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id="toc-Post-war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Post-war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fighter-bomber</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A9-%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B0%D9%81%D8%A9" title="مقاتلة-قاذفة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مقاتلة-قاذفة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cazabombardero" title="Cazabombardero – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cazabombardero" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cazabombarderu" title="Cazabombarderu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cazabombarderu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1r%C4%B1c%C4%B1-bombardman%C3%A7%C4%B1_t%C9%99yyar%C9%99" title="Qırıcı-bombardmançı təyyarə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qırıcı-bombardmançı təyyarə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%A7a_bombarder" title="Caça bombarder – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Caça bombarder" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%ADhac%C3%AD_bombard%C3%A9r" title="Stíhací bombardér – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stíhací bombardér" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagdbomber" title="Jagdbomber – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jagdbomber" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C-%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B1%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Μαχητικό-βομβαρδιστικό αεροσκάφος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαχητικό-βομβαρδιστικό αεροσκάφος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cazabombardero" title="Cazabombardero – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cazabombardero" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehiza-bonbaketari" title="Ehiza-bonbaketari – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ehiza-bonbaketari" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%DA%A9%D9%86" title="جنگنده-بمب‌افکن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگنده-بمب‌افکن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chasseur-bombardier" title="Chasseur-bombardier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chasseur-bombardier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%ED%88%AC%ED%8F%AD%EA%B2%A9%EA%B8%B0" title="전투폭격기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전투폭격기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesawat_tempur_pengebom" title="Pesawat tempur pengebom – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pesawat tempur pengebom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacciabombardiere" title="Cacciabombardiere – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cacciabombardiere" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="გამანადგურებელ-ბომბდამშენი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გამანადგურებელ-ბომბდამშენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caccia-bombarder" title="Caccia-bombarder – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Caccia-bombarder" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vad%C3%A1szbomb%C3%A1z%C3%B3" title="Vadászbombázó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vadászbombázó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesawat_pejuang-penyerang" title="Pesawat pejuang-penyerang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pesawat pejuang-penyerang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jachtbommenwerper" title="Jachtbommenwerper – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jachtbommenwerper" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%A6%E9%97%98%E7%88%86%E6%92%83%E6%A9%9F" title="戦闘爆撃機 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="戦闘爆撃機" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagerbomber" title="Jagerbomber – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jagerbomber" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samolot_my%C5%9Bliwsko-bombowy" title="Samolot myśliwsko-bombowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Samolot myśliwsko-bombowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%A7a-bombardeiro" title="Caça-bombardeiro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Caça-bombardeiro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Истребитель-бомбардировщик – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Истребитель-бомбардировщик" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovski_bombnik" title="Lovski bombnik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lovski bombnik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4vitt%C3%A4j%C3%A4pommittaja" title="Hävittäjäpommittaja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hävittäjäpommittaja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaktbombflygplan" title="Jaktbombflygplan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jaktbombflygplan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="சண்டை-குண்டுவீச்சு வானூர்தி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சண்டை-குண்டுவீச்சு வானூர்தி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83%D1%87%D1%8B_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Бомбага тотучы истребитель – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бомбага тотучы истребитель" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avc%C4%B1_bombard%C4%B1man_u%C3%A7a%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Avcı bombardıman uçağı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Avcı bombardıman uçağı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%89%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87-%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Винищувач-бомбардувальник – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Винищувач-бомбардувальник" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DA%91%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="لڑاکا بمبار – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لڑاکا بمبار" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%98%E6%96%97%E8%BD%B0%E7%82%B8%E6%9C%BA" title="战斗轰炸机 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="战斗轰炸机" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q385642#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Strike_fighter" title="Strike fighter">Strike fighter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Attack_aircraft" title="Attack aircraft">Attack aircraft</a></div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Aircraft tasked primarily with ground attack while retaining some air combat capability</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Fighter bomber" redirects here. For the video game, see <a href="/wiki/Fighter_Bomber_(video_game)" title="Fighter Bomber (video game)">Fighter Bomber (video game)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Republic_P-47N_Thunderbolt_in_flight_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Republic_P-47N_Thunderbolt_in_flight_%28cropped%29.jpg/280px-Republic_P-47N_Thunderbolt_in_flight_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Republic_P-47N_Thunderbolt_in_flight_%28cropped%29.jpg/420px-Republic_P-47N_Thunderbolt_in_flight_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Republic_P-47N_Thunderbolt_in_flight_%28cropped%29.jpg/560px-Republic_P-47N_Thunderbolt_in_flight_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3116" data-file-height="2050" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Republic_P-47_Thunderbolt" title="Republic P-47 Thunderbolt">Republic P-47D</a> was armed with eight <a href="/wiki/M2_Browning" title="M2 Browning">.50-caliber (12.7 mm) machine guns</a>, and could carry a bomb load of 2,500 lb (1,100 kg).</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>fighter-bomber</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighter aircraft</a> that has been modified, or used primarily, as a <a href="/wiki/Light_bomber" title="Light bomber">light bomber</a> or <a href="/wiki/Attack_aircraft" title="Attack aircraft">attack aircraft</a>. It differs from bomber and attack aircraft primarily in its origins, as a fighter that has been adapted into other roles,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas bombers and attack aircraft are developed specifically for bombing and attack roles.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although still used, the term fighter-bomber has less significance since the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">rockets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guided_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Guided missile">guided missiles</a> into <a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">aerial warfare</a>. Modern aircraft with similar duties are now typically called <a href="/wiki/Multirole_combat_aircraft" title="Multirole combat aircraft">multirole combat aircraft</a> or <a href="/wiki/Strike_fighter" title="Strike fighter">strike fighters</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fighter-bomber&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GeoffreyPageSpitfire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/GeoffreyPageSpitfire.jpg/220px-GeoffreyPageSpitfire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/GeoffreyPageSpitfire.jpg/330px-GeoffreyPageSpitfire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/GeoffreyPageSpitfire.jpg/440px-GeoffreyPageSpitfire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">Supermarine Spitfire</a> Mk. IX in <a href="/wiki/Longues-sur-Mer" title="Longues-sur-Mer">Longues-sur-Mer</a>, Normandy (1944). It carries a 500 lb (230 kg) bomb under the fuselage and a 250 lb (110 kg) bomb under each wing.</figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, general limitations in available <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">engine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">aeronautical technology</a> required that each proposed <a href="/wiki/Military_aircraft" title="Military aircraft">military aircraft</a> have its design tailored to a specific prescribed role. <a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">Engine</a> power grew dramatically during the early period of the war, roughly doubling between 1939 and 1943. The <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Blenheim" title="Bristol Blenheim">Bristol Blenheim</a>, a typical <a href="/wiki/Light_bomber" title="Light bomber">light bomber</a> of the opening stages of the war, was originally designed in 1934 as a fast civil transport to meet a challenge by <a href="/wiki/Lord_Rothermere" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Rothermere">Lord Rothermere</a>, owner of the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a>. It had two <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Mercury" title="Bristol Mercury">Bristol Mercury</a> XV <a href="/wiki/Radial_engine" title="Radial engine">radial engines</a> of 920 hp (690 kW) each, a crew of three, and its payload was just 1,200 lb (540 kg) of bombs.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Blenheim suffered disastrous losses over France in 1939 when it encountered <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109" title="Messerschmitt Bf 109">Messerschmitt Bf 109s</a>, and light bombers were quickly withdrawn.<sup id="cite_ref-Warner_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warner-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast, the <a href="/wiki/Vought_F4U_Corsair" title="Vought F4U Corsair">Vought F4U Corsair</a> <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighter</a>—which entered service in December 1942—had in common with its eventual U.S. Navy stablemate, the <a href="/wiki/Grumman_F6F_Hellcat" title="Grumman F6F Hellcat">Grumman F6F Hellcat</a> and the massive, seven-ton <a href="/wiki/USAAF" class="mw-redirect" title="USAAF">USAAF</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic_P-47_Thunderbolt" title="Republic P-47 Thunderbolt">Republic P-47 Thunderbolt</a>—a single <a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_R-2800_Double_Wasp" title="Pratt & Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp">Pratt & Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp</a> radial engine of 2,000 hp (1,500 kW) in a much smaller, simpler and less expensive single-seat aircraft, and was the first aircraft design to ever fly with the Double Wasp engine in May 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With less airframe and crew to lift, the Corsair's <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_ordnance" title="Aircraft ordnance">ordnance</a> load was either four <a href="/wiki/High_Velocity_Aircraft_Rocket" title="High Velocity Aircraft Rocket">High Velocity Aircraft Rockets</a> or 2,000 lb (910 kg) of bombs; a later version could carry eight rockets or 4,000 lb (1,800 kg) of bombs. The massive, powerful 18-cylinder Double Wasp engine weighed almost a ton—half as much again as the V12 <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Merlin" title="Rolls-Royce Merlin">Rolls-Royce Merlin</a> and twice as much as the 9-cylinder <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Mercury" title="Bristol Mercury">Bristol Mercury</a> that powered some <a href="/wiki/Heavy_fighter" title="Heavy fighter">heavy fighters</a>. </p><p>Increased engine power meant that many existing fighter designs could carry useful bomb loads, and adapt to the fighter-bomber role. Notable examples include the <a href="/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_190" title="Focke-Wulf Fw 190">Focke-Wulf Fw 190</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Typhoon" title="Hawker Typhoon">Hawker Typhoon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_P-47_Thunderbolt" title="Republic P-47 Thunderbolt">Republic P-47 Thunderbolt</a>. Various <a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">bombing</a> tactics and techniques could also be used: some designs were intended for <a href="/wiki/High-level_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="High-level bombing">high-level bombing</a>, others for the low-level semi-horizontal bombing, or even for low-level steep <a href="/wiki/Dive_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive bombing">dive bombing</a> as exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/Blackburn_Skua" title="Blackburn Skua">Blackburn Skua</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_American_A-36_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="North American A-36 Apache">North American A-36 Apache</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Larger twin-engined aircraft were also used in the fighter-bomber role, especially where longer ranges were needed for naval strikes. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-38_Lightning" title="Lockheed P-38 Lightning">Lockheed P-38 Lightning</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Beaufighter" title="Bristol Beaufighter">Bristol Beaufighter</a> (developed from a <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_bomber" title="Torpedo bomber">torpedo bomber</a>), and <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito" title="De Havilland Mosquito">de Havilland Mosquito</a> (developed from an unarmed fast bomber). The Beaufighter MkV had a <a href="/wiki/Boulton-Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulton-Paul">Boulton-Paul</a> turret with four 0.303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns mounted aft of the cockpit but only two were built.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bristol's Blenheim was even pushed into service as a fighter during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a> but it was not fast enough.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Equipped with an early Airborne Interception (AI) radar set, however, it proved to be an effective night fighter.<sup id="cite_ref-Warner_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warner-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_World_War">First World War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fighter-bomber&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first single-seat fighters to drop bombs were on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a>, when fighter patrols were issued with bombs and ordered to drop them at random if they met no German fighters. The <a href="/wiki/Sopwith_Camel" title="Sopwith Camel">Sopwith Camel</a>, the most successful Allied aircraft of the First World War with 1,294 enemy aircraft downed, was losing its edge by 1918, especially over 12,000 ft (3,700 m). During the final German offensive in March 1918, it dropped 25 lb (11 kg) <a href="/wiki/Cooper_bombs" title="Cooper bombs">Cooper bombs</a> on advancing columns: whilst puny by later standards, the four fragmentation bombs carried by a Camel could cause serious injuries to exposed troops. Pilot casualties were also high.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Aircraft_Factory_S.E.5" title="Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5">Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5</a>. was used in the same role. </p><p>The Royal Flying Corps received the first purpose-built fighter-bomber just as the war was ending. It was not called a fighter bomber at the time, but a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trench_Fighter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trench Fighter (page does not exist)">Trench Fighter</a> as that was what it was designed to attack. The <a href="/wiki/Sopwith_Salamander" title="Sopwith Salamander">Sopwith Salamander</a> was based on the <a href="/wiki/Sopwith_Snipe" title="Sopwith Snipe">Sopwith Snipe</a> fighter but had armour plating in the nose to protect the pilot and fuel system from ground fire. Originally it was intended to have two machine guns jutting through the cockpit floor so as to spray trenches with bullets as it passed low overhead. But this did not work and it was fitted with four Cooper bombs, instead. It was ordered in very large numbers, but most were canceled after the <a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">Armistice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February and April 1918 the Royal Flying Corps conducted bombing tests at <a href="/wiki/Orford_Ness" title="Orford Ness">Orfordness</a>, Suffolk dropping dummy bombs at various dive angles at a flag stuck into a shingle beach. Both WW1 fighter bombers were used with novice and experienced pilots. The best results were achieved with a vertical dive into the wind using the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldis_Sight&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aldis Sight (page does not exist)">Aldis Sight</a> to align the aircraft. But they were not considered good enough to justify the expected casualty rate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fighter-bomber&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_050602-F-1234P-005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_050602-F-1234P-005.jpg/220px-Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_050602-F-1234P-005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_050602-F-1234P-005.jpg/330px-Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_050602-F-1234P-005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_050602-F-1234P-005.jpg/440px-Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_050602-F-1234P-005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1338" /></a><figcaption>The F-series models of the <a href="/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_190" title="Focke-Wulf Fw 190">Focke-Wulf Fw 190</a> were specifically adapted for the fighter-bomber role.