time "first-rank political figure", was not salvageable.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> In his notes, Pandrea refers to Rădulescu and <a href="/wiki/Costin_Murgescu" title="Costin Murgescu">Costin Murgescu</a> as lepre ("scum"), and to Rădulescu personally as a "genuine swine of the <a href="/wiki/Mangalica" title="Mangalica">Mangalica</a> species" (porc sadea, din categoria Mangalița).<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Within four years, the onset of <a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">De-Stalinization</a> in the Soviet Union also introduced a degree of liberalization in the PMR. Rădulescu was <a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(Soviet)" title="Rehabilitation (Soviet)">rehabilitated</a> in 1956,<a href="#cite_note-lbpatronul-4">[4]</a> and handed his party membership in February 1957.<a href="#cite_note-lbcomana-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> In its resolution, the PMR Control Commission argued that Rădulescu's contacts with Zilber and Vulpescu (as well as Constantinovski) were non-prosecutable offenses, and ruled that the accusation of wrecking had been "exaggerated".<a href="#cite_note-lbcomana-5">[5]</a> Rădulescu took over as titular Minister of Internal Trade on 24 November 1956, serving to February 1957, when he was demoted to Deputy Minister; in 1957, he received the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordinul_Muncii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ordinul Muncii (page does not exist)">Ordinul Muncii</a> award, Second Class, followed in 1959 by the Order of 23 August, Third Class.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> He became Minister of Trade during a reshuffle on 17 August 1959, holding this office to 30 April 1962, when he was made Minister of Foreign Trade.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> On 25 June 1960, he was elected to the PMR's <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Committee">Central Committee</a>, and preserved that seat throughout the Dej years, and down to 22 December 1989.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In that context, he became involved in securing <a href="/wiki/De-satellization_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania's relative independence</a> from the Soviet Union: alongside <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_B%C3%A2rl%C4%83deanu" title="Alexandru Bârlădeanu">Alexandru Bârlădeanu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mircea_Mali%C8%9Ba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mircea Malița (page does not exist)">Mircea Malița</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ion_Gheorghe_Maurer" title="Ion Gheorghe Maurer">Ion Gheorghe Maurer</a> and various others, he established direct links between Dej's regime and the <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> In April 1959, he attended the 14th session of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Europe" title="United Nations Economic Commission for Europe">United Nations Economic Commission for Europe</a>, being unanimously elected vice chairman of the session—Tommaso Notarangeli was the chairman.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In July 1962, Rădulescu was by Gheorghiu-Dej's side at a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a>, in which delegates from the <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a> suggested full economic integration for the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>; this prompted vocal opposition from the Romanian delegation.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> A junior member of the <a href="/wiki/Nomenklatura" title="Nomenklatura">nomenklatura</a> in 1961, <a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Andrei" title="Ștefan Andrei">Ștefan Andrei</a> recalls that Rădulescu, now trusted because "he had a Jewish wife [and] his mother was a Russian", was being proposed as <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Romania)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Romania)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a>, but rejected by Gheorghiu-Dej, who reportedly said: '[…] he'd be very good, but he is too ugly. If he's to travel abroad, those people are likely to think that all Romanians are as ugly as that!"<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Rădulescu was a legislator in the <a href="/wiki/Great_National_Assembly_(Socialist_Republic_of_Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great National Assembly (Socialist Republic of Romania)">Great National Assembly</a> (MAN) following the <a href="/wiki/1961_Romanian_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1961 Romanian legislative election">March 1961 election</a>, when he took a seat for <a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a>; he returned <a href="/wiki/1965_Romanian_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1965 Romanian legislative election">in March 1965</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Suceava" title="Suceava">Suceava</a> deputy.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> His ministerial term ended on October 31, 1963, upon which he was created <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Romania" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Romania">Deputy Prime Minister of Romania</a>, serving uninterruptedly to March 18, 1975.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> One of the first missions of his mandate was a 1964 visit to Italy, where he was a guest of <a href="/wiki/Fiat" title="Fiat">Fiat</a>, the automobile manufacturer—part of an accelerated resumption of <a href="/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93Romania_relations" title="Italy–Romania relations">bilateral trade agreements</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:522px;max-width:522px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:291px;max-width:291px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Dorina_R%C4%83dulescu_in_1972.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Dorina_R%C4%83dulescu_in_1972.png/289px-Dorina_R%C4%83dulescu_in_1972.png" decoding="async" width="289" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Dorina_R%C4%83dulescu_in_1972.png/434px-Dorina_R%C4%83dulescu_in_1972.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Dorina_R%C4%83dulescu_in_1972.png/578px-Dorina_R%C4%83dulescu_in_1972.png 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="920" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Dorina Rudich-Rădulescu in 1972</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:227px;max-width:227px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Raluca_Sterian_in_Flac%C4%83ra,_July_1958.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Raluca_Sterian_in_Flac%C4%83ra%2C_July_1958.png/225px-Raluca_Sterian_in_Flac%C4%83ra%2C_July_1958.png" decoding="async" width="225" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Raluca_Sterian_in_Flac%C4%83ra%2C_July_1958.png/338px-Raluca_Sterian_in_Flac%C4%83ra%2C_July_1958.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Raluca_Sterian_in_Flac%C4%83ra%2C_July_1958.png/450px-Raluca_Sterian_in_Flac%C4%83ra%2C_July_1958.png 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="894" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raluca_Sterian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raluca Sterian (page does not exist)">Raluca Sterian</a> in July 1958</div></div></div></div></div> Rădulescu remained with Dorina to her death on 21 August 1982.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> She was an aspiring novelist, and, as literary historian <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Zaciu" title="Mircea Zaciu">Mircea Zaciu</a> recalls, "Gogu Rădulescu […] was contaminated by his wife's passion, being very much in love with her".<a href="#cite_note-mzocult-90">[90]</a> From about 1957, he still had an extramarital affair, with the young actress-model <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raluca_Sterian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raluca Sterian (page does not exist)">Raluca Sterian</a>. She was in a vulnerable position when her father was arrested by the Securitate, and was advised (probably by dramatist <a href="/wiki/Aurel_Baranga" title="Aurel Baranga">Aurel Baranga</a>) to welcome Rădulescu's advances.<a href="#cite_note-cvnebun-67">[67]</a> Theater director <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinu_Cernescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinu Cernescu (page does not exist)">Dinu Cernescu</a>, who claims to have befriended the Trade Minister around 1960, notes that Rădulescu was "out chasing tail [when] Mrs Dorina was visiting Paris", and that this is how he embarked on another affair, with Eugenia Marian (widow of novelist <a href="/wiki/Camil_Petrescu" title="Camil Petrescu">Camil Petrescu</a>).<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Sterian also fell in love with Rădulescu, and was helped in her career, but, as her diaries attest, always felt vulnerable; she was especially embarrassed when the minister took Dorina to one of her swimsuit parades.<a href="#cite_note-cvnebun-67">[67]</a> They were also politically incompatible: she once admonished Rădulescu for having done nothing to help her uncle, the economist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sterian" title="Paul Sterian">Paul Sterian</a>, who had spent eight years in communist prisons.<a href="#cite_note-cvnebun-67">[67]</a> Around 1960, Gogu arranged for Dorina to read from her work in front of a literary circle at <a href="/wiki/V%C4%83lenii_de_Munte" title="Vălenii de Munte">Vălenii de Munte</a>, where his old friend Paraschivescu owned a cottage. The meeting was attended by a young author, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_%C8%9Aoiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantin Țoiu (page does not exist)">Constantin Țoiu</a>, who won Rădulescu's respect and friendship by criticizing his wife's prose.<a href="#cite_note-cțtrezit-92">[92]</a> Țoiu records Rădulescu's intelligence and his great admiration for Paraschivescu. In his presence, they engaged in a mock-interview, in which Rădulescu pretended to be a reporter for <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, and bluntly asked Paraschivescu about creative liberties and <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Communist_Romania" title="Censorship in Communist Romania">communist censorship</a>. Țoiu notes: "To all his questions—questions which, should one have answered truthfully, would have resulted in maybe as much as a lifetime of penal servitude, [Paraschivescu] gave shirking answers, both brazen (as if Gogu were truly an American) and terrified. […] Gogu seemed despondent."<a href="#cite_note-cțtrezit-92">[92]</a> In a 1961 encounter with sociologist <a href="/wiki/Zigu_Ornea" title="Zigu Ornea">Zigu Ornea</a>, Cuvântul Liber's <a href="/wiki/Tudor_Teodorescu-Brani%C8%99te" title="Tudor Teodorescu-Braniște">Tudor Teodorescu-Braniște</a> talked about the "support, above all moral", that Rădulescu was providing, in an effort to have Braniște return to the spotlight.<a href="#cite_note-zobraniște-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="With_Ceaușescu">With Ceaușescu</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gogu_R%C4%83dulescu&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: With Ceaușescu">edit</a>]</div> Meanwhile, Gogu Rădulescu's biography as a victim of both Soviet imprisonment and Gheorghiu-Dej's intransigence allowed him to reposition himself as an ally of the <a href="/wiki/National_communism_in_Romania" title="National communism in Romania">national-communist faction</a>, which was being formed around <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a>, and which took control of the PMR during Gheorghiu-Dej's terminal illness.<a href="#cite_note-lbpatronul-4">[4]</a> The official press listed him as one of the party leaders who had stood by Dej during his death on 19 March 1965, and, days after, as accompanying Ceaușescu for his first-ever activities as General Secretary—including a visit to the Romanian Academy.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> He was granted a seat on the <a href="/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">Politburo</a> (Executive Committee) of the newly renamed PCR on 23 July.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> At the party plenary of 12 August 1965, which brought the sidelining of Dejists such as <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Apostol" title="Gheorghe Apostol">Gheorghe Apostol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Dr%C4%83ghici" title="Alexandru Drăghici">Alexandru Drăghici</a>, he was still assigned a seat of the PCR Central Committee and its Permanent Presidium.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Literary historian Ana Dobre suggests that, though powerful, Rădulescu refrained from offering Paraschivescu "any relevant office", allowing him to endure as a marginal; in return, Paraschivescu lost his respect for Rădulescu, calling him a "bourgeois", addicted to the comforts of the communist upper-class.