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id="toc-Eighth_Air_Force_bomber_operations_1942–1943" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eighth_Air_Force_bomber_operations_1942–1943"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Eighth Air Force bomber operations 1942–1943 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eighth_Air_Force_bomber_operations_1942–1943-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-P-51_introduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#P-51_introduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 P-51 introduction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-P-51_introduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fighting_the_Luftwaffe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fighting_the_Luftwaffe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.4 Fighting the Luftwaffe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fighting_the_Luftwaffe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beyond_Pointblank" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beyond_Pointblank"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.5 Beyond Pointblank </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beyond_Pointblank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_China_and_the_Pacific_Theater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_China_and_the_Pacific_Theater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.6 In China and the Pacific Theater </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_China_and_the_Pacific_Theater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medal_of_Honor_recipients" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medal_of_Honor_recipients"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.7 Medal of Honor recipients </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medal_of_Honor_recipients-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pilot_observations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pilot_observations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Pilot observations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pilot_observations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 After World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Service_with_other_air_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Service_with_other_air_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Service with other air forces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Service_with_other_air_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-P-51s_and_civil_aviation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#P-51s_and_civil_aviation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 P-51s and civil aviation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-P-51s_and_civil_aviation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Incidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.1 Incidents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Variants </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Variants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Variants subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accidents_and_incidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accidents_and_incidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Accidents and incidents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accidents_and_incidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surviving_aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surviving_aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Surviving aircraft </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surviving_aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specifications_(P-51D_Mustang)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specifications_(P-51D_Mustang)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Specifications (P-51D Mustang) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specifications_(P-51D_Mustang)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_appearances_in_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_appearances_in_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notable appearances in media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_appearances_in_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scale_replicas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scale_replicas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Scale replicas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scale_replicas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">North American P-51 Mustang</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" > 55 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="North American P-51 Mustang" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="North American P-51 Mustang" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AB_%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A5%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%87-51_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%BA" title="نورث أمريكان إفياشين بيه-51 موستانغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نورث أمريكان إفياشين بيه-51 موستانغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="North American P-51 Mustang" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="North American P-51 Mustang" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="North American P-51 Mustang" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A7%AB%E0%A7%A7_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82" title="নর্থ আমেরিকান পি-৫১ মাসট্যাং – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নর্থ আমেরিকান পি-৫১ মাসট্যাং" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="North American P-51 Mustang" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-51_Mustang" title="P-51 Mustang – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="P-51 Mustang" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="North American P-51 Mustang" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="North American P-51 Mustang" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="North American P-51 Mustang" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-51_Mustang" title="P-51 Mustang – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="P-51 Mustang" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51" title="North American P-51 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="North American P-51" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-51_Mustang" title="P-51 Mustang – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="P-51 Mustang" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="North American P-51 Mustang" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="North American P-51 Mustang" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="North American P-51 Mustang" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="North American P-51 Mustang" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%86_%D9%BE%DB%8C-%DB%B5%DB%B1_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%DA%AF" title="نورث امریکن پی-۵۱ ماستنگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نورث امریکن پی-۵۱ ماستنگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="North American P-51 Mustang" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="North American P-51 Mustang" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="North American P-51 Mustang" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-51_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%B1" title="P-51 머스탱 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="P-51 머스탱" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="North American P-51 Mustang" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="North American P-51 Mustang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="North American P-51 Mustang" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-51_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%92" title="P-51 מוסטנג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="P-51 מוסטנג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-51_Mustang" title="P-51 Mustang – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="P-51 Mustang" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="North American P-51 Mustang" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%E2%80%9351_Mustang" title="P–51 Mustang – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="P–51 Mustang" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF-51_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D" title="നോർത്ത് അമേരിക്കൻ പി-51 മസ്റ്റാങ്ങ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നോർത്ത് അമേരിക്കൻ പി-51 മസ്റ്റാങ്ങ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-51_Mustang" title="P-51 Mustang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="P-51 Mustang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE-%E1%81%85%E1%81%81_(%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA)" title="ပီ-၅၁ (တိုက်လေယာဉ်) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပီ-၅၁ (တိုက်လေယာဉ်)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-51_Mustang" title="P-51 Mustang – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="P-51 Mustang" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-51_(%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E6%A9%9F)" title="P-51 (航空機) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="P-51 (航空機)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="North American P-51 Mustang" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="North American P-51 Mustang" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="North American P-51 Mustang" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="North American P-51 Mustang" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="North American P-51 Mustang" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-51_Mustang" title="P-51 Mustang – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="P-51 Mustang" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="North American P-51 Mustang" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="North American P-51 Mustang" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="North American P-51 Mustang" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="North American P-51 Mustang" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-51_%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="P-51 мустанг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="P-51 мустанг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="North American P-51 Mustang" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="North American P-51 Mustang" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5-51_%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%87" title="นอร์ทอเมริกัน พี-51 มัสแตง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นอร์ทอเมริกัน พี-51 มัสแตง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="North American P-51 Mustang" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="North American P-51 Mustang" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%BE_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%86_%D9%BE%DB%8C-51_%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="نارتھ امریکن پی-51 مسٹینگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نارتھ امریکن پی-51 مسٹینگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="North American P-51 Mustang" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American WWII-era fighter aircraft</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"P-51" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/P-51_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="P-51 (disambiguation)">P-51 (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248642317">.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .infobox-above{line-height:1.6em;background-color:#eee}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .infobox-header{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;line-height:23px;background-color:#eee}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft-caption-left .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft-caption-left .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft-caption-left .infobox-label{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .infobox-label{width:30%;padding-right:3px}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .infobox-data{width:50%}}</style><table class="infobox ib-aircraft vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">P-51 Mustang</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:P-51-361.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/P-51-361.jpg/300px-P-51-361.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/P-51-361.jpg/450px-P-51-361.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/P-51-361.jpg/600px-P-51-361.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5054" data-file-height="3446" /></a> <div class="ib-aircraft-caption">P-51D nicknamed "Tika IV" of 361st Fighter Group with underwing <a href="/wiki/Drop_tanks" class="mw-redirect" title="Drop tanks">drop tanks</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighter</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">National origin</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_manufacturer" title="Aerospace manufacturer">Manufacturer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/North_American_Aviation" title="North American Aviation">North American Aviation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Primary users</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a><div> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Air_Force" title="Royal New Zealand Air Force">Royal New Zealand Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Royal Canadian Air Force</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number built</th><td class="infobox-data">More than 15,000<a href="#cite_note-NMUSAF-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduction date</th><td class="infobox-data">January 1942 (RAF)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First flight</th><td class="infobox-data">26 October 1940<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Retired</th><td class="infobox-data">Retired from military service 1984 (<a href="/wiki/Dominican_Air_Force" title="Dominican Air Force">Dominican Air Force</a>)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Variants</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/North_American_A-36" title="North American A-36">North American A-36</a> <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Mustang_Mk.X" title="Rolls-Royce Mustang Mk.X">Rolls-Royce Mustang Mk.X</a> <a href="/wiki/CAC_Mustang" title="CAC Mustang">CAC Mustang</a> <a href="/wiki/Cavalier_Mustang" title="Cavalier Mustang">Cavalier Mustang</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developed into</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-82_Twin_Mustang" title="North American F-82 Twin Mustang">North American F-82 Twin Mustang</a> <a href="/wiki/Piper_PA-48_Enforcer" title="Piper PA-48 Enforcer">Piper PA-48 Enforcer</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The North American Aviation P-51 Mustang is an American long-range, single-seat <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fighter-bomber" title="Fighter-bomber">fighter-bomber</a> used during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, among other conflicts. The Mustang was designed in 1940 by a team headed by <a href="/wiki/James_H._Kindelberger" title="James H. Kindelberger">James H. Kindelberger</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_American_Aviation" title="North American Aviation">North American Aviation</a> (NAA) in response to a requirement of the <a href="/wiki/British_Purchasing_Commission" title="British Purchasing Commission">British Purchasing Commission</a>. The commission approached NAA to build <a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-40_Warhawk" title="Curtiss P-40 Warhawk">Curtiss P-40 fighters</a> under license for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> (RAF). Rather than build an old design from another company, NAA proposed the design and production of a more modern fighter. The prototype NA-73X <a href="/wiki/Airframe" title="Airframe">airframe</a> was completed on 9 September 1940, 102 days after contract signing, achieving its first flight on 26 October.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The Mustang was designed to use the <a href="/wiki/Allison_V-1710" title="Allison V-1710">Allison V-1710</a> engine without an export-sensitive turbosupercharger<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> or a multi-stage supercharger, resulting in limited high-altitude performance. The aircraft was first flown operationally and very successfully by the RAF and as a <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">tactical-reconnaissance aircraft</a> and fighter-bomber (Mustang Mk I). In mid 1942, a development project known as the <a href="/wiki/Mustang_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustang X">Rolls-Royce Mustang X</a>, replaced the Allison engine with a <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Merlin" title="Rolls-Royce Merlin">Rolls-Royce Merlin</a> 65 two-stage inter-cooled supercharged engine. During testing at <a href="/wiki/Hucknall_Aerodrome#Rolls-Royce_Flight_Test_Establishment" title="Hucknall Aerodrome">Rolls-Royce's airfield at Hucknall</a> in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, it was clear the engine dramatically improved the aircraft's performance at altitudes above 15,000 ft (4,600 m) without sacrificing range.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Following receipt of the test results and after further flights by a number of USAAF pilots, the results were so positive that North American began work on converting several aircraft developing into the P-51B/C (Mustang Mk III) model, which became the first long range fighter to be able to compete with the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a>'s fighters.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The definitive version, the <a href="/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang_variants#P-51D_and_P-51K" title="North American P-51 Mustang variants">P-51D</a>, was powered by the <a href="/wiki/Packard_V-1650_Merlin" title="Packard V-1650 Merlin">Packard V-1650-7</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Licensed_production" title="Licensed production">license-built</a> version of the two-speed, two-stage-<a href="/wiki/Supercharger" title="Supercharger">supercharged</a> <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Merlin#Variants" title="Rolls-Royce Merlin">Merlin 66</a>, and was armed with six <a href="/wiki/.50_BMG" title=".50 BMG">.50 caliber</a> (12.7 mm) <a href="/wiki/M2_Browning#AN/M2" title="M2 Browning">AN/M2 Browning machine guns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> From late 1943, P-51Bs and P-51Cs (supplemented by P-51Ds from mid-1944) were used by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">USAAF's</a> <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Air_Force" title="Eighth Air Force">Eighth Air Force</a> to escort bombers in raids over <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a>, while the RAF's <a href="/wiki/RAF_Second_Tactical_Air_Force" title="RAF Second Tactical Air Force">Second Tactical Air Force</a> and the USAAF's <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Air_Force#World_War_II" title="Ninth Air Force">Ninth Air Force</a> used the Merlin-powered Mustangs as fighter-bombers, roles in which the Mustang helped ensure Allied <a href="/wiki/Air_supremacy" title="Air supremacy">air superiority</a> in 1944.<a href="#cite_note-Gunston_p._58-10">[10]</a> The P-51 was also used by <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> air forces in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">North African, Mediterranean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign (World War II)">Italian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiatic-Pacific Theater">Pacific</a> theaters. During World War II, Mustang pilots claimed to have destroyed 4,950 enemy aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-12">[a]</a> At the start of the Korean War, the Mustang, by then redesignated F-51, was the main fighter of the United States until <a href="/wiki/First-generation_jet_fighter" class="mw-redirect" title="First-generation jet fighter">jet fighters</a>, including North American's <a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre" title="North American F-86 Sabre">F-86 Sabre</a>, took over this role; the Mustang then became a specialized fighter-bomber. Despite the advent of jet fighters, the Mustang remained in service with some air forces until the early 1980s. After the Korean War, Mustangs became popular civilian <a href="/wiki/Warbird" title="Warbird">warbirds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Air_racing" title="Air racing">air racing</a> aircraft. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_and_development">Design and development</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_P-51_Mustang&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Design and development">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang_variants" title="North American P-51 Mustang variants">North American P-51 Mustang variants</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NA-73X-NX19998-.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/NA-73X-NX19998-.jpg/220px-NA-73X-NX19998-.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/NA-73X-NX19998-.jpg/330px-NA-73X-NX19998-.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/NA-73X-NX19998-.jpg/440px-NA-73X-NX19998-.jpg 2x" data-file-width="894" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>North American NA-73X, with a short carburetor air-intake scoop and the frameless, rounded windshield: On the production Mustang Mk Is, the frameless windshield was replaced with a three-piece unit that incorporated a bullet-resistant windshield.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Musas_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Musas_2.jpg/220px-Musas_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Musas_2.jpg/330px-Musas_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Musas_2.jpg/440px-Musas_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>P-51D on the Inglewood assembly line</figcaption></figure> In 1938, the British government established a purchasing commission in the United States, headed by Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Self" title="Henry Self">Henry Self</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> Self was given overall responsibility for RAF production, research, and development, and also served with Sir <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Freeman" title="Wilfrid Freeman">Wilfrid Freeman</a>, the Air Member for Development and Production. Self also sat on the British Air Council Subcommittee on Supply (or "Supply Committee"), and one of his tasks was to organize the manufacturing and supply of American fighter aircraft for the RAF. At the time, the choice was very limited, as no U.S. aircraft then in production or flying met European standards, with only the <a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-40_Warhawk" title="Curtiss P-40 Warhawk">Curtiss P-40 Tomahawk</a> coming close. The <a href="/wiki/Curtiss-Wright" title="Curtiss-Wright">Curtiss-Wright</a> plant was running at capacity, so P-40s were in short supply.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> North American Aviation (NAA) was already supplying its <a href="/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan" title="North American T-6 Texan">T-6 Texan</a> (known in British service as the "Harvard") trainer to the RAF, but was otherwise underused. NAA President <a href="/wiki/James_H._Kindelberger" title="James H. Kindelberger">"Dutch" Kindelberger</a> approached Self to sell a new <a href="/wiki/Medium_bomber" title="Medium bomber">medium bomber</a>, the <a href="/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell" title="North American B-25 Mitchell">North American B-25 Mitchell</a>. Instead, Self asked if NAA could manufacture P-40s <a href="/wiki/Licensed_production" title="Licensed production">under license</a> from Curtiss. Kindelberger said NAA could have a better aircraft with the same <a href="/wiki/Allison_V-1710" title="Allison V-1710">Allison V-1710</a> engine in the air sooner than establishing a production line for the P-40. <a href="/wiki/John_Leland_Atwood" title="John Leland Atwood">John Attwood</a> of NAA spent much time from January to April 1940 at the British Purchasing Commission's offices in New York discussing the British specifications of the proposed aircraft with British engineers. The discussions consisted of free-hand conceptual drawings of an aircraft with the British officials. Self was concerned that NAA had not ever designed a fighter, insisting they obtain the drawings and study the wind-tunnel test results for the P-40, before presenting them with detailed design drawings based on the agreed concept. NAA purchased the drawings and data from Curtiss for £56,000, confirming the purchase with the British Purchasing Commission. The commission approved the resulting detailed design drawings, signing the commencement of the Mustang project on 4 May 1940, and firmly ordering 320 on 29 May 1940. Prior to this, NAA only had a letter of intent for an order of 320 aircraft. Curtiss engineers accused NAA of plagiarism.<a href="#cite_note-Martyn_Chorlton_2012-16">[15]</a> The British Purchasing Commission stipulated armament of four <a href="/wiki/.303_British" title=".303 British">.303 in (7.7 mm)</a> machine guns (as used on the Tomahawk), a unit cost of no more than $40,000, and delivery of the first production aircraft by January 1941.<a href="#cite_note-Delve_p._11-17">[16]</a> In March 1940, 320 aircraft were ordered by Freeman, who had become the executive head of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Aircraft_Production" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Aircraft Production">Ministry of Aircraft Production</a> (MAP) and the contract was promulgated on 24 April.<a href="#cite_note-Delve_p._12-18">[17]</a> The NA-73X, which was designed by a team led by lead engineer <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Schmued" title="Edgar Schmued">Edgar Schmued</a>, followed the best conventional practice of the era, designed for ease of mass manufacturing.<a href="#cite_note-Martyn_Chorlton_2012-16">[15]</a> The design included several new features.<a href="#cite_note-19">[nb 1]</a> One was a wing designed using <a href="/wiki/Laminar_flow" title="Laminar flow">laminar flow</a> airfoils, which were developed co-operatively by NAA and the <a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics</a> (NACA). These airfoils generated low drag at high speeds.<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[b]</a> During the development of the NA-73X, a wind-tunnel test of two wings, one using NACA five-digit airfoils and the other using the new NAA/NACA 45–100 airfoils, was performed in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a> Kirsten Wind Tunnel. The results of this test showed the superiority of the wing designed with the <a href="/wiki/NACA_airfoil" title="NACA airfoil">NAA/NACA 45–100 airfoils</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[nb 2]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:XP-51,_serial_number_41-039_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/XP-51%2C_serial_number_41-039_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-XP-51%2C_serial_number_41-039_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/XP-51%2C_serial_number_41-039_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-XP-51%2C_serial_number_41-039_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/XP-51%2C_serial_number_41-039_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-XP-51%2C_serial_number_41-039_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="995" /></a><figcaption>XP-51 41-039 is one of two Mustang Mk I aircraft handed over to the USAAC for testing</figcaption></figure> The other feature was a new cooling arrangement positioned aft (single ducted water and oil radiators assembly) that reduced the fuselage drag and effects on the wing. Later,<a href="#cite_note-26">[22]</a> after much development, they discovered that the cooling assembly could take advantage of the <a href="/wiki/Meredith_effect" title="Meredith effect">Meredith effect</a>, in which heated air exited the radiator with a slight amount of <a href="/wiki/Jet_thrust" class="mw-redirect" title="Jet thrust">jet thrust</a>. Because NAA lacked a suitable wind tunnel to test this feature, it used the <a href="/wiki/GALCIT" class="mw-redirect" title="GALCIT">GALCIT</a> 3.0 m (10 ft) wind tunnel at the <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a>. This led to some controversy over whether the Mustang's cooling system <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">aerodynamics</a> were developed by NAA's engineer Schmued or by Curtiss, as NAA had purchased the complete set of P-40 wind tunnel data and flight test reports.<a href="#cite_note-27">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[24]</a> The NA-73X was also one of the first aircraft to have a fuselage <a href="/wiki/Lofting" title="Lofting">lofted</a> mathematically using <a href="/wiki/Conic_section" title="Conic section">conic sections</a>; this resulted in smooth, low-drag surfaces.<a href="#cite_note-Jac4-29">[25]</a> To aid production, the airframe was divided into five main sections—forward, center, rear fuselage, and two wing halves—<a href="/wiki/Modular_design" title="Modular design">all of which</a> were fitted with wiring and piping before being joined.<a href="#cite_note-Jac4-29">[25]</a> The prototype NA-73X was rolled out in September 1940, just 102 days after the order had been placed; it first flew on 26 October 1940, 149 days into the contract, an uncommonly short development period even during the war.<a href="#cite_note-30">[26]</a> With test pilot <a href="/wiki/Vance_Breese" title="Vance Breese">Vance Breese</a> at the controls,<a href="#cite_note-31">[27]</a> the prototype handled well and accommodated an impressive fuel load. The aircraft's three-section, <a href="/wiki/Semi-monocoque" title="Semi-monocoque">semi-monocoque</a> fuselage was constructed entirely of aluminum to save weight. It was armed with four .30 caliber (7.62 mm) <a href="/wiki/M1919_Browning_machine_gun#Aircraft" title="M1919 Browning machine gun">AN/M2 Browning machine guns</a> in the wings and two .50 caliber (12.7 mm) <a href="/wiki/M2_Browning#.50_Browning_AN/M2" title="M2 Browning">AN/M2 Browning machine guns</a> mounted under the engine and firing through the propeller arc using a <a href="/wiki/Synchronization_gear" title="Synchronization gear">gun-synchronizing gear</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[nb 3]</a> While the USAAC could block any sales it considered detrimental to the interests of the US, the NA-73 was considered to be a special case because it had been designed at the behest of the British and all dealings were directly between the BPC and NAA, and did not involve the US Army or Wright Field in any way. In September 1940, a further 300 NA-73s were ordered by the MAP.<a href="#cite_note-Delve_p._11-17">[16]</a> To ensure uninterrupted delivery, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Oliver_P._Echols" title="Oliver P. Echols">Oliver P. Echols</a> arranged with the Anglo-French Purchasing Commission to deliver the aircraft and NAA gave two examples (41-038 and 41-039) to the USAAC for evaluation.<a href="#cite_note-gml2007-33">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[nb 4]</a> It is important to note that the Mustang I (NA-73 and NA-83) and the Ia (NA-91), produced for the British, were not equivalent to the P-51A which was a later model (NA-99). Two British Mustang Is were held back by the USAAF and given the provisional model number XP-51. The USAAF held back 57 Mustang Ia aircraft armed with 4 x 20mm Hispano cannon, from the third British order, converting most of them to tactical reconnaissance aircraft and designating them P-51-2/F6A. North American retained the second aircraft of this batch to help develop the P-51A.<a href="#cite_note-36">[30]</a> The Allison engine in the Mustang I had a single-stage supercharger that caused power to drop off rapidly above 15,000 feet (4,600 m). This made it unsuitable for use at the altitudes where combat was taking place in Europe. Allison's attempts at developing a high-altitude engine were underfunded, but produced the V-1710-45, which featured a variable-speed auxiliary supercharger and developed 1,150 horsepower (860 kW) at 22,400 feet (6,800 m). In November 1941, NAA studied the possibility of using it, but fitting its excessive length in the Mustang would require extensive airframe modifications and cause long production delays.<a href="#cite_note-Marshall_2020-37">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-ModDesig-38">[32]</a> In May 1942, following positive reports from the RAF on the Mustang I's performance below 15,000 ft, Ronald Harker, a test pilot for <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Limited" title="Rolls-Royce Limited">Rolls-Royce</a>, suggested fitting a <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Merlin#Basic_component_overview_.28Merlin_61.29" title="Rolls-Royce Merlin">Merlin 61</a>, as fitted to the <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire_(late_Merlin-powered_variants)#Mk_IX_.28type_361.29" title="Supermarine Spitfire (late Merlin-powered variants)">Spitfire Mk IX</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marshall_2020-37">[31]</a> The Merlin 61 had a two-speed, two-stage, intercooled supercharger, designed by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Hooker" title="Stanley Hooker">Stanley Hooker</a> of Rolls-Royce.<a href="#cite_note-39">[33]</a> Both the Merlin 61 and V-1710-39 were capable of about 1,570 horsepower (1,170 kW) <a href="/wiki/War_emergency_power" title="War emergency power">war emergency power</a> at relatively low altitudes, but the Merlin developed 1,390 horsepower (1,040 kW) at 23,500 feet (7,200 m) versus the Allison's 1,150 horsepower (860 kW) at 11,800 feet (3,600 m),<a href="#cite_note-Hazen_memo-40">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-RDE_66-41-41">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-ModDesig-38">[32]</a> delivering an increase in top speed from 390 mph (340 kn; 630 km/h) at ~15,000 feet (4,600 m) to an estimated 440 mph (380 kn; 710 km/h) at 28,100 feet (8,600 m). In the end the Merlin 61 was never fitted to the Mustang X, (or any other Mustang). The 65 series (a medium altitude engine) was fitted to all Mustang X prototypes.<a href="#cite_note-42">[36]</a> Initially, the Mustang's steadfast champion, USAAC/F Assistant Air Attaché Major Thomas Hitchcock, was concerned that the USAAF had little or no interest in the potential of the P-51A and its development with the Merlin engine. He wrote: "Its development in this theatre has suffered for various reasons. Sired by the English out of an American mother, the Mustang has no parent in the Army Air Corps to appreciate and push its good points. It does not fully satisfy good people on both sides of the Atlantic who seem more interested in pointing with pride to the development of a 100% national product..."<a href="#cite_note-43">[37]</a> Nevertheless, during the British service development program of the Mustang I at <a href="/wiki/Hucknall_Aerodrome#Rolls-Royce_Flight_Test_Establishment" title="Hucknall Aerodrome">Rolls-Royce's airfield at Hucknall</a>, a close relationship was developed between NAA, the RAF Air Fighting Development Unit and Rolls Royce Rolls-Royce Flight Test Establishment at Hucknall. Following extensive communication between Hitchcock (based in England), Rolls Royce engineers and Phillip Legarra at NAA regarding the promising outlook of a Merlin Mustang, along with the subsequent work in progress by Rolls Royce on the Mustang X, NAA representatives including Mustang designer Schmued visited the UK to examine and discuss the project in detail.<a href="#cite_note-44">[38]</a> The promising calculations and modification progress by Rolls Royce led in July 1942 to a contract being let for two NAA Merlin prototypes, briefly designated XP-78, but soon to become the XP-51B.<a href="#cite_note-45">[39]</a> Based on the Packard V-1650-3 duplicating the Merlin 61's performance, NAA estimated for the XP-78 a top speed of 445 mph (387 kn; 716 km/h) at 28,000 feet (8,500 m), and a service ceiling of 42,000 feet (13,000 m).<a href="#cite_note-Marshall_2020-37">[31]</a> Initial flights of what was known to Rolls-Royce as the <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Mustang_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolls-Royce Mustang X">Mustang X</a> were completed at Hucknall in October 1942.<a href="#cite_note-Marshall_2020-37">[31]</a> The first flight of the US version, designated XP-51B took place in November 1942, but the USAAF had become so interested in the Merlin Mustang project that an initial contract for 400 aircraft was placed three months beforehand in August.<a href="#cite_note-46">[40]</a> The conversion led to production of the P-51B beginning at NAA's Inglewood, California, plant in June 1943,<a href="#cite_note-47">[41]</a> and P-51s started to become available to the 8th and <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Air_Force" title="Ninth Air Force">9th air forces</a> in the winter of 1943–1944. Conversion to the two-stage supercharged and intercooled Merlin 60 series, over 350 lb (160 kg) heavier than the single-stage Allison, driving a four-bladed Hamilton Standard propeller, required moving the wing slightly forward to correct the aircraft's <a href="/wiki/Center_of_gravity_of_an_aircraft" title="Center of gravity of an aircraft">center of gravity</a>. After the USAAF, in July 1943, directed fighter aircraft manufacturers to maximize internal fuel capacity, NAA calculated the P-51B's center of gravity to be forward enough to include an additional 85 US gal (320 L; 71 imp gal) fuel tank in the fuselage behind the pilot, greatly increasing the aircraft's range over that of the earlier P-51A. NAA incorporated the tank in the production of the P-51B-10, and supplied kits to retrofit it to all existing P-51Bs.<a href="#cite_note-Marshall_2020-37">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operational_history">Operational history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_P-51_Mustang&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Operational history">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom_operational_service">United Kingdom operational service</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_P-51_Mustang&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: United Kingdom operational service">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mustang_III_at_Hucknall_1943_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mustang_III_at_Hucknall_1943_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Mustang_III_at_Hucknall_1943_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mustang_III_at_Hucknall_1943_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Mustang_III_at_Hucknall_1943_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mustang_III_at_Hucknall_1943_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Mustang_III_at_Hucknall_1943_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>A Royal Air Force North American Mustang Mk III (FX908) on the ground at <a href="/wiki/Hucknall#Rolls-Royce" title="Hucknall">Hucknall</a></figcaption></figure> The Mustang was initially developed for the RAF, which was its first user. As the first Mustangs were built to British requirements, these aircraft used factory numbers and were not P-51s; the order comprised 320 NA-73s, followed by 300 NA-83s, all of which were designated Mustang Mark I by the RAF.<a href="#cite_note-48">[42]</a> The first RAF Mustangs supplied under <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a> were 93 Mk Ia designated as P-51s by the USAAF, followed by 50 P-51As used as Mustang Mk IIs.<a href="#cite_note-49">[43]</a> Aircraft supplied to Britain under Lend-Lease were required for accounting purposes to be on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps" title="United States Army Air Corps">USAAC's</a> books before they could be supplied to Britain, but the British Aircraft Purchasing Commission signed its first contract for the North American NA-73 on 24 April 1940, before Lend-Lease was in effect. Thus, the initial order for the P-51 Mustang (as it was later known) was placed by the British under the "<a href="/wiki/Cash_and_carry_(World_War_II)" title="Cash and carry (World War II)">cash and carry</a>" program, as required by the US Neutrality Acts of the 1930s.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] After the arrival of the initial aircraft in the UK in October 1941, the first squadron of Mustang Mk Is entered service in January 1942, the first being <a href="/wiki/No._26_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 26 Squadron RAF">No. 26 Squadron RAF</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[44]</a> Due to poor high-altitude performance, the Mustangs were used by <a href="/wiki/RAF_Army_Cooperation_Command" title="RAF Army Cooperation Command">Army Co-operation Command</a>, rather than Fighter Command, and were used for tactical reconnaissance and ground-attack duties. On 10 May 1942, Mustangs first flew over France, near <a href="/wiki/Berck-sur-Mer" class="mw-redirect" title="Berck-sur-Mer">Berck-sur-Mer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[45]</a> On 27 July 1942, 16 RAF Mustangs undertook their first long-range reconnaissance mission over Germany. During the amphibious <a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Dieppe Raid</a> on the French coast (19 August 1942), four British and Canadian Mustang squadrons, including 26 Squadron, saw action covering the assault on the ground. By 1943–1944, British Mustangs were used extensively to seek out <a href="/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb" title="V-1 flying bomb">V-1 flying bomb</a> sites. The last RAF Mustang Mk I and Mustang Mk II aircraft were struck off charge in 1945. Army Co-operation Command used the Mustang's superior speed and long range to conduct low-altitude "<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_RAF_code_names" title="Glossary of RAF code names">Rhubarb</a>" raids over continental Europe, sometimes penetrating German airspace. The V-1710 engine ran smoothly at 1,100 rpm, versus 1,600 for the Merlin, enabling long flights over water at 50 ft (15 m) altitude before approaching the enemy coastline. Over land, these flights followed a zig-zag course, turning every six minutes to foil enemy attempts at plotting an interception. During the first 18 months of Rhubarb raids, RAF Mustang Mk.Is and Mk.Ias destroyed or heavily damaged 200 locomotives, over 200 canal barges, and an unknown number of enemy aircraft parked on the ground, for a loss of eight Mustangs. At sea level, the Mustangs were able to outrun all enemy aircraft encountered.<a href="#cite_note-Born_memo-52">[46]</a> The RAF gained a significant performance enhancement at low altitude by removing or resetting the engine's manifold pressure regulator to allow overboosting, raising output as high as 1,780 horsepower at 70 in Hg.<a href="#cite_note-Born_memo-52">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hazen_memo-40">[34]</a> In December 1942, Allison approved only 1,570 horsepower at 60 in Hg manifold pressure for the V-1710-39.<a href="#cite_note-Hazen_memo-40">[34]</a> The RAF later operated 308 P-51Bs and 636 P-51Cs,<a href="#cite_note-53">[47]</a> which were known in RAF service as Mustang Mk IIIs; the first units converted to the type in late 1943 and early 1944. Mustang Mk III units were operational until the end of World War II, though many units had already converted to the Mustang Mk IV (P-51D) and Mk IVa (P-51K) (828 in total, comprising 282 Mk IV and 600 Mk IVa).<a href="#cite_note-54">[48]</a> As all except the earliest aircraft were obtained under Lend-Lease, all Mustang aircraft still on RAF charge at the end of the war were either returned to the USAAF "on paper" or retained by the RAF for scrapping. The last RAF Mustangs were retired from service in 1947.<a href="#cite_note-Gunston_p._39-55">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._operational_service">U.S. operational service</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_P-51_Mustang&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: U.S. operational service">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prewar_theory">Prewar theory</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_P-51_Mustang&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prewar theory">edit</a>]</div> Prewar doctrine was based on the idea "<a href="/wiki/The_bomber_will_always_get_through" title="The bomber will always get through">the bomber will always get through</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Miller_2007,_p._41-56">[50]</a> Despite RAF and Luftwaffe experience with daylight bombing, the USAAF still incorrectly believed in 1942 that <a href="/wiki/Combat_box" title="Combat box">tightly packed formations of bombers</a> would have so much firepower that they could fend off fighters on their own.<a href="#cite_note-Miller_2007,_p._41-56">[50]</a> Fighter escort was a low priority, but when the concept was discussed in 1941, the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-38_Lightning" title="Lockheed P-38 Lightning">Lockheed P-38 Lightning</a> was considered to be most appropriate, as it had the speed and range. Another school of thought favored a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_YB-40_Flying_Fortress" title="Boeing YB-40 Flying Fortress">heavily up-armed "gunship" conversion of a strategic bomber</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mil0646-57">[51]</a> A single-engined, high-speed fighter with the range of a bomber was thought to be an engineering impossibility.