</figcaption></figure> <p>When war broke out in Europe, Western Allied Air Forces employed light twin-engined bombers in the tactical role for low-level attacks. These were found to be extremely vulnerable both to ground fire and to single-engine fighters. The German and Japanese Air Forces had chosen dive bombers which were similarly vulnerable. The <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-2" title="Ilyushin Il-2">Ilyushin Il-2</a> is a heavily armoured two-seat single-engine ground-attack aircraft. It first flew a month later although few had reached the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Air Force">Soviet Air Force</a> in time for <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>. Naval forces chose both torpedo and dive bombers. None of these could be considered as fighter bombers as they could not combat fighters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fighter-bomber&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a>, the <i>Luftwaffe</i> conducted <a href="/wiki/Fighter-bomber_attacks_on_the_United_Kingdom_during_1940" class="mw-redirect" title="Fighter-bomber attacks on the United Kingdom during 1940">fighter-bomber attacks on the United Kingdom</a> from September to December 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A larger fighter-bomber campaign was conducted against the UK from March 1942 until June 1943. These operations were successful in tying down Allied resources at a relatively low cost to the Luftwaffe, but the British Government regarded the campaign as a nuisance given the small scale of the individual raids. </p><p>In August 1941, RAF pilots reported encountering a very fast <a href="/wiki/Radial_engine" title="Radial engine">radial engine</a> fighter over France. First thought to be captured French <a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-36_Hawk" title="Curtiss P-36 Hawk">Curtiss 75 Mohawks</a>, they turned out to be <a href="/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_190" title="Focke-Wulf Fw 190">Focke-Wulf Fw 190s</a>, slightly faster and more heavily armed than the current Spitfire V. <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Tank" title="Kurt Tank">Kurt Tank</a> had designed the aircraft when the Spitfire and Bf 109 were the fastest fighters flying; he called them racehorses, fast but fragile. As a former World War I cavalryman, Tank chose to design a warhorse. With a <a href="/wiki/BMW_801" title="BMW 801">BMW 801</a> <a href="/wiki/Radial_engine" title="Radial engine">radial engine</a>, wide-set undercarriage, and two 20mm cannons as well as machine guns it became a better fighter-bomber than either of the pure fighters. </p><p>By mid-1942, the first of these "Jagdbombers" (literally "fighter" or "hunter" bomber, known for short as "Jabos") was operating over <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>. On October 31, 60 Fw 190s bombed <a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a> with only one aircraft lost, killing 32 civilians and injuring 116, in the largest raid since <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">the Blitz</a>. Flying at sea level, under the radar, these raids were hard to intercept. The Jabos reached the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> in time to bomb Russian positions in <a href="/wiki/Stalingrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By July 1943 Fw 190s were replacing the vulnerable Stukas over the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a>: although winning the air war, they were unable to prevent subsequent <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> advances.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On New Year's Day 1945 in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">Operation Bodenplatte</a>, over 1,000 aircraft (including more than 600 Fw 190s) launched a last-ditch attempt to destroy Allied planes on the ground in support of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Battle of the Bulge</a>. Allied fighter aircraft and fighter-bomber losses were downplayed, at the time. Seventeen airfields were targeted, of which seven lost many aircraft. The surprise was complete as the few <a href="/wiki/Ultra_(cryptography)" title="Ultra (cryptography)">Ultra</a> intercepts had not been understood. At the worst hit, the Canadian base at <a href="/wiki/Eindhoven" title="Eindhoven">Eindhoven</a>, 26 Typhoons and 6 Spitfires were destroyed and another 30 Typhoons damaged. In total, 305 aircraft, mostly fighters, and fighter-bombers were destroyed and another 190 damaged. The Luftwaffe lost 143 pilots killed, 71 captured and 20 wounded, making the worst one-day loss in its history; it never recovered.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fighter-bomber&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Douglas_A-20G_Havoc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Douglas_A-20G_Havoc.jpg/220px-Douglas_A-20G_Havoc.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Douglas_A-20G_Havoc.jpg/330px-Douglas_A-20G_Havoc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Douglas_A-20G_Havoc.jpg/440px-Douglas_A-20G_Havoc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1095" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-20_Havoc" title="Douglas A-20 Havoc">Douglas A-20 Havoc</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Blenheim" title="Bristol Blenheim">Bristol Blenheim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-20_Havoc" title="Douglas A-20 Havoc">Douglas A-20 Havoc</a> (which the RAF called Boston) were used as night fighters during <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">the Blitz</a>, as they could carry the heavy early airborne radars.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Henley" title="Hawker Henley">Hawker Henley</a>, a two-seat version of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a>-winning <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane" title="Hawker Hurricane">Hawker Hurricane</a>, was designed as a dive bomber. It might have proved to be a capable fighter-bomber but overheating of its <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Merlin" title="Rolls-Royce Merlin">Rolls-Royce Merlin</a> engine in this installation led to its relegation to a target tug role, where it could match the speed of the German bombers whilst towing a drone.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1934, the <a href="/wiki/British_Air_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="British Air Ministry">British Air Ministry</a> called for a carrier aircraft that could combine the roles of the dive bomber and fighter, to save limited space on small carriers. The <a href="/wiki/Blackburn_Skua" title="Blackburn Skua">Blackburn Skua</a> was not expected to encounter land-based fighters but was to intercept long-range bombers attacking the fleet and also to sink ships. As a two-seater, it could not fight the <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109" title="Messerschmitt Bf 109">Messerschmitt Bf 109</a> on equal terms. But the second seat carried a radio operator with a homing device that could find the carrier even when it had moved, in foul North Sea weather. It achieved one of the first kills of the war, when three from <a href="/wiki/HMS_Ark_Royal_(91)" title="HMS Ark Royal (91)">HMS <i>Ark Royal</i></a> downed a German <a href="/wiki/Dornier_Do_18" title="Dornier Do 18">Dornier Do 18</a> flying boat over the North Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 10, 1940, 16 Skuas operating from RNAS Hatston in Orkney under Commander William Lucy sank the <a href="/wiki/German_cruiser_K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="German cruiser Königsberg">German cruiser <i>Königsberg</i></a> which was tied to a mole in Bergen harbour. The Germans recorded five hits or near misses and as the ship started to sink, electric power failed, dooming the ship. The <a href="/wiki/German_cruiser_K%C3%B6ln" title="German cruiser Köln">German cruiser <i>Köln</i></a> had departed during the night.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the failing of the <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Henley" title="Hawker Henley">Hawker Henley</a> and the gradual fading of the <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane" title="Hawker Hurricane">Hawker Hurricane</a>'s performance compared to the latest German fighters, it was modified to carry four 20mm cannon and two 500 lb (230 kg) bombs; once bombs were jettisoned the aircraft could put up a reasonable fight. Inevitably the type became known in the RAF as the “Hurribomber”, reaching squadrons in June 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was soon found that it was hardly possible to hit fast-moving Panzers in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_(North_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Desert (North Africa)">Western Desert</a>, with bombs and cannon fire-making little impact on their armour. Daylight bombing raids were made on the French and Belgian coasts, targeting mostly oil and gas works. Losses were heavy, often more than the numbers of enemy fighters destroyed. By May 1942 Hurricane IICs with 40-imperial-gallon (180 L) drop tanks were intruding at night over France. On the night of May 4–5, Czech pilot <a href="/wiki/Karel_Kuttelwascher" title="Karel Kuttelwascher">Karel Kuttelwascher</a> flying from <a href="/wiki/RAF_Tangmere" title="RAF Tangmere">RAF Tangmere</a> with <a href="/wiki/No._1_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 1 Squadron RAF">No 1 Squadron</a> shot down three <a href="/wiki/Dornier_Do_17" title="Dornier Do 17">Dornier Do 17s</a> as they slowed to land at <a href="/wiki/Saint-Andr%C3%A9-de-Bohon" title="Saint-André-de-Bohon">Saint-André-de-Bohon</a> after raiding England.