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Rădulescu's affair with Sterian ended in scandal before 1964, when Dorina threatened to demand intervention by the Central Committee; Sterian had a <a href="/wiki/Sham_marriage" title="Sham marriage">sham marriage</a> with a foreigner, which allowed her to settle abroad (where she eventually remarried, to publisher Jean-Jacques Nathan).<a href="#cite_note-cvnebun-67">[67]</a> Around that time, Dorina arranged for Paraschivescu's play, Asta-i ciudat, to be produced by the <a href="/wiki/Maria_Filotti_Theatre" title="Maria Filotti Theatre">Brăila State Theater</a>—inviting literary figures such as <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Piru" title="Alexandru Piru">Alexandru Piru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ion_B%C4%83ie%C8%99u" title="Ion Băieșu">Ion Băieșu</a>, <a href="/wiki/F%C4%83nu%C8%99_Neagu" title="Fănuș Neagu">Fănuș Neagu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adrian_P%C4%83unescu" title="Adrian Păunescu">Adrian Păunescu</a> to its premiere. As Piru recalled in 1989: "not pursuing any agenda or ambition of her own, she found great pleasure in […] attending the writers' gatherings."<a href="#cite_note-apomagiu-9">[9]</a> In that context, Rădulescu assisted Ceaușescu with his international networking: in 1966, he oversaw the first attempt to <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Romania" title="Nuclear power in Romania">introduce nuclear power</a>, which included prospecting the international markets.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Between 1965 and November 1974, he was Romania's permanent liaison with the Comecon.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In September–October 1968, he prospected trade with <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> by visiting a cluster of countries, from Mexico to Chile; this was followed in 1969 by his goodwill tour of Australia and the <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_ASEAN" title="Member states of ASEAN">ASEAN countries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> In February 1970, at <a href="/wiki/Chevere%C8%99u_Mare" title="Chevereșu Mare">Chevereșu Mare</a>, Rădulescu and <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Romania" title="Prime Minister of Romania">Romanian Premier</a> Maurer hosted a boar-hunting party for international banker <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_de_Rothschild" title="Élie de Rothschild">Élie de Rothschild</a>, after which they discussed business in Bucharest.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> He returned the visit in April, when he was welcomed at the <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_banking_family_of_France" title="Rothschild banking family of France">Rothschild holdings in France</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Ferri%C3%A8res" title="Château de Ferrières">Château de Ferrières</a>; this prepared the ground for a bilateral meeting between Ceaușescu and <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">French President</a> <a href="/wiki/Georges_Pompidou" title="Georges Pompidou">Georges Pompidou</a>, itself a peak in the <a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Romania_relations" title="France–Romania relations">Franco–Romanian detente</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Largely thanks to Rădulescu, Rothschild capital was involved in financing a <a href="/wiki/Bancorex" title="Bancorex">Romanian Bank for Foreign Trade</a>, but the investment was phased out when Romanian authorities became dissatisfied with the Rothschilds' interest rate.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> In late March 1971, Rădulescu led a Romanian delegation to China, in preparation for Ceaușescu's own visit to that country.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FOCR_Z020_Ceau%C8%99escu,_Maurer_and_R%C4%83dulescu_at_the_Comecom_Summit,_Moscow,_1969-04-23.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/FOCR_Z020_Ceau%C8%99escu%2C_Maurer_and_R%C4%83dulescu_at_the_Comecom_Summit%2C_Moscow%2C_1969-04-23.png/370px-FOCR_Z020_Ceau%C8%99escu%2C_Maurer_and_R%C4%83dulescu_at_the_Comecom_Summit%2C_Moscow%2C_1969-04-23.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="394" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/FOCR_Z020_Ceau%C8%99escu%2C_Maurer_and_R%C4%83dulescu_at_the_Comecom_Summit%2C_Moscow%2C_1969-04-23.png/555px-FOCR_Z020_Ceau%C8%99escu%2C_Maurer_and_R%C4%83dulescu_at_the_Comecom_Summit%2C_Moscow%2C_1969-04-23.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/FOCR_Z020_Ceau%C8%99escu%2C_Maurer_and_R%C4%83dulescu_at_the_Comecom_Summit%2C_Moscow%2C_1969-04-23.png/740px-FOCR_Z020_Ceau%C8%99escu%2C_Maurer_and_R%C4%83dulescu_at_the_Comecom_Summit%2C_Moscow%2C_1969-04-23.png 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="958" /></a><figcaption>Romanian delegation at the <a href="/wiki/Comecom" class="mw-redirect" title="Comecom">Comecom</a> Summit, <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, on 23 April 1969. From the right: <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ion_Gheorghe_Maurer" title="Ion Gheorghe Maurer">Ion Gheorghe Maurer</a>, Rădulescu</figcaption></figure> Andrei recounts that Ceaușescu "didn't trust Rădulescu, but needed him."<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Also according to Andrei, Rădulescu himself "never criticized Ceaușescu during sessions", but, as member of the interwar underground, he could approach the party leader informally, outside meetings, and provide him with notes on the less glamorous aspects of economic life.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> From 1974, he had to abide by Ceaușescu's orders as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Romania" title="President of Romania">President of Romania</a>, namely that all public functionaries use their birth names, and began signing himself as "Gheorghe Rădulescu" (other figures affected were Constantinescu-Iași and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Niculescu-Mizil" title="Paul Niculescu-Mizil">Paul Niculescu-Mizil</a>, who used <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">demonyms</a> in their surnames).<a href="#cite_note-bodor-2">[2]</a> Rădulescu's ascent was consecrated on 28 November of that year,<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> when he became a member of the reorganized Politburo, or "Executive Political Committee" (CPEx), being the only one of its members to have received a <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">postgraduate education</a> before the onset of communism.<a href="#cite_note-lbcomana-5">[5]</a> He served there uninterruptedly, to 22 December 1989.<a href="#cite_note-lbpatronul-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Rădulescu was returned to the MAN in the <a href="/wiki/1969_Romanian_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 Romanian legislative election">March 1969</a> and <a href="/wiki/1975_Romanian_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1975 Romanian legislative election">March 1975 elections</a>, both times at <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Romania" title="Alexandria, Romania">Alexandria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> He held various other positions in executive or advisory bodies, including as inaugural chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Audit_(Romania)" title="Court of Audit (Romania)">Higher Court of Financial Control</a> (22 May 1973–December 22, 1989);<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> he is seen by the Court's staff of economists as their founding figure.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> As argued by scholar Constantin Petrescu, Rădulescu personally invented the institution to ensure his own survival upon Maurer's relative marginalization—and also to provide Ceaușescu with "leverage" over "the structures of party and state."<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Rădulescu was again Deputy Prime Minister in 18 March 1975–March 19, 1979, taking over as Vice President of the Supreme Council of Economic and Social Development (20 March 1979) after which he joined the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_Romania" title="State Council of Romania">State Council</a> (2 April 1979–December 22, 1989).<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> From 25 January 1977, he also served as a member of the CPEx "Permanent Bureau", a 15-member panel which exercised direct control over government bodies; he preserved this position in 1984, when the Bureau membership was slashed to just 8 members.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Though critical of what he called (in 1974) "an inflationary phenomenon of decorations",<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Rădulescu himself accepted a number of high distinctions. In 1964, his membership in the Star of Romania was elevated to First Class (reconfirmed in 1984); he was also received into the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Tudor_Vladimirescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Order of Tudor Vladimirescu (page does not exist)">Order of Tudor Vladimirescu</a>, First Class (1966), and recognized as a Hero of Socialist Labor in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-lbcomana-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> He also had scholarly recognition, being inducted on the PCR's Academy for Social and Political Studies.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> He continued to participate in MAN elections: <a href="/wiki/1980_Romanian_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1980 Romanian legislative election">in March 1980</a>, he took a seat for <a href="/wiki/Buz%C4%83u" title="Buzău">Buzău</a>, and, <a href="/wiki/1985_Romanian_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1985 Romanian legislative election">in March 1985</a>, began his final term, at <a href="/wiki/G%C4%83e%C8%99ti" title="Găești">Găești</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patronage_and_liberalism">Patronage and liberalism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gogu_R%C4%83dulescu&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Patronage and liberalism">edit</a>]</div> At this stage of his life, Rădulescu earned the reputation of a liberal-minded intellectual who protected and sponsored nonconformist writers and visual artists. In 1969, persuaded by his former schoolmate <a href="/wiki/Gellu_Naum" title="Gellu Naum">Gellu Naum</a>,<a href="#cite_note-cenacliștii-61">[61]</a> Rădulescu bought a vacation home in <a href="/wiki/Comana,_Giurgiu" title="Comana, Giurgiu">Comana</a>, south of Bucharest. Here, he was neighbors with Naum, as well as with essayist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romulus_Rusan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romulus Rusan (page does not exist)">Romulus Rusan</a> and poet <a href="/wiki/Ana_Blandiana" title="Ana Blandiana">Ana Blandiana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rrmemoria-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-cenacliștii-61">[61]</a> According to literary scholar and memoirist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrian_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adrian Marino (page does not exist)">Adrian Marino</a>, both Rusan and Blandiana used their informal connections with Rădulescu to obtain a approval for a stay in the United States, with scholarships provided by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Iowa" title="University of Iowa">University of Iowa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The Comana villa and another such property, located at <a href="/wiki/Neptun,_Romania" title="Neptun, Romania">Neptun</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Black_Sea_resorts" title="Romanian Black Sea resorts">Romanian Riviera</a>, were seen as obligatory stops for those who wished to ascend into the national patrimony;<a href="#cite_note-lbpatronul-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-cenacliștii-61">[61]</a> especially in old age, Rădulescu additionally hosted intellectuals at his Bucharest home, located in <a href="/wiki/Grivi%C8%9Ba" title="Grivița">Grivița</a>, near Filantropia Market.