<a href="#cite_note-58">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eighth_Air_Force_bomber_operations_1942–1943">Eighth Air Force bomber operations 1942–1943</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_P-51_Mustang&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Eighth Air Force bomber operations 1942–1943">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C-1098_-_A_stacked-down_echelon_of_P-51_Mustang_fighters_heading_homeward_after_an_uneventful_bomber_escort_mission_over_Europe,_(52289765424).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/C-1098_-_A_stacked-down_echelon_of_P-51_Mustang_fighters_heading_homeward_after_an_uneventful_bomber_escort_mission_over_Europe%2C_%2852289765424%29.jpg/220px-C-1098_-_A_stacked-down_echelon_of_P-51_Mustang_fighters_heading_homeward_after_an_uneventful_bomber_escort_mission_over_Europe%2C_%2852289765424%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/C-1098_-_A_stacked-down_echelon_of_P-51_Mustang_fighters_heading_homeward_after_an_uneventful_bomber_escort_mission_over_Europe%2C_%2852289765424%29.jpg/330px-C-1098_-_A_stacked-down_echelon_of_P-51_Mustang_fighters_heading_homeward_after_an_uneventful_bomber_escort_mission_over_Europe%2C_%2852289765424%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/C-1098_-_A_stacked-down_echelon_of_P-51_Mustang_fighters_heading_homeward_after_an_uneventful_bomber_escort_mission_over_Europe%2C_%2852289765424%29.jpg/440px-C-1098_-_A_stacked-down_echelon_of_P-51_Mustang_fighters_heading_homeward_after_an_uneventful_bomber_escort_mission_over_Europe%2C_%2852289765424%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11761" data-file-height="9311" /></a><figcaption>P-51 Mustangs of the <a href="/wiki/375th_Fighter_Squadron" class="mw-redirect" title="375th Fighter Squadron">375th Fighter Squadron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Air_Force" title="Eighth Air Force">Eighth Air Force</a> mid-1944</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Air_Force" title="Eighth Air Force">8th Air Force</a> started operations from Britain in August 1942. At first, because of the limited scale of operations, no conclusive evidence showed American doctrine was failing. In the 26 operations flown to the end of 1942, the loss rate had been under 2%.<a href="#cite_note-59">[53]</a> In January 1943, at the <a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Conference" title="Casablanca Conference">Casablanca Conference</a>, the Allies formulated the <a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Combined Bomber Offensive</a> (CBO) plan for "round-the-clock" bombing – USAAF daytime operations complementing the RAF nighttime raids on industrial centers. In June 1943, the <a href="/wiki/Combined_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Combined Chiefs of Staff">Combined Chiefs of Staff</a> issued the <a href="/wiki/Pointblank_Directive" class="mw-redirect" title="Pointblank Directive">Pointblank Directive</a> to destroy the Luftwaffe's capacity before the planned invasion of Europe, putting the CBO into full implementation. German daytime fighter efforts were, at that time, focused on the Eastern Front and several other distant locations. Initial efforts by the 8th met limited and unorganized resistance, but with every mission, the Luftwaffe moved more aircraft to the west and quickly improved their battle direction. In fall 1943, the 8th Air Force's heavy bombers conducted a series of deep-penetration raids into Germany, beyond the range of escort fighters. The <a href="/wiki/Schweinfurt%E2%80%93Regensburg_mission" title="Schweinfurt–Regensburg mission">Schweinfurt–Regensburg mission</a> in August lost 60 B-17s of a force of 376, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Raid_on_Schweinfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Raid on Schweinfurt">14 October attack</a> lost 77 of a force of 291—26% of the attacking force. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate1983704–705-60">[54]</a> For the US, the very concept of self-defending bombers was called into question, but instead of abandoning daylight raids and turning to night bombing, as the RAF suggested, they chose other paths; at first, bombers converted to gunships (the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_YB-40" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing YB-40">Boeing YB-40</a>) were believed to be able to escort the bomber formations, but when the concept proved to be unsuccessful, thoughts then turned to the Lockheed P-38 Lightning.<a href="#cite_note-61">[55]</a> In early 1943, the USAAF also decided that the <a href="/wiki/Republic_P-47_Thunderbolt" title="Republic P-47 Thunderbolt">Republic P-47 Thunderbolt</a> and P-51B be considered for the roles of smaller escort fighters, and in July, a report stated that the P-51B was "the most promising plane" with an endurance of 4 hours 45 minutes with the standard internal fuel of 184 gallons plus 150 gallons carried externally.<a href="#cite_note-62">[56]</a> In August, a P-51B was fitted with an extra internal 85-gallon tank, but problems with longitudinal stability occurred, so some compromises in performance with the full tank were made. Since the fuel from the fuselage tank was used during the initial stages of a mission, the fuel tank would be fitted in all Mustangs destined for <a href="/wiki/VIII_Fighter_Command" title="VIII Fighter Command">VIII Fighter Command</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="P-51_introduction">P-51 introduction</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_P-51_Mustang&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: P-51 introduction">edit</a>]</div> The P-51 Mustang was a solution to the need for an effective bomber escort. It used a common, reliable engine and had internal space for a larger-than-average fuel load. With external fuel tanks, it could accompany the bombers from England to Germany and back.<a href="#cite_note-Parker-64">[58]</a> By the time the Pointblank offensive resumed in early 1944, matters had changed. Bomber escort defenses were initially layered, using the shorter-range P-38s and P-47s to escort the bombers during the initial stages of the raid before handing over to the P-51s when they were forced to turn for home. This provided continuous coverage during the raid. The Mustang was so clearly superior to earlier US designs that the 8th Air Force began to steadily switch its fighter groups to the Mustang, first swapping arriving P-47 groups to the 9th Air Force in exchange for those that were using P-51s, then gradually converting its Thunderbolt and Lightning groups. By the end of 1944, 14 of its 15 groups flew Mustangs.<a href="#cite_note-65">[59]</a> The Luftwaffe's twin-engined <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_110" title="Messerschmitt Bf 110">Messerschmitt Bf 110</a> heavy fighters brought up to deal with the bombers proved to be easy prey for the Mustangs, and had to be quickly withdrawn from combat. The <a href="/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_190" title="Focke-Wulf Fw 190">Focke-Wulf Fw 190</a>A, already suffering from poor high-altitude performance, was outperformed by the Mustang at the B-17's altitude, and when laden with <a href="/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_operational_history#The_Sturmböcke" title="Focke-Wulf Fw 190 operational history">heavy bomber-hunting weapons</a> as a replacement for the more vulnerable twin-engined Zerstörer heavy fighters, it suffered heavy losses. The <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109" title="Messerschmitt Bf 109">Messerschmitt Bf 109</a> had comparable performance at high altitudes, but its lightweight airframe was even more greatly affected by increases in armament. The Mustang's much lighter armament, tuned for antifighter combat, allowed it to overcome these single-engined opponents.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fighting_the_Luftwaffe">Fighting the Luftwaffe</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_P-51_Mustang&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fighting the Luftwaffe">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pilots_of_the_332nd_Fighter_Group.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pilots_of_the_332nd_Fighter_Group.jpg/220px-Pilots_of_the_332nd_Fighter_Group.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pilots_of_the_332nd_Fighter_Group.jpg/330px-Pilots_of_the_332nd_Fighter_Group.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pilots_of_the_332nd_Fighter_Group.jpg/440px-Pilots_of_the_332nd_Fighter_Group.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3202" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Pilots of the all-Black American <a href="/wiki/332d_Fighter_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="332d Fighter Group">332nd Fighter Group</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_Airmen" title="Tuskegee Airmen">Tuskegee Airmen</a>) at Ramitelli, Italy: From left, Lt. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dempsey_W._Morgran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dempsey W. Morgran (page does not exist)">Dempsey W. Morgran</a>, Lt. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carroll_S._Woods&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carroll S. Woods (page does not exist)">Carroll S. Woods</a>, Lt. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_H._Nelron,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert H. Nelron, Jr. (page does not exist)">Robert H. Nelron, Jr.</a>, Capt. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_D._Turner" title="Andrew D. Turner">Andrew D. Turner</a>, and Lt. <a href="/wiki/Clarence_D._Lester" title="Clarence D. Lester">Clarence D. Lester</a></figcaption></figure> At the start of 1944, Major General <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Doolittle" title="Jimmy Doolittle">James Doolittle</a>, the new commander of the 8th Air Force, released most fighters from the requirement of flying in close formation with the bombers, allowing them free rein to attack the Luftwaffe wherever it could be found. The aim was to achieve <a href="/wiki/Air_supremacy" title="Air supremacy">air supremacy</a>. Mustang groups were sent far ahead of the bombers in a "fighter sweep" to intercept German fighters. Bomber crews complained, but by June, supremacy was achieved.<a href="#cite_note-66">[60]</a> The Luftwaffe answered with the Gefechtsverband ("battle formation"). This consisted of a Sturmgruppe of heavily armed and armored Fw 190As escorted by two Begleitgruppen of Bf 109s, whose task was to keep the Mustangs away from the Fw 190s as they attacked the bombers. This strategy proved to be problematic, as the large German formation took a long time to assemble and was difficult to maneuver. It was often intercepted by the P-51 "fighter sweeps" before it could attack the bombers. However, German attacks against bombers could be effective when they did occur; the bomber-destroyer Fw 190As swept in from astern and often pressed their attacks to within 90 m (100 yd).<a href="#cite_note-Spick_p._111.-67">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P-51B_100FS_332FG_Italy_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/P-51B_100FS_332FG_Italy_1944.jpg/220px-P-51B_100FS_332FG_Italy_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/P-51B_100FS_332FG_Italy_1944.jpg/330px-P-51B_100FS_332FG_Italy_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/P-51B_100FS_332FG_Italy_1944.jpg/440px-P-51B_100FS_332FG_Italy_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1370" /></a><figcaption>A USAAF armorer of the <a href="/wiki/100th_Fighter_Squadron" title="100th Fighter Squadron">100th Fighter Squadron</a>, <a href="/wiki/332nd_Fighter_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="332nd Fighter Group">332nd Fighter Group</a>, 15th U.S. Air Force checks ammunition belts of the .50 caliber (12.7 mm) Browning machine guns in the wings of a North American P-51B Mustang in Italy, circa September 1944</figcaption></figure> While not always able to avoid contact with the escorts, the threat of mass attacks and later the "company front" (eight abreast) assaults by armored Sturmgruppe Fw 190As brought an urgency to attacking the Luftwaffe wherever it could be found, either in the air or on the ground. Beginning <a href="/wiki/Big_Week" title="Big Week">in late February 1944</a>, 8th Air Force fighter units began systematic strafing attacks on German airfields with increasing frequency and intensity throughout the spring, with the objective of gaining air supremacy over the <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> battlefield. In general, these were conducted by units returning from escort missions, but beginning in March, many groups also were assigned airfield attacks instead of bomber support. The P-51, particularly with the advent of the K-14 <a href="/wiki/Gyro_gunsight" title="Gyro gunsight">gyro gunsight</a> and the development of "Clobber Colleges"<a href="#cite_note-68">[62]</a> for the training of fighter pilots in fall 1944, was a decisive element in Allied countermeasures against the Jagdverbände. The numerical superiority of the USAAF fighters, superb flying characteristics of the P-51, and pilot proficiency helped cripple the Luftwaffe's fighter force. As a result, the fighter threat to the US, and later British, bombers was greatly diminished by July 1944. The RAF, long proponents of night bombing for protection, were able to reopen daylight bombing in 1944 as a result of the crippling of the Luftwaffe fighter arm. <a href="/wiki/Reichsmarschall" title="Reichsmarschall">Reichsmarschall</a> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a>, commander of the Luftwaffe during the war, was quoted as saying, "When I saw Mustangs over Berlin, I knew the jig was up."<a href="#cite_note-69">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parker-64">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beyond_Pointblank">Beyond Pointblank</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_P-51_Mustang&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Beyond Pointblank">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P51-1_300.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/P51-1_300.jpg/220px-P51-1_300.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/P51-1_300.jpg/330px-P51-1_300.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/P51-1_300.jpg/440px-P51-1_300.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1118" /></a><figcaption>P-51D 44-14888 of the 8th AF/357th FG/363rd FS, named Glamorous Glen III, is the aircraft in which <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Yeager" title="Chuck Yeager">Chuck Yeager</a> achieved most of his 12.5 kills, including two Me 262s – shown here with twin single-use 108-gallon (409-l) drop tanks fitted. This aircraft was renamed "Melody's Answer" and crashed on Mar 2, 1945, from unknown causes at Haseloff, west of Treuenbrietzen, Germany.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Preddy_P-51.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/George_Preddy_P-51.png/220px-George_Preddy_P-51.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/George_Preddy_P-51.png/330px-George_Preddy_P-51.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/George_Preddy_P-51.png/440px-George_Preddy_P-51.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="721" /></a><figcaption>Top-scoring Mustang ace of WWII, Major <a href="/wiki/George_Preddy" title="George Preddy">George Earl Preddy Jr</a>., with 26.83 aerial victories and five aircraft destroyed on the ground (first three victories were achieved on <a href="/wiki/Republic_P-47_Thunderbolt" title="Republic P-47 Thunderbolt">P-47</a>)</figcaption></figure> On 15 April 1944, VIII Fighter Command began "Operation Jackpot", attacks on Luftwaffe fighter airfields. As the efficacy of these missions increased, the number of fighters at the German airbases fell to the point where they were no longer considered worthwhile targets. On 21 May, targets were expanded to include railways, locomotives, and other <a href="/wiki/Rolling_stock" title="Rolling stock">rolling stock</a> used by the Germans to transport materiel and troops, in missions dubbed "Chattanooga".<a href="#cite_note-71">[65]</a> The P-51 excelled at this mission, although losses were much higher on strafing missions than in air-to-air combat, partially because the Mustang's liquid-cooled engine (particularly its liquid coolant system) was vulnerable to small-arms fire, unlike the air-cooled <a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_R-2800" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratt & Whitney R-2800">R-2800</a> radials of its Republic P-47 Thunderbolt stablemates based in England, regularly tasked with ground-strafing missions.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P-51D_Urban_Drew.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P-51D_Urban_Drew.jpg/220px-P-51D_Urban_Drew.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P-51D_Urban_Drew.jpg/330px-P-51D_Urban_Drew.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P-51D_Urban_Drew.jpg/440px-P-51D_Urban_Drew.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1887" data-file-height="773" /></a><figcaption>P-51D Mustang Detroit Miss of the 375th Fighter Squadron: <a href="/wiki/Urban_L._Drew" title="Urban L. Drew">Urban L. Drew</a> flew this aircraft in the autumn 1944 and shot down six German aircraft, including two jet-powered <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_262" title="Messerschmitt Me 262">Me 262s</a> in a single mission.</figcaption></figure> Given the overwhelming Allied <a href="/wiki/Air_superiority" class="mw-redirect" title="Air superiority">air superiority</a>, the Luftwaffe put its effort into the development of aircraft of such high performance that they could operate with impunity, but which also made bomber attack much more difficult, merely from the flight velocities they achieved. Foremost among these were the <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_163" class="mw-redirect" title="Messerschmitt Me 163">Messerschmitt Me 163</a>B point-defense rocket interceptors, which started their operations with <a href="/wiki/JG_400" class="mw-redirect" title="JG 400">JG 400</a> near the end of July 1944, and the longer-endurance <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_262" title="Messerschmitt Me 262">Messerschmitt Me 262</a>A jet fighter, first flying with the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Luftwaffe_(1933%E2%80%9345)#Gruppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of the Luftwaffe (1933–45)">Gruppe</a>-strength <a href="/wiki/Kommando_Nowotny" title="Kommando Nowotny">Kommando Nowotny</a> unit by the end of September 1944. In action, the Me 163 proved to be <a href="/wiki/Hypergolic_propellant#History" title="Hypergolic propellant">more dangerous to the Luftwaffe</a> than to the Allies and was never a serious threat. The Me 262A was a serious threat, but attacks on their airfields neutralized them. The pioneering <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Jumo_004" title="Junkers Jumo 004">Junkers Jumo 004</a> <a href="/wiki/Axial_compressor" title="Axial compressor">axial-flow</a> <a href="/wiki/Turbojet" title="Turbojet">jet engines</a> of the Me 262As needed careful nursing by their pilots, and these aircraft were particularly vulnerable during takeoff and landing.<a href="#cite_note-72">[66]</a> Lt. <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Yeager" title="Chuck Yeager">Chuck Yeager</a> of the <a href="/wiki/357th_Fighter_Group" title="357th Fighter Group">357th Fighter Group</a> was one of the first American pilots to shoot down an Me 262, which he caught during its landing approach. On 7 October 1944, Lt. <a href="/wiki/Urban_L._Drew" title="Urban L. Drew">Urban L. Drew</a> of the <a href="/wiki/361st_Fighter_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="361st Fighter Group">361st Fighter Group</a> shot down two Me 262s that were taking off, while on the same day, Lt. Col. <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Zemke" title="Hubert Zemke">Hubert Zemke</a>, who had transferred to the Mustang-equipped <a href="/wiki/479th_Fighter_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="479th Fighter Group">479th Fighter Group</a>, shot down what he thought was a Bf 109, only to have his gun camera film reveal that it may have been an Me 262.<a href="#cite_note-73">[67]</a> On 25 February 1945, Mustangs of the <a href="/wiki/55th_Fighter_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="55th Fighter Group">55th Fighter Group</a> surprised an entire <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Luftwaffe_(1933%E2%80%9345)#Staffel" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of the Luftwaffe (1933–45)">Staffel</a> of Me 262As at takeoff and destroyed six jets.<a href="#cite_note-74">[68]</a> The Mustang also proved useful against the <a href="/wiki/V-1_(flying_bomb)" class="mw-redirect" title="V-1 (flying bomb)">V-1s</a> launched toward London. P-51B/Cs, using 150-octane fuel, were fast enough to catch the V-1 and operated in concert with shorter-range aircraft such as advanced marks of the <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">Supermarine Spitfire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Tempest" title="Hawker Tempest">Hawker Tempest</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] By 8 May 1945,<a href="#cite_note-Glancey_p._188-75">[69]</a> the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Forces_in_Europe#Lineage" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Air Forces in Europe">8th</a>, <a href="/wiki/USAFCENT#Ninth_Air_Force_1943_to_June_1944" class="mw-redirect" title="USAFCENT">9th</a>, and <a href="/wiki/15th_Expeditionary_Mobility_Task_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="15th Expeditionary Mobility Task Force">15th Air Force</a>'s P-51 groups <a href="#cite_note-76">[nb 5]</a> claimed some 4,950 aircraft shot down (about half of all USAAF claims in the European theater, the most claimed by any Allied fighter in air-to-air combat)<a href="#cite_note-Glancey_p._188-75">[69]</a> and 4,131 destroyed on the ground. Losses were about 2,520 aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-77">[70]</a> The 8th Air Force's <a href="/wiki/4th_Operations_Group" title="4th Operations Group">4th Fighter Group</a> was the top-scoring fighter group in Europe, with 1,016 enemy aircraft claimed destroyed. This included 550 claimed in aerial combat and 466 on the ground.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In air combat, the top-scoring P-51 units (both of which exclusively flew Mustangs) were the 357th Fighter Group of the 8th Air Force with 565 air-to-air combat victories and the 9th Air Force's 354th Fighter Group with 664, which made it one of the top-scoring fighter groups. The top Mustang ace was the USAAF's <a href="/wiki/George_Preddy" title="George Preddy">George Preddy</a>, whose final tally stood at 26.83 victories (a number that includes shared one half- and one third victory credits), 23 of which were scored with the P-51. Preddy was shot down and killed by <a href="/wiki/Friendly_fire" title="Friendly fire">friendly fire</a> on Christmas Day 1944 during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Battle of the Bulge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Glancey_p._188-75">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_China_and_the_Pacific_Theater">In China and the Pacific Theater</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_P-51_Mustang&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In China and the Pacific Theater">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P-51_Mustang_taking_off_from_Iwo_Jima.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black-and-white photograph of a man wearing military uniform facing a World War II-era single-engined fighter while gesturing to his left" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/P-51_Mustang_taking_off_from_Iwo_Jima.jpg/220px-P-51_Mustang_taking_off_from_Iwo_Jima.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/P-51_Mustang_taking_off_from_Iwo_Jima.jpg/330px-P-51_Mustang_taking_off_from_Iwo_Jima.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/P-51_Mustang_taking_off_from_Iwo_Jima.jpg/440px-P-51_Mustang_taking_off_from_Iwo_Jima.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2563" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>A P-51 Mustang taking off from <a href="/wiki/Iwo_Jima" title="Iwo Jima">Iwo Jima</a></figcaption></figure> In early 1945, P-51C, D, and K variants also joined the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Air_Force" title="Republic of China Air Force">Chinese Nationalist Air Force</a>. These Mustangs were provided to the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Fighter Groups and used to attack Japanese targets in occupied areas of China. The P-51 became the most capable fighter in China, while the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japanese Army Air Force">Imperial Japanese Army Air Force</a> used the <a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-84" title="Nakajima Ki-84">Nakajima Ki-84</a> Hayate against it.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The P-51 was a relative latecomer to the Pacific theater, due largely to the need for the aircraft in Europe, although the P-38's twin-engined design was considered a safety advantage for long, over-water flights. The first P-51s were deployed in the Far East later in 1944, operating in close-support and escort missions, as well as tactical photoreconnaissance. As the war in Europe wound down, the P-51 became more common. With the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">capture of Iwo Jima</a>, USAAF P-51 Mustang fighters of the VII Fighter Command were stationed on that island starting in March 1945, being initially tasked with escorting <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress">Boeing B-29 Superfortress</a> missions <a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_Japan" title="Air raids on Japan">against the Japanese homeland</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The command's last major raid of May was a daylight incendiary attack on Yokohama on 29 May conducted by 517 B-29s escorted by 101 P-51s. This force was intercepted by 150 <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_A6M_Zero" title="Mitsubishi A6M Zero">A6M Zero</a> fighters, sparking an intense air battle in which five B-29s were shot down and another 175 damaged. In return, the P-51 pilots claimed 26 "kills" and 23 "probables" for the loss of three fighters. The 454 B-29s that reached Yokohama struck the city's main business district and destroyed 6.9 square miles (18 km2) of buildings; over 1000 Japanese were killed.<a href="#cite_note-78">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hoyt_1987_397-79">[72]</a> Overall, the attacks in May destroyed 94 square miles (240 km2) of buildings, which was equivalent to one-seventh of Japan's total urban area. The <a href="/wiki/Home_Ministry_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Ministry (Japan)">minister of home affairs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iwao_Yamazaki" title="Iwao Yamazaki">Iwao Yamazaki</a>, concluded after these raids that Japan's civil defense arrangements were "considered to be futile".<a href="#cite_note-80">[73]</a> On the first day of June, 521 B-29s escorted by 148 P-51s were dispatched in a daylight raid against Osaka. While en route to the city, the Mustangs flew through thick clouds, and 27 of the fighters were destroyed in collisions. Nevertheless, 458 heavy bombers and 27 P-51s reached the city, and the bombardment killed 3,960 Japanese and destroyed 3.15 square miles (8.2 km2) of buildings. On 5 June, 473 B-29s struck Kobe by day and destroyed 4.35 square miles (11.3 km2) of buildings for the loss of 11 bombers. A force of 409 B-29s attacked Osaka again on 7 June; during this attack, 2.21 square miles (5.7 km2) of buildings were burnt out and the Americans did not suffer any losses. Osaka was bombed for the fourth time that month, on 15 June, when 444 B-29s destroyed 1.9 square miles (4.9 km2) of the city and another 0.59 square miles (1.5 km2) of nearby <a href="/wiki/Amagasaki" title="Amagasaki">Amagasaki</a>; 300,000 houses were destroyed in Osaka.<a href="#cite_note-81">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hastings_336-82">[75]</a> This attack marked the end of the first phase of XXI Bomber Command's attack on Japan's cities. During May and June, the bombers had destroyed much of the country's six largest cities, killing between 112,000 and 126,762 people and rendering millions homeless. The widespread destruction and high number of casualties from these raids caused many Japanese to realize that their country's military was no longer able to defend the home islands. American losses were low compared to Japanese casualties; 136 B-29s were downed during the campaign.<a href="#cite_note-83">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[78]</a> In Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya, Yokohama, Kobe, and Kawasaki, "over 126,762 people were killed ... and a million and a half dwellings and over 105 square miles (270 km2) of urban space were destroyed."<a href="#cite_note-Miller_2001,_p._460-86">[79]</a> In Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya, "the areas leveled (almost 100 square miles (260 km2)) exceeded the areas <a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">destroyed</a> in all <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> cities by both the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">American</a> and <a href="/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command" title="RAF Bomber Command">British air forces</a> (about 79 square miles (200 km2))."<a href="#cite_note-Miller_2001,_p._460-86">[79]</a> P-51s also conducted a series of independent ground-attack missions against targets in the home islands.<a href="#cite_note-Russ_22-87">[80]</a> The first of these operations took place on 16 April, when 57 P-51s strafed <a href="/wiki/Kanoya_Air_Field" title="Kanoya Air Field">Kanoya Air Field</a> in Kyushu.<a href="#cite_note-88">[81]</a> In operations conducted between 26 April and 22 June, the American fighter pilots claimed the destruction of 64 Japanese aircraft and damage to another 180 on the ground, as well as a further 10 shot down in flight; these claims were lower than the American planners had expected, however, and the raids were considered unsuccessful. USAAF losses were 11 P-51s to enemy action and seven to other causes.<a href="#cite_note-89">[82]</a> Due to the lack of Japanese air opposition to the American bomber raids, VII Fighter Command was solely tasked with ground-attack missions from July. These raids were frequently made against airfields to destroy aircraft being held in reserve to attack the expected Allied invasion fleet. While the P-51 pilots only occasionally encountered Japanese fighters in the air, the airfields were protected by antiaircraft batteries and <a href="/wiki/Barrage_balloon" title="Barrage balloon">barrage balloons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Russ_24-90">[83]</a> By the end of the war, VII Fighter Command had conducted 51 ground-attack raids, of which 41 were considered successful. The fighter pilots claimed to have destroyed or damaged 1,062 aircraft and 254 ships, along with large numbers of buildings and railway rolling stock. American losses were 91 pilots killed and 157 Mustangs destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-Russ_25-91">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medal_of_Honor_recipients">Medal of Honor recipients</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_P-51_Mustang&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Medal of Honor recipients">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Howard_April_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/James_Howard_April_1944.jpg/220px-James_Howard_April_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/James_Howard_April_1944.jpg/330px-James_Howard_April_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/James_Howard_April_1944.jpg/440px-James_Howard_April_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1393" data-file-height="890" /></a><figcaption>Medal of Honor recipient Lt. Col. James H. Howard, in the cockpit of his P-51 Mustang</figcaption></figure> Two P-51 pilots received the <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a> during World War II: <ul><li>USAAF Lt Col. <a href="/wiki/James_H._Howard" title="James H. Howard">James H. Howard</a> of the <a href="/wiki/356th_Fighter_Squadron" title="356th Fighter Squadron">356th Fighter Squadron</a>, <a href="/wiki/354th_Fighter_Group" title="354th Fighter Group">354th Fighter Group</a> was awarded the Medal of Honor for his action during a bomber escort mission near <a href="/wiki/Oschersleben" title="Oschersleben">Oschersleben</a>, Germany on 11 January 1944, flying P-51B, serial number 43-6315 nicknamed "Ding Hao".<a href="#cite_note-92">[85]</a> Despite being outnumbered, Howard shot down three German planes and continued to defend the bombers even when his guns went out of action and fuel supply became dangerously low.<a href="#cite_note-93">[86]</a></li> <li>USAAF Maj. <a href="/wiki/William_A._Shomo" title="William A. Shomo">William A. Shomo</a> of the <a href="/wiki/82nd_Reconnaissance_Squadron" title="82nd Reconnaissance Squadron">82nd Reconnaissance Squadron</a>, <a href="/wiki/71st_Reconnaissance_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="71st Reconnaissance Group">71st Reconnaissance Group</a> was awarded the Medal of Honor for his action during a mission over <a href="/wiki/Luzon,_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Luzon, Philippines">Luzon, Philippines</a> on 11 January 1945, flying an F-6D, the armed photo reconnaissance variant of the P-51, serial number 44-14841 nicknamed "Snooks the 5th". On that mission, Shomo shot down seven Japanese planes and became an "<a href="/wiki/List_of_aviators_who_became_ace_in_a_day" title="List of aviators who became ace in a day">ace in a day</a>".<a href="#cite_note-94">[87]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pilot_observations">Pilot observations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_P-51_Mustang&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pilot observations">edit</a>]</div> Chief Naval Test Pilot and C.O. Captured Enemy Aircraft Flight Capt. <a href="/wiki/Eric_Brown_(pilot)" title="Eric Brown (pilot)">Eric Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">RN</a>, tested the Mustang at <a href="/wiki/RAE_Farnborough" class="mw-redirect" title="RAE Farnborough">RAE Farnborough</a> in March 1944 and noted: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The Mustang was a good fighter and the best escort due to its incredible range, make no mistake about it. It was also the best American dogfighter. But the laminar-flow wing fitted to the Mustang could be a little tricky. It could not by any means out-turn a Spitfire. No way. It had a good rate-of-roll, better than the Spitfire, so I would say the plusses to the Spitfire and the Mustang just about equate. If I were in a dogfight, I'd prefer to be flying the Spitfire. The problem was I wouldn't like to be in a dogfight near Berlin, because I could never get home to Britain in a Spitfire!<a href="#cite_note-95">[88]</a></blockquote> The U.S. Air Forces, Flight Test Engineering, assessed the Mustang B on 24 April 1944 thus: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The rate of climb is good and the high speed in level flight is exceptionally good at all altitudes, from sea level to 40,000 feet. The airplane is very maneuverable with good controllability at indicated speeds up to 400 MPH [sic]. The stability about all axes is good and the rate of roll is excellent; however, the radius of turn is fairly large for a fighter. The cockpit layout is excellent, but visibility is poor on the ground and only fair in level flight.<a href="#cite_note-test-96">[89]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Kurt_B%C3%BChligen" title="Kurt Bühligen">Kurt Bühligen</a>, the third-highest scoring German fighter pilot of World War II's Western Front (with 112 confirmed victories, three against Mustangs), later stated: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We would out-turn the P-51 and the other American fighters, with the Bf 109 or the Fw 190. Their turn rate was about the same. The P-51 was faster than us, but our munitions and <a href="/wiki/MG_151_cannon" title="MG 151 cannon">cannon</a> were better.<a href="#cite_note-Sims_pp._134–135.-97">[90]</a></blockquote> German fighter ace <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%A4r" title="Heinrich Bär">Heinz Bär</a> said that the P-51: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">was perhaps the most difficult of all Allied aircraft to meet in combat. It was fast, maneuverable, hard to see, and difficult to identify because it resembled the Me 109.<a href="#cite_note-rymaszewski199407-98">[91]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_World_War_II">After World War II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_P-51_Mustang&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: After World War II">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="Special:EditPage/North American P-51 Mustang">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Boxer_(CV-21)_loading_F-51_Mustangs_at_NAS_Alameda_in_July_1950_(80-G-418776).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/USS_Boxer_%28CV-21%29_loading_F-51_Mustangs_at_NAS_Alameda_in_July_1950_%2880-G-418776%29.jpg/220px-USS_Boxer_%28CV-21%29_loading_F-51_Mustangs_at_NAS_Alameda_in_July_1950_%2880-G-418776%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/USS_Boxer_%28CV-21%29_loading_F-51_Mustangs_at_NAS_Alameda_in_July_1950_%2880-G-418776%29.jpg/330px-USS_Boxer_%28CV-21%29_loading_F-51_Mustangs_at_NAS_Alameda_in_July_1950_%2880-G-418776%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/USS_Boxer_%28CV-21%29_loading_F-51_Mustangs_at_NAS_Alameda_in_July_1950_%2880-G-418776%29.jpg/440px-USS_Boxer_%28CV-21%29_loading_F-51_Mustangs_at_NAS_Alameda_in_July_1950_%2880-G-418776%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="893" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USS_Boxer_(CV-21)" title="USS Boxer (CV-21)">USS Boxer</a> loads 146 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">USAF</a> F-51Ds at <a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Alameda" title="Naval Air Station Alameda">Alameda</a> for the Korean theater, in July 1950.</figcaption></figure> In the aftermath of World War II, the USAAF consolidated much of its wartime combat force and selected the P-51 as a "standard" piston-engined fighter, while other types, such as the P-38 and P-47, were withdrawn or given substantially reduced roles. As the more advanced (<a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-80_Shooting_Star" title="Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star">P-80</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_F-84_Thunderjet" title="Republic F-84 Thunderjet">P-84</a>) jet fighters were introduced, the P-51 was also relegated to secondary duties.<a href="#cite_note-99">[92]</a> In 1947, the newly formed <a href="/wiki/USAF" class="mw-redirect" title="USAF">USAF</a> <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command" title="Strategic Air Command">Strategic Air Command</a> employed Mustangs alongside F-6 Mustangs and <a href="/wiki/North_American_F-82_Twin_Mustang" title="North American F-82 Twin Mustang">F-82 Twin Mustangs</a>, due to their range capabilities. In 1948, the designation P-51 (P for pursuit) was changed to F-51 (F for fighter) and the existing F designator for photographic reconnaissance aircraft was dropped because of a new designation scheme throughout the USAF. Aircraft still in service in the USAF or <a href="/wiki/Air_National_Guard" title="Air National Guard">Air National Guard</a> (ANG) when the system was changed included: F-51B, F-51D, F-51K, RF-51D (formerly F-6D), RF-51K (formerly F-6K) and TRF-51D (two-seat trainer conversions of F-6Ds). They remained in service from 1946 through 1951. By 1950, although Mustangs continued in service with the USAF after the war, the majority of the USAF's Mustangs had become surplus to requirements and placed in storage, while some were transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Reserve">Air Force Reserve</a> and the ANG.<a href="#cite_note-NMUSAF-1">[1]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F-51_in_Puddle,_Korean_War.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/F-51_in_Puddle%2C_Korean_War.jpg/220px-F-51_in_Puddle%2C_Korean_War.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/F-51_in_Puddle%2C_Korean_War.jpg/330px-F-51_in_Puddle%2C_Korean_War.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/F-51_in_Puddle%2C_Korean_War.jpg/440px-F-51_in_Puddle%2C_Korean_War.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1066" /></a><figcaption>An F-51 Mustang, laden with bombs and rockets, taxis through a puddle at an airbase in Korea.</figcaption></figure> From the start of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, the Mustang once again proved useful. A "substantial number" of stored or in-service F-51Ds were shipped, via aircraft carriers, to the combat zone, and were used by the USAF, the South African Air Force, and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Air_Force" title="Republic of Korea Air Force">Republic of Korea Air Force</a> (ROKAF). The F-51 was used for ground attack, fitted with rockets and bombs, and photo reconnaissance, rather than being as interceptors or "pure" fighters, where it was already surpassed by early jets. After the first North Korean invasion, USAF units were forced to fly from bases in Japan and the F-51Ds, with their long range and endurance, could attack targets in Korea that short-ranged F-80 jets could not. Because of the vulnerable liquid cooling system, however, the F-51s sustained heavy losses to ground fire.<a href="#cite_note-100">[93]</a> Due to its lighter structure and a shortage of spare parts, the newer, faster F-51H was not used in Korea.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On August 5, 1950, Major <a href="/wiki/Louis_J._Sebille" title="Louis J. Sebille">Louis J. Sebille</a> of the <a href="/wiki/67th_Fighter-Bomber_Squadron" class="mw-redirect" title="67th Fighter-Bomber Squadron">67th Fighter-Bomber Squadron</a> attacked a North Korean armored column advancing on <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Command" title="United Nations Command">United Nations military units</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pusan_Perimeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Pusan Perimeter">Battle of Pusan Perimeter</a>. Though his aircraft was heavily damaged and he was wounded during the first pass on the column, he turned his F-51 around and deliberately crashed into the convoy at the cost of his life, and was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor.<a href="#cite_note-101">[94]</a> Mustangs continued flying with USAF and ROKAF fighter-bomber units on close support and interdiction missions in Korea until 1953 when they were largely replaced as fighter-bombers by USAF F-84s and by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> (USN) <a href="/wiki/Grumman_F9F_Panther" title="Grumman F9F Panther">Grumman F9F Panthers</a>. Other air forces and units using the Mustang included the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">Royal Australian Air Force</a>'s <a href="/wiki/No._77_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 77 Squadron RAAF">77 Squadron</a>, which flew Australian-built Mustangs as part of <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth_Forces_Korea" title="British Commonwealth Forces Korea">British Commonwealth Forces Korea</a>. The Mustangs were replaced by <a href="/wiki/Gloster_Meteor" title="Gloster Meteor">Gloster Meteor</a> F8s in 1951. The <a href="/wiki/South_African_Air_Force" title="South African Air Force">South African Air Force</a>'s <a href="/wiki/No._2_Squadron_SAAF" class="mw-redirect" title="No. 2 Squadron SAAF">2 Squadron</a> used U.S.-built Mustangs as part of the <a href="/wiki/18th_Wing" title="18th Wing">U.S. 18th Fighter Bomber Wing</a> and had suffered heavy losses by 1953, after which 2 Squadron converted to the F-86 Sabre.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] F-51s flew in the <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Reserve">Air Force Reserve</a> and ANG throughout the 1950s. The last American USAF Mustang was F-51D-30-NA AF serial no. 44-74936, which was finally withdrawn from service with the <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Air_National_Guard" title="West Virginia Air National Guard">West Virginia Air National Guard</a>'s <a href="/wiki/167th_Airlift_Squadron" title="167th Airlift Squadron">167th Fighter Interceptor Squadron</a> in January 1957 and retired to what was then called the Air Force Central Museum,<a href="#cite_note-102">[95]</a> although it was briefly reactivated to fly at the 50th anniversary of the Air Force Aerial Firepower Demonstration at the Air Proving Ground, <a href="/wiki/Eglin_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eglin AFB">Eglin AFB</a>, Florida, on 6 May 1957.<a href="#cite_note-103">[96]</a> This aircraft, painted as P-51D-15-NA serial no. 44-15174, is on display at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="National Museum of the United States Air Force">National Museum of the United States Air Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wright-Patterson_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wright-Patterson AFB">Wright-Patterson AFB</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">Dayton, Ohio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gunston_P-51-104">[97]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P-51_WV_ANG.