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 25, 1942, the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> HQ in Oslo <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Mosquito_raid" title="Oslo Mosquito raid">was attacked</a> by four <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito" title="De Havilland Mosquito">de Havilland Mosquitoes</a>, which had flown over the North Sea below 100 ft (30 m) by <a href="/wiki/Dead_reckoning" title="Dead reckoning">dead reckoning</a> navigation from <a href="/wiki/RAF_Leuchars" title="RAF Leuchars">RAF Leuchars</a>, Scotland, carrying four 500 lb (230 kg) bombs each. The next day the RAF unveiled its new fast bomber. On December 31, 1944, the same aircraft was used against the same target, this time from <a href="/wiki/RAF_Peterhead" title="RAF Peterhead">RAF Peterhead</a> in Scotland, flying high and diving onto the building. In February 1941 the Mosquito with two <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Merlin" title="Rolls-Royce Merlin">Rolls-Royce Merlin</a> engines and a streamlined wooden fuselage achieved 392 mph (631 km/h), 30 mph (48 km/h) faster than the current Spitfire.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was used on all kinds of missions, including silencing <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a>'s Berlin Nazi anniversary broadcast on January 20, 1943, leading him to tell Erhard Milch, Air Inspector General that “when I see the Mosquito I am yellow and green with envy. (The British) have the geniuses and we have the nincompoops.”<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially used for high-level photo-reconnaissance, the Mosquito was adapted to precision bombing, night fighter, and fighter bomber roles. It was built in Canada and Australia as well as the UK. Fitted with a British Army <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_QF_6_pounder_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance QF 6 pounder gun">Ordnance QF 6 pounder (57 mm) gun</a> it could sink U-boats found on the surface. On April 9, 1945, three were sunk en route to Norway, and in the following month, Mosquitos sank two more.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Typhoon" title="Hawker Typhoon">Hawker Typhoon</a> was being designed as a replacement for the Hurricane in March 1937 before production had even started. The reason was to take advantage of the new 2,000 hp (1,500 kW) engines then being planned, either the <a href="/wiki/Napier_Sabre" title="Napier Sabre">Napier Sabre</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Vulture" title="Rolls-Royce Vulture">Rolls-Royce Vulture</a> which required a larger airframe than the nimble Hurricane. At the prototype stage, there were problems with the new engines and stability of the aircraft itself, which led the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Aircraft_Production" title="Minister of Aircraft Production">Minister of Aircraft Production</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Beaverbrook" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Beaverbrook">Lord Beaverbrook</a> to decree that production must focus on Spitfires and Hurricanes.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Typhoon disappointed as a fighter, especially at altitude but found its true niche as a fighter bomber from September 1942. It was fitted with racks to carry two 500 lb (230 kg) and then two 1,000 lb (450 kg) bombs. By September 1943 it was fitted with eight <a href="/wiki/RP-3" title="RP-3">RP-3 rockets</a> each with a 60 lb (27 kg) warhead, equivalent to the power of a naval destroyer's broadside.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Claims of German tanks destroyed by rocket-armed Typhoons in Normandy after D-Day were exaggerated. In <a href="/wiki/Operation_Goodwood" title="Operation Goodwood">Operation Goodwood</a>, the attempt by British and Canadian forces to surround <a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a> of 75 tanks recorded as lost by the Germans, only 10 were found to be due to rocket-firing Typhoons.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At Mortain, where the German counter-offensive <a href="/wiki/Operation_L%C3%BCttich" title="Operation Lüttich">Operation Lüttich</a> came within 2 miles (3.2 km) of cutting through US forces to <a href="/wiki/Avranches" title="Avranches">Avranches</a>, Typhoons destroyed 9 of 46 tanks lost but were more effective against unarmoured vehicles and troops and cause the armoured vehicles to seek cover. General <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, the Supreme Allied Commander, said "The chief credit in smashing the enemy's spearhead, however, must go to the rocket-firing Typhoon aircraft of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Tactical_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Tactical Air Force">Second Tactical Air Force</a>. The result of the strafing was that the enemy attack was effectively brought to a halt, and a threat was turned into a great victory".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The disparity between claims and actual destruction at about 25-1 owed much to the difficulty of hitting a fast-moving tank with an unguided rocket, even from a stable aircraft like the Typhoon. But soft targets were simpler. When the <a href="/wiki/51st_Highland_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="51st Highland Division">51st Highland Division</a> moved to block German panzers reaching Antwerp in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Battle of the Bulge</a> <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Macpherson" title="Tommy Macpherson">Tommy Macpherson</a> saw a half-track full of SS soldiers. All were uninjured, powerful men over 6 ft (180 cm) tall. All were dead, killed by the air blast from a Typhoon rocket.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Beaufighter" title="Bristol Beaufighter">Bristol Beaufighter</a> was a long-range twin-engine heavy fighter derived from the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Beaufort" title="Bristol Beaufort">Bristol Beaufort</a> torpedo bomber but with the 1,600 hp (1,200 kW) <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Hercules" title="Bristol Hercules">Bristol Hercules</a> radial engine to give it a top speed 50 mph (80 km/h) faster. By late 1942 the Beaufighter was also capable of carrying torpedoes or rockets. The main user was <a href="/wiki/RAF_Coastal_Command" title="RAF Coastal Command">RAF Coastal Command</a> although it was also used in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">Royal Australian Air Force</a> with some aircraft assembled in Australia and by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">USAAF</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Goulter_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goulter-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over 30 Beaufighters flying from <a href="/wiki/RAF_Dallachy" title="RAF Dallachy">RAF Dallachy</a> in Scotland from Australian, British, Canadian, and New Zealand squadrons attacked the <a href="/wiki/German_destroyer_Z33" title="German destroyer Z33">German destroyer Z33</a> sheltering in <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B8rde_Fjord" title="Førde Fjord">Førde Fjord</a> Norway. They were escorted by only 10 to 12 <a href="/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang">North American P-51 Mustangs</a>. German destroyers escorted convoys of Swedish iron ore, which in winter were forced to creep along the Atlantic Coast by night, hiding deep inside fjords by day. Z33 was moored close to the vertical cliffside of the fjords so Beaufighters had to attack singly with rockets without the normal tactic of having simultaneous attacks by other Beaufighters firing cannon at the numerous flak gunners. Twelve <a href="/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_190" title="Focke-Wulf Fw 190">Focke-Wulf Fw 190s</a> surprised the Mustangs and Norway's biggest ever air battle was soon raging. Nine Beaufighters and one Mustang were lost as were five Fw 190s. The destroyer was damaged and February 9, 1945, became known as <a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(1945)" title="Black Friday (1945)">Black Friday</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Goulter_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goulter-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bristol_Beaufort_LOC_fsa_8d29959u.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bristol_Beaufort_LOC_fsa_8d29959u.jpg/220px-Bristol_Beaufort_LOC_fsa_8d29959u.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bristol_Beaufort_LOC_fsa_8d29959u.jpg/330px-Bristol_Beaufort_LOC_fsa_8d29959u.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bristol_Beaufort_LOC_fsa_8d29959u.jpg/440px-Bristol_Beaufort_LOC_fsa_8d29959u.