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Anti-communist dissident and political scientist <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Andreescu" title="Gabriel Andreescu">Gabriel Andreescu</a> notes that Rădulescu is part of a "<a href="/wiki/Bovarysme" title="Bovarysme">Bovaryste</a>" trend in PCR circles of power, with dignitaries who discovered a late passion for the arts. Other examples mentioned by him include Andrei, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornel_Burtic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cornel Burtică (page does not exist)">Cornel Burtică</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ion_Iliescu" title="Ion Iliescu">Ion Iliescu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dumitru_Popescu-Dumnezeu" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumitru Popescu-Dumnezeu">Dumitru Popescu-Dumnezeu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Zaciu reports that guests were looking for "a sort of unwinding", and that Rădulescu was a "man of good faith", if "rather conservative when it came to artistic matters". His Soviet imprisonment had showed him "the true face of communism", even though he continued to play the part.<a href="#cite_note-mzocult-90">[90]</a> A memoir by editor Nicolae Gheran claims that writers were usually discreet about their meetings with the potentate, but that the PCR's cadres and the Securitate were informed in detail, and spread gossip. According to Gheran, Rădulescu's meetings with Ornea were reported on by <a href="/wiki/L%C4%83utari" title="Lăutari">Lăutari</a> performers, whom "Gogu […] likes to have around to sing him the blues."<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Zaciu recounts that while in Comana, Rădulescu made secret gestures to transmit messages critical of the President and of his <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Romania" title="First Lady of Romania">First Lady</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elena_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Elena Ceaușescu">Elena Ceaușescu</a>, possibly because he feared, or knew, that his home had been <a href="/wiki/Covert_listening_device" title="Covert listening device">bugged</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mzocult-90">[90]</a> The same is recounted by a novelist friend, <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Buzura" title="Augustin Buzura">Augustin Buzura</a>: "he took a whiskey bottle and we climbed up to the attic […]. His house was all-electronic, everything was being recorded—or so he claimed. […] On that first night, he spoke to me about the history of the workers' movement, just about every bit of truth about the workers' movement, about how he had engaged with it […] He wanted me to function as a sort of living memory of his".<a href="#cite_note-lbcomana-5">[5]</a> According to Cernescu: "Gogu Rădulescu was a remarkable man, who had wandered off into a crooked ideology. […] With the passage of time, and especially after Mrs Dorina's death, Gogu had turned into a solitary figure, terrified by all things taking place around him, and, when he had something important to say to me, he would take me to the kitchen, turn on the water, and then whisper whatever he had on his mind."<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> According to sociologist <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a>, Rădulescu feigned dissidence when he was with his artists and writers, to the point of pretending to be drunk so that he and they could be free to mock Ceaușescu; in any other context, however, he was "one of [Ceaușescu's] most servile propagandists", fully endorsing the <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu's cult of personality">emerging personality cult</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> On the leader's 68th birthday (24 January 1986), he contributed a <a href="/wiki/Sc%C3%AEnteia" title="Scînteia">Scînteia</a> article which falsified party records, claiming that he had personally witnessed Ceaușescu leading an "anti-fascist and anti-war rally" in 1939.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Betea highlights his role in respect to the other half of the ruling couple: "Elena Ceaușescu treasured him quite a lot for his courteousness, his flattery, his obedience, which he would display whenever given the chance."<a href="#cite_note-cenacliștii-61">[61]</a> As noted by poet and memoirist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Dan_Fruntelat%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolae Dan Fruntelată (page does not exist)">Nicolae Dan Fruntelată</a>, Rădulescu, the communist "<a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">bonze</a>", was especially involved in promoting the First Lady, to the point of becoming her "mentor". Fruntelată highlights the contradictions emerging from this positioning: "he brought together in Comana commune, where he owned a villa, all the dissident writers and had them present for colloquiums and for other things I can't be sure of in his grand living-room bed, and then he would head to see 'Comrade Elena' to defend his cubs".<a href="#cite_note-fruntelată-125">[125]</a> Tismăneanu observes, however, that Rădulescu was genuinely frustrated that his positions remained largely ceremonial, and that Ceaușescu had centralized power beyond any known precedent.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> In 1979, he and his circle of artistic friends were threatened by Ceaușescu's promise to ban urbanite Romanians from owning homes in the countryside—as Rusan notes, the project was abandoned not by Rădulescu's resistance, but rather because the PCR leadership found out it would also affect miner communities on the <a href="/wiki/Jiu_Valley" title="Jiu Valley">Jiu Valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rrmemoria-7">[7]</a> Essayist <a href="/wiki/Norman_Manea" title="Norman Manea">Norman Manea</a> noted that the radicalization of national-communism during the late 1970s, which veered into rehabilitating figures previously noted as members of sympathizers of the Iron Guard, was hampered by the high status still maintained by interwar militants such as Rădulescu.<a href="#cite_note-manea-46">[46]</a> At that stage, literary comparatist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelu_Ionescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gelu Ionescu (page does not exist)">Gelu Ionescu</a> found that he was unable to publish his monograph on the exile writer <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco">Eugène Ionesco</a>, being told by <a href="/wiki/Cartea_Rom%C3%A2neasc%C4%83" title="Cartea Românească">Cartea Românească</a> publishers that Ionesco, an anti-totalitarian, "has the habit of cussing us [Romanians]".<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> He asked Rădulescu's friend and neighbor, the film chronicler Henry Dona, to plead his case. Rădulescu promised to use his influence, and apparently obtained some sympathy for Ionescu—though the book was never published under communism.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Rădulescu also tried, but similarly failed, to obtain imprimatur for Zaciu's biographical dictionary of <a href="/wiki/Romanian_literature" title="Romanian literature">Romanian literature</a>, which included entries not vetted by censorship.<a href="#cite_note-mzocult-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> By 1984, the Securitate was monitoring Rădulescu's networking with the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Writers%27_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Writers' Union">Romanian Writers' Union</a> (USR) and its magazine, <a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nia_Literar%C4%83" title="România Literară">România Literară</a>—with its editors, <a href="/wiki/George_Iva%C8%99cu" title="George Ivașcu">George Ivașcu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Manolescu" title="Nicolae Manolescu">Nicolae Manolescu</a>, seen as members of the Rădulescu circle of liberals. An informant credited as "Romulus" alleged that Rădulescu's wife, despite being "sub-mediocre" as a writer, had been a "wheeler and dealer" at the USR, and that Gogu himself was describing Manolescu and the others as "my boys".<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> In a 2002 letter discussing Manolescu and his "protectors", poet <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Mu%C8%99ina" title="Alexandru Mușina">Alexandru Mușina</a> sees Ivașcu and Rădulescu, both of whom had a background in communist journalism, as essentially belonging to a "left-wing bourgeoisie". They "upheld in the young critic [Manolescu] not just value and competence [,], but also the continuity of a certain spirit that had formed them as well, which they had betrayed (whether voluntarily or otherwise), to emerge as prisoners of their own betrayal."<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protochronism_and_austerity_debates">Protochronism and austerity debates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gogu_R%C4%83dulescu&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Protochronism and austerity debates">edit</a>]</div> In 1977, Rădulescu, alongside Niculescu-Mizil, <a href="/wiki/Leonte_R%C4%83utu" title="Leonte Răutu">Leonte Răutu</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Voitec" title="Ștefan Voitec">Ștefan Voitec</a>, served on the preparatory committee for the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_Historical_Sciences" title="International Committee of Historical Sciences">15th International Congress of Historical Sciences</a>, which was ultimately held in Bucharest in 1980; Ceaușescu used this venue for popularizing the ideology of "<a href="/wiki/Dacianism" title="Dacianism">Protochronism</a>"—a belief in the primordial nature of Romanian civilization, linked to the a revisionist history of <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Ancient Dacia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Over the following years, Rădulescu became a public critic of the Protochronist tenets. On 16 October 1986, România Literară hosted his piece, Profesorii mei de limba și literatura română ("My Teachers of Romanian Language and Literature"), which specifically referred to the interwar thinkers <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Lovinescu" title="Eugen Lovinescu">Eugen Lovinescu</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Zeletin" title="Ștefan Zeletin">Ștefan Zeletin</a>, both of whom had championed Romania's complete <a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Profesorii mei was formulated as an attack on Protochronism and the extremes of national-communism. Against this ideology, Rădulescu upheld his version of <a href="/wiki/European_values" title="European values">European values</a>, noting that the Protochronism "dissolves us, a <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Romanians" title="Origin of the Romanians">Latin-origin</a> European people, into an amorphous and scattered mass."<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Literary historian Florin Mihăilescu reads this as a discreetly <a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Soviet">anti-Soviet</a> discourse, since Rădulescu seemingly argued that isolation from Europe was the same as leaving Romania to be incorporated by a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Empire">Soviet Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> The piece endures as controversial because it alleged that the Phrotochronist doyen, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Papu" title="Edgar Papu">Edgar Papu</a>, was covertly participating the far-right's rehabilitation.<a href="#cite_note-fruntelată-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> According to Fruntelată, România Literară tactically published the Rădulescu piece alongside a praise of Popescu-Dumnezeu, the head of censorship. This persuaded the censors to prevent a Protochronist rebuttal in <a href="/wiki/Luceaf%C4%83rul_(magazine)" title="Luceafărul (magazine)">Luceafărul</a> magazine from even appearing in print.<a href="#cite_note-fruntelată-125">[125]</a> Instead, Profesorii mei was polemically addressed in the diaspora by <a href="/wiki/Iosif_Constantin_Dr%C4%83gan" title="Iosif Constantin Drăgan">Iosif Constantin Drăgan</a>, who republished it in a brochure form, alongside answers by Protochronists such as himself, Papu, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mihai_Ungheanu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mihai Ungheanu (page does not exist)">Mihai Ungheanu</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dan_Zamfirescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dan Zamfirescu (page does not exist)">Dan Zamfirescu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Though identified by this group as a major curb on its influence, Rădulescu's article is seen by Manolescu as a belated contribution to the polemic, which had begun in 1977.<a href="#cite_note-nmizantisemit-138">[138]</a> Țoiu notes the limits of such liberal stances, claiming that, when he published his novel Căderea în lume in 1987, his friend Rădulescu attempted to have it banned for its less-than-critical take on the Iron Guard.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Marino, who was attempting to publish works of exegesis on <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a>, recounts being frustrated in this attempt by "the old communists, the kind that includes Gogu Rădulescu, […] who were scandalized by [Eliade's] recovery"; Marino confesses that he won unexpected support from the Securitate, which was interested in courting Eliade.