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/P-51_WV_ANG.jpeg/220px-P-51_WV_ANG.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/P-51_WV_ANG.jpeg/330px-P-51_WV_ANG.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/P-51_WV_ANG.jpeg/440px-P-51_WV_ANG.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>West Virginia Air National Guard F-51D with postwar "uncuffed" propeller unit</figcaption></figure> The final withdrawal of the Mustang from USAF dumped hundreds of P-51s onto the civilian market. The rights to the Mustang design were purchased from North American by the <a href="/wiki/Cavalier_Aircraft" title="Cavalier Aircraft">Cavalier Aircraft</a> Corporation, which attempted to market the surplus Mustang aircraft in the U.S. and overseas. In 1967 and again in 1972, the USAF procured batches of remanufactured Mustangs from Cavalier, most of them destined for air forces in South America and Asia that were participating in the <a href="/wiki/Mutual_Defense_Assistance_Act" title="Mutual Defense Assistance Act">Military Assistance Program</a> (MAP). These aircraft were remanufactured from existing original F-51D airframes fitted with new V-1650-7 engines, a new radio, tall F-51H-type vertical tails, and a stronger wing that could carry six 13 mm (0.50 in) machine guns and a total of eight underwing hardpoints. Two 1,000-pound (450 kg) bombs and six 130 mm (5 in) rockets could be carried. They all had an original F-51D-type canopy but carried a second seat for an observer behind the pilot. One additional Mustang was a two-seat, dual-control TF-51D (67-14866) with an enlarged canopy and only four wing guns. Although these remanufactured Mustangs were intended for sale to South American and Asian nations through the MAP, they were delivered to the USAF with full USAF markings. They were, however, allocated new serial numbers (67-14862/14866, 67-22579/22582 and 72-1526/1541).<a href="#cite_note-Gunston_P-51-104">[97]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The last U.S. military use of the F-51 was in 1968 when the U. S. Army employed a vintage F-51D (44-72990) as a chase aircraft for the <a href="/wiki/AH-56_Cheyenne" class="mw-redirect" title="AH-56 Cheyenne">Lockheed YAH-56 Cheyenne</a> armed helicopter project. This aircraft was so successful that the Army ordered two F-51Ds from Cavalier in 1968 for use at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Rucker" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Rucker">Fort Rucker</a> as chase planes. They were assigned the serials 68-15795 and 68-15796. These F-51s had wingtip fuel tanks and were unarmed. Following the end of the Cheyenne program, these two chase aircraft were used for other projects. One of them (68-15795) was fitted with a 106 mm recoilless rifle for evaluation of the weapon's value in attacking fortified ground targets.<a href="#cite_note-105">[98]</a> Cavalier Mustang 68-15796 survives at the <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Armament_Museum" title="Air Force Armament Museum">Air Force Armament Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eglin_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eglin AFB">Eglin AFB</a>, Florida, displayed indoors in World War II markings. The F-51 was adopted by many foreign air forces and continued to be an effective fighter into the mid-1980s with smaller air arms. The last Mustang ever downed in battle occurred during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Power_Pack" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Power Pack">Operation Power Pack</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> in 1965, with the last aircraft finally being retired by the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Air_Force" title="Dominican Air Force">Dominican Air Force</a> in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-106">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Service_with_other_air_forces">Service with other air forces</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_P-51_Mustang&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Service with other air forces">edit</a>]</div> After World War II, the P-51 Mustang served in the air arms of more than 25 nations.<a href="#cite_note-Gunston_p._58-10">[10]</a> During the war, a Mustang cost about $51,000,<a href="#cite_note-knaack-107">[100]</a> while many hundreds were sold postwar for the nominal price of one dollar to signatories of the <a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance</a>, ratified in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> in 1947.<a href="#cite_note-Munson_p._97-108">[101]</a> These countries used the P-51 Mustang: <dl><dt>Australia</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:82_Sqn_RAAF_(P02032-023).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/82_Sqn_RAAF_%28P02032-023%29.jpg/220px-82_Sqn_RAAF_%28P02032-023%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/82_Sqn_RAAF_%28P02032-023%29.jpg/330px-82_Sqn_RAAF_%28P02032-023%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/82_Sqn_RAAF_%28P02032-023%29.jpg/440px-82_Sqn_RAAF_%28P02032-023%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="314" /></a><figcaption>P-51Ds of 82 Squadron RAAF in Bofu, Japan, as part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth_Occupation_Force" title="British Commonwealth Occupation Force">British Commonwealth Occupation Force</a>, in 1947</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd>In November 1944, <a href="/wiki/No._3_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 3 Squadron RAAF">3 Squadron RAAF</a> became the first Royal Australian Air Force unit to use Mustangs. At the time of its conversion from the P-40 to the Mustang, the squadron was based in Italy with the RAF's <a href="/wiki/First_Tactical_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="First Tactical Air Force">First Tactical Air Force</a>.</dd> <dd>3 Squadron was renumbered <a href="/wiki/No._4_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 4 Squadron RAAF">4 Squadron</a> after returning to Australia from Italy, and converted to P-51Ds. Several other Australian or Pacific-based squadrons converted to either <a href="/wiki/CAC_Mustang" title="CAC Mustang">CAC-built Mustangs</a> or to imported P-51Ks from July 1945, having been equipped with P-40s or Boomerangs for wartime service; these units were: <a href="/wiki/No._76_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 76 Squadron RAAF">76</a>, <a href="/wiki/No._77_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 77 Squadron RAAF">77</a>, <a href="/wiki/No._82_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 82 Squadron RAAF">82</a>, <a href="/wiki/No._83_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 83 Squadron RAAF">83</a>, <a href="/wiki/No._84_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 84 Squadron RAAF">84</a> and <a href="/wiki/No._86_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 86 Squadron RAAF">86</a> squadrons. Only 17 Mustangs reached the RAAF's <a href="/wiki/Australian_First_Tactical_Air_Force" title="Australian First Tactical Air Force">First Tactical Air Force</a> front-line squadrons by the time World War II ended in August 1945.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>76, 77 and 82 squadrons were formed into <a href="/wiki/No._81_Wing_RAAF" title="No. 81 Wing RAAF">81 Fighter Wing</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth_Occupation_Force" title="British Commonwealth Occupation Force">British Commonwealth Air Force</a>, which was part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth_Occupation_Force" title="British Commonwealth Occupation Force">British Commonwealth Occupation Force</a> stationed in Japan from February 1946. 77 Squadron used its P-51s extensively during the first months of the Korean War, before converting to <a href="/wiki/Gloster_Meteor" title="Gloster Meteor">Gloster Meteor</a> jets.<a href="#cite_note-109">[102]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dd>Five reserve units from the Citizen Air Force also operated Mustangs. <a href="/wiki/No._21_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 21 Squadron RAAF">21 "City of Melbourne" Squadron</a>, based in the state of <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>; <a href="/wiki/No._22_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 22 Squadron RAAF">22 "City of Sydney" Squadron</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>; <a href="/wiki/No._23_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 23 Squadron RAAF">23 "City of Brisbane" Squadron</a>, based in Queensland; <a href="/wiki/No._24_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 24 Squadron RAAF">24 "City of Adelaide" Squadron</a>, based in South Australia; and <a href="/wiki/No._25_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 25 Squadron RAAF">25 "City of Perth" Squadron</a>, based in Western Australia; all of these units were equipped with CAC Mustangs, rather than P-51D or Ks. The last Mustangs were retired from these units in 1960 when CAF units adopted a nonflying role.<a href="#cite_note-110">[103]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Bolivia</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cavalier_Mustang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cavalier_Mustang.jpg/220px-Cavalier_Mustang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cavalier_Mustang.jpg/330px-Cavalier_Mustang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cavalier_Mustang.jpg/440px-Cavalier_Mustang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6880" data-file-height="4636" /></a><figcaption>A Cavalier Mustang, formerly of the Bolivian Air Force, parked on a Canadian airfield</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd>Nine <a href="/wiki/Cavalier_Mustang" title="Cavalier Mustang">Cavalier F-51D</a> (including the two TF-51s) were given to Bolivia, under a program called Peace Condor.<a href="#cite_note-Gunston_p._39-55">[49]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Canada</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MUSTANG_RCAF_9221.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/MUSTANG_RCAF_9221.jpg/220px-MUSTANG_RCAF_9221.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/MUSTANG_RCAF_9221.jpg/330px-MUSTANG_RCAF_9221.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/MUSTANG_RCAF_9221.jpg/440px-MUSTANG_RCAF_9221.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2512" data-file-height="1890" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Garrison" title="Lynn Garrison">Lynn Garrison</a> with RCAF 9281, 1956, subsequently flown during the 1969 <a href="/wiki/Football_War" title="Football War">Football War</a>, returned to the U.S. by Jerry Janes and flown as Cottonmouth</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd>Canada had five squadrons equipped with Mustangs during World War II. RCAF <a href="/wiki/No._400_Squadron_RCAF" class="mw-redirect" title="No. 400 Squadron RCAF">400</a>, 414, and 430 squadrons flew Mustang Mk Is (1942–1944) and 441 and 442 squadrons flew Mustang Mk IIIs and IVAs in 1945. Postwar, a total of 150 Mustang P-51Ds were purchased and served in two regular (<a href="/wiki/No._416_Squadron_RCAF" class="mw-redirect" title="No. 416 Squadron RCAF">416 "Lynx"</a> and 417 "City of Windsor") and six auxiliary fighter squadrons (402 "City of Winnipeg", 403 "City of Calgary", 420 "City of London", 424 "City of Hamilton", 442 "City of Vancouver" and 443 "City of New Westminster"). The Mustangs were declared obsolete in 1956, but a number of special-duty versions served on into the early 1960s.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Republic of China</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P-51_of_the_Republic_of_China_Air_Force,_1953.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/P-51_of_the_Republic_of_China_Air_Force%2C_1953.jpg/220px-P-51_of_the_Republic_of_China_Air_Force%2C_1953.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/P-51_of_the_Republic_of_China_Air_Force%2C_1953.jpg/330px-P-51_of_the_Republic_of_China_Air_Force%2C_1953.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/P-51_of_the_Republic_of_China_Air_Force%2C_1953.jpg/440px-P-51_of_the_Republic_of_China_Air_Force%2C_1953.jpg 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>P-51 of the Republic of China Air Force, 1953</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd>The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Nationalist_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Nationalist Air Force">Chinese Nationalist Air Force</a> obtained the P-51 during the late <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Sino-Japanese War</a> to fight against the Japanese. After the war, <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Nationalist</a> government used the planes against insurgent Communist forces. The Nationalists retreated to <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> in 1949. Pilots supporting Chiang brought most of the Mustangs with them, where the aircraft became part of the island's defense arsenal.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>People's Republic of China</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P-51D_in_Chinese_Military_Museum_20170919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/P-51D_in_Chinese_Military_Museum_20170919.jpg/220px-P-51D_in_Chinese_Military_Museum_20170919.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/P-51D_in_Chinese_Military_Museum_20170919.jpg/330px-P-51D_in_Chinese_Military_Museum_20170919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/P-51D_in_Chinese_Military_Museum_20170919.jpg/440px-P-51D_in_Chinese_Military_Museum_20170919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>P-51D Mustang in Military Museum of the Chinese People's Revolution</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd>The Communist Chinese captured 39 P-51s from the Nationalists while they were retreating to Taiwan.<a href="#cite_note-Gunston_p._39-55">[49]</a> In August 1949, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Air Force">People's Liberation Army Air Force</a> formed its first P-51 squadron at <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Nanyuan_Airport" title="Beijing Nanyuan Airport">Beijing Nanyuan Airport</a> and were tasked of the defending Beijing's airspace from Nationalist Air Force aircraft. On 1 October 1949, when <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Proclamation of the People's Republic of China">founding of the People's Republic of China</a>, nine P-51s conducted a fly-past during the military parade in Beijing. By 1950, when <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> began supplying modern military equipment to China, surviving P-51s were relegated to PLAAF's aviation school and 13 P-51s were modified as two-seat trainers. By September 1953, most P-51s were retired from service and only eight P-51s remained in service to teach <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-10" title="Ilyushin Il-10">Ilyushin Il-10</a> pilots on how to taxi aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-Oliver_2023-111">[104]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Costa Rica</dt> <dd>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Costa_Rican_Air_Force&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Costa Rican Air Force (page does not exist)">Costa Rican Air Force</a> flew four P-51Ds from 1955 to 1964.<a href="#cite_note-Gunston_p._39-55">[49]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Cuba</dt> <dd>In November 1958, three US-registered civilian P-51D Mustangs were illegally flown separately from Miami to Cuba, on delivery to the rebel forces of the <a href="/wiki/26th_of_July_Movement" title="26th of July Movement">26th of July Movement</a>, then headed by <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a>. One of the Mustangs was damaged during delivery and none of them were used operationally. After the success of the revolution in January 1959, with other rebel aircraft plus those of the existing Cuban government forces, they were adopted into the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban Air Force">Fuerza Aérea Revolucionaria</a>. Due to increasing U.S. restrictions and lack of spares and maintenance experience, they never achieved operational status. At the time of the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_invasion" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay of Pigs invasion">Bay of Pigs invasion</a>, the two intact Mustangs were already effectively grounded at Campo Columbia and at Santiago. After the failed invasion, they were placed on display with other symbols of "revolutionary struggle" and one remains on display at the <a href="/wiki/Museo_del_Aire_(Cuba)" title="Museo del Aire (Cuba)">Museo del Aire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[106]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-114">[107]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Dominican Republic</dt> <dd>The <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> was the largest Latin American air force to employ the P-51D, with six aircraft acquired in 1948, 44 ex-Swedish F-51Ds purchased in 1948, and a further Mustang obtained from an unknown source.<a href="#cite_note-wingsof_fame1_p107-115">[108]</a> It was the last nation to have any Mustangs in service, with some remaining in use as late as 1984. Nine of the final 10 aircraft were sold back to American collectors in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-Gunston_p._39-55">[49]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>El Salvador</dt> <dd>The <a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Air_Force" title="Salvadoran Air Force">Salvadoran Air Force</a> (Fuerza Aérea Salvadoreña or FAS) purchased five Cavalier Mustang IIs (and one dual-control Cavalier TF-51) that featured wingtip fuel tanks to increase combat range and up-rated Merlin engines. Seven P-51D Mustangs were also in service.<a href="#cite_note-Gunston_p._39-55">[49]</a> They were used during the 1969 Football War against Honduras, the last time the P-51 was used in combat. One of them, FAS-404, was shot down by a <a href="/wiki/Vought_F4U_Corsair" title="Vought F4U Corsair">Vought F4U-5 Corsair</a> flown by Captain Fernando Soto in the last aerial combat between piston-engined fighters in the world.<a href="#cite_note-wingsof_fame1_109-0-116">[109]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>France</dt> <dd>In late 1944, the first French unit began its transition to reconnaissance Mustangs. In January 1945, the Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron 2/33 of the French Air Force took their F-6Cs and F-6Ds over Germany on photographic mapping missions. The Mustangs remained in service until the early 1950s, when they were replaced by jet fighters.<a href="#cite_note-Gunston_p._39-55">[49]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Germany</dt> <dd>Several P-51s were captured by the Luftwaffe as Beuteflugzeug ("captured aircraft") following crash landings. These aircraft were subsequently repaired and test-flown by the <a href="/wiki/Zirkus_Rosarius" title="Zirkus Rosarius">Zirkus Rosarius</a>, or Rosarius Staffel, the official <a href="/wiki/Erprobungskommando" title="Erprobungskommando">Erprobungskommando</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Luftwaffe" title="Oberkommando der Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe High Command</a>, for combat evaluation at <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a>. The aircraft were repainted with German markings and bright yellow noses, tails, and bellies for identification. A number of P-51B/P-51Cs – including examples marked with Luftwaffe Geschwaderkennung codes T9+CK, T9+FK, T9+HK, and T9+PK (with the "T9" prefix not known to be officially assigned to any existing Luftwaffe formation from their own records, outside of the photos of Zirkus Rosarius–flown aircraft)—with a total of three captured P-51Ds were also flown by the unit.<a href="#cite_note-117">[110]</a> Some of these P-51s were found by Allied forces at the end of the war; others crashed during testing.<a href="#cite_note-118">[111]</a> The Mustang is also listed in the appendix to the novel KG 200 as having been flown by the German secret operations unit <a href="/wiki/Kampfgeschwader_200" title="Kampfgeschwader 200">KG 200</a>, which tested, evaluated, and sometimes clandestinely operated captured enemy aircraft during World War II.<a href="#cite_note-119">[112]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Guatemala</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:336_NA_P-51_Mustang_Guatemalan_Air_Force_(7468458898).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/336_NA_P-51_Mustang_Guatemalan_Air_Force_%287468458898%29.jpg/220px-336_NA_P-51_Mustang_Guatemalan_Air_Force_%287468458898%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/336_NA_P-51_Mustang_Guatemalan_Air_Force_%287468458898%29.jpg/330px-336_NA_P-51_Mustang_Guatemalan_Air_Force_%287468458898%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/336_NA_P-51_Mustang_Guatemalan_Air_Force_%287468458898%29.jpg/440px-336_NA_P-51_Mustang_Guatemalan_Air_Force_%287468458898%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Guatemalan Air Force P-51Ds at Guatemala La Aurora International</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd>The <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Air_Force" title="Guatemalan Air Force">Guatemalan Air Force</a> had 30 P-51D Mustangs in service from 1954 to the early 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-Gunston_p._39-55">[49]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Haiti</dt> <dd>Haiti had four P-51D Mustangs when President Paul Eugène Magloire was in power from 1950 to 1956, with the last retired in 1973–1974 and sold for spares to the Dominican Republic.<a href="#cite_note-wingsof_fame1_p108-120">[113]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Indonesia</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mustangsatriamandala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mustangsatriamandala.jpg/220px-Mustangsatriamandala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mustangsatriamandala.jpg/330px-Mustangsatriamandala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mustangsatriamandala.jpg/440px-Mustangsatriamandala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Indonesian Air Force P-51</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd>Indonesia acquired 26 P-51D/Ks from the departing Netherlands East Indies Air Force in 1949–1950 and later received 35 P-51Ds from the United States in 1960–1961.<a href="#cite_note-121">[114]</a> The Mustangs were used against numerous rebellions during the 1950s, such as the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a>-backed <a href="/wiki/Permesta" title="Permesta">Permesta</a> rebels in 1958–1961. During this period, the Mustang scored the first and (as of 2022) the only aerial victory of the Indonesian Air Force, when on 18 May 1958, a P-51D Mustang piloted by Capt. Ignatius Dewanto shot down a Permesta's Revolutionary Air Force <a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-26_Invader" title="Douglas A-26 Invader">B-26 Invader</a> piloted by <a href="/wiki/Allen_Lawrence_Pope" title="Allen Lawrence Pope">Allen Lawrence Pope</a> near <a href="/wiki/Ambon_Island" title="Ambon Island">Ambon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[115]</a> They were also used against Commonwealth (RAF, RAAF, and RNZAF) forces during the <a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a> in the early 1960s. Indonesia received a shipment of five or seven <a href="/wiki/Cavalier_Mustang" title="Cavalier Mustang">Cavalier II Mustangs</a> and one TF-51D (without tip tanks) delivered in 1972–1973 as part of "Peace Pony" program under the <a href="/wiki/Mutual_Defense_Assistance_Act" title="Mutual Defense Assistance Act">Mutual Defense Assistance Act</a>. The last time Mustangs were deployed for military purposes was during the "Wibawa V" exercise at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lawu" title="Mount Lawu">Mount Lawu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Magetan">Magetan</a> in February 1975. The Indonesian Mustangs were also used for filming <a href="/wiki/Janur_Kuning" title="Janur Kuning">Janur Kuning</a>, which was released in 1980. The Mustangs were replaced in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-123">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[119]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Israel</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hatzerim_Mustang_29012010_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Hatzerim_Mustang_29012010_01.jpg/220px-Hatzerim_Mustang_29012010_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Hatzerim_Mustang_29012010_01.jpg/330px-Hatzerim_Mustang_29012010_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Hatzerim_Mustang_29012010_01.jpg/440px-Hatzerim_Mustang_29012010_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A P-51D at the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force_Museum" title="Israeli Air Force Museum">Israeli Air Force Museum</a>: The marking beneath the cockpit notes its participation in the wire-cutting operation at the onset of the Suez Crisis.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd>A few P-51 Mustangs were illegally bought by Israel in 1948, crated, and smuggled into the country as agricultural equipment for use in the <a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931949_Palestine_war" class="mw-redirect" title="1947–1949 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a>, serving alongside upwards of 23 <a href="/wiki/Avia_S-199" title="Avia S-199">Avia S-199</a> fighters (Czech-built Messerschmitt Bf 109Gs) in Israeli service, with the Mustangs quickly establishing themselves as the best fighter in the Israeli inventory.<a href="#cite_note-127">[120]</a> Further aircraft were bought from Sweden and were replaced by jets at the end of the 1950s, but not before the type was used in the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a>, at the opening of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Kadesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Kadesh">Operation Kadesh</a>. In conjunction with a surprise parachute drop at the <a href="/wiki/Mitla_Pass" title="Mitla Pass">Mitla Pass</a>, four P-51s were specially detailed to cut telephone and telegraph wires using their wings in extreme low level runs, which resulted in major interruptions to Egyptian communications.<a href="#cite_note-128">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[123]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Italy</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P-51D_Mustang%26SM.82_Marsupiale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/P-51D_Mustang%26SM.82_Marsupiale.jpg/220px-P-51D_Mustang%26SM.82_Marsupiale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/P-51D_Mustang%26SM.82_Marsupiale.jpg/330px-P-51D_Mustang%26SM.82_Marsupiale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/P-51D_Mustang%26SM.82_Marsupiale.jpg/440px-P-51D_Mustang%26SM.82_Marsupiale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Italian P-51D Mustang</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd>Italy was a postwar operator of P-51Ds; deliveries were slowed by the Korean War, but between September 1947 and January 1951, by MDAP count, 173 examples were delivered. They were used in all the AMI fighter units: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 51 Stormo (wing), plus some employed in schools and experimental units. Considered a "glamorous" fighter, P-51s were even used as personal aircraft by several Italian commanders. Some restrictions were placed on its use due to unfavorable flying characteristics. Handling had to be done with much care when fuel tanks were fully used, and several aerobatic maneuvers were forbidden. Overall, the P-51D was highly rated even compared to the other primary postwar fighter in Italian service, the Supermarine Spitfire, partly because these P-51Ds were in very good condition in contrast to all other Allied fighters supplied to Italy. Phasing out of the Mustang began in summer 1958.<a href="#cite_note-131">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[126]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Japan</dt> <dd>The P-51C-11-NT Evalina, marked as "278" (former USAAF serial: 44-10816) and flown by 26th FS, 51st FG, was hit by gunfire on 16 January 1945 and belly-landed on Suchon Airfield in China, which was held by the Japanese. The Japanese repaired the aircraft, roughly applied <a href="/wiki/Hinomaru" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinomaru">Hinomaru</a> <a href="/wiki/Roundel" title="Roundel">roundels</a> and flew the aircraft to the Fussa evaluation center (now <a href="/wiki/Yokota_Air_Base" title="Yokota Air Base">Yokota Air Base</a>) in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-Gunston_p._39-55">[49]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Netherlands</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_American_P-51_Mustang_(7177600325).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/North_American_P-51_Mustang_%287177600325%29.jpg/220px-North_American_P-51_Mustang_%287177600325%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/North_American_P-51_Mustang_%287177600325%29.jpg/330px-North_American_P-51_Mustang_%287177600325%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/North_American_P-51_Mustang_%287177600325%29.jpg/440px-North_American_P-51_Mustang_%287177600325%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Netherlands North American P-51 Mustang</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_East_Indies_Army_Air_Force" title="Royal Netherlands East Indies Army Air Force">Royal Netherlands East Indies Army Air Force</a> received 40 P-51Ds and flew them in the course of the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a>, particularly during the two <a href="/wiki/Police_actions_(Indonesia)" title="Police actions (Indonesia)">Dutch police actions</a>: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Product" title="Operation Product">Operation Product</a> in 1947 and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Kraai" title="Operation Kraai">Operation Kraai</a> in 1948–1949.<a href="#cite_note-Kahin90-134">[127]</a> When the conflict was over, Indonesia received 26 of these Mustangs.<a href="#cite_note-Gunston_p._39-55">[49]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>New Zealand</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang_in_New_Zealand_service" title="North American P-51 Mustang in New Zealand service">North American P-51 Mustang in New Zealand service</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P51_Mustang_Wairarapa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/P51_Mustang_Wairarapa.jpg/220px-P51_Mustang_Wairarapa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/P51_Mustang_Wairarapa.jpg/330px-P51_Mustang_Wairarapa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/P51_Mustang_Wairarapa.jpg/440px-P51_Mustang_Wairarapa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="1099" /></a><figcaption>P-51D in 3 (Canterbury) Squadron TAF livery, performing at 2007 Wings over <a href="/wiki/Wairarapa" title="Wairarapa">Wairarapa</a> airshow</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd>New Zealand ordered 370 P-51 Mustangs to supplement its F4U Corsairs in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_Areas" title="Pacific Ocean Areas">Pacific Ocean Areas</a> theater. Scheduled deliveries were for an initial batch of 30 P-51Ds, followed by 137 more P-51Ds and 203 P-51Ms.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson_2010,_p._42.-135">[128]</a> The original 30 were being shipped as the war ended in August 1945; these were stored in their packing cases, and the order for the additional Mustangs was canceled. In 1951, the stored Mustangs entered service in <a href="/wiki/No._1_Squadron_RNZAF" title="No. 1 Squadron RNZAF">1 (Auckland)</a>, <a href="/wiki/No._2_Squadron_RNZAF" title="No. 2 Squadron RNZAF">2 (Wellington)</a>, <a href="/wiki/No._3_Squadron_RNZAF" title="No. 3 Squadron RNZAF">3 (Canterbury)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/No._4_Squadron_RNZAF" title="No. 4 Squadron RNZAF">4 (Otago)</a> squadrons of the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Territorial_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Territorial Air Force">Territorial Air Force</a> (TAF). The Mustangs remained in service until they were prematurely retired in August 1955 following a series of problems with undercarriage and coolant-system corrosion problems. Four Mustangs served on as target tugs until the TAF was disbanded in 1957.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson_2010,_p._42.-135">[128]</a> RNZAF pilots in the Royal Air Force also flew the P-51 and at least one New Zealand pilot scored victories over Europe while on loan to a USAAF P-51 squadron.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Nicaragua</dt> <dd>The <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaraguan National Guard">Nicaraguan National Guard</a> purchased 26 P-51D Mustangs from Sweden in 1954 and later received 30 P-51D Mustangs from the U.S. together with two TF-51 models from MAP after 1954. All aircraft of this type were retired from service by 1964.<a href="#cite_note-Gunston_p._39-55">[49]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Philippines</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PAF_P-51_Mustang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/PAF_P-51_Mustang.jpg/220px-PAF_P-51_Mustang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/PAF_P-51_Mustang.jpg/330px-PAF_P-51_Mustang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/PAF_P-51_Mustang.jpg/440px-PAF_P-51_Mustang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Philippine Air Force P-51D: The tailwheels were fixed in the extended position.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd>The Philippines acquired 103 P-51D Mustangs after World War II, operated by the 6th "Cobras" and 7th "Bulldogs" tactical fighter squadrons of the 5th Fighter Wing. These became the backbone of the postwar <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Army_Air_Corps" title="Philippine Army Air Corps">Philippine Army Air Corps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Air_Force" title="Philippine Air Force">Philippine Air Force</a>, and were used extensively during the <a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap" title="Hukbalahap">Huk</a> campaign, fighting against communist insurgents, as well as the suppression of Moro rebels led by Hadji Kamlon in southern Philippines until 1955. The Mustangs were also the first aircraft of the Philippine air demonstration team, which was formed in 1953 and given the name the "Blue Diamonds" the following year.<a href="#cite_note-136">[129]</a> The Mustangs were replaced by 56 F-86 Sabres in the late 1950s, but some were still in service for COIN roles up to the early 1980s.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Poland</dt> <dd>During World War II, five <a href="/wiki/Polish_Air_Forces_in_France_and_Great_Britain" title="Polish Air Forces in France and Great Britain">Polish Air Force in Great Britain</a> squadrons used Mustangs. The first Polish unit equipped (7 June 1942) with Mustang Mk Is was "B" Flight of <a href="/wiki/No._309_Polish_Fighter-Reconnaissance_Squadron" title="No. 309 Polish Fighter-Reconnaissance Squadron">309 "Ziemi Czerwieńskiej" Squadron</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[nb 6]</a> (an Army Co-Operation Command unit), followed by "A" Flight in March 1943. Subsequently, 309 Squadron was redesignated a fighter/reconnaissance unit and became part of Fighter Command. On 13 March 1944, <a href="/wiki/No._316_Polish_Fighter_Squadron" title="No. 316 Polish Fighter Squadron">316 "Warszawski" Squadron</a> received their first Mustang Mk IIIs; rearming of the unit was completed by the end of April. By 26 March 1944, <a href="/wiki/No._306_Polish_Fighter_Squadron" title="No. 306 Polish Fighter Squadron">306 "Toruński" Sqn</a> and <a href="/wiki/No._315_Polish_Fighter_Squadron" title="No. 315 Polish Fighter Squadron">315 "Dębliński" Sqn</a> received Mustangs Mk IIIs (the whole operation took 12 days). On 20 October 1944, Mustang Mk Is in 309 Squadron were replaced by Mk IIIs. On 11 December 1944, the unit was again renamed, becoming 309 Dywizjon Myśliwski "Ziemi Czerwieńskiej" or 309 "Land of Czerwien" Polish Fighter Squadron.<a href="#cite_note-138">[130]</a> In 1945, <a href="/wiki/No._303_Polish_Fighter_Squadron" class="mw-redirect" title="No. 303 Polish Fighter Squadron">303 "Kościuszko" Sqn</a> received 20 Mustangs Mk IV/Mk IVA replacements. Postwar, between 6 December 1946 and 6 January 1947, all five Polish squadrons equipped with Mustangs were disbanded. Poland returned about 80 Mustang Mk IIIs and 20 Mustangs Mk IV/IVAs to the RAF, which transferred them to the U.S. government.<a href="#cite_note-139">[131]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Somalia</dt> <dd>The <a href="/wiki/Somalian_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalian Air Force">Somalian Air Force</a> operated eight P-51Ds in post-World War II service.<a href="#cite_note-140">[132]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>South Africa</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F-51Ds_2_Sqn_SAAF_Korea_May_1951.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/F-51Ds_2_Sqn_SAAF_Korea_May_1951.jpeg/220px-F-51Ds_2_Sqn_SAAF_Korea_May_1951.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/F-51Ds_2_Sqn_SAAF_Korea_May_1951.jpeg/330px-F-51Ds_2_Sqn_SAAF_Korea_May_1951.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/F-51Ds_2_Sqn_SAAF_Korea_May_1951.jpeg/440px-F-51Ds_2_Sqn_SAAF_Korea_May_1951.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2407" /></a><figcaption>North American F-51D Mustang fighters of No. 2 Squadron of the South African Air Force in Korea, on 1 May 1951</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd>No.5 Squadron <a href="/wiki/South_African_Air_Force" title="South African Air Force">South African Air Force</a> operated a number of Mustang Mk IIIs (P-51B/C) and Mk IVs (P-51D/K) in Italy during World War II, beginning in September 1944, when the squadron converted to the Mustang Mk III from Kittyhawks. The Mk IV and Mk IVA came into SA service in March 1945. These aircraft were generally camouflaged in the British style, having been drawn from RAF stocks; all carried RAF serial numbers and were struck off charge and scrapped in October 1945. In 1950, 2 Squadron SAAF was supplied with F-51D Mustangs by the United States for Korean War service. The type performed well in South African hands before being replaced by the F-86 Sabre in 1952 and 1953.<a href="#cite_note-Gunston_p._39-55">[49]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>South Korea</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ROKAF_F-51D.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/ROKAF_F-51D.JPEG/220px-ROKAF_F-51D.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/ROKAF_F-51D.JPEG/330px-ROKAF_F-51D.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/ROKAF_F-51D.JPEG/440px-ROKAF_F-51D.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2420" data-file-height="1830" /></a><figcaption>The F-51D in ROKAF service</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd>Within a month of the outbreak of the Korean War, 10 F-51D Mustangs were provided to the badly depleted <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Air_Force" title="Republic of Korea Air Force">Republic of Korea Air Force</a> as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Bout_One" title="Bout One">Bout One</a> Project. They were flown by both South Korean airmen, several of whom were veterans of the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy air services during World War II, as well as by U.S. advisers led by Major <a href="/wiki/Dean_Hess" title="Dean Hess">Dean Hess</a>. Later, more were provided both from U.S. and from South African stocks, as the latter were converting to F-86 Sabres. They formed the backbone of the South Korean Air Force until they were replaced by Sabres.<a href="#cite_note-Gunston_p._39-55">[49]</a></dd> <dd>It also served with the ROKAF <a href="/wiki/Black_Eagles_aerobatic_team" title="Black Eagles aerobatic team">Black Eagles aerobatic team</a>, until retired in 1954.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Sweden</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swedish_Airforce_P51D_Mustang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Swedish_Airforce_P51D_Mustang.jpg/220px-Swedish_Airforce_P51D_Mustang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Swedish_Airforce_P51D_Mustang.jpg/330px-Swedish_Airforce_P51D_Mustang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Swedish_Airforce_P51D_Mustang.jpg/440px-Swedish_Airforce_P51D_Mustang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4590" data-file-height="3138" /></a><figcaption>Swedish Air Force J 26 on display at <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Air_Force_Museum" title="Swedish Air Force Museum">Swedish Air Force Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <dl><dd>Sweden's <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Air_Force" title="Swedish Air Force">Flygvapnet</a> first recuperated four of the P-51s (two P-51Bs and two early P-51Ds) that had been diverted to Sweden during missions over Europe. In February 1945, Sweden purchased 50 P-51Ds designated J 26, which were delivered by American pilots in April and assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Uppland_Wing" title="Uppland Wing">Uppland Wing</a> (F 16) at <a href="/wiki/Uppsala" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a> as interceptors. In early 1946, the <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland_Wing" title="Jämtland Wing">Jämtland Wing</a> (F 4) at <a href="/wiki/%C3%96stersund" title="Östersund">Östersund</a> was equipped with a second batch of 90 P-51Ds. A final batch of 21 Mustangs was purchased in 1948. In all, 161 J 26s served in the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Air_Force" title="Swedish Air Force">Swedish Air Force</a> during the late 1940s. About 12 were modified for photo reconnaissance and redesignated S 26. Some of these aircraft participated in the secret Swedish mapping of new Soviet military installations at the Baltic coast in 1946–47 (Operation Falun), an endeavor that entailed many intentional violations of Soviet airspace. However, the Mustang could outdive any Soviet fighter of that era, so no S 26s were lost in these missions.<a href="#cite_note-141">[133]</a> The J 26s were replaced by <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Vampire" title="De Havilland Vampire">De Havilland Vampires</a> around 1950. The S 26s were replaced by <a href="/wiki/SAAB_Tunnan" class="mw-redirect" title="SAAB Tunnan">S 29Cs</a> in the early 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-Gunston_p._39-55">[49]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Switzerland</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swiss_Air_Force_P-51_Mustang_side_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Swiss_Air_Force_P-51_Mustang_side_view.jpg/220px-Swiss_Air_Force_P-51_Mustang_side_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Swiss_Air_Force_P-51_Mustang_side_view.jpg/330px-Swiss_Air_Force_P-51_Mustang_side_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Swiss_Air_Force_P-51_Mustang_side_view.jpg/440px-Swiss_Air_Force_P-51_Mustang_side_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3009" data-file-height="1452" /></a><figcaption>A restored Swiss Air Force P-51D at the <a href="/wiki/Flieger-Flab-Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Flieger-Flab-Museum">Flieger-Flab-Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <dl><dd>The <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Air_Force" title="Swiss Air Force">Swiss Air Force</a> operated a few USAAF P-51s that had been impounded by Swiss authorities during World War II after the pilots were forced to land in neutral Switzerland. After the war, Switzerland also bought 130 P-51s for $4,000 each. They served until 1958.<a href="#cite_note-Gunston_p._39-55">[49]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Soviet Union</dt> <dd>The Soviet Union received at least 10 early-model ex-RAF Mustang Mk Is and tested them, but found them to "under-perform" compared to contemporary USSR fighters, relegating them to training units. Later Lend-Lease deliveries of the P-51B/C and D series, along with other Mustangs abandoned in Russia after the famous <a href="/wiki/Shuttle_bombing" title="Shuttle bombing">"shuttle missions"</a>, were repaired and used by the Soviet Air Force, but not in front-line service.<a href="#cite_note-142">[134]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Uruguay</dt> <dd>The <a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Air_Force" title="Uruguayan Air Force">Uruguayan Air Force</a> used 25 P-51D Mustangs from 1950 to 1960; some were subsequently sold to Bolivia.<a href="#cite_note-Gunston_p._39-55">[49]</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="P-51s_and_civil_aviation">P-51s and civil aviation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_P-51_Mustang&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: P-51s and civil aviation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P51_tiptanks_Cavalier_Mustang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/P51_tiptanks_Cavalier_Mustang.jpg/220px-P51_tiptanks_Cavalier_Mustang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/P51_tiptanks_Cavalier_Mustang.jpg/330px-P51_tiptanks_Cavalier_Mustang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/P51_tiptanks_Cavalier_Mustang.jpg/440px-P51_tiptanks_Cavalier_Mustang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Cavalier P-51 Mustang with tiptanks</figcaption></figure> Many P-51s were sold as surplus after the war, often for as little as $1,500. Some were sold to former wartime fliers or other aficionados for personal use, while others were modified for air racing.