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6545" data-file-height="4910" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Beaufort" title="Bristol Beaufort">Bristol Beaufort</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Typhoons were involved in one of the worst tragedies at the end of the war when four squadrons attacked the luxury liners <a href="/wiki/SS_Deutschland_(1923)" title="SS Deutschland (1923)">SS <i>Deutschland</i></a> and the <a href="/wiki/SS_Cap_Arcona_(1927)" class="mw-redirect" title="SS Cap Arcona (1927)">SS <i>Cap Arcona</i></a> and two smaller ships <a href="/w/index.php?title=SS_Athen_(1936)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS Athen (1936) (page does not exist)">SS <i>Athen</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/SS_Thielbek_(1940)" title="SS Thielbek (1940)">SS <i>Thielbek</i></a> moored off Neustadt in <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Lübeck Bay">Lübeck Bay</a> The <i>Cap Arcona</i> had 4,500 concentration camp inmates and the <i>Thielbek</i> another 2,800 as well as SS Guards. The <i>Deutschland</i> had a Red Cross flag painted on at least one funnel. The previous day the Captain of the <i>Cap Arcona</i> refused to take any more inmates on board. On return to shore in longboats they were gunned down by <a href="/wiki/Hitler_Jugend" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler Jugend">Hitler Jugend</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SS_Guards&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS Guards (page does not exist)">SS Guards</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="German Marines">German Marines</a>. Of an estimated 14,500 victims in the area two days earlier only 1,450 survived.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Tempest" title="Hawker Tempest">Hawker Tempest</a> was a development of the Typhoon using the thin wing with an aerofoil developed by <a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">NACA</a> and a more powerful version of the <a href="/wiki/Napier_Sabre" title="Napier Sabre">Napier Sabre</a> engine, giving a top speed of 432 miles per hour (695 km/h). At a low level, it was faster than any other Allied or German aircraft, but slower than the Spitfire above 22,000 ft (6,700 m).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fitted with four 20mm cannon it was a formidable fighter, respected even by <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_262" title="Messerschmitt Me 262">Messerschmitt Me 262</a> jet fighter pilots as their most dangerous opponent.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At its debut over the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Normandy_Beaches&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Normandy Beaches (page does not exist)">Normandy Beaches</a> on <a href="/wiki/D-Day" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Day">D-Day</a> +2, Tempests shot down three German fighters, without loss. Tempests supported the ambitious attempt to capture the bridge at Arnhem in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Operation Market Garden</a> in mid-September 1944. <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_C._Fairbanks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David C. Fairbanks (page does not exist)">David C. Fairbanks</a>, an American who joined the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Royal Canadian Air Force</a> was the top Tempest ace with 12 victories including an <a href="/wiki/Arado_Ar_234" class="mw-redirect" title="Arado Ar 234">Arado Ar 234</a> jet bomber. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fighter-bomber&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>General <a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Arnold" title="Henry H. Arnold">Henry H. Arnold</a>, Chief of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a>, urged the adoption of the Mosquito by the U.S. but was overruled by those who felt that the as yet untried <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-38_Lightning" title="Lockheed P-38 Lightning">Lockheed P-38 Lightning</a> also twin-engined, could fulfill the same role. Although Lightning got its name from the RAF, the British eventually rejected it. Too slow and cumbersome to match Bf 109s as an escort fighter over Germany, it did fly over Normandy as a fighter bomber, where one tried <a href="/wiki/Skip_bombing" title="Skip bombing">skip-bombing</a> a 1,000 lb (450 kg) bomb through the door of Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_von_Kluge" title="Günther von Kluge">Günther von Kluge</a>'s <a href="/wiki/OB_West" title="OB West">OB West</a> HQ. A Lightning squadron also killed Admiral <a href="/wiki/Isoroku_Yamamoto" title="Isoroku Yamamoto">Isoroku Yamamoto</a> over Bougainville in the Pacific acting on an <a href="/wiki/Ultra_(cryptography)" title="Ultra (cryptography)">Ultra</a> intercept.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Republic_P-47_Thunderbolt" title="Republic P-47 Thunderbolt">Republic P-47 Thunderbolt</a> was a larger, evolutionary development of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_P-43_Lancer" title="Republic P-43 Lancer">P-43/P-44</a> fighter undertaken after the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a> observed <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109" title="Messerschmitt Bf 109">Messerschmitt Bf 109s</a> performing in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a>. It was a massive aircraft built around the powerful <a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_R-2800_Double_Wasp" title="Pratt & Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp">Pratt & Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp</a> engine and weighed up to eight tons with ordnance. The P-47 was twice as heavy and had four times the fuselage size of a Spitfire. Armed with eight .50 in (12.7 mm) <a href="/wiki/M2_Browning" title="M2 Browning">M2 Browning</a> machine guns it could outshoot any enemy fighter,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as a fighter-bomber, it could carry half the bomb load of a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress" title="Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress">Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress</a> or 10 five-inch (127 mm) <a href="/wiki/High_Velocity_Aircraft_Rocket" title="High Velocity Aircraft Rocket">High Velocity Aircraft Rockets</a>. </p><p> The first pilots to fly the Thunderbolt from England were Americans who had been flying Spitfires in the RAF before the U.S. joined the war. They were not impressed initially; the Thunderbolt lost out to the more nimble Spitfire so consistently in mock dogfights that these encounters were eventually banned. But by November 25, 1943 Thunderbolts had found their true niche, attacking a Luftwaffe airfield at <a href="/wiki/Saint-Omer" title="Saint-Omer">Saint-Omer</a> near Calais, France. On October 13, 1944, a Thunderbolt from <a href="/wiki/9th_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="9th Air Force">9th Air Force</a> damaged the German <a href="/wiki/Torpedoboot_Ausland" title="Torpedoboot Ausland">Torpedoboot Ausland</a> <i>38</i> (formerly the Italian 750 ton torpedo boat <i>Spada)</i> so badly near Trieste with gunfire alone that the ship was scuttled.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vought_F4U_Corsair_(USMC).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Vought_F4U_Corsair_%28USMC%29.jpg/220px-Vought_F4U_Corsair_%28USMC%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Vought_F4U_Corsair_%28USMC%29.jpg/330px-Vought_F4U_Corsair_%28USMC%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Vought_F4U_Corsair_%28USMC%29.jpg/440px-Vought_F4U_Corsair_%28USMC%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Vought_F4U_Corsair" title="Vought F4U Corsair">Vought F4U Corsair</a> with <a href="/wiki/USMC" class="mw-redirect" title="USMC">USMC</a> markings</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Vought_F4U_Corsair" title="Vought F4U Corsair">Vought F4U Corsair</a> was built around the same <a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_R-2800_Double_Wasp" title="Pratt & Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp">Pratt & Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp</a> engine as the Thunderbolt, but for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a>. Difficulties with carrier landings meant that the first aircraft were used by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a> from <a href="/wiki/Henderson_Field_(Guadalcanal)" title="Henderson Field (Guadalcanal)">Henderson Field, Guadalcanal</a> from February 12, 1943. In its first combat action, the following day over <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kahili_airfield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kahili airfield (page does not exist)">Kahili airfield</a> two Corsairs and eight other aircraft were lost when attacked by 50 <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_A6M_Zero" title="Mitsubishi A6M Zero">Mitsubishi A6M Zeros</a>. This became known as the St Valentine's Day massacre. Despite this initiation the Corsair soon proved to be an effective fighter bomber, mostly flown by the Marine Corps, but also by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm" title="Fleet Air Arm">Fleet Air Arm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Air_Force" title="Royal New Zealand Air Force">Royal New Zealand Air Force</a> in the Pacific theater. </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/British_Purchasing_Commission" title="British Purchasing Commission">British Purchasing Commission</a> invited <a href="/wiki/James_H._Kindelberger" title="James H. Kindelberger">James H. Kindelberger</a>, President of <a href="/wiki/North_American_Aviation" title="North American Aviation">North American Aviation</a>, to assemble the <a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-40_Warhawk" title="Curtiss P-40 Warhawk">Curtiss P-40 Warhawk</a> in an underutilized plant, he promised a better fighter on the same timing. The resulting <a href="/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang">North American P-51 Mustang</a> powered by a <a href="/wiki/Packard_V-1650_Merlin" title="Packard V-1650 Merlin">Packard-built</a> <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Merlin" title="Rolls-Royce