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> An attempt by literary historian <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Simion" title="Eugen Simion">Eugen Simion</a> to publish a corpus of Eliade's prose was met with Rădulescu's stiff opposition. According to Simion: "[Eliade] had a great and incorruptible enemy in the Romanian Communist Party leadership, namely Gogu Rădulescu, who was in fact a cultured man, with many sympathies in cultural life. He simply could not forgive Eliade for some statement [Eliade] had made back in the thirties. […] his idiosyncrasies were hardened and nonredeemable."<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Editor Mircea Handoca also argues that Rădulescu and <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%98tefan_Voicu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ștefan Voicu (page does not exist)">Ștefan Voicu</a> were personally responsible for maintaining a ban on Eliade's work, only allowing a "brief notice" to appear upon Eliade's death in April 1986.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> At that stage, Ceaușescu had imposed a <a href="/wiki/1980s_austerity_policy_in_Romania" title="1980s austerity policy in Romania">years-long austerity policy</a>, also demanding frugality from the members of his inner circle. According to Andrei, the General Secretary was almost public in his criticism of Rădulescu and <a href="/wiki/Constantin_D%C4%83sc%C4%83lescu" title="Constantin Dăscălescu">Constantin Dăscălescu</a>, who were visibly overweight; Ceaușescu "even said during a CPEx meeting that more people die in Romania from eating too much, than from eating too little."<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> The austerity policy was largely caused by Ceaușescu's efforts to pay off <a href="/wiki/Foreign_debt_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Foreign debt of the Socialist Republic of Romania">Socialist Romania's foreign debt</a>. The policy was resented by both Andrei and Rădulescu; according to Andrei, <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">US Vice President</a> <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, who visited Romania in 1983, personally met with Rădulescu to offer cheap loans through the <a href="/wiki/Commodity_Credit_Corporation" title="Commodity Credit Corporation">Commodity Credit Corporation</a>. Ceaușescu was informed of this, but refused, noting that the loans would have exposed Romania to <a href="/wiki/Foreign_interventions_by_the_United_States" title="Foreign interventions by the United States">US interventionism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Rădulescu ultimately folded within the austerity policy and, with his position at the High Court of Financial Control, prevented ministries involved in litigation abroad from paying their lawyers without his approval. This was to the annoyance of Andrei, who had taken over as Minister of Foreign Trade, and who could cover the cost of a <a href="/wiki/Class_action" title="Class action">class action</a> lawsuit opened in the US against a Romanian state company.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> The Comana gatherings were especially alarming for the Securitate whenever they featured Constantinovski, who was again visiting from the Soviet Union, where he had become an enthusiast of the <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a>—its liberalism being unpalatable to PCR hardliners.<a href="#cite_note-cenacliștii-61">[61]</a> In 1985, when poet <a href="/wiki/Nina_Cassian" title="Nina Cassian">Nina Cassian</a> left the country to settle in America, Rădulescu preserved her book collection in his attic.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> In 1989, the Securitate began investigating rumors that, also at Comana, Rădulescu (granted the code name "Marcel") was creating an alliance of Ceaușescu rivals, with Niculescu-Mizil, Andrei, and <a href="/wiki/Ion_Dinc%C4%83" title="Ion Dincă">Ion Dincă</a> as the other participants, readying to take over in a potential regime change.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> According to Buzura, his friend did not yet believe that communism itself was <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">coming to an end</a>, not even, during November, when Buzura informed him about his personal experience of watching the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">fall of the Berlin Wall</a>. They engaged in a heated debate: Buzura encouraged him to either withdraw from public life before being overtaken by the coming events, or to publicly engage in resisting Ceaușescu. Buzura notes: "[Rădulescu] yelled at me and said 'you make sure how you go about how you handle yourself, because, if things really are changing, I'll be able to prove for myself what things I have done'. And then he stayed mad."<a href="#cite_note-lbcomana-5">[5]</a> As noted by Tismăneanu, Rădulescu was at the time the only "old-guard" member of the PCR to have still maintained a position of influence;<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Zaciu also writes that Rădulescu was still useful, if "slightly marginalized", because he still offered Marxist credentials to the PCR, a "party of nationalist-fascist trappings."<a href="#cite_note-mzocult-90">[90]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elena_Ceau%C8%99escu,_Manea_M%C4%83nescu,_Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu,_%C8%98tefan_Voitec,_Cornel_Burtic%C4%83,_Gogu_R%C4%83dulescu,_Dumitru_Popescu-Dumnezeu_at_the_National_Conference_of_Writers,_Bucharest,_1977-05-26.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Elena_Ceau%C8%99escu%2C_Manea_M%C4%83nescu%2C_Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu%2C_%C8%98tefan_Voitec%2C_Cornel_Burtic%C4%83%2C_Gogu_R%C4%83dulescu%2C_Dumitru_Popescu-Dumnezeu_at_the_National_Conference_of_Writers%2C_Bucharest%2C_1977-05-26.png/500px-thumbnail.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Elena_Ceau%C8%99escu%2C_Manea_M%C4%83nescu%2C_Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu%2C_%C8%98tefan_Voitec%2C_Cornel_Burtic%C4%83%2C_Gogu_R%C4%83dulescu%2C_Dumitru_Popescu-Dumnezeu_at_the_National_Conference_of_Writers%2C_Bucharest%2C_1977-05-26.png/750px-thumbnail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Elena_Ceau%C8%99escu%2C_Manea_M%C4%83nescu%2C_Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu%2C_%C8%98tefan_Voitec%2C_Cornel_Burtic%C4%83%2C_Gogu_R%C4%83dulescu%2C_Dumitru_Popescu-Dumnezeu_at_the_National_Conference_of_Writers%2C_Bucharest%2C_1977-05-26.png/1000px-thumbnail.png 2x" data-file-width="1323" data-file-height="784" /></a><figcaption>Presidium of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Writers%27_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Writers' Union">Romanian Writers' Union</a> National Conference of Writers, May 1977. Front row, from the left: <a href="/wiki/Elena_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Elena Ceaușescu">Elena Ceaușescu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manea_M%C4%83nescu" title="Manea Mănescu">Manea Mănescu</a>, President Ceaușescu, <a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Voitec" title="Ștefan Voitec">Ștefan Voitec</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornel_Burtic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cornel Burtică (page does not exist)">Cornel Burtică</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dumitru_Popescu-Dumnezeu" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumitru Popescu-Dumnezeu">Dumitru Popescu-Dumnezeu</a>; Rădulescu is partly visible, between Burtică and Popescu-Dumnezeu</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Downfall,_prosecution,_and_death">Downfall, prosecution, and death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gogu_R%C4%83dulescu&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Downfall, prosecution, and death">edit</a>]</div> Ceaușescu's fall was ultimately sealed by an <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution_of_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution of 1989">anti-communist uprising in mid December 1989</a>, which put an end to Rădulescu's remaining political offices. The revolt began as a large-scale protest in Timișoara, which Ceaușescu, preparing to leave for Iran, wanted to quickly repress; during a conference on 17 December, the CPEx was asked to weigh in. According to a sworn testimony provided in 1996 by a junior Committee member, Mihály Gere, Rădulescu and Dăscălescu were part of a minority of members who asked that the protest be dealt with peacefully.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Angered by the perceived inaction of his ministers <a href="/wiki/Vasile_Milea" title="Vasile Milea">Vasile Milea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defence_(Romania)" title="Ministry of National Defence (Romania)">National Defense</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Tudor_Postelnicu" title="Tudor Postelnicu">Tudor Postelnicu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Romania)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Romania)">Internal Affairs</a>), Ceaușescu asked the CPEx to demote them.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> The events are hard to reconstruct, due to the <a href="/wiki/Shorthand" title="Shorthand">stenographer</a> present having provided two versions. One is from memory, and suggests that Rădulescu and others stood by Milea, prompting Ceaușescu to threaten resignation until he got his way; the other is done live (but with missing pages), and suggests that Rădulescu and the others more vaguely asked for patience in assessing Milea's case.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> On 20 December, after the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Army of the Socialist Republic of Romania">Romanian Socialist Army</a> had already shot into a crowd of protesters, Rădulescu appeared by Ceaușescu's side during the latter's final address to the Romanian people; those present stood by as Ceaușescu declared <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a>. Allegedly, he was a last-minute replacement for Andrei, who had declined participation.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Țoiu recalls of his friend's showing on that evening: "he seemed to want to tear himself away, to break out of the screen, to run away in terror, though there was no way he could have. His pampering, alas, had eroded even his flair!"<a href="#cite_note-cțtrezit-92">[92]</a> Securitate general <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iulian_Vlad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iulian Vlad (page does not exist)">Iulian Vlad</a> claims that, on the night of 21–22 December, after the shooting of more protesters in Bucharest, he met with Milea at the Central Committee headquarters, where they discussed seizing power from Ceaușescu; this was hours before Milea, who was reportedly troubled by his role in the massacre, killed himself in mysterious circumstances. Rădulescu was reportedly also present for their encounter, but "dozing off in a chair".<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Buzura contrarily notes: "on the night of the Revolution, he called me up to apologize."<a href="#cite_note-lbcomana-5">[5]</a> A violent transition of power, backed by the Army, resulted in the reformist Iliescu and his <a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Romania)" title="National Salvation Front (Romania)">National Salvation Front</a> (FSN) assuming government and initiating a hunt for Ceaușescu and his wife. Before their <a href="/wiki/Trial_and_execution_of_Nicolae_and_Elena_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Trial and execution of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu">capture and execution</a> at <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgovi%C8%99te" title="Târgoviște">Târgoviște</a>, the presidential couple was heard speculating that they owed their demise to "Marcel"—read by Betea as a disguised reference to Rădulescu (a reading in turn described as plausible by Andrei).<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> "During the last week of December 1989",<a href="#cite_note-timonă-155">[155]</a> Rădulescu became aware that he would stand trial for his role in the repression. He wrote his last will, appointing Buzura as his executor. Buzura's main task was to obtain and preserve Rădulescu's memoirs. As noted in 1999 by journalist Radu Mareș, it remains unknown whether the manuscript still exists, and if Buzura ever got hold of it.<a href="#cite_note-timonă-155">[155]</a> Buzura himself recalls that Rădulescu was in fact arrested by the FSN on the month's next-to-last week, on 23 December, shortly after having attempted to address the revolutionary crowds gathered in the Romanian Television building (and narrowly escaping a lynching).