<a href="#cite_note-Swiss-143">[135]</a> One of the most significant Mustangs involved in air racing was serial number 44-10947, a surplus P-51C-10-NT purchased by film stunt pilot <a href="/wiki/Paul_Mantz" title="Paul Mantz">Paul Mantz</a>. He modified the wings, sealing them to create a giant fuel tank in each one; these "wet wings" reduced the need for fuel stops or drag-inducing drop tanks. Named Blaze of Noon after the film <a href="/wiki/Blaze_of_Noon" title="Blaze of Noon">Blaze of Noon</a>, the aircraft won the 1946 and 1947 Bendix Air Races, took second in the 1948 Bendix, and placed third in the 1949 Bendix. Mantz also set a U.S. coast-to-coast record in 1947. He sold the Mustang to <a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Blair_Jr" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles F. Blair Jr">Charles F. Blair Jr</a> (future husband of <a href="/wiki/Maureen_O%27Hara" title="Maureen O'Hara">Maureen O'Hara</a>), who renamed it Excalibur III and used it to set a New York-to-London (about 3,460 miles or 5,570 kilometres) record in 1951: 7 hr 48 min from takeoff at <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">Idlewild</a> to overhead London Airport. Later that year, Blair flew from Norway to Fairbanks, Alaska, via the North Pole (about 3,130 miles or 5,040 kilometres), proving that navigation via sun sights was possible over the magnetic North Pole region. For this feat, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Harmon_Trophy" title="Harmon Trophy">Harmon Trophy</a> and the Air Force was forced to change its thoughts on a possible Soviet air strike from the north. This Mustang now sits in the <a href="/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="National Air and Space Museum">National Air and Space Museum</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center" title="Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center">Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[136]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P51-d_mustang_472216_arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/P51-d_mustang_472216_arp.jpg/220px-P51-d_mustang_472216_arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/P51-d_mustang_472216_arp.jpg/330px-P51-d_mustang_472216_arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/P51-d_mustang_472216_arp.jpg/440px-P51-d_mustang_472216_arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1989" data-file-height="1479" /></a><figcaption>Miss Helen, a P-51D in its wartime markings as flown by Capt. <a href="/wiki/Raymond_H._Littge" title="Raymond H. Littge">Raymond H. Littge</a> of the 487 FS, 352 FG, on aerial display in 2007: It is the last original 352 FG P-51 known to exist.</figcaption></figure> In 1958, the RCAF retired its 78 remaining Mustangs. RCAF pilot <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Garrison" title="Lynn Garrison">Lynn Garrison</a> ferried them from their various storage locations to <a href="/wiki/Canastota,_New_York" title="Canastota, New York">Canastota, New York</a>, where the American buyers were based. Garrison flew each of the surviving aircraft at least once. These aircraft make up a large percentage of the aircraft presently flying worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-sale-145">[137]</a> The most prominent firm to convert Mustangs to civilian use was Trans-Florida Aviation, later renamed Cavalier Aircraft Corporation, which produced the <a href="/wiki/Cavalier_Mustang" title="Cavalier Mustang">Cavalier Mustang</a>. Modifications included a taller tailfin and wingtip tanks. A number of conversions included a Cavalier Mustang specialty: a "tight" second seat added in the space formerly occupied by the military radio and fuselage fuel tank. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, when the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> wished to supply aircraft to South American countries and later <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> for close <a href="/wiki/Air_support" class="mw-redirect" title="Air support">air support</a> and <a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">counterinsurgency</a>, it paid Cavalier to return some of their civilian conversions back to <a href="/wiki/Cavalier_Mustang#Military_Cavaliers" title="Cavalier Mustang">updated military specifications</a>. In the 21st century, a P-51 can command a price of more than $1 million, even for only partially restored aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-sale-145">[137]</a> There were 204 privately owned P-51s in the U.S. on the <a href="/wiki/FAA" class="mw-redirect" title="FAA">FAA</a> registry in 2011,<a href="#cite_note-146">[138]</a> most of which are still flying, often associated with organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_Air_Force" title="Commemorative Air Force">Commemorative Air Force</a> (formerly the Confederate Air Force).<a href="#cite_note-Dixie-147">[139]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Rebel_P-51D-25NT_N151CF_2014_Reno_Air_Races_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/The_Rebel_P-51D-25NT_N151CF_2014_Reno_Air_Races_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg/220px-The_Rebel_P-51D-25NT_N151CF_2014_Reno_Air_Races_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/The_Rebel_P-51D-25NT_N151CF_2014_Reno_Air_Races_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg/330px-The_Rebel_P-51D-25NT_N151CF_2014_Reno_Air_Races_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/The_Rebel_P-51D-25NT_N151CF_2014_Reno_Air_Races_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg/440px-The_Rebel_P-51D-25NT_N151CF_2014_Reno_Air_Races_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3096" /></a><figcaption>The Rebel, a P-51D-25-NT, at the 2014 Reno Air Races</figcaption></figure> In May 2013, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doug_Matthews&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doug Matthews (page does not exist)">Doug Matthews</a> set an altitude record of 12,975 m (42,568 ft) in a P-51 named The Rebel for piston-powered aircraft weighing 3,000 to 6,000 kg (6,600 to 13,200 lb).<a href="#cite_note-148">[140]</a> Flying from a grass runway at Florida's <a href="/wiki/Indiantown,_Florida" title="Indiantown, Florida">Indiantown</a> airport and over <a href="/wiki/Lake_Okeechobee" title="Lake Okeechobee">Lake Okeechobee</a>, Matthews set world records for time to reach altitudes of 9,000 m (30,000 ft), 18 minutes and 12,000 m (39,000 ft), 31 minutes. He set a level-flight altitude record of 12,200 m (40,100 ft) in level flight and an absolute altitude record of 13,000 m (42,500 ft),<a href="#cite_note-149">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[142]</a> breaking the previous record of 11,248 m (36,902 ft) set in 1954. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Incidents">Incidents</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_P-51_Mustang&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Incidents">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>On 9 June 1973, <a href="/wiki/William_Penn_Patrick" title="William Penn Patrick">William Penn Patrick</a> (43) a certified pilot and his passenger, Christian Hagert, died when Patrick's P-51 Mustang crashed in <a href="/wiki/Lakeport,_California" title="Lakeport, California">Lakeport, California</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-crash-at-farrels-152">[144]</a></li> <li>On 1 July 1990 at the National Capital Air Show (<a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, Ontario, Canada), Harry E. Tope was killed when his P-51 Mustang crashed.<a href="#cite_note-153">[145]</a></li> <li>On 16 September 2011 <a href="/wiki/The_Galloping_Ghost_(aircraft)" title="The Galloping Ghost (aircraft)">The Galloping Ghost</a>, a modified P-51 piloted by Jimmy Leeward of Ocala, Florida, <a href="/wiki/2011_Reno_Air_Races_crash" title="2011 Reno Air Races crash">crashed during an air race in Reno, Nevada</a>. Leeward and at least nine people on the ground were killed when the racer suddenly crashed near the edge of the grandstand.<a href="#cite_note-154">[146]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_P-51_Mustang&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Variants">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang_variants" title="North American P-51 Mustang variants">North American P-51 Mustang variants</a></div> Over 20 variants of the P-51 Mustang were produced from 1940 to after the war. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production">Production</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_P-51_Mustang&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</div> Except for the small numbers assembled or produced in Australia, all Mustangs were built by North American initially at <a href="/wiki/Inglewood,_California" title="Inglewood, California">Inglewood, California</a>, but then additionally in <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, Texas. <table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="vertical-align: top;"> <caption>North American-built airframes<a href="#cite_note-Andrade,_John_M._p._150-155">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peçzkowski,_Robert_p._28-156">[148]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:100px;">Variant </th> <th scope="col">Number built </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">NA-73X </th> <td style="text-align: right">1 </td> <td>Prototype </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">XP-51 </th> <td style="text-align: right">2 </td> <td>Prototypes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Mustang I </th> <td style="text-align: right">620 </td> <td>Built for RAF at Inglewood, California </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/North_American_A-36_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="North American A-36 Apache">A-36 Apache</a> </th> <td style="text-align: right">500 </td> <td>Dive-bomber variant of P-51; also known as "Invader" or "Mustang" </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">P-51 </th> <td style="text-align: right">150 </td> <td>Built at Inglewood, California. 93 were Lend-Leased to the UK, operated by RAF as the "Mustang Ia". 57 were retained by the USAAF and fitted with Allison V-1710-39 engines. </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <th scope="row">P-51A-NA </th> <td style="text-align: right">310 </td> <td>Built at Inglewood, California. 50 Lend-Leased to the RAF as the "Mustang II". </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">XP-51B </th> <td style="text-align: right">2 </td> <td>Prototypes of P-51B </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">P-51B-NA </th> <td style="text-align: right">1,987 </td> <td>Built at Inglewood, California. First production version to be equipped with the Merlin engine. 308 supplied under Lend-Lease and operated by the RAF as "Mustang III". </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">P-51C-NT </th> <td style="text-align: right">1,750 </td> <td>First P-51 variant to be built at North American's Dallas plant. Identical to P-51B. Mustangs built by North American in Dallas were suffixed "-NT". 636 were supplied under Lend-Lease to the RAF as the "Mustang III". </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">XP-51D </th> <td style="text-align: right">3 </td> <td>Prototypes of P-51D </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">P-51D-NA/-NT </th> <td style="text-align: right"><div style="float:right;">8,200</div><a href="#cite_note-157">[149]</a> </td> <td>6,600 built at Inglewood and 1,600 built at Dallas. 100 P-51D-1-NA were sent unassembled to Australia. 282 under Lend-Lease served in the RAF as the "Mustang IV". </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">XP-51F </th> <td style="text-align: right">3 </td> <td>Lightweight version </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">XP-51G </th> <td style="text-align: right">2 </td> <td>Lightweight version; five-bladed propeller </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">P-51H-NA </th> <td style="text-align: right">555 </td> <td>Built at Inglewood, California </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">XP-51J </th> <td style="text-align: right">2 </td> <td>Allison-engined lightweight development. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">P-51K-NT </th> <td style="text-align: right">1,500 </td> <td>Built at Dallas, Texas. Identical to the P-51D except fitted with a four-bladed Aeroproducts propeller. 600 Lend-Leased to the RAF as the "Mustang IVa". </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">P-51M-NT </th> <td style="text-align: right">1 </td> <td>Same as P-51D-25-NT and P-51D-30-NT, but with the non-water injected V-1650-9A engine for low-altitude operations and sharing the cuffless Hamilton Standard propeller.<a href="#cite_note-158">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[151]</a> It was intended to enter full production at Dallas, but the contract was later cancelled. </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <th scope="row">Total number built </th> <td style="text-align: right">15,588 </td> <td>Includes 100 sent unassembled to Australia </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="vertical-align: top;"> <caption>Australian production by <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Aircraft_Corporation" title="Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation">Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation</a><a href="#cite_note-Andrade,_John_M._p._150-155">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peçzkowski,_Robert_p._28-156">[148]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Variant </th> <th scope="col">Number built </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Aircraft_Corporation" title="Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation">Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation</a> CA-17 Mustang Mk 20 </th> <td style="text-align: right">80 </td> <td>100 unassembled P-51D-1-NA were delivered as kits to Australia, but only 80 were built. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">CAC CA-18 Mustang Mk 21, Mk 22 and Mk 23 </th> <td style="text-align: right">120 </td> <td>License production in Australia of 120 (170 were originally ordered) P-51D. The Mk 21 and Mk 22 used the American-built Packard V-1650-3 or V-1650-7 engine and the Mk 23 (which followed the Mk 21) was powered by a Rolls-Royce Merlin 66 or Merlin 70 engine. </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <th scope="row">Total number built </th> <td style="text-align: right">200</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="vertical-align: top;"> <caption>Conversions of already-built Mustangs<a href="#cite_note-Andrade,_John_M._p._150-155">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peçzkowski,_Robert_p._28-156">[148]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Variant </th> <th scope="col">Number converted </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">TP-51C </th> <td data-sort-value="5">At least 5 </td> <td>Field modification to create dual-control variant; at least five known built during World War II for training and VIP transport.<a href="#cite_note-160">[152]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">ETF-51D </th> <td style="text-align: right">1 </td> <td>One P-51D modified for use on an <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Mustang_Mk.X" title="Rolls-Royce Mustang Mk.X">Rolls-Royce Mustang Mk X</a> </th> <td style="text-align: right">5 </td> <td>Five prototype conversions only – two Mustang Mk I airframes were initially trial fitted with Rolls-Royce Merlin 65 engines in mid-late 1942, to test the performance of the aircraft with a powerplant better adapted to medium/high altitudes. The successful conversion of the Packard V-1650 Merlin-powered P-51B/C equivalent rendered this experiment as superfluous. Although the conversions were highly successful, the planned production of 500 examples was cancelled.<a href="#cite_note-161">[153]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>Cancelled contracts<a href="#cite_note-Andrade,_John_M._p._150-155">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peçzkowski,_Robert_p._28-156">[148]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Variant </th> <th scope="col">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">NA-133 </th> <td>P-51H for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Folding_wing" title="Folding wing">folding wings</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Tailhook" title="Tailhook">arrestor hook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fuel_tanks" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft fuel tanks">tip tanks</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">P-51L-NT </th> <td>Lightweight version </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">CAC CA-21 Mustang Mk 24 </th> <td>License production of 250 two-seater Mustangs.<a href="#cite_note-162">[154]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accidents_and_incidents">Accidents and incidents</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_P-51_Mustang&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Accidents and incidents">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Accidents_and_incidents_involving_the_North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="Accidents and incidents involving the North American P-51 Mustang">Accidents and incidents involving the North American P-51 Mustang</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surviving_aircraft">Surviving aircraft</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_P-51_Mustang&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Surviving aircraft">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P51-C_Betty_Jane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/P51-C_Betty_Jane.jpg/220px-P51-C_Betty_Jane.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/P51-C_Betty_Jane.jpg/330px-P51-C_Betty_Jane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/P51-C_Betty_Jane.jpg/440px-P51-C_Betty_Jane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2179" data-file-height="1322" /></a><figcaption>TP-51C "Betty Jane" dual control Warbird of the <a href="/wiki/Collings_Foundation" title="Collings Foundation">Collings Foundation</a> appears at airshows around the United States</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_surviving_North_American_P-51_Mustangs" title="List of surviving North American P-51 Mustangs">List of surviving North American P-51 Mustangs</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specifications_(P-51D_Mustang)">Specifications (P-51D Mustang)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_P-51_Mustang&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Specifications (P-51D Mustang)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_American_P-51D_EG-0068-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/North_American_P-51D_EG-0068-01.svg/220px-North_American_P-51D_EG-0068-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/North_American_P-51D_EG-0068-01.svg/330px-North_American_P-51D_EG-0068-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/North_American_P-51D_EG-0068-01.svg/440px-North_American_P-51D_EG-0068-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="238" /></a><figcaption>3-view drawing of P-51D Mustang</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_American_P-51_Mustang_Gunfighter_(03).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/North_American_P-51_Mustang_Gunfighter_%2803%29.jpg/220px-North_American_P-51_Mustang_Gunfighter_%2803%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/North_American_P-51_Mustang_Gunfighter_%2803%29.jpg/330px-North_American_P-51_Mustang_Gunfighter_%2803%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/North_American_P-51_Mustang_Gunfighter_%2803%29.jpg/440px-North_American_P-51_Mustang_Gunfighter_%2803%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption>Nose of P-51 Gunfighter</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_American_P-51_Mustang_Gunfighter_(10).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/North_American_P-51_Mustang_Gunfighter_%2810%29.jpg/220px-North_American_P-51_Mustang_Gunfighter_%2810%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/North_American_P-51_Mustang_Gunfighter_%2810%29.jpg/330px-North_American_P-51_Mustang_Gunfighter_%2810%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/North_American_P-51_Mustang_Gunfighter_%2810%29.jpg/440px-North_American_P-51_Mustang_Gunfighter_%2810%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption>Wing with three .50 caliber machine guns</figcaption></figure> Data from Erection and Maintenance Manual for P-51D and P-51K,<a href="#cite_note-163">[155]</a> P-51 Tactical Planning Characteristics & Performance Chart,<a href="#cite_note-164">[156]</a> The Great Book of Fighters,<a href="#cite_note-Green-165">[157]</a> and Quest for Performance<a href="#cite_note-166">[158]</a>General characteristics <ul><li>Crew: 1</li> <li>Length: 32 ft 3 in (9.83 m)</li> <li>Wingspan: 37 ft 0 in (11.28 m)</li> <li>Height: 13 ft 4.5 in (4.077 m) tail wheel on ground, vertical propeller blade</li> <li>Wing area: 235 sq ft (21.8 m2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(aeronautics)" title="Aspect ratio (aeronautics)">Aspect ratio</a>: 5.83</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airfoil" title="Airfoil">Airfoil</a>: <a href="/wiki/NACA_airfoil" title="NACA airfoil">NAA/NACA 45–100</a></li> <li>Empty weight: 7,635 lb (3,463 kg)</li> <li>Gross weight: 9,200 lb (4,173 kg)</li> <li>Max takeoff weight: 12,100 lb (5,490 kg)</li> <li>Fuel capacity: 269 US gal (224 imp gal; 1,020 L)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-lift_drag_coefficient" title="Zero-lift drag coefficient">Zero-lift drag coefficient</a>: 0.0163</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-lift_drag_coefficient" title="Zero-lift drag coefficient">Drag area:</a> 3.80 sqft (0.35 m²)</li> <li>Powerplant: 1 × <a href="/wiki/Packard_V-1650_Merlin" title="Packard V-1650 Merlin">Packard (Rolls-Royce) V-1650-7 Merlin</a> 12-cylinder liquid cooled engine, 1,490 hp (1,110 kW) at 3,000 rpm;<a href="#cite_note-167">[159]</a> 1,720 hp (1,280 kW) at <a href="/wiki/War_emergency_power" title="War emergency power">WEP</a></li> <li>Propellers: 4-bladed <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Standard" title="Hamilton Standard">Hamilton Standard</a> <a href="/wiki/Constant-speed_propeller" class="mw-redirect" title="Constant-speed propeller">constant-speed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Variable-pitch_propeller_(aeronautics)" title="Variable-pitch propeller (aeronautics)">variable-pitch</a>, 11 ft 2 in (3.40 m) diameter</li></ul> Performance <ul><li>Maximum speed: 440 mph (710 km/h, 383 kn)</li> <li>Cruise speed: 362 mph (583 km/h, 315 kn)</li> <li>Stall speed: 100 mph (160 km/h, 87 kn)</li> <li>Range: 1,650 mi (2,660 km, 1,434 nmi) with external tanks</li> <li>Service ceiling: 41,900 ft (12,800 m)</li> <li>Rate of climb: 3,200 ft/min (16 m/s)</li> <li>Lift-to-drag: 14.6</li> <li>Wing loading: 39 lb/sq ft (190 kg/m2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratio" title="Power-to-weight ratio">Power/mass</a>: 0.162 / 0.187 hp/lb (0.266 / 0.307 kW/kg) (without / with <a href="/wiki/War_emergency_power" title="War emergency power">WEP</a>)</li> <li>Recommended Mach limit 0.8</li></ul> Armament <ul><li>Guns: 6 × <a href="/wiki/.50_BMG" title=".50 BMG">.50 caliber (12.7mm)</a> <a href="/wiki/M2_Browning_machine_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="M2 Browning machine gun">AN/M2 Browning machine guns</a> with 1,840 total rounds (380 rounds for each on the inboard pair and 270 rounds for each of the outer two pair)</li> <li>Rockets: 6 or 10 × 5.0 in (127 mm) <a href="/wiki/High_Velocity_Aircraft_Rocket" title="High Velocity Aircraft Rocket">T64 HVAR rockets</a> (P-51D-25, P-51K-10 on)<a href="#cite_note-171">[nb 7]</a></li> <li>Bombs: 1 × 100 lb (45 kg) or 250 lb (110 kg) bomb or 500 lb (230 kg) bomb on hardpoint under each wing<a href="#cite_note-168">[160]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_appearances_in_media">Notable appearances in media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_P-51_Mustang&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notable appearances in media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_in_fiction#P-51_Mustang" title="Aircraft in fiction">Aircraft in fiction § P-51 Mustang</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P-51C-18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/P-51C-18.jpg/220px-P-51C-18.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/P-51C-18.jpg/330px-P-51C-18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/P-51C-18.jpg/440px-P-51C-18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>The restored P-51C Mustang associated with the <a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_Airmen" title="Tuskegee Airmen">Tuskegee Airmen</a> now flown by <a href="/wiki/Red_Tail_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Tail Project">Red Tail Project</a> as described in <a href="/wiki/Red_Tail_Reborn" title="Red Tail Reborn">Red Tail Reborn</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tail_Reborn" title="Red Tail Reborn">Red Tail Reborn</a> (2007) is the story behind the restoration of a flying memorial aircraft.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scale_replicas">Scale replicas</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_P-51_Mustang&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Scale replicas">edit</a>]</div> As indicative of the iconic nature of the P-51, manufacturers within the hobby industry have created scale plastic model kits of the P-51 Mustang, with varying degrees of detail and skill levels. The aircraft have also been the subject of numerous scale flying replicas.<a href="#cite_note-172">[163]</a> Aside from the popular model aircraft, several <a href="/wiki/Kitplane" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitplane">kitplane</a> manufacturers offer ½, ⅔, and ¾-scale replicas capable of comfortably seating one (or even two) and offering high performance combined with more forgiving flight characteristics.<a href="#cite_note-173">[164]</a> Such aircraft include the <a href="/wiki/Titan_T-51_Mustang" title="Titan T-51 Mustang">Titan T-51 Mustang</a>, <a href="/wiki/W.A.R._P-51_Mustang" title="W.A.R. P-51 Mustang">W.A.R. P-51 Mustang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linn_Mini_Mustang" title="Linn Mini Mustang">Linn Mini Mustang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jurca_Gnatsum" title="Jurca Gnatsum">Jurca Gnatsum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thunder_Mustang" class="mw-redirect" title="Thunder Mustang">Thunder Mustang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stewart_S-51D_Mustang" title="Stewart S-51D Mustang">Stewart S-51D Mustang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loehle_5151_Mustang" title="Loehle 5151 Mustang">Loehle 5151 Mustang</a> and <a href="/wiki/ScaleWings_SW51_Mustang" title="ScaleWings SW51 Mustang">ScaleWings SW51 Mustang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_P-51_Mustang&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/28px-Aviacionavion.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/42px-Aviacionavion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/56px-Aviacionavion.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Aviation" title="Portal:Aviation">Aviation portal</a></li></ul> Related development <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CAC_CA-15" title="CAC CA-15">CAC CA-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_FJ-1_Fury" title="North American FJ-1 Fury">North American FJ-1 Fury</a></li></ul> Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_P-75_Eagle" title="Fisher P-75 Eagle">Fisher P-75 Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Typhoon" title="Hawker Typhoon">Hawker Typhoon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hawker_Tempest" title="Hawker Tempest">Tempest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_N1K" title="Kawanishi N1K">Kawanishi N1K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-61" title="Kawasaki Ki-61">Kawasaki Ki-61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavochkin_La-5" title="Lavochkin La-5">Lavochkin La-5</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lavochkin_La-7" title="Lavochkin La-7">La-7</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lavochkin_La-9" title="Lavochkin La-9">La-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_A6M" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsubishi A6M">Mitsubishi A6M</a>3/4/5/6/7/8 "Zero"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_J2M" title="Mitsubishi J2M">Mitsubishi J2M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-44" title="Nakajima Ki-44">Nakajima Ki-44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vought_F4U_Corsair" title="Vought F4U Corsair">Vought F4U Corsair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-9" title="Yakovlev Yak-9">Yakovlev Yak-9</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-3" title="Yakovlev Yak-3">Yak-3</a></li></ul> Related lists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied technological cooperation during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_World_War_II" title="List of aircraft of the United Kingdom in World War II">List of aircraft of the United Kingdom in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_World_War_II" title="List of aircraft of World War II">List of aircraft of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fighter_aircraft" title="List of fighter aircraft">List of fighter aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of military aircraft of the United States">List of military aircraft of the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_P-51_Mustang&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Among <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> aircraft, the P-51's claimed victory total in World War II was second to the carrier-borne <a href="/wiki/Grumman_F6F_Hellcat" title="Grumman F6F Hellcat">Grumman F6F Hellcat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> The Mustang, with its relatively thin laminar flow wing, had a tactical Mach number (the maximum speed at which combat was feasible) of 0.78. This compared favourably with the Messerschmitt Bf 109 and the Focke-Wulf Fw 190, which both had a tactical Mach number of 0.75. The other escort fighters available to the Allies were the Lockheed P-38 Lightning, with a tactical Mach number of only 0.68 and the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt, at 0.71. At the high altitudes at which fighter escorts operated in Europe made this an important performance difference.<a href="#cite_note-ArmouredCarriers-21">[19]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_P-51_Mustang&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_P-51_Mustang&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Because the new fighter was designed to a British, rather than an American or USAAC specification, it was allocated a private-venture civil designation instead of the more usual XP- (eXperimental Pursuit) group. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> For more specific information on the P-51's airfoil, known as the NAA/NACA 45–100 series, see<a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> This was one of the last US applications of gun synchronization – later American single piston-engined fighters, including later models of the Mustang, all had their gun armament concentrated in the wings. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> One of the NA-73s given to the army, s/n 41-038 is still in existence and last flew in 1982.<a href="#cite_note-34">[29]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> All but three of these FGs flew P-38s, P-40s, or P-47s before converting to the Mustang. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> "Ziemi Czerwieńskiej" = "<a href="/wiki/Czerwie%C5%84" title="Czerwień">Land of Czerwien</a>", RAF Polish units retained the name and the logo of a squadron from the Polish Air Force which fought the Germans in 1939. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> The P-51D and K Maintenance manual notes that carrying 1,000 lb bombs was not recommended, because the racks were not designed for them.<a href="#cite_note-AN_01-60JE-2_1944,_pp._398-399-169">[161]</a> Six rockets could be carried on removable "Zero Rail" launchers with the wing racks installed, 10 without wing racks.<a href="#cite_note-170">[162]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_P-51_Mustang&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NMUSAF-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NMUSAF_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NMUSAF_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161122133242/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/MuseumExhibits/FactSheets/Display/tabid/509/Article/196263/north-american-p-51d-mustang.aspx">"North American P-51D Mustang"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="National Museum of the United States Air Force">National Museum of the United States Air Force</a>. 20 April 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/MuseumExhibits/FactSheets/Display/tabid/509/Article/196263/north-american-p-51d-mustang.aspx">the original</a> on 22 November 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+American+P-51D+Mustang&rft.pub=National+Museum+of+the+United+States+Air+Force&rft.date=2015-04-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalmuseum.af.mil%2FVisit%2FMuseumExhibits%2FFactSheets%2FDisplay%2Ftabid%2F509%2FArticle%2F196263%2Fnorth-american-p-51d-mustang.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScutts1995" class="citation cs2">Scutts, Jerry (13 November 1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U2OU-T8-s94C&pg=PA7">Mustang Aces of the Ninth & Fifteenth Air Forces & the RAF</a> (book), Bloomsbury USA, p. 47, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781855325838" title="Special:BookSources/9781855325838"><bdi>9781855325838</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mustang+Aces+of+the+Ninth+%26+Fifteenth+Air+Forces+%26+the+RAF&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=1995-11-13&rft.isbn=9781855325838&rft.aulast=Scutts&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU2OU-T8-s94C%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boeing.com/history/products/p-51-mustang.page">P-51 Mustang Fighter</a>, Boeing</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=P-51+Mustang+Fighter&rft.pub=Boeing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boeing.com%2Fhistory%2Fproducts%2Fp-51-mustang.page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickmanKennedy" class="citation cs2">Hickman; Kennedy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140701234415/http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/worldwariiaircraft/p/p-51mustang.htm">"World War II: North American P-51 Mustang"</a>, Military History, About, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/worldwariiaircraft/p/p-51mustang.htm">the original</a> on 1 July 2014, retrieved 19 June 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Military+History&rft.atitle=World+War+II%3A+North+American+P-51+Mustang&rft.au=Hickman&rft.au=Kennedy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmilitaryhistory.about.com%2Fod%2Fworldwariiaircraft%2Fp%2Fp-51mustang.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/north-american-p-51-mustang">"The North American P-51 Mustang: A "Little Friend" with a Big Impact"</a>. The National WWII Museum | New Orleans. 24 May 2020. Retrieved 5 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+WWII+Museum+%7C+New+Orleans&rft.atitle=The+North+American+P-51+Mustang%3A+A+%22Little+Friend%22+with+a+Big+Impact&rft.date=2020-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalww2museum.org%2Fwar%2Farticles%2Fnorth-american-p-51-mustang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaight1970" class="citation book cs1">Haight, John M. (1970). American aid to France (1st ed.). New York: Antheneum. pp. 210–222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1131644110" title="Special:BookSources/978-1131644110"><bdi>978-1131644110</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+aid+to+France&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=210-222&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Antheneum&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-1131644110&rft.aulast=Haight&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Kinzey 1996, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Kinzey 1996, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Kinzey 1997, pp. 10–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gunston_p._58-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gunston_p._58_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gunston_p._58_10-1">b</a> Gunston 1984, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Tillman 1996, pp. 78–79. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrinkworth" class="citation journal cs1">Brinkworth, Brian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aerosociety.com/media/10277/on-the-planning-of-british-aircraft-production-for-second-world-war-and-reference-to-james-connolly_2018-09.pdf">"On the planning of British aircraft production for the Second World War and reference to James Connolly"</a> (PDF). Journal of Aeronautical History: 233–299. Retrieved 14 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Aeronautical+History&rft.atitle=On+the+planning+of+British+aircraft+production+for+the+Second+World+War+and+reference+to+James+Connolly&rft.pages=233-299&rft.aulast=Brinkworth&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aerosociety.com%2Fmedia%2F10277%2Fon-the-planning-of-british-aircraft-production-for-second-world-war-and-reference-to-james-connolly_2018-09.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Pearcy 1996, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Pearcy 1996, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-Martyn_Chorlton_2012-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martyn_Chorlton_2012_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martyn_Chorlton_2012_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChorlton2012" class="citation cs2">Chorlton, Martyn (2012), Allison-Engined P-51 Mustang, Air Vanguard 1, Osprey, pp. 11, 12, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780961514" title="Special:BookSources/9781780961514"><bdi>9781780961514</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Allison-Engined+P-51+Mustang&rft.series=Air+Vanguard+1&rft.pages=11%2C+12&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781780961514&rft.aulast=Chorlton&rft.aufirst=Martyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Delve_p._11-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Delve_p._11_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Delve_p._11_17-1">b</a> Delve 1999, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-Delve_p._12-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Delve_p._12_18-0">^</a> Delve 1999, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Jackson 1992, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-ArmouredCarriers-21"><a href="#cite_ref-ArmouredCarriers_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Eric 'Winkle' Brown (13 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VQzSQUQ33OQ">Where US fighters failed over Europe</a> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Where+US+fighters+failed+over+Europe&rft.date=2023-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DVQzSQUQ33OQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Wagner 2000, pp. 16, 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Selig, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ae.uiuc.edu/m-selig/ads/afplots/p51droot.gif">"P-51D wingroot section."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080408233751/http://www.ae.uiuc.edu/m-selig/ads/afplots/p51droot.gif">Archived</a> 8 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> uiuc.edu. Retrieved: 22 March 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> "We also found out, later on, that the heat from the engine actually produced thrust... That horsepower gained by the radiator was only discovered by wind-tunnel investigation..." Mustang Designer, Edgar Schmued and the P-51, p. 61. The comparison was between wind-tunnel tests of full-scale models, with normal heating (thermic engine) and without heat production (electric engine). </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Yenne 1989, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> The British Air Ministry sent over the Canadian aerodynamicist <a href="/wiki/Beverley_Shenstone" title="Beverley Shenstone">Beverley Shenstone</a> in early 1941, who also assisted with the cooling airflow (Ray Wagner Mustang Designer) </li> <li id="cite_note-Jac4-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jac4_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jac4_29-1">b</a> Jackson 1992, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Kinzey 1996, pp. 5, 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Illustrated_Encyclopedia_of_Aircraft" title="Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft">Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-gml2007-33"><a href="#cite_ref-gml2007_33-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gml2007.com/history3.asp">"P-51 History: Mustang I."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080815221501/http://www.gml2007.com/history3.asp">Archived</a> 15 August 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Gathering of Mustangs & Legends. Retrieved: 26 March 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://museum.eaa.org/collection/aircraft/4North%20American%20XP-51%20Mustang.asp">"North American XP-51 Prototype No. 4 – NX51NA ."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029203038/http://museum.eaa.org/collection/aircraft/4North%20American%20XP-51%20Mustang.asp">Archived</a> 29 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> EAA AirVenture Museum (Experimental Aircraft Association). Retrieved: 23 July 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Willis Matthew - Mustang The untold story, 2020, Pages=261-264, Key Books ISBN 978-1-913295-88-2 </li> <li id="cite_note-Marshall_2020-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_2020_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_2020_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_2020_37-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_2020_37-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_2020_37-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshallFord2020" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, James; Ford, Lowell (21 July 2020). "The Birth of the Merlin Mustang". P-51B Mustang: North American's Bastard Stepchild that Saved the Eighth Air Force. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-3967-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-3967-1"><bdi>978-1-4728-3967-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Birth+of+the+Merlin+Mustang&rft.btitle=P-51B+Mustang%3A+North+American%27s+Bastard+Stepchild+that+Saved+the+Eighth+Air+Force&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2020-07-21&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-3967-1&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Ford%2C+Lowell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ModDesig-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ModDesig_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ModDesig_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enginehistory.org/References/ModDesig/jpg/I29.jpg">Model Designations of U.S.A.F. Aircraft Engines</a>. U.S.A.F. Air Material Command. 1949. p. 29. Retrieved 10 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Model+Designations+of+U.S.A.F.+Aircraft+Engines&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=U.S.A.F.+Air+Material+Command&rft.date=1949&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enginehistory.org%2FReferences%2FModDesig%2Fjpg%2FI29.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooker1984" class="citation book cs1">Hooker, Stanley (1984). Not much of an engineer. UK: Airlife Books. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85310-285-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85310-285-1"><bdi>978-1-85310-285-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Not+much+of+an+engineer&rft.place=UK&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Airlife+Books&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-1-85310-285-1&rft.aulast=Hooker&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hazen_memo-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hazen_memo_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hazen_memo_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hazen_memo_40-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazen" class="citation web cs1">Hazen, R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wwiiaircraftperformance.org/P-40/V-1710_Service_Use_of_High_Power_Outputs.pdf">"Service Use of High Power Outputs on Allison V-1710 Engines"</a> (PDF). Allison Division, General Motors Corporation. Retrieved 5 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Service+Use+of+High+Power+Outputs+on+Allison+V-1710+Engines&rft.pub=Allison+Division%2C+General+Motors+Corporation&rft.aulast=Hazen&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wwiiaircraftperformance.org%2FP-40%2FV-1710_Service_Use_of_High_Power_Outputs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RDE_66-41-41"><a href="#cite_ref-RDE_66-41_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wwiiaircraftperformance.org/mustang/V-1650-3_Merlin61_65_curves.jpg">"Merlin 61, 65 & V-1650-3 Power Curves. R.D.E. 66-41"</a>. Retrieved 10 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Merlin+61%2C+65+%26+V-1650-3+Power+Curves.