Merlin">Rolls-Royce Merlin</a> engine became the outstanding long-range fighter of the war. When <a href="/wiki/Lend-lease" class="mw-redirect" title="Lend-lease">Lend-lease</a> funding for the RAF Mustangs was exhausted, Kindleberger tried to interest the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">USAAC</a> but no funds were available for a fighter; instead, the Mustang was fitted with dive brakes and emerged as the <a href="/wiki/North_American_A-36_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="North American A-36 Apache">North American A-36 Apache</a>, a dive bomber almost as fast as the Mustang itself. By April 1943 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">USAAF</a> Apaches were in Morocco supporting <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a>, and they continued bombing trains and gun emplacements northwards through Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Korean_War">Korean War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fighter-bomber&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Korean War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Soviet-backed <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">attacked</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> on June 25, 1950, their forces quickly routed the South Korean army which lacked tanks, anti-tank and heavy artillery. Its Air Force had 22 planes, none of which were fighters, or jets. During a Soviet boycott of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, a vote was carried without Soviet veto, to intervene in support of the South.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most readily available were U.S. and British Commonwealth forces occupying Japan and the Pacific fleets. The first arrivals were fighter-bombers, which helped to repulse the Northern attack on the vital port of <a href="/wiki/Pusan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pusan">Pusan</a>, the last small territory held by the South. Some strategists felt that air and battleship strikes alone could halt the invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>USAF <a href="/wiki/North_American_F-82_Twin_Mustang" title="North American F-82 Twin Mustang">North American F-82 Twin Mustangs</a> had the range to reach the front line from Japanese bases. The last piston-engined aircraft, produced in the U.S., it looked like two Mustangs, with two pilots in separate fuselages, bolted together. Initially intended to escort bombers over Japan from remote Pacific island bases, hence its long-range, it missed WWII and first saw action in Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plain <a href="/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang">North American P-51 Mustangs</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">Royal Australian Air Force</a> soon also flew across from Japan. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vought_F4U_Corsair" title="Vought F4U Corsair">Vought F4U Corsairs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Sea_Fury" title="Hawker Sea Fury">Hawker Sea Furys</a> from U.S., British and Australian carriers in the Yellow Sea and later from Korean airfields, also attacked the Pusan perimeter. The Sea Fury, a development of the <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Tempest" title="Hawker Tempest">Hawker Tempest</a> had a <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Centaurus" title="Bristol Centaurus">Bristol Centaurus</a> engine of 2,480 hp (1,850 kW) giving a 485 mph (781 km/h) top speed, one of the fastest piston-engined aircraft ever built. Initially, United Nations air forces using piston-engined fighter-bombers and straight wing jet fighters easily drove the North Koreans out of the sky and so disrupted logistics and hence the attack on Pusan. </p><p>All changed when the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Air Force">Soviet Air Force</a> intervened with swept-wing <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-15" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15">Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15s</a> flown by Russian pilots on November 1. The planes had Korean markings and the pilots had been taught a few Korean words, in a thin sham that the USSR was not fighting. The MiG-15 used captured German swept wing technology and tools<sup id="cite_ref-Mikoyan_Gurevich_MiG-15_Fagot_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mikoyan_Gurevich_MiG-15_Fagot-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and British jet engines,<sup id="cite_ref-Mikoyan_Gurevich_MiG-15_Fagot_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mikoyan_Gurevich_MiG-15_Fagot-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 25 of which had been a gift from <a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Stafford Cripps</a> the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="President of the Board of Trade">president of the Board of Trade</a> and were quickly copied. <a href="/wiki/Josef_Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Josef Stalin">Josef Stalin</a> remarked “What fool will sell us his secrets?”<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MiG's Rolls-Royce Nene had 5,000 lbf (2,300 kgf) thrust, twice as much as the jets of its main British and US opponents, which used the older <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Derwent" title="Rolls-Royce Derwent">Rolls-Royce Derwent</a> design. Only the Navy <a href="/wiki/Grumman_F9F_Panther" title="Grumman F9F Panther">Grumman F9F Panther</a> used a version of the Nene and could match the MiG-15, accounting for seven during November.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Daylight heavy bomber raids over North Korea ceased and the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_F-80_Shooting_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="Lockheed F-80 Shooting Star">Lockheed F-80 Shooting Star</a> and its all-weather variant the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_F-94_Starfire" title="Lockheed F-94 Starfire">Lockheed F-94 Starfire</a> were focused on bombing missions whilst the <a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre" title="North American F-86 Sabre">North American F-86 Sabre</a> was rushed to Korea to combat the MiG-15s. There is much debate as to which was the better fighter. Recent research suggests a 13-10 advantage to the Sabre against Russian pilots, but the US pilots were mostly WWII veterans whilst the Russians were often “volunteers” with only a few hours aloft.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Australians converted from Mustangs to <a href="/wiki/Gloster_Meteor" title="Gloster Meteor">Gloster Meteor</a> fighter-bombers, the first Allied jet fighter of WWII but no match for a MiG-15. It was pressed into combat but after four were lost when the squadron was bounced by 40 Mig-15s, reverted to ground attack, carrying 16 60 lb (27 kg) rockets. Although Meteors shot down 6 MiG-15s, 30 were lost, but mainly to ground fire.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Corsairs and Sea Furies also shot down MiG-15s, but were vulnerable to the faster jet. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mirage_2000D_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Mirage_2000D_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Mirage_2000D_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Mirage_2000D_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Mirage_2000D_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Mirage_2000D_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Mirage_2000D_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Mirage_2000N/2000D" title="Dassault Mirage 2000N/2000D">Dassault Mirage 2000D</a> is designed for long-range strikes.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-war">Post-war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fighter-bomber&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Post-war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fighter-bombers became increasingly important in the 1950s and 1960s, as new <a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">jet engines</a> dramatically improved the power of even the smallest fighter designs. Many aircraft initially designed as fighters or <a href="/wiki/Interceptor_aircraft" title="Interceptor aircraft">interceptors</a> found themselves in the fighter-bomber role at some point in their career. Notable among these is the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_F-104_Starfighter" title="Lockheed F-104 Starfighter">Lockheed F-104 Starfighter</a>, first designed as a high-performance <a href="/wiki/Day_fighter" title="Day fighter">day fighter</a> and then adapted to the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">nuclear strike</a> role for European use. Other U.S. examples include the <a href="/wiki/North_American_F-100_Super_Sabre" title="North American F-100 Super Sabre">North American F-100 Super Sabre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II" title="McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II">McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II</a>, each of which was widely used during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. An example of a modern purpose-designed fighter bomber is the <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-34" title="Sukhoi Su-34">Sukhoi Su-34</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fighter-bomber&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dive_bomber" title="Dive bomber">Dive bomber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_bomber" title="Light bomber">Light bomber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_bombing" title="Tactical bombing">Tactical bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_aircraft" title="Attack aircraft">Attack aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multirole_combat_aircraft" title="Multirole combat aircraft">Multirole combat aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_fighter" title="Strike fighter">Strike fighter</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fighter-bomber&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HCcDAAAAMBAJ&q=popular%20science%20may%201941&pg=PA124">"Fighter-bombers are dual-purpose"</a>. <i>Popular Science</i>. <b>141</b>. Dec 1942. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0161-7370">0161-7370</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.atitle=Fighter-bombers+are+dual-purpose&rft.volume=141&rft.date=1942-12&rft.issn=0161-7370&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHCcDAAAAMBAJ%26q%3Dpopular%2520science%2520may%25201941%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFighter-bomber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWragg1973" class="citation book cs1">Wragg, David W. (1973). <i>A Dictionary of Aviation</i> (first ed.). Osprey. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780850451634" title="Special:BookSources/9780850451634"><bdi>9780850451634</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Aviation&rft.pages=131&rft.edition=first&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780850451634&rft.aulast=Wragg&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFighter-bomber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warner, G. <i>The Bristol Blenheim: A Complete History</i>. London: Crécy Publishing, 2nd edition 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85979-101-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-85979-101-7">0-85979-101-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warner-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Warner_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warner_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Warner, G. <i>The Bristol Blenheim: A Complete History</i>. London: Crécy Publishing, 2nd edition 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85979-101-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-85979-101-7">0-85979-101-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130713093920/http://www.f4ucorsair.com/history.html">"Chance Vought F4U Corsair - XF4U-1 - Genesis"</a>. <i>f4ucorsair.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.f4ucorsair.com/history.html">the original</a> on July 13, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=f4ucorsair.com&rft.atitle=Chance+Vought+F4U+Corsair+-+XF4U-1+-+Genesis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.f4ucorsair.com%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFighter-bomber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David, Donald ed, The complete encyclopaedia of world aircraft. Noble and Barnes, New York 1977 .<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7607-0592-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7607-0592-5">0-7607-0592-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buttler, Tony. <i>British Secret Projects - Fighters and Bombers 1935-1950</i>. Hinckley, UK: Midland Publishing, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85780-179-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85780-179-2">1-85780-179-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bowyer, Michael J. F. <i>The Battle of Britain: The Fight for Survival in 1940.</i> Manchester, UK: Crécy 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85979-147-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85979-147-2">978-0-85979-147-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davis_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, Mick. <i>Sopwith Aircraft</i>; Crowood Press, Marlborough England, 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86126-217-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-86126-217-5">1-86126-217-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGossCornwellRauchbach2010" class="citation book cs1">Goss, Chris; Cornwell, Peter; Rauchbach, Bernd (2010). <i>Luftwaffe Fighter-Bombers Over Britain: The Tip and Run Campaign, 1942-43</i>. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. pp. 30–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780811706919" title="Special:BookSources/9780811706919"><bdi>9780811706919</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luftwaffe+Fighter-Bombers+Over+Britain%3A+The+Tip+and+Run+Campaign%2C+1942-43&rft.place=Mechanicsburg%2C+PA&rft.pages=30-54&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780811706919&rft.aulast=Goss&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Cornwell%2C+Peter&rft.au=Rauchbach%2C+Bernd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFighter-bomber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bergstrom, Christer (2007). <i>Stalingrad – The Air Battle: November 1942 – February 1943</i>. London: Chevron/Ian Allan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85780-276-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85780-276-4">978-1-85780-276-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bergström, Christer (2007). <i>Kursk – The Air Battle: July 1943</i>. London: Chevron/Ian Allan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903223-88-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903223-88-8">978-1-903223-88-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manrho, John & Pütz, Ron. <i>Bodenplatte: The Luftwaffe's Last Hope-The Attack on Allied Airfields, New Year's Day 1945</i>. Ottringham, Yorkshire, United Kingdom. Hikoki Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-902109-40-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-902109-40-6">1-902109-40-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ray, John. <i>The Night Blitz: 1940–1941</i>. Cassell Military, London. 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35676-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35676-X">0-304-35676-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mason, Francis K. Hawker Aircraft since 1920. Putnam. London 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85177-839-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85177-839-6">978-0-85177-839-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beadle, Jeremy, and Harrison, Ian: Firsts, Lasts, and Onlys: Anova Books, 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1905798067" title="Special:BookSources/1905798067">1905798067</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haar , Gerr H, The German attack on Norway April 1940. Seaforth, Barnsley. England 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-032-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-032-1">978-1-84832-032-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dibbs, John and Tony Holmes. <i>Hurricane: A Fighter Legend.</i> Oxford, UK: Osprey, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-498-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-498-9">1-85532-498-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Darlington. Roger, Night Hawk, William Kimber, London 1985 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7183-0574-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7183-0574-1">978-0-7183-0574-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bowman, Martin. <i>de Havilland Mosquito</i> (Crowood Aviation Series). Ramsbury, Marlborough, Wiltshire, UK: The Crowood Press, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86126-736-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-86126-736-3">1-86126-736-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hermann Gōring im Gesprach mit Erhard Milch März 1943 Archiv der Luftfahrtministerium</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bowman, Martin. <i>de Havilland Mosquito</i> (Crowood Aviation Series). Ramsbury, Marlborough, Wiltshire, UK: The Crowood Press, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86126-736-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-86126-736-3">1-86126-736-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deighton, Len. <i>Battle of Britain.</i> London: Johnathon Cape, 1980. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-224-01826-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-224-01826-4">0-224-01826-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mason, Francis K. <i>The Hawker Typhoon and Tempest</i>. London: Aston Publications, 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-946627-19-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-946627-19-3">0-946627-19-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reynolds, Michael: Steel Inferno 1SS Panzer Corps in Normandy Da Capo Press New York, 1997 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-885119-44-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-885119-44-5">1-885119-44-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grey, Peter, and Sebastian Cox. <i>Air Power: Turning Points from Kittyhawk to Kosovo</i>. London: Frank Class, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-8257-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-8257-8">0-7146-8257-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macpherson Sir Tommy and Richard Bath: Behind Enemy Lines. Mainstream UK 2010: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84596-636-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84596-636-2">978-1-84596-636-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goulter-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goulter_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goulter_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goulter, Christina J. M.A Forgotten Offensive: Royal Air Force Coastal Command’s Anti-shipping Campaign, 1940–1945:1995;Frank Cass, London: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4147-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4147-8">978-0-7146-4147-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacobs, Benjamin. The Dentist of Auschwitz. University Press of Kentucky. 