<a href="#cite_note-cenacliștii-61">[61]</a> Taken into custody, he was then prepared to stand trial alongside the other CPEx members. Also picked up, Popescu-Dumnezeu recalls reuniting with "Ștefan Andrei and Gogu Rădulescu — both my friends", in the Bucharest office of the general prosecutor. They appeared "relaxed, almost cheerful. But slowly I realized that they were just giving me courage, and under the surface of lightheartedness, a serious restlessness vibrates".<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> All members of this group subsequently faced trial for the crimes of economic sabotage and genocide;<a href="#cite_note-cenacliștii-61">[61]</a> Rădulescu was held in <a href="/wiki/Jilava_Prison" title="Jilava Prison">Jilava Prison</a> alongside Niculescu-Mizil, with whom he reminisced about the Gheorghiu-Dej era.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Tudor Rădulescu, Gogu and Dorina's adoptive son,<a href="#cite_note-lbcomana-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-cenacliștii-61">[61]</a> was also being investigated by FSN officials in January 1990: he had served as director at the Institute for Scientific Research and Technological Engineering, and had been accused by his colleagues of being an unqualified profiteer.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> The same month, Rădulescu Sr's arrest prompted a show of protest by thirty-four intellectuals who remembered him mainly as a disinterested protector of their class; signatories included Buzura, Manolescu, Ornea, Rusan, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radu_Cosa%C8%99u&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radu Cosașu (page does not exist)">Radu Cosașu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Dimisianu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabriel Dimisianu (page does not exist)">Gabriel Dimisianu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Dinescu" title="Mircea Dinescu">Mircea Dinescu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dan_Grigore" title="Dan Grigore">Dan Grigore</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dan_H%C4%83ulic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dan Hăulică (page does not exist)">Dan Hăulică</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_Iano%C8%99i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ion Ianoși (page does not exist)">Ion Ianoși</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dan_C._Mih%C4%83ilescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dan C. Mihăilescu (page does not exist)">Dan C. Mihăilescu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Paleologu" title="Alexandru Paleologu">Alexandru Paleologu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cristian_Popi%C8%99teanu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cristian Popișteanu (page does not exist)">Cristian Popișteanu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marin_Sorescu" title="Marin Sorescu">Marin Sorescu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Granted a separate trial from the CPEx lot due to his poor health,<a href="#cite_note-cenacliștii-61">[61]</a> Rădulescu had received a 90-day parole before 29 September, when he gave an interview to <a href="/wiki/Adrian_P%C4%83unescu" title="Adrian Păunescu">Adrian Păunescu</a> in Totuși Iubirea magazine.<a href="#cite_note-entomolog-160">[160]</a> By then, he had been evicted from his domicile, to accommodate General Ion Diamandescu, and had been taken in by another family.<a href="#cite_note-cenacliștii-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-entomolog-160">[160]</a> As argued by journalist Tudorel Urian, Rădulescu had been "forgotten and avoided by all those to whom he had once extended his hand."<a href="#cite_note-tulacebun-161">[161]</a> Rădulescu himself noted that Buzura, who had been included on the FSN panel,<a href="#cite_note-cenacliștii-61">[61]</a> was the only friend who still reciprocated for favors provided during the communist era.<a href="#cite_note-entomolog-160">[160]</a> As early as 1981, Rădulescu was being monitored by doctors for <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">coronary artery disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chronic_bronchitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic bronchitis">chronic bronchitis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lbcomana-5">[5]</a> In October 1990, he checked himself into <a href="/wiki/Berceni,_Bucharest" title="Berceni, Bucharest">Berceni</a>'s Marinescu Hospital, where he was diagnosed with eight separate conditions. He was heavily sedated and on <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">antidepressants</a>, making him unfit to stand trial.<a href="#cite_note-cenacliștii-61">[61]</a> Buzura later clarified that this was a deliberate attempt to make Rădulescu look senile, but that the patient was actually becoming senile due to neglect.<a href="#cite_note-cenacliștii-61">[61]</a> Cernescu records that he once drove Rădulescu for another visit to the prosecutor's office, as "the last image I have of him."<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> His trial at Bucharest's military tribunal was suspended indefinitely on 6 December 1990,<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> reportedly after Manolescu and Ornea had obtained a reprieve.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-nmizantisemit-138">[138]</a> Though not Jewish, he was taken in by a <a href="/wiki/Nursing_home" title="Nursing home">nursing home</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_the_Jewish_Communities_in_Romania" title="Federation of the Jewish Communities in Romania">Jewish Communities Federation</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Bucure%C8%99tii_Noi" title="Bucureștii Noi">Bucureștii Noi</a>; Manolescu and Ornea had arranged for his reception.<a href="#cite_note-nmizantisemit-138">[138]</a> He died on 24 May 1991<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> in that facility, while under specialized care;<a href="#cite_note-cenacliștii-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> according to Cernescu, he had spent his final days "with his mind gone, deserted by all, not even aware of where he was."<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> It is known that he was survived by his adoptive son and grandson, the latter of whom emigrated to France.<a href="#cite_note-cenacliștii-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gogu_R%C4%83dulescu&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> A thinly disguised depiction of Gogu Rădulescu as "Gore, a young revolutionary of communist convictions" appears in his wife's 1973 novel Vîrtej ("Whirlwind"); he is also referred to as "my left eye, my right hand, and my left heart entirely" in her 1982 book of poems, Ancora ("The Anchor").<a href="#cite_note-ghiță-13">[13]</a> In 2010, a street in Comana had been named after Rădulescu—making him and Milea the only 1980s nomenklatura figures to benefit from such a treatment in post-1989 society.<a href="#cite_note-cenacliștii-61">[61]</a> The Higher Court of Financial Control was reestablished in 1992, as Curtea de Conturi, with Ioan Bogdan as its inaugural chairman.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> Rădulescu's public image and legacy have endured as topics of controversy in the decades after his death. During 1998, a debate between <a href="/wiki/Michael_Shafir" title="Michael Shafir">Michael Shafir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dorin_Tudoran" title="Dorin Tudoran">Dorin Tudoran</a> aimed to distinguish between philosopher <a href="/wiki/Ion_Petrovici" title="Ion Petrovici">Ion Petrovici</a>, who had served in the Antonescu government, and Rădulescu, as a communist politico. Shafir launched the debate by arguing that the two men were of identically poor quality; this was disputed by Tudoran, who viewed Petrovici as more honorable, and who noted that Shafir had previously commended Rădulescu for his anti-fascism.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Revisiting the issue in 2002, poet and critic <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gheorghe_Grigurcu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gheorghe Grigurcu (page does not exist)">Gheorghe Grigurcu</a> noted: "We have every reason to believe that the regime tolerated, even encouraged, an 'opposition of the coffeehouses', a neutered 'dissidence', which was obviously of little use, but which 'made us look good' abroad as evidence of our 'democracy', and appeared internally as a vent for grievances that were spinning out control. Represented by characters with a first-rate "<a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist realism in Romania">socialist-realist</a>' past, including the likes of <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Jebeleanu" title="Eugen Jebeleanu">Eugen Jebeleanu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geo_Bogza" title="Geo Bogza">Geo Bogza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marin_Preda" title="Marin Preda">Marin Preda</a> (not by chance were they joined by high-ranking activists such as <a href="/wiki/George_Macovescu" title="George Macovescu">George Macovescu</a> and Gogu Rădulescu), such 'opposition' was designed as a substitute for true resistance, a <a href="/wiki/Nechezol" title="Nechezol">nechezol</a> to its coffee."<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> In 2003, Buzura presented his take on Rădulescu's moral biography with a book of memoirs, Tentația risipirii. Urian praised the work as an act of justice: "That Augustin Buzura has invested himself in such an act of decency, one which will bring him no profit, is yet again proof that the writer is a man of quality."<a href="#cite_note-tulacebun-161">[161]</a> Published the same year, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelu_Ionescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gelu Ionescu (page does not exist)">Gelu Ionescu</a>'s memoirs offered a contrasting take. He sees Rădulescu as "one of the most cynical functionaries that the party could muster [...]. This nonentity—whose one merit was getting beaten up by the Guardists for being a communist—had been cultivating scores of genuine writers [...], calling them up to his table as if in some sort of 'court', and helping them to solve, on and off, this and that issue that never threatened his own privilege and the party-and-state hierarchy; all this for the sake of an ideal 'leftism', long-since buried under the manure of communist-Ceaușescuist totalitarianism".<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> In a 2005 article, Betea noted: "[Rădulescu] has been rewarded by those of his guests who were not initiated into how they should read his biography with the reputation (still kept alive today!) of an 'enlightened activist', a protector of writers, essayists, singers and actors alike."<a href="#cite_note-lbpatronul-4">[4]</a> In 2012, poet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Florin_Iaru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Florin Iaru (page does not exist)">Florin Iaru</a>, who had not been a Comana visitor, replicated the positive view of his peers: "Gogu Rădulescu was the only slightly luminous figure among the leaders of socialist Romania, the only one to have extended some protection to the writers."<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Other controversies focus on the allegedly covert nature of Comana gatherings and Rădulescu's putative influence over the pre- and post-revolutionary regimes. In the decade after poet <a href="/wiki/Nichita_St%C4%83nescu" title="Nichita Stănescu">Nichita Stănescu</a>'s death, his mother Maria grew convinced that the Comana circle had fostered the intention of controlling her son. She claims that Dora Tărâță, who seduced Nichita and became his second wife, was planted into his entourage by Rădulescu.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> In January 1993, the Romanian newspaper of record, <a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nia_Liber%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="România Liberă">România Liberă</a>, hosted an opinion signed as "R. M.", which stated as a fact that Rădulescu had used his influence with Ceaușescu in order to accelerate the Revolution's outcome—namely, that it was he who talked Ceaușescu into organizing an ill-fated "people's rally" of 21 December, in which almost 100 thousand workers were mustered only to watch him panic. The article further claimed that a "foreign power", presumably the Soviet Union, had mandated Rădulescu to do so.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Researcher Richard Andrew Hall disputes this theory, noting that Ceaușescu most likely wanted to have the rally, and that the CPEx would not contradict him.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> According to Betea, the Comana surveillance records have been removed from the Securitate archives, as part of a "cleanup" operation carried out at some point before 2010;<a href="#cite_note-cenacliștii-61">[61]</a> literary historian <a href="/wiki/Maria-Ana_Tupan" title="Maria-Ana Tupan">Maria-Ana Tupan</a> also argues that, by 2015, some recordings of Ceaușescu's martial-law speech had been digitally altered to have Rădulescu removed from the background.