+R.D.E.+66-41&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wwiiaircraftperformance.org%2Fmustang%2FV-1650-3_Merlin61_65_curves.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Rolls Royce and the Mustang, Birch David, Rolls Royce Heritage Society, page=40 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Birch, David. Rolls-Royce and the Mustang Page=38. Derby, UK: Rolls-Royce Heritage Trust, 1987. ISBN 0-9511710-0-3. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Birch, David. Rolls-Royce and the Mustang. Derby, UK: Rolls-Royce Heritage Trust, 1987. ISBN 0-9511710-0-3 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGruenhagen1976" class="citation book cs1">Gruenhagen, Robert (1976). Mustang: The Story of the P-51 Fighter (rev. ed.). New York: Arco Publishing. p. 68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mustang%3A+The+Story+of+the+P-51+Fighter+%28rev.+ed.%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Arco+Publishing&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Gruenhagen&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGruenhagen1976" class="citation book cs1">Gruenhagen, Robert W. (1976). Mustang: The Story of the P-51 Fighter (rev. ed.). New York: Arco Publishing. p. 74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mustang%3A+The+Story+of+the+P-51+Fighter+%28rev.+ed.%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Arco+Publishing&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Gruenhagen&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewby_Grant1980" class="citation book cs1">Newby Grant, William (1980). P-51 Mustang. UK: Paul Hamlyn Pty Ltd. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7296-0183-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7296-0183-8"><bdi>0-7296-0183-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=P-51+Mustang&rft.place=UK&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Paul+Hamlyn+Pty+Ltd&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-7296-0183-8&rft.aulast=Newby+Grant&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Gruenhagen 1980, p. 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Gruenhagen 1980, pp. 195–196. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Delve (1994), p. 191 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Hatch (1993), p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-Born_memo-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Born_memo_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Born_memo_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorn" class="citation web cs1">Born, Charles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wwiiaircraftperformance.org/mustang/e-geh-16.html">"British Army Cooperation Tactical Employment of the Mustang I (P-51)"</a>. Retrieved 5 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Army+Cooperation+Tactical+Employment+of+the+Mustang+I+%28P-51%29&rft.aulast=Born&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wwiiaircraftperformance.org%2Fmustang%2Fe-geh-16.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Gruenhagen 1980, pp. 199–200. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Gruenhagen 1980, pp. 201, 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gunston_p._39-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gunston_p._39_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gunston_p._39_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gunston_p._39_55-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gunston_p._39_55-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gunston_p._39_55-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gunston_p._39_55-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gunston_p._39_55-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gunston_p._39_55-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gunston_p._39_55-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gunston_p._39_55-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gunston_p._39_55-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gunston_p._39_55-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gunston_p._39_55-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gunston_p._39_55-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gunston_p._39_55-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gunston_p._39_55-15">p</a> Gunston 1990 p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller_2007,_p._41-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_2007,_p._41_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_2007,_p._41_56-1">b</a> Miller 2007, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mil0646-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Mil0646_57-0">^</a> Miller 2007, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Miller 2007, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Hastings 1979, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XUMuAAAAQBAJ&dq=max+hastings+bomber+command+%281979%29&pg=PA379">pp. 214–215.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate1983704–705-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECravenCate1983704–705_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCravenCate1983">Craven & Cate 1983</a>, pp. 704–705. sfn error: no target: CITEREFCravenCate1983 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Boylan 1955, p. 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Boylan 1955, p. 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Boylan 1955, pp. 155–156. </li> <li id="cite_note-Parker-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parker_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parker_64-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2013" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Dana T. 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Parker. pp. 77, 90–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9897906-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9897906-0-4"><bdi>978-0-9897906-0-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+Victory%3A+Aircraft+Manufacturing+in+the+Los+Angeles+Area+in+World+War+II&rft.pages=77%2C+90-92&rft.pub=Dana+T.+Parker&rft.date=2013-10-19&rft.isbn=978-0-9897906-0-4&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Dana+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtlsnngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Dean 1997, p. 338. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFredriksen1999" class="citation book cs1">Fredriksen, John C. 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ABC-CLIO. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576070017" title="Special:BookSources/9781576070017"><bdi>9781576070017</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Military+Leaders%3A+A-L&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781576070017&rft.aulast=Fredriksen&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spick_p._111.-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Spick_p._111._67-0">^</a> Spick 1983, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertie1974" class="citation web cs1">Robertie, William G (December 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.b24.net/2ndADA-Newsletters/1974-Dec.pdf">"Clobber College"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 2 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clobber+College&rft.pub=Second+Air+Division+Association&rft.date=1974-12&rft.aulast=Robertie&rft.aufirst=William+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.b24.net%2F2ndADA-Newsletters%2F1974-Dec.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Bowen 1980[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Sherman, Steven. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acepilots.com/usaaf_eto_aces.html">"Aces of the Eighth Air Force in World War Two"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110813231458/http://acepilots.com/usaaf_eto_aces.html">Archived</a> 13 August 2011 at Wikiwix Ace pilots, June 1999. 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(1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EkUc5FEoaIsC&pg=PA171">P-51 Mustang</a>. Turner. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781563110801" title="Special:BookSources/9781563110801"><bdi>9781563110801</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=P-51+Mustang&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Turner&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9781563110801&rft.aulast=Hatch&rft.aufirst=Gardner+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEkUc5FEoaIsC%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afhistory.af.mil/FAQs/Fact-Sheets/Article/639627/howard-lt-col-james-h-howard/">"Lt Col. James H. Howard"</a>. Air Force Historical Support Division. Retrieved 2 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Air+Force+Historical+Support+Division&rft.atitle=Lt+Col.+James+H.+Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afhistory.af.mil%2FFAQs%2FFact-Sheets%2FArticle%2F639627%2Fhoward-lt-col-james-h-howard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afhistory.af.mil/FAQs/Fact-Sheets/Article/639652/shomo-maj-william-a-shomo/">"Maj. William A. Shomo"</a>. Air Force Historical Support Division. Retrieved 2 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Air+Force+Historical+Support+Division&rft.atitle=Maj.+William+A.+Shomo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afhistory.af.mil%2FFAQs%2FFact-Sheets%2FArticle%2F639652%2Fshomo-maj-william-a-shomo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompsonSmithAllanSpinetta2008" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Steve; Smith, Peter C.; Allan, Ian; Spinetta, Lawrence J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7PeDPQAACAAJ">Air Combat Manoeuvres: The Technique and History of Air Fighting for Flight Simulation</a>. Classic Publications. p. 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903223-98-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903223-98-7"><bdi>978-1-903223-98-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+Combat+Manoeuvres%3A+The+Technique+and+History+of+Air+Fighting+for+Flight+Simulation&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=Classic+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-903223-98-7&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft.au=Smith%2C+Peter+C.&rft.au=Allan%2C+Ian&rft.au=Spinetta%2C+Lawrence+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7PeDPQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-test-96"><a href="#cite_ref-test_96-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wwiiaircraftperformance.org/mustang/mustangtest.html">Flight Tests on the North American P-51B-5-NA Airplane</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080109090445/http://www.wwiiaircraftperformance.org/mustang/mustangtest.html">Archived</a> 9 January 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Army Air Forces Material Command, Flight Test Engineering Branch, Wright Field, Dayton, Ohio, 24 April 1944 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sims_pp._134–135.-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Sims_pp._134–135._97-0">^</a> Sims 1980, pp. 134–135. </li> <li id="cite_note-rymaszewski199407-98"><a href="#cite_ref-rymaszewski199407_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRymaszewski1994" class="citation magazine cs1">Rymaszewski, Michael (July 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/index.php?year=1994&pub=2&id=120">"Playing Your Aces"</a>. 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B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supersabresociety.com/this_time_in_history/today-in-history-april-3-1941-robert-cheed-chilton-flies-first-prototype-of-the-p-51/">"Today in History - April 3, 1965 - 1LT George Craig Smith takes heavy fire over SVN"</a>. Super Sabre Society. Retrieved 11 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Super+Sabre+Society&rft.atitle=Today+in+History+-+April+3%2C+1965+-+1LT+George+Craig+Smith+takes+heavy+fire+over+SVN&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=M.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupersabresociety.com%2Fthis_time_in_history%2Ftoday-in-history-april-3-1941-robert-cheed-chilton-flies-first-prototype-of-the-p-51%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurdham2003" class="citation report cs1">Purdham, Aldon E. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep13778.8">Initial Period of Operations in the Korean War, 25 June–24 July 1950</a> (Report). Air University Press. pp. 5–25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Initial+Period+of+Operations+in+the+Korean+War%2C+25+June%E2%80%9324+July+1950&rft.pages=5-25&rft.pub=Air+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Purdham&rft.aufirst=Aldon+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fresrep13778.8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afhistory.af.mil/FAQs/Fact-Sheets/Article/639634/sebille-maj-louis-j-sebille/">"Maj. Louis J. Sebille"</a>. Air Force Historical Support Division. Retrieved 3 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Air+Force+Historical+Support+Division&rft.atitle=Maj.+Louis+J.+Sebille&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afhistory.af.mil%2FFAQs%2FFact-Sheets%2FArticle%2F639634%2Fsebille-maj-louis-j-sebille%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> United Press, "Last of Prop Fighters Will Go to Museum", The San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, Saturday 26 January 1957, Volume LXIII, Number 127, page 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> "'Mustang' Taken Out of Mothballs For Demonstration". The Okaloosa News-Journal, Crestview, Florida, Volume 43, Number 14, page 3E. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gunston_P-51-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gunston_P-51_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gunston_P-51_104-1">b</a> Gunston, Bill. North American P-51 Mustang. New York: Gallery Books, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8317-1402-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8317-1402-6">0-8317-1402-6</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Wixey 2001, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_153.shtml">"Dominican Republic."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060829114424/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_153.shtml">Archived</a> 29 August 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> acig.org. Retrieved: 17 January 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-knaack-107"><a href="#cite_ref-knaack_107-0">^</a> Knaack 1978 </li> <li id="cite_note-Munson_p._97-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Munson_p._97_108-0">^</a> Munson 1969, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Anderson 1975, pp. 16–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Anderson 1975, pp. 50–65. </li> <li id="cite_note-Oliver_2023-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Oliver_2023_111-0">^</a> Oliver 2023. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Hagedorn 1993, p. 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Hagedorn 2006[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Dienst 1985 </li> <li id="cite_note-wingsof_fame1_p107-115"><a href="#cite_ref-wingsof_fame1_p107_115-0">^</a> Gunston and Dorr 1995, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-wingsof_fame1_109-0-116"><a href="#cite_ref-wingsof_fame1_109-0_116-0">^</a> Gunston and Dorr 1995, pp. 109–110. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Smith et al. 2004, pp. 78–79, 80, 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Smith et al. 2004, pp. 108–114. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Gilman and Clive 1978, p. 314. </li> <li id="cite_note-wingsof_fame1_p108-120"><a href="#cite_ref-wingsof_fame1_p108_120-0">^</a> Gunston and Dorr 1995, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php">"Arms Trade Registers"</a>. 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Annapolis: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Institute" title="United States Naval Institute">Naval Institute Press</a>. pp. 132–141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-193-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-193-9"><bdi>1-55750-193-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feet+to+the+Fire+CIA+Covert+Operations+in+Indonesia%2C+1957%E2%80%931958&rft.place=Annapolis&rft.pages=132-141&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-55750-193-9&rft.aulast=Conboy&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft.au=Morrison%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mustangsmustangs.net/p-51/p51variants/Cavalier.shtml">Cavalier Mustangs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927175855/http://www.mustangsmustangs.net/p-51/p51variants/Cavalier.shtml">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Mustangs-Mustangs. Retrieved: 12 April 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scramble.nl/id.htm">"Indonesian Air Arms Overview"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110916041603/http://www.scramble.nl/id.htm">Archived</a> 16 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Scramble: Dutch Aviation Society. Retrieved: 12 April 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/kisah-pilot-tni-au-tembak-jatuh-pesawat-pengebom-cia.html">"Kisah pilot TNI AU tembak jatuh pesawat pengebom CIA"</a>. merdeka.com (in Indonesian). 11 September 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=merdeka.com&rft.atitle=Kisah+pilot+TNI+AU+tembak+jatuh+pesawat+pengebom+CIA&rft.date=2014-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merdeka.com%2Fperistiwa%2Fkisah-pilot-tni-au-tembak-jatuh-pesawat-pengebom-cia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221005030924/https://www.radarmiliter.com/2019/07/story-sepenggal-kisah-generasi-terakhir.html">"Story: Sepenggal Kisah Generasi Terakhir Penerbang P-51 Mustang TNI AU"</a>. radarmiliter.com (in Indonesian). 15 July 2019. 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Retrieved 5 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=radarmiliter.com&rft.atitle=Story%3A+Sepenggal+Kisah+Generasi+Terakhir+Penerbang+P-51+Mustang+TNI+AU&rft.date=2019-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radarmiliter.com%2F2019%2F07%2Fstory-sepenggal-kisah-generasi-terakhir.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Darling 2002, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Herzog (1982) p. 118 </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Norton, Bill (2004) – Air War on the Edge – A History of the Israeli Air Force and its Aircraft since 1947 </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Yenne 1989, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aeronautica.difesa.it/storia/museostorico/Pagine/NorthAmericanP51.aspx">"North American P-51"</a>. Aeronautica Militare. Retrieved 30 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+American+P-51&rft.pub=Aeronautica+Militare&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aeronautica.difesa.it%2Fstoria%2Fmuseostorico%2FPagine%2FNorthAmericanP51.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/waf/italy/af/ital-af2-all-time.htm">"Italian Air Force"</a>. aeroflight. Retrieved 30 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Italian+Air+Force&rft.pub=aeroflight&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aeroflight.co.uk%2Fwaf%2Fitaly%2Faf%2Fital-af2-all-time.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Sgarlato 2003[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Kahin90-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Kahin90_134-0">^</a> Kahin 2003, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson_2010,_p._42.-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_2010,_p._42._135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_2010,_p._42._135-1">b</a> Wilson 2010, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000226185217/http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Hangar/7279/BLUEDIA2.HTML">"Blue Diamonds: Philippine Air Force."</a> geocities.com. Retrieved: 21 March 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polishairforce.pl/dyw309zdj.html">"309 Sqn photo gallery."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091111021910/http://www.polishairforce.pl/dyw309zdj.html">Archived</a> 11 November 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> polishairforce.pl. Retrieved: 18 February 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Mietelski 1981[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldairforces.com/Countries/somali/som.html">"Somali (SOM)."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110902153010/http://worldairforces.com/Countries/somali/som.html">Archived</a> 2 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> World Air Forces. Retrieved: 10 September 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersson2002" class="citation book cs1">Andersson, Lennart (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WQG9PAAACAAJ">Bortom horisonten: Svensk flygspaning mot Sovjetunionen 1946-1952</a>. Stenbom. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7243-015-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7243-015-0"><bdi>978-91-7243-015-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bortom+horisonten%3A+Svensk+flygspaning+mot+Sovjetunionen+1946-1952&rft.pub=Stenbom&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-91-7243-015-0&rft.aulast=Andersson&rft.aufirst=Lennart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWQG9PAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Gordon 2008, pp. 448–449. </li> <li id="cite_note-Swiss-143"><a href="#cite_ref-Swiss_143-0">^</a> Kyburz, Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swissmustangs.ch/35899.html">"Racing Mustangs."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080221194316/http://www.swissmustangs.ch/35899.html">Archived</a> 21 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Swiss Mustangs, 2009. Retrieved: 17 January 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasm.si.edu/research/aero/aircraft/NAP-51C.htm">"Mustang NA P-51C Mustang."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070312185637/http://www.nasm.si.edu/research/aero/aircraft/NAP-51C.htm">Archived</a> 12 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> NASM. Retrieved: 30 September 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-sale-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sale_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sale_145-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mustangsmustangs.net/p-51/p51sforsale/4473142apr2005.shtml">"P-51s for Sale."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060715193735/http://www.mustangsmustangs.net/p-51/p51sforsale/4473142apr2005.shtml">Archived</a> 15 July 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> mustangsmustangs.net. Retrieved: 30 September 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/AcftRef_Results.aspx?Mfrtxt=NORTH+AMERICAN&Modeltxt=P-51&PageNo=1">"North American P-51".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120715104400/http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/AcftRef_Results.aspx?Mfrtxt=NORTH+AMERICAN&Modeltxt=P-51&PageNo=1">Archived</a> 15 July 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> FAA Registry. Retrieved: 15 May 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dixie-147"><a href="#cite_ref-Dixie_147-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dixiewing.org/aircraft_rides/">"Aircraft rides."</a> Dixie Wing. Retrieved: 1 September 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204214445/http://www.dixiewing.org/aircraft_rides/">Archived</a> 4 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwarbirdnews.com/2013/05/31/doug-matthews-sets-several-records-with-a-p-51-mustang/">"Doug Matthews sets several records flying a P-51 Mustang"</a>. World Warbird News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121112/http://www.worldwarbirdnews.com/2013/05/31/doug-matthews-sets-several-records-with-a-p-51-mustang/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Warbird+News&rft.atitle=Doug+Matthews+sets+several+records+flying+a+P-51+Mustang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwarbirdnews.com%2F2013%2F05%2F31%2Fdoug-matthews-sets-several-records-with-a-p-51-mustang%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402101949/http://www.eaa.org/en/eaa/eaa-news-and-aviation-news/warbirds/2013-05-30-doug-matthews-sets-world-records-in-p-51d">"Doug Matthews Sets World Records in P-51D"</a>. eaa.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eaa.org/en/eaa/eaa-news-and-aviation-news/warbirds/2013-05-30-doug-matthews-sets-world-records-in-p-51d">the original</a> on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eaa.org&rft.atitle=Doug+Matthews+Sets+World+Records+in+P-51D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eaa.org%2Fen%2Feaa%2Feaa-news-and-aviation-news%2Fwarbirds%2F2013-05-30-doug-matthews-sets-world-records-in-p-51d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.constantcontact.com/fs091/1102200709681/archive/1110419649863.html">"July 2012 NAA Record Newsletter"</a>. constantcontact.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20150403014129/http://archive.constantcontact.com/fs091/1102200709681/archive/1110419649863.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=constantcontact.com&rft.atitle=July+2012+NAA+Record+Newsletter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.constantcontact.com%2Ffs091%2F1102200709681%2Farchive%2F1110419649863.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130620174847/http://www3.ntsb.gov/aviationquery/brief.aspx?ev_id=86405&key=0">"NTSB Identification: OAK73FVG65"</a>. National Transportation Safety Board. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www3.ntsb.gov/aviationquery/brief.aspx?ev_id=86405&key=0">the original</a> on 20 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NTSB+Identification%3A+OAK73FVG65&rft.pub=National+Transportation+Safety+Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.ntsb.gov%2Faviationquery%2Fbrief.aspx%3Fev_id%3D86405%26key%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-crash-at-farrels-152"><a href="#cite_ref-crash-at-farrels_152-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.check-six.com/Crash_Sites/Sabrejet_crash_site.htm">"The Crash at Farrell's Ice Cream Parlor in Sacramento, CA – September 24, 1972, Postscript."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080320003854/http://www.check-six.com/Crash_Sites/Sabrejet_crash_site.htm">Archived</a> 20 March 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Check Six, 2002. Retrieved: 8 February 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warbirdregistry.org/p51registry/p51-4511586.html">"Warbird Registry"</a>. Retrieved 18 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Warbird+Registry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.warbirdregistry.org%2Fp51registry%2Fp51-4511586.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Barboza, Tony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/nationnow/2011/09/reno-air-crash-ntsb.html">"Reno air races crash: NTSB investigates elevator trim tab."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150103053943/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/nationnow/2011/09/reno-air-crash-ntsb.html">Archived</a> 3 January 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Los Angeles Times, 14 June 2012. Retrieved: 17 September 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrade,_John_M._p._150-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Andrade,_John_M._p._150_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrade,_John_M._p._150_155-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrade,_John_M._p._150_155-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrade,_John_M._p._150_155-3">d</a> Andrade, John M. U.S. Military Aircraft Designations and Serials since 1909, p. 150. Leicester, UK: Midland Counties Publication, 1979, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-904597-22-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-904597-22-9">0-904597-22-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peçzkowski,_Robert_p._28-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peçzkowski,_Robert_p._28_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peçzkowski,_Robert_p._28_156-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peçzkowski,_Robert_p._28_156-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peçzkowski,_Robert_p._28_156-3">d</a> Peçzkowski, Robert. North American P-51D Mustang, p. 28. Sandomierz, Poland: STRATUS s.c., 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-89450-60-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-89450-60-9">978-83-89450-60-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalww2museum.org/visit/museum-campus/us-freedom-pavilion/warbirds/north-american-p-51-mustang">"North American P-51 Mustang"</a>. The National WWII Museum | New Orleans. Retrieved 5 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+WWII+Museum+%7C+New+Orleans&rft.atitle=North+American+P-51+Mustang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalww2museum.org%2Fvisit%2Fmuseum-campus%2Fus-freedom-pavilion%2Fwarbirds%2Fnorth-american-p-51-mustang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> AN 01-60JE-4 Parts Catalog USAF Series P-51D and P-51K Aircraft, revised 31 May 1949, p. 55 </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> AN 01-60JE-4 Parts Catalog USAF Series F-51D, TF-51D, and F-51K Aircraft, revised 15 May 1953, p. 55 </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120731224342/http://www.collingsfoundation.org/ma_p51mustang_hist.htm">History of the TP-51C Mustang</a>, Collings Foundation., archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collingsfoundation.org/ma_p51mustang_hist.htm">the original</a> on 31 July 2012, retrieved 17 September 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+TP-51C+Mustang&rft.pub=Collings+Foundation.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collingsfoundation.org%2Fma_p51mustang_hist.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Birch 1987, pp. 96–98. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adf-serials.com/research/ozbuilt.shtml">"Australian Built Military Aircraft"</a>. www.adf-serials.com. Retrieved 22 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.adf-serials.com&rft.atitle=Australian+Built+Military+Aircraft.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adf-serials.com%2Fresearch%2Fozbuilt.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> AN 01-60JE-2 1944. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wwiiaircraftperformance.org/mustang/p-51-tactical-chart.jpg">"P-51 Tactical Planning Characteristics & Performance Chart"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185707/http://www.wwiiaircraftperformance.org/mustang/p-51-tactical-chart.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=P-51+Tactical+Planning+Characteristics+%26+Performance+Chart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wwiiaircraftperformance.org%2Fmustang%2Fp-51-tactical-chart.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Green-165"><a href="#cite_ref-Green_165-0">^</a> Green and Swanborough 2001 </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> Loftin 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327233710/http://collections.nasm.si.edu/code/emuseum.asp?profile=objects&newstyle=single&quicksearch=A19520106000">""Objects: A19520106000 – Packard (Rolls-Royce) Merlin V-1650-7""</a>, Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, Collections Database, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.nasm.si.edu/code/emuseum.asp?profile=objects&newstyle=single&quicksearch=A19520106000">the original</a> on 27 March 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+National+Air+and+Space+Museum%2C+Collections+Database&rft.atitle=%22Objects%3A+A19520106000+%E2%80%93+Packard+%28Rolls-Royce%29+Merlin+V-1650-7%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollections.nasm.si.edu%2Fcode%2Femuseum.asp%3Fprofile%3Dobjects%26newstyle%3Dsingle%26quicksearch%3DA19520106000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wwiiaircraftperformance.org/mustang/P-51D-manual-5april44.pdf">Pilot's Flight Operating Instructions, Army Model P-51-D-5, British Model Mustang IV Airplanes</a> (PDF), 5 April 1944, pp. 38–40, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150210165939/http://www.wwiiaircraftperformance.org/mustang/P-51D-manual-5april44.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 February 2015, retrieved 13 July 2015 – via wwiiaircraftperformance.org</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pilot%27s+Flight+Operating+Instructions%2C+Army+Model+P-51-D-5%2C+British+Model+Mustang+IV+Airplanes&rft.pages=38-40&rft.date=1944-04-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wwiiaircraftperformance.org%2Fmustang%2FP-51D-manual-5april44.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-AN_01-60JE-2_1944,_pp._398-399-169"><a href="#cite_ref-AN_01-60JE-2_1944,_pp._398-399_169-0">^</a> AN 01-60JE-2 1944, pp. 398–399. </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> AN 01-60JE-2 1944, p. 400. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Smith, O.S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seas.ucla.edu/~osmith/s51/kits.html">"Other Mustang Kits and Links."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120606005025/http://www.seas.ucla.edu/~osmith/s51/kits.html">Archived</a> 6 June 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Unofficial Stewart 51 Builders Page. Retrieved: 24 April 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.titanaircraft.com/index.php">"Where Dreams Take Flight."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120604023615/http://www.titanaircraft.com/index.php">Archived</a> 4 June 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Titan Aircraft, 2012. Retrieved: 24 April 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soseisberg.com/plane.php?pagina_id=12">"P-51D Mustang Replica."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090403082427/http://www.soseisberg.com/plane.php?pagina_id=12">Archived</a> 3 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> SOS-Eisberg, 2012. Retrieved: 24 April 2012. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_P-51_Mustang&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Aerei da combattimento della Seconda Guerra Mondiale (in Italian). Novara, Italy: De Agostini Editore, 2005.</li> <li>Anderson, Peter N. Mustangs of the RAAF and RNZAF. Sydney, Australia: A.H. & A.W. Reed Pty Ltd, 1975. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-589-07130-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-589-07130-0">0-589-07130-0</a>.</li> <li>Angelucci, Enzo and Peter Bowers. The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft from 1917 to the Present. New York: Orion Books, 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-56588-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-56588-9">0-517-56588-9</a>.</li> <li>Aro, Chuck and Colin Aro. "World's Fastest Mustangs". <a href="/wiki/Air_Enthusiast" title="Air Enthusiast">Air Enthusiast</a>. No. 13, August–November 1980. pp. 56–62. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0143-5450">0143-5450</a></li> <li>Birch, David. Rolls-Royce and the Mustang. Derby, UK: Rolls-Royce Heritage Trust, 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9511710-0-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-9511710-0-3">0-9511710-0-3</a>.</li> <li>Bowen, Ezra. Knights of the Air (Epic of Flight). New York: <a href="/wiki/Time-Life_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Time-Life Books">Time-Life Books</a>, 1980. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8094-3252-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8094-3252-8">0-8094-3252-8</a>.</li> <li>Borth, Christy. Masters of Mass Production. Indianapolis, Indiana: Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1945.</li> <li>Bowman, Martin W. P-51 Mustang vs Fw 190: Europe 1943–45. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84603-189-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84603-189-3">1-84603-189-3</a>.</li> <li>Boylan, Bernard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055601/http://www.afhra.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-090529-044.pdf">Development of the Long Range Escort Fighter.</a> Washington, D.C.: USAF Historical Division, Research Studies Institute, Air University, 1955. Retrieved: 15 July 2014.</li> <li>Boyne, Walter J. Clash of Wings. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-83915-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-83915-6">0-684-83915-6</a>.</li> <li>Breffort, Dominique with André Jouineau. Le North-American P-51 Mustang – de 1940 à 1980 (Avions et Pilotes 5)(in French). Paris: Histoire et Collections, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-913903-80-0" title="Special:BookSources/2-913903-80-0">2-913903-80-0</a>.</li> <li>Bridgman, Leonard, ed. "The North American Mustang." Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II. London: Studio, 1946. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85170-493-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85170-493-0">1-85170-493-0</a>.</li> <li>Caldwell, Donald and Richard Muller. The Luftwaffe over Germany – Defense of the Reich. St. Paul, Minnesota: Greenhill books, MBI Publishing, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-185367-712-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-185367-712-0">978-185367-712-0</a>.</li> <li>Carson, Leonard "Kit." Pursue & Destroy. Granada Hills, California: Sentry Books Inc., 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-913194-05-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-913194-05-0">0-913194-05-0</a>.</li> <li>Carter, Dustin W. and Birch J. Matthews.Mustang: The Racing Thoroughbred. West Chester, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing Company, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88740-391-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88740-391-0">978-0-88740-391-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCleaver1982" class="citation magazine cs1">Cleaver, Tom (April–July 1982). "Return of the Razorbacks". <a href="/wiki/Air_Enthusiast" title="Air Enthusiast">Air Enthusiast</a>. No. 18. pp. 26–31. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0143-5450">0143-5450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+Enthusiast&rft.atitle=Return+of+the+Razorbacks&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=26-31&rft.date=1982-04%2F1982-07&rft.issn=0143-5450&rft.aulast=Cleaver&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCravenCate1949" class="citation book cs1">Craven, Wesley; Cate, James (1949). The Army Air Forces in World War II, Volume Two: Europe, Torch to Pointblank, August 1942 to December 1943. Chicago: University of Chicago.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Army+Air+Forces+in+World+War+II%2C+Volume+Two%3A+Europe%2C+Torch+to+Pointblank%2C+August+1942+to+December+1943&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Craven&rft.aufirst=Wesley&rft.au=Cate%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Darling, Kev. P-51 Mustang (Combat Legend). Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84037-357-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-84037-357-1">1-84037-357-1</a>.</li> <li>Davis, Larry. P-51 Mustang. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc., 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89747-350-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-89747-350-7">0-89747-350-7</a>.</li> <li>Dean, Francis H. America's Hundred Thousand. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing Ltd., 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7643-0072-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7643-0072-5">0-7643-0072-5</a>.</li> <li>Delve, Ken. The Mustang Story. London: Cassell & Co., 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85409-259-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85409-259-6">1-85409-259-6</a>.</li> <li>Delve, Ken. The Source Book of the RAF. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85310-451-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-85310-451-5">1-85310-451-5</a>.</li> <li>Dienst, John and Dan Hagedorn. North American F-51 Mustangs in Latin American Air Force Service. London: Aerofax, 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-942548-33-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-942548-33-7">0-942548-33-7</a>.</li> <li>Donald, David, ed. Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. Etobicoke, Ontario: Prospero, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85605-375-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85605-375-X">1-85605-375-X</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Dorr" title="Robert F. Dorr">Dorr, Robert F.</a> P-51 Mustang (Warbird History). St. Paul, Minnesota: Motorbooks International Publishers, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7603-0002-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7603-0002-X">0-7603-0002-X</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Ethell" title="Jeffrey Ethell">Ethell, Jeffrey L</a>. Mustang: A Documentary History of the P-51. London: Jane's Publishing, 1981. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-531-03736-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-531-03736-3">0-531-03736-3</a></li> <li>Ethell, Jeffrey L. P-51 Mustang: In Color, Photos from World War II and Korea. St. Paul, Minnesota: Motorbooks International Publishers & Wholesalers, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87938-818-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87938-818-8">0-87938-818-8</a>.</li> <li>Ethell, Jeffrey and Robert Sand. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LFdBr94PSHcC&pg=PA126">World War II Fighters.</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] Minneapolis, Minnesota: Zenith Imprint, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-1354-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-1354-1">978-0-7603-1354-1</a>.</li> <li>Forsyth, Robert. JV44: The Galland Circus. Burgess Hill, West Sussex, UK: Classic Publications, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9526867-0-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-9526867-0-8">0-9526867-0-8</a></li> <li>Furse, Anthony. Wilfrid Freeman: The Genius Behind Allied Survival and Air Supremacy, 1939 to 1945. Staplehurst, UK: Spellmount, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86227-079-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-86227-079-1">1-86227-079-1</a>.</li> <li>Gilman J.D. and J. Clive. KG 200. London: Pan Books Ltd., 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-819-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-85177-819-4">0-85177-819-4</a>.</li> <li>Glancey, Jonathan. Spitfire: The Illustrated Biography. London: Atlantic Books, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84354-528-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84354-528-6">978-1-84354-528-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2001" class="citation journal cs1">Gordon, Doug (July–August 2001). "Tac Recon Masters: The 66th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing in Europe, Part One". <a href="/wiki/Air_Enthusiast" title="Air Enthusiast">Air Enthusiast</a> (94): 31–39. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0143-5450">0143-5450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+Enthusiast&rft.atitle=Tac+Recon+Masters%3A+The+66th+Tactical+Reconnaissance+Wing+in+Europe%2C+Part+One&rft.issue=94&rft.pages=31-39&rft.date=2001-07%2F2001-08&rft.issn=0143-5450&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Doug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Gordon, Yefim. Soviet Air Power in World War 2. Hinckley, UK: Midland Ian Allan Publishing, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85780-304-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85780-304-4">978-1-85780-304-4</a>.</li> <li>Grant, William Newby. P-51 Mustang. London: Bison Books, 1980. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89009-320-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-89009-320-2">0-89009-320-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Green_(author)" title="William Green (author)">Green, William</a> and Gordon Swanborough. The Great Book of Fighters. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7603-1194-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7603-1194-3">0-7603-1194-3</a>.</li> <li>Gruenhagen, Robert W. Mustang: The Story of the P-51 Fighter (rev. ed.). New York: Arco Publishing Company, Inc., 1980. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-668-04884-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-668-04884-0">0-668-04884-0</a>.</li> <li>Gunston, Bill. An Illustrated Guide to Allied Fighters of World War II. London: Salamander Books Ltd, 1981. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-668-05228-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-668-05228-7">0-668-05228-7</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Gunston" title="Bill Gunston">Gunston, Bill</a>. Aerei della seconda guerra mondiale (in Italian). Milan: Peruzzo editore, 1984. No ISBN.</li> <li>Gunston, Bill and Mike Spick. Modern Air Combat. Crescent Books, 1983, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-972803-8-0" title="Special:BookSources/91-972803-8-0">91-972803-8-0</a>.</li> <li>Gunston, Bill. North American P-51 Mustang. New York: Gallery Books, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8317-1402-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8317-1402-6">0-8317-1402-6</a>.