1994. Lexington Ky. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813190126" title="Special:BookSources/0813190126">0813190126</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">RAF Witter February 9, 1944, Tactical Trials</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.hawkertempest.se">http://www.hawkertempest.se</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caidin, Martin. <i>Fork-tailed Devil.</i> New York: Ballantine Books, 1983. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-31292-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-345-31292-9">0-345-31292-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spick, Mike. <i>Fighter Pilot Tactics. The Techniques of Daylight Air Combat</i>. Cambridge, UK: Patrick Stephens, 1983. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85059-617-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-85059-617-3">0-85059-617-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitley, M.J. Destroyers of World War 2, 1988 Cassel, London: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85409-521-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-85409-521-8">1-85409-521-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gunston, Bill and Robert F. Dorr. North American P-51 Mustang: The Fighter that Won the War. Wings of Fame Vol. 1. London: Aerospace Publishing, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-874023-68-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-874023-68-9">1-874023-68-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malkasian, Carter, The Korean War 1950-53. Essential Histories. Fitzroy Dearborn London, Chicago 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57958-364-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-57958-364-4">1-57958-364-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rees, David: Korea: The Limited War. Macmillan, London. 1964. OLC 602104508</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, Warren E. Double Trouble, The F-82 Twin Mustang in Korea Air Enthusiast, Key Publishing March 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mikoyan_Gurevich_MiG-15_Fagot-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mikoyan_Gurevich_MiG-15_Fagot_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mikoyan_Gurevich_MiG-15_Fagot_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYefim2005" class="citation book cs1">Yefim, Gordon (2005). <i>Mikoyan Gurevich MiG-15 Fagot</i>. Midland Publishing. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mikoyan+Gurevich+MiG-15+Fagot&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Midland+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Yefim&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFighter-bomber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYefim2005" class="citation book cs1">Yefim, Gordon (2005). <i>Mikoyan Gurevich MiG-15 Fagot</i>. Midland Publishing. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mikoyan+Gurevich+MiG-15+Fagot&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Midland+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Yefim&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFighter-bomber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYefim2005" class="citation book cs1">Yefim, Gordon (2005). <i>Mikoyan Gurevich MiG-15 Fagot</i>. Midland Publishing. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mikoyan+Gurevich+MiG-15+Fagot&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Midland+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Yefim&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFighter-bomber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kay, Anthony L. Turbojet History and Development 1930-1960 The Crowood Press, Ramsbury, Wilts 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86126-912-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86126-912-6">978-1-86126-912-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dorr, Robert F. Jon Lake and Robert E. Thomson <i>Korean War Aces</i>. Osprey, London 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-501-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-501-2">1-85532-501-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Butler, Phil and Tony Buttler. <i>Gloster Meteor: Britain's Celebrated First-Generation Jet</i>. Hersham, Surrey, UK: Midland Publishing, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85780-230-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85780-230-6">1-85780-230-6</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Modern_military_aircraft_types_and_roles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_aircraft_types_(roles)" title="Template:Military aircraft types (roles)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_aircraft_types_(roles)" title="Template talk:Military aircraft types (roles)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_aircraft_types_(roles)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military aircraft types (roles)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modern_military_aircraft_types_and_roles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Modern <a href="/wiki/Military_aircraft" title="Military aircraft">military aircraft</a> types and roles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airship" title="Airship">Airship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_military_ballooning" title="History of military ballooning">Balloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_aircraft" title="Military aircraft">Fixed-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_glider" title="Military glider">Glider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_helicopter" title="Military helicopter">Helicopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">Unmanned <span style="font-size:85%;">(UAV)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stealth_aircraft" title="Stealth aircraft">Stealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Combat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">Airborne early warning and control</a> (AEW&C)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_aircraft" title="Attack aircraft">Attack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency_aircraft" title="Counter-insurgency aircraft">Counter-insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunship" title="Gunship">Gunship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">Bomber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_bomber" title="Heavy bomber">Heavy bomber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_bomber" title="Light bomber">Light bomber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_bomber" title="Medium bomber">Medium bomber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bomber" title="Strategic bomber">Strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penetrator_(aircraft)" title="Penetrator (aircraft)">Penetrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_(RAF)" title="Pathfinder (RAF)">Pathfinder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier-based_aircraft" title="Carrier-based aircraft">Carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">Close air support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_warfare_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic warfare aircraft">Electronic warfare <span style="font-size:85%;">(EW)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intruder_(air_combat)" title="Intruder (air combat)">Intruder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_superiority_fighter" title="Air superiority fighter">Air superiority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interceptor_aircraft" title="Interceptor aircraft">Interceptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_fighter" title="Emergency fighter">Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escort_fighter" title="Escort fighter">Escort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_fighter" title="Night fighter">Night</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_patrol_aircraft" title="Maritime patrol aircraft">Maritime patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multirole_combat_aircraft" title="Multirole combat aircraft">Multi-role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdictor" title="Interdictor">Interdictor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fighter-bomber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_fighter" title="Strike fighter">Strike fighter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Non-combat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_aircraft" title="Experimental aircraft">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaison_aircraft" title="Liaison aircraft">Liaison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">Reconnaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scout_(aircraft)" title="Scout (aircraft)">Scout</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance_aircraft" title="Surveillance aircraft">Surveillance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scout_plane" title="Scout plane">Scout</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_refueling" title="Aerial refueling">Tanker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testbed_aircraft" 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