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> With recollections published in 2013–2014, Fruntelată revisited the Protochonist affair, arguing that Rădulescu's assessment of the intellectual trend was mendacious, especially by implying that Protochronism was antisemitic. In his view, "Saint Gogu" was primarily an intriguer, whose circle of influence was the Romanian equivalent of <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_Due" title="Propaganda Due">Propaganda Due</a>, and who had "rehearsed methods of political and literary combat" that were eventually used by the FSN, in lieu of an ideology.<a href="#cite_note-fruntelată-125">[125]</a> In 2016, <a href="/wiki/Lumea" title="Lumea">Lumea</a> magazine put out a piece by General Aurel Rogojan, who declared his own support for Protochronism and identified Rădulescu as an agent of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a>, who had managed to escape being purged by the national-communists, and whose "Comana cell" of "Jewish intellectuals" was a vehicle for <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">proletarian internationalism</a>. Such claims were rejected by Manolescu, who noted their various inaccuracies and overall "whiff of antisemitism".<a href="#cite_note-nmizantisemit-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gogu_R%C4%83dulescu&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Banu & Banu, p. 246; Dobre et al., p. 505; Petrescu, p. 147 </li> <li id="cite_note-bodor-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bodor_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bodor_2-1">b</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A1l_Bodor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pál Bodor (page does not exist)">Pál Bodor</a>, "Egy portré — és rövid története (II.) Tegnapi, titkos segítők", in <a href="/wiki/Magyar_Nemzet" title="Magyar Nemzet">Magyar Nemzet</a>, 23 July 1990, p. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Tănase (2010), p. 91 </li> <li id="cite_note-lbpatronul-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lbpatronul_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbpatronul_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbpatronul_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbpatronul_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbpatronul_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbpatronul_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbpatronul_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbpatronul_4-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbpatronul_4-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbpatronul_4-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbpatronul_4-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbpatronul_4-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbpatronul_4-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbpatronul_4-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbpatronul_4-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbpatronul_4-15">p</a> (in Romanian) Lavinia Betea, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170418162234/https://jurnalul.ro/scinteia/istoria-comunismului/gogu-patronul-artelor-37854.html">"Gogu – patronul artelor"</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Jurnalul_Na%C8%9Bional" title="Jurnalul Național">Jurnalul Național</a>, 6 September 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-lbcomana-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lbcomana_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbcomana_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbcomana_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbcomana_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbcomana_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbcomana_5-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbcomana_5-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbcomana_5-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbcomana_5-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbcomana_5-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbcomana_5-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbcomana_5-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbcomana_5-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbcomana_5-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbcomana_5-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbcomana_5-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbcomana_5-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbcomana_5-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbcomana_5-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbcomana_5-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbcomana_5-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbcomana_5-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbcomana_5-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbcomana_5-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbcomana_5-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbcomana_5-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbcomana_5-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbcomana_5-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbcomana_5-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbcomana_5-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbcomana_5-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbcomana_5-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbcomana_5-32">ag</a> (in Romanian) Lavinia Betea, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015932/https://jurnalul.ro/special-jurnalul/gogu-radulescu-patronul-cenaclului-de-la-comana-fragmente-544171.html">"Gogu Rădulescu, patronul 'cenaclului' de la Comana (fragmente)"</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Jurnalul_Na%C8%9Bional" title="Jurnalul Național">Jurnalul Național</a>, 20 May 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Banu & Banu, p. 246; Dobre et al., p. 505 </li> <li id="cite_note-rrmemoria-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rrmemoria_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rrmemoria_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rrmemoria_7-2">c</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romulus_Rusan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romulus Rusan (page does not exist)">Romulus Rusan</a>, "Memoria activă. O lege anulată", in <a href="/wiki/Vatra_(Romanian_magazine)" title="Vatra (Romanian magazine)">Vatra</a>, Issues 600–601, March–April 2021, p. 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Banu & Banu, p. 246; Dobre et al., p. 505 </li> <li id="cite_note-apomagiu-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-apomagiu_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-apomagiu_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-apomagiu_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-apomagiu_9-3">d</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Piru" title="Alexandru Piru">Alexandru Piru</a>, "Un omagiu postum", in <a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nia_Literar%C4%83" title="România Literară">România Literară</a>, Issue 22/1989, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> "Semnal", in <a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nia_Liber%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="România Liberă">România Liberă</a>, 9 December 1978, p. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Dragomirescu, p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Grigore Traian Pop, "Revista de Studii Sociologice și Muncitorești", in <a href="/wiki/Ramuri" title="Ramuri">Ramuri</a>, Issue 5/1981, p. 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-ghiță-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ghiță_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ghiță_13-1">b</a> Marius Ghiță, "Dorina Rădulescu — o viață trăită și retrăită", in <a href="/wiki/Ramuri" title="Ramuri">Ramuri</a>, Issue 9/1983, p. 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-zobraniște-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zobraniște_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-zobraniște_14-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Zigu_Ornea" title="Zigu Ornea">Zigu Ornea</a>, "Confruntări. Tudor Teodorescu-Braniște, romancier", in <a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nia_Literar%C4%83" title="România Literară">România Literară</a>, Issue 9/1985, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Dragomirescu, p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-cptineri-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cptineri_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cptineri_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cptineri_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cptineri_16-3">d</a> Constantin Petculescu, "Lupta revoluționară și democratică a studențimii române. Tineri demni de tinerețea lor", in <a href="/wiki/Magazin_Istoric" title="Magazin Istoric">Magazin Istoric</a>, June 1975, p. 38 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Dragomirescu, passim; Rădulescu, p. 8; Tismăneanu, pp. 99, 303, 320 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Dragomirescu, p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Dragomirescu, p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Dragomirescu, p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Dragomirescu, p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandru_Voitin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandru Voitin (page does not exist)">Alexandru Voitin</a>, "Bicentenar Horia. Soliloc despre Procesul Horia", in Teatrul, Issue 3/1984, pp. 4–5 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Paul Teodorescu, "Pictorul Victor Brauner", in Ateneu, Issue 8/1967, p. 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Pericle_Martinescu" title="Pericle Martinescu">Pericle Martinescu</a>, Jurnal intermitent, pp. 265–266. Constanța: Ex Ponto, 2001. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-8227-21-6" title="Special:BookSources/973-8227-21-6">973-8227-21-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Ion Bîlă, "Lupta revoluționară și democratică a studențimii române. 'Ridicăm aici glasul'", in <a href="/wiki/Magazin_Istoric" title="Magazin Istoric">Magazin Istoric</a>, June 1975, pp. 39–40 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> "Procesul antifasciștilor din Chișinău. Ziua a X-a", in <a href="/wiki/Curentul" title="Curentul">Curentul</a>, 18 March 1936, p. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A1ndor_Cseresny%C3%A9s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sándor Cseresnyés (page does not exist)">Sándor Cseresnyés</a>, "Aki könyvvel védekezett a revolversortűz ellen. Stelescu: Tisztán érzem ma, hogy halálom órája már nincs messze", in Brassói Lapok, 20 July 1936, p. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Gh. I. Ioniță, "Activitatea desfășurată de Comitetele cetățenești pentru revendicări general-democratice (1936–1937)", in Analele Institutului de Istorie a Partidului de lîngă C. C. al P. M. R., Vol. X, Issue 2, 1964, p. 99 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Tănase (2010), p. 92 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Dragomirescu, p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Dragomirescu, p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Dragomirescu, p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Dragomirescu, p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Dragomirescu, p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Tismăneanu, p. 99 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Tismăneanu, p. 320 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Rădulescu, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Dorin_Tudoran" title="Dorin Tudoran">Dorin Tudoran</a>, "Biografia debuturilor. Invitatul nostru, D. I. Suchianu. 