</li> <li>Gunston, Bill and Robert F. Dorr. "North American P-51 Mustang: The Fighter That Won the War." <a href="/wiki/Wings_of_Fame_(magazine)" title="Wings of Fame (magazine)">Wings of Fame</a>, Volume 1. London: Aerospace, 1995, pp. 56–115. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-874023-74-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-874023-74-3">1-874023-74-3</a>.</li> <li>Hagedorn, Dan. Central American and Caribbean Air Forces. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians), 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85130-210-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-85130-210-6">0-85130-210-6</a>.</li> <li>Hagedorn, Dan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110712213342/http://www.hikokiwarplanes.com/downloads/laaws-downloads.html">Latin American Air Wars & Aircraft.</a> Crowborough, UK: Hikoki, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-902109-44-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-902109-44-9">1-902109-44-9</a>.</li> <li>Hammond, Grant. The Mind of War: John Boyd and American Security, Smithsonian Institution Press, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56098-941-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-56098-941-6">1-56098-941-6</a>.</li> <li>Hastings, Max. Bomber Command. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Zenith Press, 1979. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-76034-520-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-76034-520-7">978-0-76034-520-7</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatchWinter1993" class="citation book cs1">Hatch, Gardner N.; Winter, Frank H. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EkUc5FEoaIsC">P-51 Mustang</a>. Paducah, KY: Turner Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56311-080-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56311-080-1"><bdi>978-1-56311-080-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=P-51+Mustang&rft.place=Paducah%2C+KY&rft.pub=Turner+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-56311-080-1&rft.aulast=Hatch&rft.aufirst=Gardner+N.&rft.au=Winter%2C+Frank+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEkUc5FEoaIsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hess, William N. Fighting Mustang: The Chronicle of the P-51. New York: Doubleday and Company, 1970. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912173-04-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-912173-04-1">0-912173-04-1</a>.</li> <li>"History, Boeing: P-51 Mustang". Boeing. Retrieved: 24 June 2014.</li> <li>Jackson, Robert. Aircraft of World War II: Development, Weaponry, Specifications. Edison, New Jersey: Chartwell Books, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7858-1696-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7858-1696-8">0-7858-1696-8</a>.</li> <li>Jackson, Robert. Mustang: The Operational Record. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing Ltd., 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85310-212-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85310-212-1">1-85310-212-1</a>.</li> <li>Jerram, Michael F. P-51 Mustang. Yeovil, UK: Winchmore Publishing Services Ltd., 1984, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85429-423-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-85429-423-6">0-85429-423-6</a>.</li> <li>Johnsen, Frederick A. Bell P-39/P-63 Airacobra & Kingcobra. St. Paul, Minnesota: Voyageur Press, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58007-010-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-58007-010-8">1-58007-010-8</a>.</li> <li>Johnsen, Frederick A. North American P-51 Mustang. North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press Publishers and Wholesalers, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-933424-68-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-933424-68-X">0-933424-68-X</a>.</li> <li>Kaplan, Philip. Fly Navy: Naval Aviators and Carrier Aviation: A History. New York: Michael Friedman Publishing Group Incorporated, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58663-189-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-58663-189-6">1-58663-189-6</a>.</li> <li>Kinzey, Bert. P-51 Mustang in Detail & Scale: Part 1; Prototype through P-51C. Carrollton, Texas: Detail & Scale Inc., 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-888974-02-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-888974-02-8">1-888974-02-8</a>.</li> <li>Kinzey, Bert. P-51 Mustang in Detail & Scale: Part 2; P-51D thu P-82H. Carrollton, Texas: Detail & Scale Inc., 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-888974-03-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-888974-03-6">1-888974-03-6</a></li> <li>Knaack, Marcelle Size. Encyclopedia of U.S. Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems: Volume 1 Post-World War II Fighters 1945–1973. Washington, D.C.: Office of Air Force History, 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912799-59-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-912799-59-5">0-912799-59-5</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence1945" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, Joseph (1945). The Observer's Book Of Airplanes. London and New York: Frederick Warne & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Observer%27s+Book+Of+Airplanes&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Frederick+Warne+%26+Co&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Lednicer, David A. and Ian J. Gilchrist. "A Retrospective: Computational Aerodynamic Analysis Methods Applied to the P-51 Mustang." AIAA paper 91-3288, September 1991.</li> <li>Lednicer, David A. "Technical Note: A CFD Evaluation of Three Prominent World War II Fighter Aircraft." Aeronautical Journal, Royal Aeronautical Society, June/July 1995.</li> <li>Lednicer, David A. "World War II Fighter Aerodynamics." EAA Sport Aviation, January 1999.</li> <li>Leffingwell, Randy (and David Newhardt, photography). Mustang: 40 Years. St. Paul, Minnesota: Crestline (Imprint of MBI Publishing Company), 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7603-2122-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7603-2122-1">0-7603-2122-1</a>.</li> <li>Liming, R.A. Mathematics for Computer Graphics. Fallbrook, California: Aero Publishers, 1979. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8168-6751-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8168-6751-6">978-0-8168-6751-6</a>.</li> <li>Liming, R.A. Practical Analytic Geometry With Applications to Aircraft. New York: The MacMillan Company, 1944.</li> <li>Loftin, LK, Jr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/SP-468/cover.htm">Quest for Performance: The Evolution of Modern Aircraft, NASA SP-468.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060613210139/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/SP-468/cover.htm">Archived</a> 13 June 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Washington, D.C.: NASA History Office. Retrieved: 22 April 2006.</li> <li>Lowe, Malcolm V. North American P-51 Mustang (Crowood Aviation Series). Ramsbury, Wiltshire, UK: Crowood Press, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86126-830-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86126-830-3">978-1-86126-830-3</a>.</li> <li>Loving, George. Woodbine Red Leader: A P-51 Mustang Ace in the Mediterranean Theater. New York: Ballantine Books, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89141-813-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-89141-813-X">0-89141-813-X</a>.</li> <li>Matricardi, Paolo. Aerei militari: Caccia e Ricognitori(in Italian). Milan: Mondadori Electa, 2006.</li> <li>Mietelski, Michał, Samolot myśliwski Mustang Mk. I-III wyd. I (in Polish). Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej, 1981. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-11-06604-3" title="Special:BookSources/83-11-06604-3">83-11-06604-3</a>.</li> <li>Miller, Donald L. Eighth Air Force: The American Bomber Crews in Britain. London: Aurum Press, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84513-221-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84513-221-7">978-1-84513-221-7</a>.</li> <li>Munson, Kenneth. Caccia e aerei da attacco e addestramento dal 1946 ad oggi(in Italian). Torino: Editrice S.A.I.E., 1969. No ISBN.</li> <li>O'Leary, Michael. P-51 Mustang: The Story of Manufacturing North American's Legendary World War II Fighter in Original Photos. North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58007-152-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58007-152-9">978-1-58007-152-9</a>.</li> <li>O'Leary, Michael. USAAF Fighters of World War Two. New York: Sterling Publishing Co., 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7137-1839-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7137-1839-0">0-7137-1839-0</a>.</li> <li>Oliver, David. P-51 Mustang. Amberley Publishing, 2023. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781398110564" title="Special:BookSources/9781398110564">9781398110564</a>.</li> <li>Olmsted, Merle. The 357th Over Europe: the 357th Fighter Group in World War II. St. Paul, Minnesota: Phalanx Publishing, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-933424-73-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-933424-73-6">0-933424-73-6</a>.</li> <li>Pace, Steve. "Mustang – Thoroughbred Stallion of the Air". Stroud, UK: Fonthill Media, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78155-051-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78155-051-9">978-1-78155-051-9</a></li> <li>Pearcy, Arthur. Lend-Lease Aircraft in World War II. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing Ltd., 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85310-443-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85310-443-4">1-85310-443-4</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Pentagon Over the Islands: The Thirty-Year History of Indonesian Military Aviation". Air Enthusiast Quarterly (2): 154–162. n.d. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0143-5450">0143-5450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+Enthusiast+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Pentagon+Over+the+Islands%3A+The+Thirty-Year+History+of+Indonesian+Military+Aviation&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=154-162&rft.issn=0143-5450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Sgarlato, Nico. "Mustang P-51" (in Italian). I Grandi Aerei Storici (Monograph series) N.7, November 2003. Parma, Italy: Delta Editrice. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1720-0636">1720-0636</a>.</li> <li>Shores, Christopher. "The Allison-engined Mustang: A Fighting Combination". Air Enthusiast Quarterly, No. 2, n.d., pp. 191–206. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0143-5450">0143-5450</a></li> <li>Sims, Edward H. Fighter Tactics and Strategy 1914–1970. Fallbrook, California: Aero publisher Inc., 1980. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8168-8795-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8168-8795-0">0-8168-8795-0</a>.</li> <li>Smith, J. Richard, Eddie J. Creek and Peter Petrick. On Special Missions: The Luftwaffe's Research and Experimental Squadrons 1923–1945 (Air War Classics). Hersham, Surrey, UK: Classic Publications, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-903223-33-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-903223-33-4">1-903223-33-4</a>.</li> <li>Spick, Mike. Fighter Pilot Tactics. The Techniques of Daylight Air Combat. Cambridge, UK: Patrick Stephens, 1983. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85059-617-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-85059-617-3">0-85059-617-3</a>.</li> <li>Spick, Mike. Designed for the Kill: The Jet Fighter—Development and Experience. United States Naval Institute, 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-059-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87021-059-9">0-87021-059-9</a>.</li> <li>Stevenson, James. The Pentagon Paradox: The Development of the F-18 Hornet. Naval Institute Press, 1993, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-775-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-775-9">1-55750-775-9</a>.</li> <li>Tillman, Barrett. Hellcat Aces of World War 2. London: Osprey Aerospace, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-596-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-596-9">1-85532-596-9</a>.</li> <li>United States Air Force Museum Guidebook. Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio: Air Force Museum Foundation, 1975.</li> <li>United States Army Air Force. AN 01-60JE-2: Maintenance and Erection Instructions for Army Model P-51D-5, −10, −15, 20, −25; P-51K-1, −5, −10, −15; British Model Mustang IV Aeroplanes. Evansville, Indiana: U.S.A.A.F, 1944.</li> <li>Wagner, Ray. American Combat Planes of the 20th Century. Reno, Nevada: Jack Bacon & Company, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-930083-17-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-930083-17-5">978-0-930083-17-5</a>.</li> <li>Wagner, Ray. Mustang Designer: Edgar Schmued and the P-51. Herndon, Virginia: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56098-994-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56098-994-3">978-1-56098-994-3</a>.</li> <li>Walker, Jeff. "Empire of the Sun." Air Classics, Volume 24, Number 1, January 1988.</li> <li>White, Graham. Allied Aircraft Piston Engines of World War II. Warrendale, Pennsylvania: Society for Automotive Engineers, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56091-655-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-56091-655-9">1-56091-655-9</a>.</li> <li>Wilson, Stewart, ed. "Mustang Warbirds: Civil Registered Mustangs of Australia and New Zealand Then and Now." Warbirds of Australia and New Zealand 2010. St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia: Chevron Publishing Group, 2010.</li> <li>Wixey, Ken. "Magnificent Mustang: A Production History of the North American P-51." <a href="/wiki/Air_Enthusiast" title="Air Enthusiast">Air Enthusiast</a>, Issue 95, September/October 2001.</li> <li>Yenne, Bill: Rockwell: The Heritage of North American. New York: Crescent Books, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-67252-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-67252-9">0-517-67252-9</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1994" class="citation magazine cs1">Young, Edward (Spring 1994). "Counter-Air: 2nd Air Commando Group in Burma & Thailand". <a href="/wiki/Air_Enthusiast" title="Air Enthusiast">Air Enthusiast</a>. No. 53. pp. 10–19. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0143-5450">0143-5450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+Enthusiast&rft.atitle=Counter-Air%3A+2nd+Air+Commando+Group+in+Burma+%26+Thailand&rft.ssn=spring&rft.issue=53&rft.pages=10-19&rft.date=1994&rft.issn=0143-5450&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+P-51+Mustang" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_P-51_Mustang&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:North_American_P-51_Mustang" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:North American P-51 Mustang">North American P-51 Mustang</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.popsci.com/archive-viewer?id=nicDAAAAMBAJ&pg=69&query=B-25">"A Fighter From the Ground Up." Popular Science, July 1943, one of earliest detailed articles on P-51A</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131023061632/http://www.popsci.com/archive-viewer?id=nicDAAAAMBAJ&pg=69&query=B-25">Archived</a> 23 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PNcDAAAAMBAJ&dq=popular+mechanics+1943+C-87&pg=PA61">"Wild Horses of the Sky," Popular Mechanics, November 1943</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.joebaugher.com/usaf_fighters/p51.html">Joe Baugher, North American P-51 Mustang</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ipmsstockholm.org/magazine/1999/12/stuff_eng_profile_mustang1.htm">Camouflage and Markings of P-51 Mustang Parts 1–4 USAAF plus Allison engine versions RAF and Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wwiiaircraftperformance.org/mustang/mustang-I.html">Allison-powered Mustang performance test reports; 1940, 1942, 1943, 1944</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wwiiaircraftperformance.org/mustang/mustangtest.html">P-51B Mustang performance test report, May 1943</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wwiiaircraftperformance.org/mustang/combat-reports.html">P-51 combat reports</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930092575_1993092575.pdf">NACA-WR-L-566 "Flying qualities and stalling characteristics of North American XP-51 airplane", April 1943. (PDF)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.classicwarbirds.co.uk/american-aircraft/north-american-p-51-mustang.php">North American P-51 profile, photos and technical details for each mk</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=caJtGXMdxGM">"Flight Characteristics of the North American P-51 Mustang: How to Fly the P-51 Mustang"</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1942/1942%20-%201598.html">"Mustang Squadron"</a> a 1942 Flight article</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1942/1942%20-%202553.html">"Army Co-Op Mustang"</a> a 1942 Flight article</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1942/1942%20-%201759.html">"Unobtrusive Cleverness"</a> a 1942 Flight article</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1944/1944%20-%200183.html">"Long Range Mustang"</a> a 1944 Flight article</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shorpy.com/p-51-mustang">P-51 in Flight Over California (1942)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.museumofflight.org/items/show/46308">Flight manual Mustang P-51A</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.museumofflight.org/">The Museum of Flight Digital Collections</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.museumofflight.org/items/show/61623">Pilot training manual for the Mustang P-51</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.museumofflight.org/">The Museum of Flight Digital Collections</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="North_American_P-51_Mustang_family" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:P-51_Mustang_family" title="Template:P-51 Mustang family"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:P-51_Mustang_family" title="Template talk:P-51 Mustang family"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:P-51_Mustang_family" title="Special:EditPage/Template:P-51 Mustang family"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="North_American_P-51_Mustang_family" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/North_American_Aviation" title="North American Aviation">North American</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">P-51 Mustang</a> family</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">P-51/F-51 Mustang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_A-36" title="North American A-36">A-36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Mustang_Mk.X" title="Rolls-Royce Mustang Mk.X">Mustang Mk.X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAC_Mustang" title="CAC Mustang">CA-17/CA-18/CA-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper_PA-48_Enforcer" title="Piper PA-48 Enforcer">PA-48 Enforcer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier_Mustang" title="Cavalier Mustang">Cavalier Mustang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss_Ashley_II" title="Miss Ashley II">P-51R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_Metal_(aircraft)" title="Precious Metal (aircraft)">P-51XR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable aircraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dago_Red" title="Dago Red">Dago Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss_Ashley_II" title="Miss Ashley II">Miss Ashley II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_Metal_(aircraft)" title="Precious Metal (aircraft)">Precious Metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Baron_(aircraft)" title="Red Baron (aircraft)">Red Baron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Galloping_Ghost_(aircraft)" title="The Galloping Ghost (aircraft)">The Galloping Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voodoo_(aircraft)" title="Voodoo (aircraft)">Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worry_Bird" title="Worry Bird">Worry Bird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-82_Twin_Mustang" title="North American F-82 Twin Mustang">P-82/F-82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_FJ-1_Fury" title="North American FJ-1 Fury">FJ-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-28_Trojan" title="North American T-28 Trojan">T-28</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Replicas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonsall_DB-1_Mustang" title="Bonsall DB-1 Mustang">Bonsall DB-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameron_P-51G" title="Cameron P-51G">Cameron P-51G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconar_SAL_Mustang" title="Falconar SAL Mustang">Falconar SAL Mustang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScaleWings_SW51_Mustang" title="ScaleWings SW51 Mustang">FK-Lightplanes FK51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_P-51_Mustang" title="Historical P-51 Mustang">Historical P-51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurca_Gnatsum" title="Jurca Gnatsum">Jurca Gnatsum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn_Mini_Mustang" title="Linn Mini Mustang">Linn Mini Mustang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loehle_5151_Mustang" title="Loehle 5151 Mustang">Loehle 5151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScaleWings_SW51_Mustang" title="ScaleWings SW51 Mustang">ScaleWings SW51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_S-51D_Mustang" title="Stewart S-51D Mustang">Stewart S-51D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papa_51_Thunder_Mustang" title="Papa 51 Thunder Mustang">Thunder Mustang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_T-51_Mustang" title="Titan T-51 Mustang">Titan T-51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W.A.R._P-51_Mustang" title="W.A.R. P-51 Mustang">W.A.R. P-51</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accidents_and_incidents_involving_the_North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="Accidents and incidents involving the North American P-51 Mustang">Accidents and incidents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorman_dogfight" title="Gorman dogfight">Gorman dogfight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantell_UFO_incident" title="Mantell UFO incident">Mantell UFO incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Reno_Air_Races_crash" title="2011 Reno Air Races crash">2011 Reno Air Races crash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surviving_North_American_P-51_Mustangs" title="List of surviving North American P-51 Mustangs">Survivors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang_variants" title="North American P-51 Mustang variants">Variants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable people/groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Schmued" title="Edgar Schmued">Edgar Schmued</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_Airmen" title="Tuskegee Airmen">Tuskegee Airmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="North_American_and_Rockwell_International_aircraft" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_American_Aviation_aircraft" title="Template:North American Aviation aircraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_American_Aviation_aircraft" title="Template talk:North American Aviation aircraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_American_Aviation_aircraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North American Aviation aircraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="North_American_and_Rockwell_International_aircraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/North_American_Aviation" title="North American Aviation">North American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rockwell_International" title="Rockwell International">Rockwell International</a> aircraft</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacturer "Charge Number"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_O-47" title="North American O-47">NA-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_NA-16" title="North American NA-16">NA-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_SOC_Seagull" title="Curtiss SOC Seagull">NA-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_NA-16" title="North American NA-16">NA-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_BT-9" title="North American BT-9">NA-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_NA-16" title="North American NA-16">NA-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_XB-21" title="North American XB-21">NA-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_NA-16" title="North American NA-16">NA-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_BT-9" title="North American BT-9">NA-23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_SOC_Seagull" title="Curtiss SOC Seagull">NA-24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_O-47" title="North American O-47">NA-25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan" title="North American T-6 Texan">NA-26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_NA-16" title="North American NA-16">NA-27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_BT-9" title="North American BT-9">NA-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_NA-16" title="North American NA-16">NA-29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_BT-9" title="North American BT-9">NA-30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_NA-16" title="North American NA-16">NA-31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAC_Wirraway" title="CAC Wirraway">NA-32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAC_Wirraway" title="CAC Wirraway">NA-33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_NA-16" title="North American NA-16">NA-34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_NA-35" title="North American NA-35">NA-35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan" title="North American T-6 Texan">NA-36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_NA-16" title="North American NA-16">NA-37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_BT-9" title="North American BT-9">NA-38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_XB-21" title="North American XB-21">NA-39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell" title="North American B-25 Mitchell">NA-40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_NA-16" title="North American NA-16">NA-41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_NA-16" title="North American NA-16">NA-42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_NA-16" title="North American NA-16">NA-43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan" title="North American T-6 Texan">NA-44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_NA-16" title="North American NA-16">NA-45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_NA-16" title="North American NA-16">NA-46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_NA-16" title="North American NA-16">NA-47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_NA-16" title="North American NA-16">NA-48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_NA-16" title="North American NA-16">NA-49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_P-64" title="North American P-64">NA-50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_O-47" title="North American O-47">NA-51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan" title="North American T-6 Texan">NA-52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_NA-16" title="North American NA-16">NA-53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan" title="North American T-6 Texan">NA-54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan" title="North American T-6 Texan">NA-55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan" title="North American T-6 Texan">NA-56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_NA-16" title="North American NA-16">NA-57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_BT-9" title="North American BT-9">NA-58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan" title="North American T-6 Texan">NA-59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_O-47" title="North American O-47">NA-60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_NA-16" title="North American NA-16">NA-61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell" title="North American B-25 Mitchell">NA-62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_XB-28_Dragon" title="North American XB-28 Dragon">NA-63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_NA-64_Yale" title="North American NA-64 Yale">NA-64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan" title="North American T-6 Texan">NA-65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan" title="North American T-6 Texan">NA-66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_XB-28_Dragon" title="North American XB-28 Dragon">NA-67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_P-64" title="North American P-64">NA-68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_A-27" title="North American A-27">NA-69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_NA-35" title="North American NA-35">NA-70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_NA-16" title="North American NA-16">NA-71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan" title="North American T-6 Texan">NA-72</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NA-73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan" title="North American T-6 Texan">NA-74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan" title="North American T-6 Texan">NA-75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan" title="North American T-6 Texan">NA-76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan" title="North American T-6 Texan">NA-77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan" title="North American T-6 Texan">NA-78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan" title="North American T-6 Texan">NA-79</a></li> <li>NA-80</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan" title="North American T-6 Texan">NA-81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell" title="North American B-25 Mitchell">NA-82</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NA-83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan" title="North American T-6 Texan">NA-84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan" title="North American T-6 Texan">NA-85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan" title="North American T-6 Texan">NA-86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell" title="North American B-25 Mitchell">NA-87</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan" title="North American T-6 Texan">NA-88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_XB-28_Dragon" title="North American XB-28 Dragon">NA-89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell" title="North American B-25 Mitchell">NA-90</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NA-91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress">NA-92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell" title="North American B-25 Mitchell">NA-93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell" title="North American B-25 Mitchell">NA-94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_B-24_Liberator" title="Consolidated B-24 Liberator">NA-95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell" title="North American B-25 Mitchell">NA-96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_A-36" title="North American A-36">NA-97</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell" title="North American B-25 Mitchell">NA-98</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NA-99</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell" title="North American B-25 Mitchell">NA-100</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NA-101</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NA-102</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NA-103</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NA-104</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NA-105</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NA-106</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NA-107</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell" title="North American B-25 Mitchell">NA-108</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NA-109</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NA-110</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NA-111</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NA-112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell" title="North American B-25 Mitchell">NA-113</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell" title="North American B-25 Mitchell">NA-114</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell" title="North American B-25 Mitchell">NA-115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_NA-116" title="North American NA-116">NA-116</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NA-117</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_B-24_Liberator" title="Consolidated B-24 Liberator">NA-118</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan" title="North American T-6 Texan">NA-119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-82_Twin_Mustang" title="North American F-82 Twin Mustang">NA-120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan" title="North American T-6 Texan">NA-121</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NA-122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-82_Twin_Mustang" title="North American F-82 Twin Mustang">NA-123</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NA-124</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_B-24_Liberator" title="Consolidated B-24 Liberator">NA-125</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NA-126</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NA-127</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan" title="North American T-6 Texan">NA-128</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NA-129</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_B-45_Tornado" title="North American B-45 Tornado">NA-130</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_NA-131&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American NA-131 (page does not exist)">NA-131</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress">NA-132</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NA-133</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_FJ-1_Fury" title="North American FJ-1 Fury">NA-134</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairchild_C-82_Packet" title="Fairchild C-82 Packet">NA-135</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NA-136</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-80_Shooting_Star" title="Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star">NA-137</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NA-138</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NA-139</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre" title="North American F-86 Sabre">NA-140</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_FJ-1_Fury" title="North American FJ-1 Fury">NA-141</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_XSN2J" title="North American XSN2J">NA-142</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Navion" title="Ryan Navion">NA-143</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-82_Twin_Mustang" title="North American F-82 Twin Mustang">NA-144</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Navion" title="Ryan Navion">NA-145</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_AJ_Savage" title="North American AJ Savage">NA-146</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_B-45_Tornado" title="North American B-45 Tornado">NA-147</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_NA-148&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American NA-148 (page does not exist)">NA-148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-82_Twin_Mustang" title="North American F-82 Twin Mustang">NA-149</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-82_Twin_Mustang" title="North American F-82 Twin Mustang">NA-150</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre" title="North American F-86 Sabre">NA-151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre" title="North American F-86 Sabre">NA-152</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_B-45_Tornado" title="North American B-45 Tornado">NA-153</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Navion" title="Ryan Navion">NA-154</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_AJ_Savage" title="North American AJ Savage">NA-155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_AJ_Savage" title="North American AJ Savage">NA-156</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_YF-93" title="North American YF-93">NA-157</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_XA2J_Super_Savage" title="North American XA2J Super Savage">NA-158</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-28_Trojan" title="North American T-28 Trojan">NA-159</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_AJ_Savage" title="North American AJ Savage">NA-160</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre" title="North American F-86 Sabre">NA-161</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_B-45_Tornado" title="North American B-45 Tornado">NA-162</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_XA2J_Super_Savage" title="North American XA2J Super Savage">NA-163</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86D_Sabre" title="North American F-86D Sabre">NA-164</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86D_Sabre" title="North American F-86D Sabre">NA-165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_YF-93" title="North American YF-93">NA-166</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre" title="North American F-86 Sabre">NA-167</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan" title="North American T-6 Texan">NA-168</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_AJ_Savage" title="North American AJ Savage">NA-169</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre" title="North American F-86 Sabre">NA-170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-28_Trojan" title="North American T-28 Trojan">NA-171</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre" title="North American F-86 Sabre">NA-172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86D_Sabre" title="North American F-86D Sabre">NA-173</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-28_Trojan" title="North American T-28 Trojan">NA-174</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_AJ_Savage" title="North American AJ Savage">NA-175</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre" title="North American F-86 Sabre">NA-176</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86D_Sabre" title="North American F-86D Sabre">NA-177</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre" title="North American F-86 Sabre">NA-178</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_FJ-2/-3_Fury" title="North American FJ-2/-3 Fury">NA-179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-100_Super_Sabre" title="North American F-100 Super Sabre">NA-180</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_FJ-2/-3_Fury" title="North American FJ-2/-3 Fury">NA-181</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan" title="North American T-6 Texan">NA-182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_AJ_Savage" title="North American AJ Savage">NA-183</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_AJ_Savage" title="North American AJ Savage">NA-184</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_FJ-2/-3_Fury" title="North American FJ-2/-3 Fury">NA-185</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan" title="North American T-6 Texan">NA-186</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre" title="North American F-86 Sabre">NA-187</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan" title="North American T-6 Texan">NA-188</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-28_Trojan" title="North American T-28 Trojan">NA-189</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86D_Sabre" title="North American F-86D Sabre">NA-190</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre" title="North American F-86 Sabre">NA-191</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-100_Super_Sabre" title="North American F-100 Super Sabre">NA-192</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre" title="North American F-86 Sabre">NA-193</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_FJ-2/-3_Fury" title="North American FJ-2/-3 Fury">NA-194</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan" title="North American T-6 Texan">NA-195</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_FJ-2/-3_Fury" title="North American FJ-2/-3 Fury">NA-196</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan" title="North American T-6 Texan">NA-197</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan" title="North American T-6 Texan">NA-198</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-28_Trojan" title="North American T-28 Trojan">NA-199</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-28_Trojan" title="North American T-28 Trojan">NA-200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86D_Sabre" title="North American F-86D Sabre">NA-201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre" title="North American F-86 Sabre">NA-202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre" title="North American F-86 Sabre">NA-203</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre" title="North American F-86 Sabre">NA-204</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86D_Sabre" title="North American F-86D Sabre">NA-205</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre" title="North American F-86 Sabre">NA-206</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86D_Sabre" title="North American F-86D Sabre">NA-207</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_FJ-4_Fury" title="North American FJ-4 Fury">NA-208</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_FJ-4_Fury" title="North American FJ-4 Fury">NA-209</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre" title="North American F-86 Sabre">NA-210</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-100_Super_Sabre" title="North American F-100 Super Sabre">NA-211</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-107" title="North American F-107">NA-212</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre" title="North American F-86 Sabre">NA-213</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-100_Super_Sabre" title="North American F-100 Super Sabre">NA-214</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_FJ-2/-3_Fury" title="North American FJ-2/-3 Fury">NA-215</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre" title="North American F-86 Sabre">NA-216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-100_Super_Sabre" title="North American F-100 Super Sabre">NA-217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-28_Trojan" title="North American T-28 Trojan">NA-218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-28_Trojan" title="North American T-28 Trojan">NA-219</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_FJ-4_Fury" title="North American FJ-4 Fury">NA-220</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre" title="North American F-86 Sabre">NA-221</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-100_Super_Sabre" title="North American F-100 Super Sabre">NA-222</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-100_Super_Sabre" title="North American F-100 Super Sabre">NA-223</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-100_Super_Sabre" title="North American F-100 Super Sabre">NA-224</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-28_Trojan" title="North American T-28 Trojan">NA-225</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-28_Trojan" title="North American T-28 Trojan">NA-226</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre" title="North American F-86 Sabre">NA-227</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_FJ-2/-3_Fury" title="North American FJ-2/-3 Fury">NA-228</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_FJ-4_Fury" title="North American FJ-4 Fury">NA-229</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-100_Super_Sabre" title="North American F-100 Super Sabre">NA-230</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre" title="North American F-86 Sabre">NA-231</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86D_Sabre" title="North American F-86D Sabre">NA-232</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_A-5_Vigilante" title="North American A-5 Vigilante">NA-233</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_FJ_Fury" title="North American FJ Fury">NA-234</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-100_Super_Sabre" title="North American F-100 Super Sabre">NA-235</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_XF-108_Rapier" title="North American XF-108 Rapier">NA-236</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_NA-237&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American NA-237 (page does not exist)">NA-237</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre" title="North American F-86 Sabre">NA-238</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_XB-70_Valkyrie" title="North American XB-70 Valkyrie">NA-239</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">NA-240</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-2_Buckeye" title="North American T-2 Buckeye">NA-241</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86D_Sabre" title="North American F-86D Sabre">NA-242</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-100_Super_Sabre" title="North American F-100 Super Sabre">NA-243</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_FJ-4_Fury" title="North American FJ-4 Fury">NA-244</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-100_Super_Sabre" title="North American F-100 Super Sabre">NA-245</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Sabreliner" title="North American Sabreliner">NA-246</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_A-5_Vigilante" title="North American A-5 Vigilante">NA-247</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_FJ-4_Fury" title="North American FJ-4 Fury">NA-248</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-2_Buckeye" title="North American T-2 Buckeye">NA-249</a></li> <li>NA-250</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_FJ-4_Fury" title="North American FJ-4 Fury">NA-251</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-28_Trojan" title="North American T-28 Trojan">NA-252</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-2_Buckeye" title="North American T-2 Buckeye">NA-253</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-100_Super_Sabre" title="North American F-100 Super Sabre">NA-254</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-100_Super_Sabre" title="North American F-100 Super Sabre">NA-255</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre" title="North American F-86 Sabre">NA-256</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_XF-108_Rapier" title="North American XF-108 Rapier">NA-257</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_A-5_Vigilante" title="North American A-5 Vigilante">NA-258</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_XB-70_Valkyrie" title="North American XB-70 Valkyrie">NA-259</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-28_Trojan" title="North American T-28 Trojan">NA-260</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-100_Super_Sabre" title="North American F-100 Super Sabre">NA-261</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-100_Super_Sabre" title="North American F-100 Super Sabre">NA-262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_A-5_Vigilante" title="North American A-5 Vigilante">NA-263</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_XB-70_Valkyrie" title="North American XB-70 Valkyrie">NA-264</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Sabreliner" title="North American Sabreliner">NA-265</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-2_Buckeye" title="North American T-2 Buckeye">NA-266</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_XB-70_Valkyrie" title="North American XB-70 Valkyrie">NA-267</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_XF-108_Rapier" title="North American XF-108 Rapier">NA-268</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_A-5_Vigilante" title="North American A-5 Vigilante">NA-269</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Sabreliner" title="North American Sabreliner">NA-270</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Sabreliner" title="North American Sabreliner">NA-271</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_A-5_Vigilante" title="North American A-5 Vigilante">NA-272</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_MQM-42" title="North American MQM-42">NA-273</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_XB-70_Valkyrie" title="North American XB-70 Valkyrie">NA-274</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_NA-275&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American NA-275 (page does not exist)">NA-275</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Sabreliner" title="North American Sabreliner">NA-276</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Sabreliner" title="North American Sabreliner">NA-277</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_XB-70_Valkyrie" title="North American XB-70 Valkyrie">NA-278</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_A-5_Vigilante" title="North American A-5 Vigilante">NA-279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-2_Buckeye" title="North American T-2 Buckeye">NA-280</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_XB-70_Valkyrie" title="North American XB-70 Valkyrie">NA-281</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Sabreliner" title="North American Sabreliner">NA-282</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_A-5_Vigilante" title="North American A-5 Vigilante">NA-283</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-28_Trojan" title="North American T-28 Trojan">NA-284</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Sabreliner" title="North American Sabreliner">NA-285</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_XB-70_Valkyrie" title="North American XB-70 Valkyrie">NA-286</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Sabreliner" title="North American Sabreliner">NA-287</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-2_Buckeye" title="North American T-2 Buckeye">NA-288</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_MQM-42" title="North American MQM-42">NA-289</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Sabreliner" title="North American Sabreliner">NA-290</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-2_Buckeye" title="North American T-2 Buckeye">NA-291</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Sabreliner" title="North American Sabreliner">NA-292</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Sabreliner" title="North American Sabreliner">NA-293</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-2_Buckeye" title="North American T-2 Buckeye">NA-294</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_FJ-4_Fury" title="North American FJ-4 Fury">NA-295</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_A-5_Vigilante" title="North American A-5 Vigilante">NA-296</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Sabreliner" title="North American Sabreliner">NA-297</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_A-5_Vigilante" title="North American A-5 Vigilante">NA-298</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-53_Condor" title="AGM-53 Condor">NA-299</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Rockwell_OV-10_Bronco" title="North American Rockwell OV-10 Bronco">NA-300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Rockwell_OV-10_Bronco" title="North American Rockwell OV-10 Bronco">NA-301</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Rockwell_OV-10_Bronco" title="North American Rockwell OV-10 Bronco">NA-302</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_XB-70_Valkyrie" title="North American XB-70 Valkyrie">NA-303</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_2707" title="Boeing 2707">NA-304</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Rockwell_OV-10_Bronco" title="North American Rockwell OV-10 Bronco">NA-305</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Sabreliner" title="North American Sabreliner">NA-306</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-28_Trojan" title="North American T-28 Trojan">NA-307</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Sabreliner" title="North American Sabreliner">NA-308</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-53_Condor" title="AGM-53 Condor">NA-309</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-2_Buckeye" title="North American T-2 Buckeye">NA-310</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Rockwell_OV-10_Bronco" title="North American Rockwell OV-10 Bronco">NA-311</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Rockwell_OV-10_Bronco" title="North American Rockwell OV-10 Bronco">NA-312</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Rockwell_OV-10_Bronco" title="North American Rockwell OV-10 Bronco">NA-313</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_NA-314&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American NA-314 (page does not exist)">NA-314</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_XB-70_Valkyrie" title="North American XB-70 Valkyrie">NA-315</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_A-5_Vigilante" title="North American A-5 Vigilante">NA-316</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Rockwell_OV-10_Bronco" title="North American Rockwell OV-10 Bronco">NA-317</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-2_Buckeye" title="North American T-2 Buckeye">NA-318</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_NA-319&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American NA-319 (page does not exist)">NA-319</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Sabreliner" title="North American Sabreliner">NA-320</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Rockwell_OV-10_Bronco" title="North American Rockwell OV-10 Bronco">NA-321</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_NA-322&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American NA-322 (page does not exist)">NA-322</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_NA-323&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American NA-323 (page does not exist)">NA-323</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_NA-323&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American NA-323 (page does not exist)">NA-324</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_NA-325&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American NA-325 (page does not exist)">NA-325</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_NA-326&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American NA-326 (page does not exist)">NA-326</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Sabreliner" title="North American Sabreliner">NA-327</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_NA-323&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American NA-323 (page does not exist)">NA-328</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_NA-323&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American NA-323 (page does not exist)">NA-329</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_NA-323&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American NA-323 (page does not exist)">NA-330</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_NA-323&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American NA-323 (page does not exist)">NA-331</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-2_Buckeye" title="North American T-2 Buckeye">NA-332</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_NA-323&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American NA-323 (page does not exist)">NA-333</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_NA-334&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American NA-334 (page does not exist)">NA-334</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_NA-335" title="North American NA-335">NA-335</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Sabreliner" title="North American Sabreliner">NA-336</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_NA-337&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American NA-337 (page does not exist)">NA-337</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Rockwell_OV-10_Bronco" title="North American Rockwell OV-10 Bronco">NA-338</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_NA-339&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American NA-339 (page does not exist)">NA-339</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-2_Buckeye" title="North American T-2 Buckeye">NA-340</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_NA-341&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American NA-341 (page does not exist)">NA-341</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Rockwell_OV-10_Bronco" title="North American Rockwell OV-10 Bronco">NA-342</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Sabreliner" title="North American Sabreliner">NA-343</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Sabreliner" title="North American Sabreliner">NA-344</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Sabreliner" title="North American Sabreliner">NA-345</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-2_Buckeye" title="North American T-2 Buckeye">NA-346</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_NA-347&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American NA-347 (page does not exist)">NA-347</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Rockwell_OV-10_Bronco" title="North American Rockwell OV-10 Bronco">NA-348</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_A-5_Vigilante" title="North American A-5 Vigilante">NA-349</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_NA-350&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American NA-350 (page does not exist)">NA-350</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_NA-351&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American NA-351 (page does not exist)">NA-351</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-2_Buckeye" title="North American T-2 Buckeye">NA-352</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_NA-353&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American NA-353 (page does not exist)">NA-353</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Rockwell_OV-10_Bronco" title="North American Rockwell OV-10 Bronco">NA-354</a></li> <li>NA-355</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockwell_XFV-12" title="Rockwell XFV-12">NA-356</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_NA-357&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American NA-357 (page does not exist)">NA-357</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-2_Buckeye" title="North American T-2 Buckeye">NA-358</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_NA-359&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American NA-359 (page does not exist)">NA-359</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Rockwell_OV-10_Bronco" title="North American Rockwell OV-10 Bronco">NA-360</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_NA-361&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American NA-361 (page does not exist)">NA-361</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_NA-362&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American NA-362 (page does not exist)">NA-362</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_NA-363&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American NA-363 (page does not exist)">NA-363</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_NA-364&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American NA-364 (page does not exist)">NA-364</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_NA-365&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American NA-365 (page does not exist)">NA-365</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_NA-366&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American NA-366 (page does not exist)">NA-366</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-2_Buckeye" title="North American T-2 Buckeye">NA-367</a></li> <li>NA-368</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Sabreliner" title="North American Sabreliner">NA-369</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Sabreliner" title="North American Sabreliner">NA-370</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Sabreliner" title="North American Sabreliner">NA-371</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Sabreliner" title="North American Sabreliner">NA-372</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Sabreliner" title="North American Sabreliner">NA-373</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Sabreliner" title="North American Sabreliner">NA-374</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Sabreliner" title="North American Sabreliner">NA-375</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Sabreliner" title="North American Sabreliner">NA-376</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Sabreliner" title="North American Sabreliner">NA-377</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Sabreliner" title="North American Sabreliner">NA-378</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_NA-379&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American NA-379 (page does not exist)">NA-379</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Sabreliner" title="North American Sabreliner">NA-380</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_NA-381&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American NA-381 (page does not exist)">NA-381</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_C-130_Hercules" title="Lockheed C-130 Hercules">NA-382</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_NA-383&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American NA-383 (page does not exist)">NA-383</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_NA-384&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American NA-384 (page does not exist)">NA-384</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Sabreliner" title="North American Sabreliner">NA-385</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Sabreliner" title="North American Sabreliner">NA-386</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_NA-387&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American NA-387 (page does not exist)">NA-387</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_NA-388&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American NA-388 (page does not exist)">NA-388</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_NA-389&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American NA-389 (page does not exist)">NA-389</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Sabreliner" title="North American Sabreliner">NA-390</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Sabreliner" title="North American Sabreliner">NA-391</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Sabreliner" title="North American Sabreliner">NA-392</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_NA-393&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American NA-393 (page does not exist)">NA-393</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_NA-394&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American NA-394 (page does not exist)">NA-394</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_NA-395&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American NA-395 (page does not exist)">NA-395</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-2_Buckeye" title="North American T-2 Buckeye">NA-396</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Rockwell_OV-10_Bronco" title="North American Rockwell OV-10 Bronco">NA-397</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-2_Buckeye" title="North American T-2 Buckeye">NA-398</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_NA-399&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American NA-399 (page does not exist)">NA-399</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_NA-400&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American NA-400 (page does not exist)">NA-400</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_NA-401&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American NA-401 (page does not exist)">NA-401</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Sabreliner" title="North American Sabreliner">NA-402</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Sabreliner" title="North American Sabreliner">NA-403</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Rockwell_OV-10_Bronco" title="North American Rockwell OV-10 Bronco">NA-404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-2_Buckeye" title="North American T-2 Buckeye">NA-405</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_NA-406&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American NA-406 (page does not exist)">NA-406</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_NA-407&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American NA-407 (page does not exist)">NA-407</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_NA-420&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American NA-420 (page does not exist)">NA-420</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_NA-420&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American NA-420 (page does not exist)">NA-430</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_NA-420&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American NA-420 (page does not exist)">NA-431</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockwell_B-1_Lancer" title="Rockwell B-1 Lancer">D481</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SM-64_Navaho" title="SM-64 Navaho">NA-704</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By role</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fighters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">P-51 Mustang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_P-64" title="North American P-64">P-64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-82_Twin_Mustang" title="North American F-82 Twin Mustang">F-82 Twin Mustang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre" title="North American F-86 Sabre">F-86</a>/<a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86D_Sabre" title="North American F-86D Sabre">F-86D Sabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_YF-93" title="North American YF-93">YF-93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-100_Super_Sabre" title="North American F-100 Super Sabre">F-100 Super Sabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-107" title="North American F-107">F-107</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_XF-108_Rapier" title="North American XF-108 Rapier">XF-108 Rapier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_FJ-1_Fury" title="North American FJ-1 Fury">FJ-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_FJ-2/-3_Fury" title="North American FJ-2/-3 Fury">FJ-2/3 Fury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_FJ-4_Fury" title="North American FJ-4 Fury">FJ-4 Fury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_FJ-4_Fury" title="North American FJ-4 Fury">F-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockwell_XFV-12" title="Rockwell XFV-12">XFV-12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bombers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_XB-21" title="North American XB-21">XB-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell" title="North American B-25 Mitchell">B-25 Mitchell </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_XB-28_Dragon" title="North American XB-28 Dragon">XB-28 Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_B-45_Tornado" title="North American B-45 Tornado">B-45 Tornado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SM-64_Navaho" title="SM-64 Navaho">B-64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_XB-70_Valkyrie" title="North American XB-70 Valkyrie">XB-70 Valkyrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockwell_B-1_Lancer" title="Rockwell B-1 Lancer">B-1 Lancer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attack</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_A-27" title="North American A-27">A-27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_A-36" title="North American A-36">A-36 "Mustang"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_AJ_Savage" title="North American AJ Savage">AJ Savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_XA2J_Super_Savage" title="North American XA2J Super Savage">XA2J Super Savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_A-5_Vigilante" title="North American A-5 Vigilante">A3J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_AJ_Savage" title="North American AJ Savage">A-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_A-5_Vigilante" title="North American A-5 Vigilante">A-5 Vigilante</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_O-47" title="North American O-47">O-47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Navion" title="Ryan Navion">L-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Rockwell_OV-10_Bronco" title="North American Rockwell OV-10 Bronco">OV-10 Bronco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trainers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_NA-16" title="North American NA-16">NA-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_NA-35" title="North American NA-35">NA-35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_BT-9" title="North American BT-9">BT-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_BT-9" title="North American BT-9">BT-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_BT-9" title="North American BT-9">BT-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_NA-64_Yale" title="North American NA-64 Yale">Yale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan" title="North American T-6 Texan">BC-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan" title="North American T-6 Texan">Harvard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan" title="North American T-6 Texan">BC-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan" title="North American T-6 Texan">AT-6 Texan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan" title="North American T-6 Texan">T-6 Texan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_BT-9" title="North American BT-9">NJ-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan" title="North American T-6 Texan">SNJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_XSN2J" title="North American XSN2J">XSN2J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-2_Buckeye" title="North American T-2 Buckeye">T2J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Sabreliner" title="North American Sabreliner">T3J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-28_Trojan" title="North American T-28 Trojan">T-28 Trojan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Sabreliner" title="North American Sabreliner">T-39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-2_Buckeye" title="North American T-2 Buckeye">T-2 Buckeye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockwell_Ranger_2000" title="Rockwell Ranger 2000">Ranger 2000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_NAC-60" title="North American NAC-60">NAC-60</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_MQM-42" title="North American MQM-42">MQM-42</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experimental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-10" title="North American X-10">X-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockwell_X-30" title="Rockwell X-30">X-30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockwell-MBB_X-31" title="Rockwell-MBB X-31">X-31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockwell_HiMAT" title="Rockwell HiMAT">HiMAT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missiles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_AJ_Savage" title="North American AJ Savage">SSM-N-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SM-64_Navaho" title="SM-64 Navaho">SM-64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-28_Hound_Dog" title="AGM-28 Hound Dog">GAM-77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-28_Hound_Dog" title="AGM-28 Hound Dog">AGM-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-53_Condor" title="AGM-53 Condor">AGM-53</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spacecraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Apollo command and service module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_DC-3" title="North American DC-3">DC-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter" title="Space Shuttle orbiter">Space Shuttle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By name</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_A-36" title="North American A-36">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Rockwell_OV-10_Bronco" title="North American Rockwell OV-10 Bronco">Bronco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-2_Buckeye" title="North American T-2 Buckeye">Buckeye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_FJ_Fury" title="North American FJ Fury">Fury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan" title="North American T-6 Texan">Harvard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockwell_HiMAT" title="Rockwell HiMAT">HiMAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-28_Hound_Dog" title="AGM-28 Hound Dog">Hound Dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_A-36" title="North American A-36">Invader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockwell_B-1_Lancer" title="Rockwell B-1 Lancer">Lancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell" title="North American B-25 Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mustang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SM-64_Navaho" title="SM-64 Navaho">Navaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Navion" title="Ryan Navion">Navion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockwell_Ranger_2000" title="Rockwell Ranger 2000">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_XF-108_Rapier" title="North American XF-108 Rapier">Rapier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_MQM-42" title="North American MQM-42">Redhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_MQM-42" title="North American MQM-42">Roadrunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre" title="North American F-86 Sabre">Sabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86D_Sabre" title="North American F-86D Sabre">Sabre Dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Sabreliner" title="North American Sabreliner">Sabreliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_AJ_Savage" title="North American AJ Savage">Savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-100_Super_Sabre" title="North American F-100 Super Sabre">Super Sabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_XA2J_Super_Savage" title="North American XA2J Super Savage">Super Savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_AJ_Savage" title="North American AJ Savage">Taurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan" title="North American T-6 Texan">Texan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_B-45_Tornado" title="North American B-45 Tornado">Tornado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_P-64" title="North American P-64">Torito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-28_Trojan" title="North American T-28 Trojan">Trojan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-82_Twin_Mustang" title="North American F-82 Twin Mustang">Twin Mustang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_XB-70_Valkyrie" title="North American XB-70 Valkyrie">Valkyrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_A-5_Vigilante" title="North American A-5 Vigilante">Vigilante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_BT-9" title="North American BT-9">Yale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Aero_Commander" title="Aero Commander">Aero Commander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Australian_Defence_Force_aircraft_serial-number_prefixes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:ADF_aircraft_prefixes" title="Template:ADF aircraft prefixes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ADF_aircraft_prefixes" title="Template talk:ADF aircraft prefixes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ADF_aircraft_prefixes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ADF aircraft prefixes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Australian_Defence_Force_aircraft_serial-number_prefixes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Australian Defence Force</a> aircraft serial-number prefixes</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicate prefixes not used.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="List of aircraft of the Royal Australian Air Force">RAAF Series One 1921–34</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airco_DH.9" title="Airco DH.9">A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Aircraft_Factory_S.E.5" title="Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5">A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avro_504" title="Avro 504">A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopwith_Pup" title="Sopwith Pup">A4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_Wapiti" title="Westland Wapiti">A5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airco_DH.9" title="Airco DH.9">A6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_DH.60_Moth" title="De Havilland DH.60 Moth">A7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_DH.50" title="De Havilland DH.50">A8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Seagull_(1921)" title="Supermarine Seagull (1921)">A9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairey_III" title="Fairey III">A10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Southampton" title="Supermarine Southampton">A11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Bulldog" title="Bristol Bulldog">A12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="List of aircraft of the Royal Australian Air Force">RAAF Series Two 1935–63</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hart" title="Hawker Hart">A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Walrus" title="Supermarine Walrus">A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAC_Wackett" title="CAC Wackett">A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avro_Anson" title="Avro Anson">A4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_Wapiti" title="Westland Wapiti">A5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avro_643_Cadet" title="Avro 643 Cadet">A6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_DH.60_Moth" title="De Havilland DH.60 Moth">A7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Beaufighter" title="Bristol Beaufighter">A8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Beaufort" title="Bristol Beaufort">A9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_DH.50" title="De Havilland DH.50">A10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylorcraft_Auster" title="Taylorcraft Auster">A11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Bulldog" title="Bristol Bulldog">A12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_Trainer" title="Link Trainer">A13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tugan_Gannet" title="Tugan Gannet">A14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Magister" title="Miles Magister">A15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Hudson" title="Lockheed Hudson">A16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Tiger_Moth" title="De Havilland Tiger Moth">A17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_Empire" title="Short Empire">A18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Beaufighter" title="Bristol Beaufighter">A19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAC_Wirraway" title="CAC Wirraway">A20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Moth_Minor" title="De Havilland Moth Minor">A21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairey_Battle" title="Fairey Battle">A22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAC_Woomera" title="CAC Woomera">A23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_PBY_Catalina" title="Consolidated PBY Catalina">A24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airspeed_Oxford" title="Airspeed Oxford">A25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_Sunderland" title="Short Sunderland">A26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vultee_A-31_Vengeance" title="Vultee A-31 Vengeance">A27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-20_Havoc" title="Douglas A-20 Havoc">A28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-40_Warhawk" title="Curtiss P-40 Warhawk">A29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-2" title="Douglas DC-2">A30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-3" title="Douglas DC-3">A30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Express" title="De Havilland Express">A31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percival_Vega_Gull" title="Percival Vega Gull">A32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Dragon_Rapide" title="De Havilland Dragon Rapide">A33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Dragon" title="De Havilland Dragon">A34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Dolphin" title="Douglas Dolphin">A35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairchild_24" title="Fairchild 24">A36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Falcon" title="Miles Falcon">A37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Merlin" title="Miles Merlin">A37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Hawk" title="Miles Hawk">A37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stinson_Reliant" title="Stinson Reliant">A38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_Model_17_Staggerwing" title="Beechcraft Model 17 Staggerwing">A39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cessna_Airmaster" title="Cessna Airmaster">A40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Fox_Moth" title="De Havilland Fox Moth">A41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Vega" title="Lockheed Vega">A42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Dragonfly" title="De Havilland Dragonfly">A43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junkers_G_31" title="Junkers G 31">A44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junkers_W_34" title="Junkers W 34">A44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Trimotor" title="Ford Trimotor">A45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAC_Boomerang" title="CAC Boomerang">A46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell" title="North American B-25 Mitchell">A47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vought_OS2U_Kingfisher" title="Vought OS2U Kingfisher">A48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dornier_Do_24" title="Dornier Do 24">A49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_ST" title="Ryan ST">A50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewster_F2A_Buffalo" title="Brewster F2A Buffalo">A51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito" title="De Havilland Mosquito">A52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_P-39_Airacobra" title="Bell P-39 Airacobra">A53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waco_Aircraft_Company" title="Waco Aircraft Company">A54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-38_Lightning" title="Lockheed P-38 Lightning">A55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_P-43_Lancer" title="Republic P-43 Lancer">A56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Australia" title="De Havilland Australia">A57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">A58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Ventura" title="Lockheed Ventura">A59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane" title="Hawker Hurricane">A60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Corporation" title="Northrop Corporation">A61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAC_CA-15" title="CAC CA-15">A62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_navigation" title="Celestial navigation">A63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stinson_L-1_Vigilant" title="Stinson L-1 Vigilant">A64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain" title="Douglas C-47 Skytrain">A65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avro_Lancaster" title="Avro Lancaster">A66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Model_18_Lodestar" title="Lockheed Model 18 Lodestar">A67</a></li> <li>A68 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CAC_Mustang" title="CAC Mustang">1–200</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">500–1001</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_SB2C_Helldiver" title="Curtiss SB2C Helldiver">A69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_PBM_Mariner" title="Martin PBM Mariner">A70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noorduyn_Norseman" title="Noorduyn Norseman">A71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_B-24_Liberator" title="Consolidated B-24 Liberator">A72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avro_Lincoln" title="Avro Lincoln">A73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avro_York" title="Avro York">A74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percival_Proctor" title="Percival Proctor">A75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress">A76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloster_Meteor" title="Gloster Meteor">A77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Vampire" title="De Havilland Vampire">A78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Vampire" title="De Havilland Vampire">A79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_H-5" title="Sikorsky H-5">A80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Freighter" title="Bristol Freighter">A81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viking" title="Vickers Viking">A82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Hornet" title="De Havilland Hornet">A83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Electric_Canberra" title="English Electric Canberra">A84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAC_Winjeel" title="CAC Winjeel">A85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_P.1081" title="Hawker P.1081">A86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valetta" title="Vickers Valetta">A87</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RFD_Winged_Target&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RFD Winged Target (page does not exist)">A88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-2_Neptune" title="Lockheed P-2 Neptune">A89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percival_Prince" title="Percival Prince">A90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Sycamore" title="Bristol Sycamore">A91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GAF_Jindivik" title="GAF Jindivik">A92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GAF_Jindivik" title="GAF Jindivik">A93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAC_Sabre" title="CAC Sabre">A94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-2_Beaver" title="De Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver">A95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convair_CV-240_family" title="Convair CV-240 family">A96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_C-130_Hercules" title="Lockheed C-130 Hercules">A97</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cessna_180_Skywagon" title="Cessna 180 Skywagon">A98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAC_Jet_Provost" title="BAC Jet Provost">A99</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-3_Otter" title="De Havilland Canada DHC-3 Otter">A100</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Royal_Australian_Navy" title="List of aircraft of the Royal Australian Navy">RAN Series</a>1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fairey_Firefly" title="Fairey Firefly">N1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain" title="Douglas C-47 Skytrain">N2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairey_Gannet" title="Fairey Gannet">N3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Sea_Venom" title="De Havilland Sea Venom">N4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Sycamore" title="Bristol Sycamore">N5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Vampire" title="De Havilland Vampire">N6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_Wessex" title="Westland Wessex">N7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_Scout" title="Westland Scout">N8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_UH-1_Iroquois" title="Bell UH-1 Iroquois">N9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioplane_BTT" title="Radioplane BTT">N10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GAF_Jindivik" title="GAF Jindivik">N11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grumman_S-2_Tracker" title="Grumman S-2 Tracker">N12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-4_Skyhawk" title="Douglas A-4 Skyhawk">N13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aermacchi_MB-326" title="Aermacchi MB-326">N14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_HS_748" title="Hawker Siddeley HS 748">N15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_Sea_King" title="Westland Sea King">N16</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="List of aircraft of the Royal Australian Air Force">RAAF Series Three</a> Tri-Service series 1964–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_H-13_Sioux" title="Bell H-13 Sioux">A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_UH-1_Iroquois" title="Bell UH-1 Iroquois">A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dassault_Mirage_III_Australian_procurement" title="Dassault Mirage III Australian procurement">A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-4_Caribou" title="De Havilland Canada DHC-4 Caribou">A4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale_Alouette_III" title="Aérospatiale Alouette III">A5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">A6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aermacchi_MB-326" title="Aermacchi MB-326">A7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-111C" title="General Dynamics F-111C">A8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-3_Orion" title="Lockheed P-3 Orion">A9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_HS_748" title="Hawker Siddeley HS 748">A10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dassault_Falcon_20" title="Dassault Falcon 20">A11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAC_One-Eleven" title="BAC One-Eleven">A12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_Trainer" title="Link Trainer">A13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilatus_PC-6_Porter" title="Pilatus PC-6 Porter">A14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_CH-47_Chinook" title="Boeing CH-47 Chinook">A15</a></li> <li>A16</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_OH-58_Kiowa" title="Bell OH-58 Kiowa">A17/N17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GAF_Nomad" title="GAF Nomad">A18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAC_CT/4_Airtrainer" title="PAC CT/4 Airtrainer">A19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_707" title="Boeing 707">A20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F/A-18_Hornet" title="McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet">A21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocopter_AS350_%C3%89cureuil" title="Eurocopter AS350 Écureuil">A22/N22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilatus_PC-9" title="Pilatus PC-9">A23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_SH-60_Seahawk" title="Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk">N24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_UH-60_Black_Hawk" title="Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk">A25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dassault_Falcon_900" title="Dassault Falcon 900">A26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Hawk" title="BAE Systems Hawk">A27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_MQM-107_Streaker" title="Beechcraft MQM-107 Streaker">N28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaman_SH-2G_Super_Seasprite" title="Kaman SH-2G Super Seasprite">N29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_E-7_Wedgetail" title="Boeing E-7 Wedgetail">A30</a></li> <li>A31</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_Super_King_Air" title="Beechcraft Super King Air">A32</a></li> <li>A33</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alenia_C-27J_Spartan" title="Alenia C-27J Spartan">A34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II" title="Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II">A35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Business_Jet" title="Boeing Business Jet">A36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Challenger_600_series" title="Bombardier Challenger 600 series">A37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocopter_Tiger" title="Eurocopter Tiger">A38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbus_A330_MRTT" title="Airbus A330 MRTT">A39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHIndustries_NH90" title="NHIndustries NH90">A40/N40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_C-17_Globemaster_III" title="Boeing C-17 Globemaster III">A41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW109" title="AgustaWestland AW109">N42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AAI_RQ-7_Shadow" title="AAI RQ-7 Shadow">A43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_F/A-18E/F_Super_Hornet" title="Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet">A44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IAI_Heron" title="IAI Heron">A45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_EA-18G_Growler" title="Boeing EA-18G Growler">A46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-8_Poseidon" title="Boeing P-8 Poseidon">A47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_SH-60_Seahawk" title="Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk">N48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_429_GlobalRanger" title="Bell 429 GlobalRanger">N49</a></li> <li>A51</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocopter_EC135" title="Eurocopter EC135">N52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_1900" title="Beechcraft 1900">A53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilatus_PC-21" title="Pilatus PC-21">A54</a></li> <li>A55</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dassault_Falcon_7X" title="Dassault Falcon 7X">A56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II_in_Australian_service" title="McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II in Australian service">A69</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="List of aircraft of the Royal Australian Air Force">Aircraft of the RAAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Royal_Australian_Navy" title="List of aircraft of the Royal Australian Navy">Aircraft of the RAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_Army_aircraft" title="List of Australian Army aircraft">Aircraft of the Australian Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1 Prior to adoption of Tri-Service prefixes.