'Bătrînețea, acel lucru care nu li se intimplă decît altora!'", in <a href="/wiki/Luceaf%C4%83rul_(magazine)" title="Luceafărul (magazine)">Luceafărul</a>, Vol. XVII, Issue 46, November 1974, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Dobre et al., p. 505; Tănase (2010), p. 92. See also Tismăneanu, p. 197 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Stelian_T%C4%83nase" title="Stelian Tănase">Stelian Tănase</a>, "Arhivele Sfera Politicii. Comsomoliștii", in <a href="/wiki/Sfera_Politicii" title="Sfera Politicii">Sfera Politicii</a>, Vol. XVII, Issue 134, April 2009, pp. 54–55 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Tănase (2010), p. 90 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Tănase (2010), p. 92 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Rădulescu, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> "'Első alkalommal az országban…?' Tallózás Iaca volt belügyminiszter bukása körül", in <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Aj_Kelet" title="Új Kelet">Új Kelet</a>, 25 February 1937, p. 5. See also Tănase (2010), p. 90 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Tănase (2010), p. 90 </li> <li id="cite_note-manea-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-manea_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-manea_46-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Norman_Manea" title="Norman Manea">Norman Manea</a>, "Felix culpa. Mircea Eliade és a román fasizmus", in Magyar Napló, Vol. III, Issue 12, October 1991, p. 36 </li> <li id="cite_note-seb114-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-seb114_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-seb114_47-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Mihail_Sebastian" title="Mihail Sebastian">Mihail Sebastian</a>, Journal, 1935–1944, p. 114. London: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-8388-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-8388-7">0-7126-8388-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Tănase (2010), p. 92 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Rădulescu, p. 8. See also Banu & Banu, p. 246; Dobre et al., p. 505 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Rădulescu, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Dobre et al., p. 505 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Tănase (2010), p. 92 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Rădulescu, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Rădulescu, p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Banu & Banu, p. 246; Dobre et al., p. 505; Tănase (2010), p. 92 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Tănase (2010), pp. 90, 92 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Tănase (2010), pp. 90, 92 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Tismăneanu, p. 303 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Tismăneanu, p. 303 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Andrei & Betea, p. 41 </li> <li id="cite_note-cenacliștii-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cenacliștii_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cenacliștii_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cenacliștii_61-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cenacliștii_61-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cenacliștii_61-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cenacliștii_61-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cenacliștii_61-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cenacliștii_61-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cenacliștii_61-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cenacliștii_61-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cenacliștii_61-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cenacliștii_61-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cenacliștii_61-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cenacliștii_61-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cenacliștii_61-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cenacliștii_61-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cenacliștii_61-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cenacliștii_61-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cenacliștii_61-18">s</a> (in Romanian) Lavinia Betea, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308014505/https://jurnalul.ro/special-jurnalul/cenaclistii-de-la-comana-ajunsesera-sus-iar-patronul-lor-la-spitalul-9-544050.html">"Cenacliștii de la Comana ajunseseră 'sus', iar patronul lor — la Spitalul 9"</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Jurnalul_Na%C8%9Bional" title="Jurnalul Național">Jurnalul Național</a>, 19 May 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Tănase (2010), p. 92 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Banu & Banu, p. 246; Dobre et al., p. 505 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Dobre et al., p. 506 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Dobre et al., pp. 505, 506. See also Banu & Banu, p. 246 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Dobre et al., p. 505 </li> <li id="cite_note-cvnebun-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cvnebun_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cvnebun_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cvnebun_67-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cvnebun_67-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cvnebun_67-4">e</a> Cristian Vasile, "Cu ochiul liber. În căutarea amorului nebun: memoriile unei actrițe", in <a href="/wiki/Apostrof" title="Apostrof">Apostrof</a>, Vol. XXII, Issue 5, 2011, p. 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Banu & Banu, p. 246; Dobre et al., p. 505 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Stelian_T%C4%83nase" title="Stelian Tănase">Stelian Tănase</a>, "Radiografia comunismului. Vasile Luca: fala, sifilisul și moartea (II)", in <a href="/wiki/Revista_22" title="Revista 22">Revista 22</a>, Issue 38 (292), September 1995, p. 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Andrei & Betea, p. 41; Tănase (2010), passim; Tismăneanu, p. 303 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Tănase (2010), pp. 92–94 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Tănase (2010), p. 90 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Dobre et al., p. 505 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Tănase (2010), pp. 91–92 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Dobre et al., p. 505 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Pandrea, p. 264 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Pandrea, pp. 416, 556 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Banu & Banu, p. 246; Dobre et al., p. 505 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Dobre et al., pp. 505, 506. See also Banu & Banu, p. 246 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Banu & Banu, p. 246; Dobre et al., p. 505 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Banu & Banu, p. 246; Dobre et al., p. 505 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Florin C. Stan, "Dicționar al ambasadorilor români (1948–1989). Literele A–B", in Caiete Diplomatice, Vols. IV–V, Issues 4–5, 2016–2017, p. 164 </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Gheorghe Mureșan, "Deschiderea sesiunii Comisiei economice a O. N. U. pentru Europa. Tovarășul Gogu Rădulescu ales în unanimitate vicepreședinte al celei de a 14-a sesiuni a C. E. E.", in <a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nia_Liber%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="România Liberă">România Liberă</a>, 22 April 1959, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Niculescu-Mizil, pp. 201–204 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Andrei & Betea, p. 95 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Dobre et al., p. 506 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Banu & Banu, p. 246; Dobre et al., p. 505 </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Ovidiu Bozgan, "De la principii la pragmatism. Relațiile culturale româno–italiene și redeschiderea Accademia di Romania", in Caiete Diplomatice, Vols. IV–V, Issues 4–5, 2016–2017, p. 54. See also Niculescu-Mizil, p. 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> "Decese", in <a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nia_Liber%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="România Liberă">România Liberă</a>, 9 September 1982, p. 4. See also Tismăneanu, p. 303 </li> <li id="cite_note-mzocult-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mzocult_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mzocult_90-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mzocult_90-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mzocult_90-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mzocult_90-4">e</a> <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Zaciu" title="Mircea Zaciu">Mircea Zaciu</a>, Mariana Sipoș, "Chiar dacă era negată ca instituție, cenzura exista în subsol, ca mecanism ocult", in <a href="/wiki/Luceaf%C4%83rul_(magazine)" title="Luceafărul (magazine)">Luceafărul</a>, Issue 7/1998, p. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Cernescu, pp. 13–14 </li> <li id="cite_note-cțtrezit-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cțtrezit_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cțtrezit_92-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cțtrezit_92-2">c</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_%C8%9Aoiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantin Țoiu (page does not exist)">Constantin Țoiu</a>, "Prepeleac. Trezit ca din pumni", in <a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nia_Literar%C4%83" title="România Literară">România Literară</a>, Issue 40/1993, p. 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Betea et al., pp. 134, 143 </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Banu & Banu, p. 246; Dobre et al., p. 505 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Dobre et al., pp. 11, 15. See also Banu & Banu, p. 246; Tismăneanu, p. 231 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Ana Dobre, "Miron Radu Paraschivescu – portret sub lupe infidele", in <a href="/wiki/Limba_Rom%C3%A2n%C4%83_(magazine)" title="Limba Română (magazine)">Limba Română</a>, Vol. XVIII, Issues 5–6, 2008, pp. 170–171, 177 </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Betea et al., p. 380 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Banu & Banu, p. 246; Dobre et al., p. 505 </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Betea et al., pp. 340, 356 </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Banu & Banu, pp. 245–248 </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Banu & Banu, pp. 248–253 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Banu & Banu, pp. 254–258 </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Constantin Morariu, "România, S.U.A. și războiul din Vietnam. Convorbirea dintre Ion Gheorghe Maurer și Thomas Francis Eagleton, senator al Partidului democrat. 26 iunie 1971", in Caiete Diplomatice, Vols. IV–V, Issues 4–5, 2016–2017, p. 154 </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Andrei & Betea, p. 340 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Andrei & Betea, p. 121 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Dobre et al., p. 505 </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Banu & Banu, p. 246; Dobre et al., p. 505 </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Dobre et al., p. 506 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Banu & Banu, p. 246; Dobre et al., p. 505 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Petrescu, pp. 146–148, 153–156 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Petrescu, pp. 148, 153 </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Banu & Banu, p. 246; Dobre et al., p. 505 </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Dobre et al., pp. 11, 505. See also Andrei & Betea, pp. 57–58; Banu & Banu, p. 246 </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Dobre et al., p. 53 </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Dobre et al., p. 506 </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Dobre et al., p. 505 </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Dobre et al., p. 506 </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Marino, p. 144 </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Tănase (2010), p. 90 </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Andreescu, pp. 237–238 </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gheorghe_Grigurcu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gheorghe Grigurcu (page does not exist)">Gheorghe Grigurcu</a>, "Cronica literară. Talentul de martor", in Acolada, Vol. VII, Issue 6, June 2013, p. 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Cernescu, pp. 14–15 </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Tismăneanu, pp. 250, 303 </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Tismăneanu, p. 250 </li> <li id="cite_note-fruntelată-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fruntelată_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fruntelată_125-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fruntelată_125-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fruntelată_125-3">d</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Dan_Fruntelat%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolae Dan Fruntelată (page does not exist)">Nicolae Dan Fruntelată</a>, "Confesiuni. Luceafărul de sâmbătă seara și de nouă ani în mină (II)", in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribuna_(Romania)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tribuna (Romania) (page does not exist)">Tribuna</a>, Vol. XIII, Issue 273, January 2014, p. 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Tismăneanu, p. 244 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Ionescu, pp. 36–39 </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Ionescu, pp. 40–41, 191–192 </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Ionescu, pp. 271–275 </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> "Document. Securitatea despre România Literară", in <a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nia_Literar%C4%83" title="România Literară">România Literară</a>, Issue 41/1998, p. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Mu%C8%99ina" title="Alexandru Mușina">Alexandru Mușina</a>, "Epistolarul de la Olănești. Manon Lescaut", in <a href="/wiki/Vatra_(Romanian_magazine)" title="Vatra (Romanian magazine)">Vatra</a>, Vol. XXIX, Issues 370–71, January–February 2002, p. 154 </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Felician Velimirovici, Istorie și istorici în România comunistă (1948–1989), pp. 197–198. Cluj-Napoca: Editura Mega, 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-606-543-583-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-606-543-583-4">978-606-543-583-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Mihăilescu, pp. 203, 205 </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Mihăilescu, p. 204 </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Mihăilescu, pp. 203–205 </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Magda Ursache, "Opinii. 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'A vb nem hitt már Ceaușescunak'", in Orient Expressz, 24 January 1996, p. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Bucur, pp. 69–75 </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Bucur, pp. 69–70, 73 </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Andrei & Betea, p. 437 </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> "Restituiri din istoria adevărată. Expunerea generalului (r) Iulian Vlad la simpozionul 'Decembrie 1989 – adevăr și manipulare', Tg. Jiu, 29 octombrie 2015", in Vitralii. Lumini și Umbre, Vol. VII, Issue 25, December 2015–February 2016, pp. 17–19 </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Andrei & Betea, p. 340 </li> <li id="cite_note-timonă-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-timonă_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-timonă_155-1">b</a> Radu Mareș, "Pe cont propriu. A fi la timonă", in <a href="/wiki/Vatra_(Romanian_magazine)" title="Vatra (Romanian magazine)">Vatra</a>, Vol. XXVII, Issue 345, December 1999, p. 65 </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Dumitru_Popescu-Dumnezeu" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumitru Popescu-Dumnezeu">Dumitru Popescu-Dumnezeu</a>, "Fogházban", in <a href="/wiki/Korunk" title="Korunk">Korunk</a>, Vol. XXI, Issue 7, July 2010, p. 76 </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Niculescu-Mizil, p. 35 </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Oprea Georgescu, "Întrebările dumneavoastră pentru domnul ministru Vasile Baltac", in <a href="/wiki/Flac%C4%83ra" title="Flacăra">Flacăra</a>, Vol. I, Issue 4, January 1990, p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> Andreescu, p. 115 </li> <li id="cite_note-entomolog-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-entomolog_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-entomolog_160-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-entomolog_160-2">c</a> Entomolog, "Insectar", in <a href="/wiki/Dreptatea" title="Dreptatea">Dreptatea</a>, 6 October 1990, p. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-tulacebun-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tulacebun_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tulacebun_161-1">b</a> Tudorel Urian, "Lecturi la zi. La ce bun?", in <a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nia_Literar%C4%83" title="România Literară">România Literară</a>, Issue 24/2003, p. 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Cernescu, p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> "Egy év után már senki se bűnös?", in Temesvári Új Szó, Vol. II, Issue 252, December 1990, p. 1. See also Tismăneanu, pp. 52–53, 303 </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Tănase (2010), p. 90 </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Petrescu, p. 148 </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> Andrei & Betea, p. 41; Banu & Banu, p. 246; Dobre et al., p. 505; Tismăneanu, p. 303 </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> Cernescu, p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> (in Romanian) Ramona Rotaru, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220301000000*/https://evz.ro/doliu-urias-a-murit-un-mare-profesionist-al-tarii-un-caracter-exceptional.html">"Doliu în România. A murit un mare profesionist al țării: Un caracter excepțional"</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Evenimentul_Zilei" title="Evenimentul Zilei">Evenimentul Zilei</a>, 11 February 2022 </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Dorin_Tudoran" title="Dorin Tudoran">Dorin Tudoran</a>, "Lectură de rasă", in <a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nia_Literar%C4%83" title="România Literară">România Literară</a>, Issue 32/1998, p. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> (in Romanian) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gheorghe_Grigurcu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gheorghe Grigurcu (page does not exist)">Gheorghe Grigurcu</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719225100/http://convorbiri-literare.dntis.ro/GRIGURCUap.html">"Ce înseamnă un scriitor incomod"</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Convorbiri_Literare" title="Convorbiri Literare">Convorbiri Literare</a>, April 2002 </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Ionescu, p. 274 </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Bucur, p. 313 </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> "Nichita Stănescu '86: Pagini dăruite de pictorul Mihai Bandac. Elisabeta Mondanos în dialog cu mama și sora lui Nichita Stănescu despre viața și moartea acestuia. Martie 1991", in Atitudini, Vol. XVII, Issue 3, March 2019, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Hall, pp. 19–20 </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> Hall, p. 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Maria-Ana_Tupan" title="Maria-Ana Tupan">Maria-Ana Tupan</a>, "(Con)texte. În jurul fantasticului", in <a href="/wiki/Contemporanul" title="Contemporanul">Contemporanul</a>, Vol. XXVI, Issue 1, January 2015, p. 11 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gogu_R%C4%83dulescu&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Andreescu" title="Gabriel Andreescu">Gabriel Andreescu</a>, Existența prin cultură. Represiune, colaboraționism și rezistență intelectuală sub regimul comunist. Iași: <a href="/wiki/Polirom" title="Polirom">Polirom</a>, 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-46-5822-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-46-5822-0">978-973-46-5822-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Andrei" title="Ștefan Andrei">Ștefan Andrei</a>, Lavinia Betea, I se spunea Machiavelli. Bucharest: <a href="/wiki/Adev%C4%83rul_Holding" title="Adevărul Holding">Adevărul Holding</a>, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-606-644-006-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-606-644-006-6">978-606-644-006-6</a></li> <li>Luminița Banu, Florian Banu, "Securitatea, bancherul și vânătoarea — o acțiune de 'lobby cinegetic' în anii '70", in Caietele CNSAS, Vol. VIII, Issue 1, 2015, pp. 213–266.</li> <li>Lavinia Betea, Cristina Diac, Florin-Răzvan Mihai, Ilarion Țiu, Viața lui Ceaușescu. Vol. 2: Fiul Poporului. Bucharest: Adevărul Holding, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-606-644-036-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-606-644-036-3">978-606-644-036-3</a></li> <li>Ion Bucur, Cartea represiunii. Bucharest: Editura Institutului Revoluției Române din Decembrie 1989, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-606-92847-9-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-606-92847-9-7">978-606-92847-9-7</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinu_Cernescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinu Cernescu (page does not exist)">Dinu Cernescu</a>, Regizor. Bucharest: Editura Semne, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-624-788-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-624-788-0">978-973-624-788-0</a></li> <li>Florica Dobre, Liviu Marius Bejenaru, Clara Cosmineanu-Mareș, Monica Grigore, Alina Ilinca, Oana Ionel, Nicoleta Ionescu-Gură, Elisabeta Neagoe-Pleșa, Liviu Pleșa, Membrii C.C. al P.C.R. (1945–1989). Dicționar. Bucharest: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Editura_Enciclopedic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Editura Enciclopedică (page does not exist)">Editura Enciclopedică</a>, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-45-0486-X" title="Special:BookSources/973-45-0486-X">973-45-0486-X</a></li> <li>Mihail I. Dragomirescu, "Semicentenarul U.T.C.: Tabăra de la Moeciul [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] de Jos", in <a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nia_Literar%C4%83" title="România Literară">România Literară</a>, Issue 17/1972, pp. 14–15.</li> <li>Richard Andrew Hall, "Studii. Rescrierea istoriei Revoluției. Triumful revizionismului securist în România postceaușistă (IV)", in Memorial 1989. Buletin Științific de Informare, Issue 1/2016, pp. 11–30.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelu_Ionescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gelu Ionescu (page does not exist)">Gelu Ionescu</a>, Copacul din cîmpie. Scrieri memorialistice. Iași: Polirom, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-681-237-5" title="Special:BookSources/973-681-237-5">973-681-237-5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrian_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adrian Marino (page does not exist)">Adrian Marino</a>, Viața unui om singur. Iași: Polirom, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-46-1628-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-46-1628-2">978-973-46-1628-2</a></li> <li>Florin Mihăilescu, De la proletcultism la postmodernism. Constanța: Editura Pontica, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-9224-63-6" title="Special:BookSources/973-9224-63-6">973-9224-63-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Niculescu-Mizil" title="Paul Niculescu-Mizil">Paul Niculescu-Mizil</a>, O istorie trăită. Bucharest: Editura Enciclopedică, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-45-0193-3" title="Special:BookSources/973-45-0193-3">973-45-0193-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petre_Pandrea" title="Petre Pandrea">Petre Pandrea</a>, Memoriile mandarinului valah. Jurnal I: 1954–1956. Bucharest: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Editura_Vremea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Editura Vremea (page does not exist)">Editura Vremea</a>, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-645-440-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-645-440-0">978-973-645-440-0</a></li> <li>(in Romanian) Constantin Petrescu, "Curtea Superioară de Control Financiar (1973–1989)", in <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_V%C4%83c%C4%83roiu" title="Nicolae Văcăroiu">Nicolae Văcăroiu</a>, Verginia Vedinaș, Corina-Mihaela Bălțătescu (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblioteca-digitala.ro/reviste/carte/murgescu/dl.asp?filename=Istoria-Curtii-de-Conturi-a-Romaniei-1864-2014_2014.pdf">Istoria Curții de Conturi a României (1864–2004)</a>, pp. 143–180. Bucharest: Imprimeria Națională, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-0-16472-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-0-16472-5">978-973-0-16472-5</a></li> <li>Gogu Rădulescu, "Recitind Era Nouă", in <a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nia_Literar%C4%83" title="România Literară">România Literară</a>, Issue 43/1987, pp. 8, 14.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stelian_T%C4%83nase" title="Stelian Tănase">Stelian Tănase</a>, "Arhivele Sfera Politicii. Gogu Rădulescu", in <a href="/wiki/Sfera_Politicii" title="Sfera Politicii">Sfera Politicii</a>, Vol. XVIII, Issue 150, April 2010, pp. 90–94.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a>, Stalinism pentru eternitate. Iași: Polirom, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-681-899-3" title="Special:BookSources/973-681-899-3">973-681-899-3</a></li> <li>Vladimir Tismăneanu, Cristian Vasile, Perfectul acrobat. Leonte Răutu, măștile răului. Bucharest: <a href="/wiki/Humanitas_publishing_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanitas publishing house">Humanitas</a>, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-50-2238-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-50-2238-9">978-973-50-2238-9</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gogu_Rădulescu&oldid=1259895610">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gogu_Rădulescu&oldid=1259895610</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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