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Designation_sequences_for_this_aircraft:" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Designation_sequences_for_this_aircraft:" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Designation sequences for this aircraft:</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="USAAS/USAAC/USAAF/USAF_fighter_designations_1924–1962,_and_Tri-Service_post-1962_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USAF_fighters" title="Template:USAF fighters"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USAF_fighters" title="Template talk:USAF fighters"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USAF_fighters" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USAF fighters"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="USAAS/USAAC/USAAF/USAF_fighter_designations_1924–1962,_and_Tri-Service_post-1962_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Service" title="United States Army Air Service">USAAS</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps" title="United States Army Air Corps">USAAC</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">USAAF</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">USAF</a> fighter designations 1924–1962, and <a href="/wiki/1962_United_States_Tri-Service_aircraft_designation_system" title="1962 United States Tri-Service aircraft designation system">Tri-Service</a> post-1962 systems</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1924 sequences (1924–1962)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pursuit (1924–1948)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-1_Hawk" title="Curtiss P-1 Hawk">P-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-1_Hawk" title="Curtiss P-1 Hawk">P-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-1_Hawk" title="Curtiss P-1 Hawk">P-3</a></li> <li>P-43 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-1_Hawk" title="Curtiss P-1 Hawk">Curtiss P-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XP-4" title="Boeing XP-4">Boeing P-4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-1_Hawk" title="Curtiss P-1 Hawk">P-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-6_Hawk" title="Curtiss P-6 Hawk">P-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XP-7" title="Boeing XP-7">P-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XP-8" title="Boeing XP-8">P-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XP-9" title="Boeing XP-9">P-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_XP-10" title="Curtiss XP-10">P-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-6_Hawk" title="Curtiss P-6 Hawk">P-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-12" title="Boeing P-12">P-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas-Morse_XP-13_Viper" title="Thomas-Morse XP-13 Viper">P-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas-Morse_XP-13_Viper" title="Thomas-Morse XP-13 Viper">P-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XP-15" title="Boeing XP-15">P-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berliner-Joyce_P-16" title="Berliner-Joyce P-16">P-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-6_Hawk" title="Curtiss P-6 Hawk">P-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_XP-18" title="Curtiss XP-18">P-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_XP-19" title="Curtiss XP-19">P-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_YP-20" title="Curtiss YP-20">P-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-6_Hawk" title="Curtiss P-6 Hawk">P-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_XP-22_Hawk" title="Curtiss XP-22 Hawk">P-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-6_Hawk" title="Curtiss P-6 Hawk">P-23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_YP-24" title="Lockheed YP-24">P-24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_P-30" title="Consolidated P-30">P-25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-26_Peashooter" title="Boeing P-26 Peashooter">P-26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_P-30" title="Consolidated P-30">P-27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_P-30" title="Consolidated P-30">P-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-29" title="Boeing P-29">P-29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_P-30" title="Consolidated P-30">P-30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_XP-31_Swift" title="Curtiss XP-31 Swift">P-31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-29" title="Boeing P-29">P-32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_P-30" title="Consolidated P-30">P-33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedell-Williams_XP-34" title="Wedell-Williams XP-34">P-34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seversky_P-35" title="Seversky P-35">P-35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-36_Hawk" title="Curtiss P-36 Hawk">P-36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_YP-37" title="Curtiss YP-37">P-37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-38_Lightning" title="Lockheed P-38 Lightning">P-38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_P-39_Airacobra" title="Bell P-39 Airacobra">P-39</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_P-76" title="Bell P-76">P-39E</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-40_Warhawk" title="Curtiss P-40 Warhawk">P-40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seversky_XP-41" title="Seversky XP-41">P-41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_XP-42" title="Curtiss XP-42">P-42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_P-43_Lancer" title="Republic P-43 Lancer">P-43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_P-43_Lancer" title="Republic P-43 Lancer">P-44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_P-39_Airacobra" title="Bell P-39 Airacobra">P-45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_XP-46" title="Curtiss XP-46">P-46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_P-47_Thunderbolt" title="Republic P-47 Thunderbolt">P-47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_XP-48" title="Douglas XP-48">P-48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_XP-49" title="Lockheed XP-49">P-49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grumman_XP-50" title="Grumman XP-50">P-50</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">P-51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_XP-52" title="Bell XP-52">P-52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-60" title="Curtiss P-60">P-53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vultee_XP-54" title="Vultee XP-54">P-54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss-Wright_XP-55_Ascender" title="Curtiss-Wright XP-55 Ascender">P-55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_XP-56_Black_Bullet" title="Northrop XP-56 Black Bullet">P-56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_XP-57" title="Tucker XP-57">P-57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_XP-58_Chain_Lightning" title="Lockheed XP-58 Chain Lightning">P-58</a></li> <li>P-593 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_XP-52" title="Bell XP-52">XP-59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_P-59_Airacomet" title="Bell P-59 Airacomet">P-59</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-60" title="Curtiss P-60">P-60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_P-61_Black_Widow" title="Northrop P-61 Black Widow">P-61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_XP-62" title="Curtiss XP-62">P-62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_P-63_Kingcobra" title="Bell P-63 Kingcobra">P-63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_P-64" title="North American P-64">P-64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grumman_XP-50" title="Grumman XP-50">P-65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vultee_P-66_Vanguard" title="Vultee P-66 Vanguard">P-66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_XP-67" title="McDonnell XP-67">P-67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vultee_XP-68_Tornado" title="Vultee XP-68 Tornado">P-68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_XP-69" title="Republic XP-69">P-69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-20_Havoc" title="Douglas A-20 Havoc">P-70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_XP-71" title="Curtiss XP-71">P-71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_XP-72" title="Republic XP-72">P-72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_D-2" title="Hughes D-2">P-73</a>2</li> <li>P-741</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_P-75_Eagle" title="Fisher P-75 Eagle">P-75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_P-76" title="Bell P-76">P-76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_XP-77" title="Bell XP-77">P-77</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">P-78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_XP-79" title="Northrop XP-79">P-79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-80_Shooting_Star" title="Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star">P-80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Vultee_XP-81" title="Consolidated Vultee XP-81">P-81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-82_Twin_Mustang" title="North American F-82 Twin Mustang">P-82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_XP-83" title="Bell XP-83">P-83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_F-84_Thunderjet" title="Republic F-84 Thunderjet">P-84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_XF-85_Goblin" title="McDonnell XF-85 Goblin">P-85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre" title="North American F-86 Sabre">P-86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss-Wright_XF-87_Blackhawk" title="Curtiss-Wright XF-87 Blackhawk">P-87</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_XF-88_Voodoo" title="McDonnell XF-88 Voodoo">P-88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_F-89_Scorpion" title="Northrop F-89 Scorpion">P-89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_XF-90" title="Lockheed XF-90">P-90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_XF-91_Thunderceptor" title="Republic XF-91 Thunderceptor">P-91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convair_XF-92" title="Convair XF-92">P-92</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fighter (1948–1962)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-38_Lightning" title="Lockheed P-38 Lightning">F-38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_P-39_Airacobra" title="Bell P-39 Airacobra">F-39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-40_Warhawk" title="Curtiss P-40 Warhawk">F-40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_P-47_Thunderbolt" title="Republic P-47 Thunderbolt">F-47</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F-51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_P-59_Airacomet" title="Bell P-59 Airacomet">F-59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_P-61_Black_Widow" title="Northrop P-61 Black Widow">F-61</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_F-15_Reporter" title="Northrop F-15 Reporter">RF-61C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_P-63_Kingcobra" title="Bell P-63 Kingcobra">F-63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-80_Shooting_Star" title="Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star">F-80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Vultee_XP-81" title="Consolidated Vultee XP-81">F-81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-82_Twin_Mustang" title="North American F-82 Twin Mustang">F-82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_XP-83" title="Bell XP-83">F-83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_F-84_Thunderjet" title="Republic F-84 Thunderjet">F-84</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_F-84F_Thunderstreak" title="Republic F-84F Thunderstreak">F-84F/J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_XF-84H_Thunderscreech" title="Republic XF-84H Thunderscreech">F-84H</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_XF-85_Goblin" title="McDonnell XF-85 Goblin">F-85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre" title="North American F-86 Sabre">F-86</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_YF-93" title="North American YF-93">F-86C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86D_Sabre" title="North American F-86D Sabre">F-86D/G/K/L</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss-Wright_XF-87_Blackhawk" title="Curtiss-Wright XF-87 Blackhawk">F-87</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_XF-88_Voodoo" title="McDonnell XF-88 Voodoo">F-88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_F-89_Scorpion" title="Northrop F-89 Scorpion">F-89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_XF-90" title="Lockheed XF-90">F-90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_XF-91_Thunderceptor" title="Republic XF-91 Thunderceptor">F-91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convair_XF-92" title="Convair XF-92">F-92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_YF-93" title="North American YF-93">F-93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_F-94_Starfire" title="Lockheed F-94 Starfire">F-94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86D_Sabre" title="North American F-86D Sabre">F-95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_F-84F_Thunderstreak" title="Republic F-84F Thunderstreak">F-96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_F-94_Starfire" title="Lockheed F-94 Starfire">F-97</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIM-4_Falcon" title="AIM-4 Falcon">F-98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIM-10_Bomarc" title="CIM-10 Bomarc">F-99</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-100_Super_Sabre" title="North American F-100 Super Sabre">F-100</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-107" title="North American F-107">F-100B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_F-101_Voodoo" title="McDonnell F-101 Voodoo">F-101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convair_F-102_Delta_Dagger" title="Convair F-102 Delta Dagger">F-102</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convair_F-106_Delta_Dart" title="Convair F-106 Delta Dart">F-102B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_XF-103" title="Republic XF-103">F-103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_F-104_Starfighter" title="Lockheed F-104 Starfighter">F-104</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_XF-104_Starfighter" title="Lockheed XF-104 Starfighter">XF-104</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeritalia_F-104S_Starfighter" title="Aeritalia F-104S Starfighter">F-104S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_NF-104A" title="Lockheed NF-104A">NF-104A</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_F-105_Thunderchief" title="Republic F-105 Thunderchief">F-105</a></li> <li>F-1063 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_XF-84H_Thunderscreech" title="Republic XF-84H Thunderscreech">XF-106</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convair_F-106_Delta_Dart" title="Convair F-106 Delta Dart">F-106</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-107" title="North American F-107">F-107</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_XF-108_Rapier" title="North American XF-108 Rapier">F-108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_D-188A" title="Bell D-188A">F-109</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II" title="McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II">F-110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-111_Aardvark" title="General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark">F-111</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics%E2%80%93Grumman_F-111B" title="General Dynamics–Grumman F-111B">F-111B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-111C" title="General Dynamics F-111C">F-111C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-111K" title="General Dynamics F-111K">F-111K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics%E2%80%93Boeing_AFTI/F-111A_Aardvark" title="General Dynamics–Boeing AFTI/F-111A Aardvark">AFTI/F-111A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics%E2%80%93Grumman_EF-111A_Raven" title="General Dynamics–Grumman EF-111A Raven">EF-111A</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pursuit, biplace</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berliner-Joyce_P-16" title="Berliner-Joyce P-16">PB-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_P-30" title="Consolidated P-30">PB-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_XFM-2" title="Lockheed XFM-2">PB-3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fighter, multiplace</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_YFM-1_Airacuda" title="Bell YFM-1 Airacuda">FM-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_XFM-2" title="Lockheed XFM-2">FM-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-sequential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_SBD_Dauntless" title="Douglas SBD Dauntless">F-24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-38_Lightning" title="Lockheed P-38 Lightning">P-322</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_P-39_Airacobra" title="Bell P-39 Airacobra">P-400</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tri-service sequence (1962–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main sequence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>F-1 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_FJ-2/-3_Fury" title="North American FJ-2/-3 Fury">F-1C/D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_FJ-4_Fury" title="North American FJ-4 Fury">F-1E/F</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_F2H_Banshee" title="McDonnell F2H Banshee">F-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_F3H_Demon" title="McDonnell F3H Demon">F-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II" title="McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II">F-4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_Phantom_in_UK_service" title="McDonnell Douglas Phantom in UK service">F-4K/M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_F-5" title="Northrop F-5">F-5</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_F-20_Tigershark" title="Northrop F-20 Tigershark">G</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_F4D_Skyray" title="Douglas F4D Skyray">F-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convair_F2Y_Sea_Dart" title="Convair F2Y Sea Dart">F-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vought_F-8_Crusader" title="Vought F-8 Crusader">F-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grumman_F9F_Panther" title="Grumman F9F Panther">F-9</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grumman_F-9_Cougar" title="Grumman F-9 Cougar">F-9F–J</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_F3D_Skyknight" title="Douglas F3D Skyknight">F-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grumman_F-11_Tiger" title="Grumman F-11 Tiger">F-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_YF-12" title="Lockheed YF-12">F-12</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_SR-71_Blackbird" title="Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird">F-12C</a>2</li></ul></li> <li>F-131</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grumman_F-14_Tomcat" title="Grumman F-14 Tomcat">F-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-15_Eagle" title="McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle">F-15</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-15E_Strike_Eagle" title="McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle">F-15E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_F-15EX_Eagle_II" title="Boeing F-15EX Eagle II">F-15EX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_F-15J" title="Mitsubishi F-15J">F-15J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-15_STOL/MTD" title="McDonnell Douglas F-15 STOL/MTD">F-15 STOL/MTD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon" title="General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon">F-16</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16XL" title="General Dynamics F-16XL">F-16XL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_X-62_VISTA" title="General Dynamics X-62 VISTA">NF-16D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_YF-17" title="Northrop YF-17">F-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F/A-18_Hornet" title="McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet">F/A-18</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_F/A-18E/F_Super_Hornet" title="Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet">F/A-18E/F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_EA-18G_Growler" title="Boeing EA-18G Growler">EA-18G</a></li></ul></li> <li>F-191</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_F-20_Tigershark" title="Northrop F-20 Tigershark">F-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IAI_Kfir#United_States" title="IAI Kfir">F-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-22_Raptor" title="Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor">F-22</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_YF-22" title="Lockheed YF-22">YF-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_FB-22" title="Lockheed Martin FB-22">FB-22</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_YF-23" title="Northrop YF-23">F-23</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-sequential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II" title="Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II">F-35</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II_Israeli_procurement" title="Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II Israeli procurement">F-35I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_X-35" title="Lockheed Martin X-35">X-35</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_F-117_Nighthawk" title="Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk">F-117</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Covert designations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Have_Doughnut" title="Have Doughnut">YF-110</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-21" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21">YF-110B/D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu_J-7" title="Chengdu J-7">YF-110C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAVE_DRILL" class="mw-redirect" title="HAVE DRILL">YF-113 (I)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-17" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17">YF-113A</a></li></ul></li> <li>YF-113 (II) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-23" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23">YF-113B/D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Have_Privilege" class="mw-redirect" title="Have Privilege">YF-113 (III)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shenyang_J-5" title="Shenyang J-5">YF-113C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAVE_FERRY" class="mw-redirect" title="HAVE FERRY">YF-114</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-17" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17">YF-114C/D</a></li></ul></li> <li>YF-117 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_F-117_Nighthawk" title="Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk">YF-117A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Tacit_Blue" title="Northrop Tacit Blue">YF-117D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Bird_of_Prey" title="Boeing Bird of Prey">YF-118</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related designations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rockwell_XFV-12" title="Rockwell XFV-12">FV-12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1 Not assigned  • 2 Unofficial  • 3 Assigned to multiple types See also: "<a href="/wiki/F-19" title="F-19">F-19</a>"  • <a href="/wiki/Template:USAAS_fighters" title="Template:USAAS fighters">1919–1924 sequence</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_military_reconnaissance_aircraft_designations,_Army/Air_Force_and_1962_Tri-Service_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Template:US reconnaissance aircraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Template talk:US reconnaissance aircraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US reconnaissance aircraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_military_reconnaissance_aircraft_designations,_Army/Air_Force_and_1962_Tri-Service_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">United States military <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">reconnaissance aircraft</a> designations, Army/Air Force and <a href="/wiki/1962_United_States_Tri-Service_aircraft_designation_system" title="1962 United States Tri-Service aircraft designation system">1962 Tri-Service</a> systems</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Army/Air Force main sequence (1930–1962)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prefix F-, 1930–1947</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fairchild_71" title="Fairchild 71">F-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_Model_18" title="Beechcraft Model 18">F-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-20_Havoc" title="Douglas A-20 Havoc">F-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-38_Lightning" title="Lockheed P-38 Lightning">F-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-38_Lightning" title="Lockheed P-38 Lightning">F-5</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_B-24_Liberator" title="Consolidated B-24 Liberator">F-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito" title="De Havilland Mosquito">F-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress_variants#F-9_Flying_Fortress" title="List of Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress variants">F-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell" title="North American B-25 Mitchell">F-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_XF-11" title="Hughes XF-11">F-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_XF-12_Rainbow" title="Republic XF-12 Rainbow">F-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress">F-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-80_Shooting_Star" title="Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star">F-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_F-15_Reporter" title="Northrop F-15 Reporter">F-15</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prefix R-, 1947–1962</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_XF-11" title="Hughes XF-11">R-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_XF-12_Rainbow" title="Republic XF-12 Rainbow">R-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress">R-16</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconnaissance/strike sequence (1960–1962)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_XB-70_Valkyrie" title="North American XB-70 Valkyrie">RS-70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_SR-71_Blackbird" title="Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird">RS-71</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Strategic reconnaissance sequence (1964–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_SR-71_Blackbird" title="Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird">SR-71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_SR-72" title="Lockheed Martin SR-72">SR-72</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tri-Service main sequence (1962–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_U-2" title="Lockheed U-2">R-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconnaissance subtypes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Converted fighters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II" title="McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II">RF-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vought_F-8_Crusader" title="Vought F-8 Crusader">RF-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-80_Shooting_Star" title="Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star">RF-80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_F-101_Voodoo" title="McDonnell F-101 Voodoo">RF-101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_F-104_Starfighter" title="Lockheed F-104 Starfighter">RF-104</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Converted bombers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress_variants" title="List of Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress variants">RB-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress">RB-29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-47_Stratojet" title="Boeing B-47 Stratojet">RB-47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress">RB-52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_B-57_Canberra" title="Martin B-57 Canberra">RB-57</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_RB-57D_Canberra" title="Martin RB-57D Canberra">RB-57D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin/General_Dynamics_RB-57F_Canberra" title="Martin/General Dynamics RB-57F Canberra">RB-57F</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_B-66_Destroyer" title="Douglas B-66 Destroyer">RB-66</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Swedish_military_aircraft_designations_1926–current" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Swedish_military_aircraft_designations" title="Template:Swedish military aircraft designations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Swedish_military_aircraft_designations" title="Template talk:Swedish military aircraft designations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Swedish_military_aircraft_designations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Swedish military aircraft designations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Swedish_military_aircraft_designations_1926–current" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_Sweden" title="List of military aircraft of Sweden">Swedish military aircraft designations</a> 1926–current</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By role</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attack aircraft (<abbr title="''Attackflygplan''">A</abbr>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%B6nix_C.I" title="Phönix C.I">A 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Vampire" title="De Havilland Vampire">A 28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_29_Tunnan" title="Saab 29 Tunnan">A 29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_32_Lansen" title="Saab 32 Lansen">A 32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_36" title="Saab 36">A 36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_37_Viggen" title="Saab 37 Viggen">AJ 37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_38" title="Saab 38">A 38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_JAS_39_Gripen" title="Saab JAS 39 Gripen">JAS 39</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bombers (<abbr title="''Bombflygplan''">B</abbr>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiat_B.R." title="Fiat B.R.">B 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiat_B.R." title="Fiat B.R.">B 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_86" title="Junkers Ju 86">B 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hart" title="Hawker Hart">B 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_A-17" title="Northrop A-17">B 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seversky_A8V" title="Seversky A8V">B 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fokker_G.I" title="Fokker G.I">B 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_17" title="Saab 17">B 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caproni_Ca.313" title="Caproni Ca.313">B 16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_17" title="Saab 17">B 17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_18" title="Saab 18">B 18</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_24&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saab 24 (page does not exist)">B 24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fokker_G.I" title="Fokker G.I">B 26</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Army aeroplanes (<abbr title="''Flygplan''">Fpl</abbr>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piper_PA-18_Super_Cub" title="Piper PA-18 Super Cub">Fpl 51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dornier_Do_27" title="Dornier Do 27">Fpl 53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6_MFI-10_Vipan" title="Malmö MFI-10 Vipan">Fpl 54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Aviation_Bulldog" title="Scottish Aviation Bulldog">Fpl 61</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gliders2 (<abbr title="''Glidflygplan''">G</abbr>/<abbr title="''Lastglidflygplan''">Lg</abbr>/<abbr title="''Segelflygplan''">Se</abbr>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DFS_SG_38_Schulgleiter" title="DFS SG 38 Schulgleiter">G 101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunau_Baby" class="mw-redirect" title="Grunau Baby">Se 102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DFS_Kranich" title="DFS Kranich">Se 103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DFS_Weihe" title="DFS Weihe">Se 104</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AB_Flygindustri_Fi-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AB Flygindustri Fi-3 (page does not exist)">Lg 105</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Helicopter2 (<abbr title="''Helikopter''">Hkp</abbr>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piasecki_H-21" title="Piasecki H-21">Hkp 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale_Alouette_II" title="Aérospatiale Alouette II">Hkp 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_204/205" title="Bell 204/205">Hkp 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Vertol_CH-46_Sea_Knight" title="Boeing Vertol CH-46 Sea Knight">Hkp 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_269" class="mw-redirect" title="Hughes 269">Hkp 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_206" title="Bell 206">HKP 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBB_Bo_105" title="MBB Bo 105">HKP 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocopter_AS332_Super_Puma" title="Eurocopter AS332 Super Puma">HKP 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_412" title="Bell 412">HKP 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHIndustries_NH90" title="NHIndustries NH90">HKP 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW109" title="AgustaWestland AW109">HKP 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_UH-60_Black_Hawk" title="Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk">HKP 16</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fighters (<abbr title="''Jaktflygplan''">J</abbr>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%B6nix_D.I" title="Phönix D.I">J 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nieuport-Delage_NiD_29" title="Nieuport-Delage NiD 29">J 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fokker_C.V" title="Fokker C.V">J 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinkel_HD_19" title="Heinkel HD 19">J 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svenska_Aero_Jaktfalken" title="Svenska Aero Jaktfalken">J 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svenska_Aero_Jaktfalken" title="Svenska Aero Jaktfalken">J 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Bulldog" title="Bristol Bulldog">J 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloster_Gladiator" title="Gloster Gladiator">J 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seversky_P-35" title="Seversky P-35">J 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-66_Vanguard" class="mw-redirect" title="P-66 Vanguard">J 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiat_CR.42_Falco" title="Fiat CR.42 Falco">J 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggiane_Re.2000_Falco_I" title="Reggiane Re.2000 Falco I">J 12</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_19&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saab 19 (page does not exist)">J 19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggiane_Re.2000_Falco_I" title="Reggiane Re.2000 Falco I">J 20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_21" class="mw-redirect" title="Saab 21">J 21</a>/<a href="/wiki/Saab_21R" title="Saab 21R">21R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FFVS_J_22" title="FFVS J 22">J 22</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_23&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saab 23 (page does not exist)">J 23</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_24&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saab 24 (page does not exist)">J 24</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">J 26</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saab 27 (page does not exist)">J 27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Vampire" title="De Havilland Vampire">J 28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_29_Tunnan" title="Saab 29 Tunnan">J 29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito" title="De Havilland Mosquito">J 30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">J 31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_32_Lansen" title="Saab 32 Lansen">J 32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Venom" title="De Havilland Venom">J 33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hunter" title="Hawker Hunter">J 34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_35_Draken" title="Saab 35 Draken">J 35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_37_Viggen" title="Saab 37 Viggen">JA 37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_JAS_39_Gripen" title="Saab JAS 39 Gripen">JAS 39</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advanced trainers (<abbr title="''Övningsflygplan''">Ö</abbr>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FVM_%C3%961_Tummelisa" title="FVM Ö1 Tummelisa">Ö 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albatros_C.I" title="Albatros C.I">Ö 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloster_Grouse" title="Gloster Grouse">Ö 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%B6nix_C.I" title="Phönix C.I">Ö 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%B6nix_C.I" title="Phönix C.I">Ö 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_F.2_Fighter" title="Bristol F.2 Fighter">Ö 6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svenska_Aero_Piraten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Svenska Aero Piraten (page does not exist)">Ö 7</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svenska_Aero_%C3%96vningsfalken&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Svenska Aero Övningsfalken (page does not exist)">Ö 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASJA_L2" title="ASJA L2">Ö 9</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trials aircraft (<abbr title="''Provflygplan''">P</abbr>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparmann_S_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sparmann S 1 (page does not exist)">P 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_44_Stieglitz" title="Focke-Wulf Fw 44 Stieglitz">P 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparmann_E4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sparmann E4 (page does not exist)">P 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieseler_Fi_156_Storch" title="Fieseler Fi 156 Storch">P 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Hampden" title="Handley Page Hampden">P 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_58_Weihe" title="Focke-Wulf Fw 58 Weihe">P 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_17" title="Saab 17">P 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_18" title="Saab 18">P 8</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=ASJA_G.1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ASJA G.1 (page does not exist)">P 8A</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6taverken_GP_8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Götaverken GP 8 (page does not exist)">P 8B</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_19&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saab 19 (page does not exist)">P 9A</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6taverken_GP_9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Götaverken GP 9 (page does not exist)">P 9B</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconnaissance (<abbr title="''Spaningsflygplan''">S</abbr>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CVM_S_21&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CVM S 21 (page does not exist)">S 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinkel_HE_1" title="Heinkel HE 1">S 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinkel_HE_2" title="Heinkel HE 2">S 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinkel_HE_1" title="Heinkel HE 1">S 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinkel_HE_5" title="Heinkel HE 5">S 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fokker_C.V" title="Fokker C.V">S 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hart" title="Hawker Hart">S 7</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ASJA_SA_15&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ASJA SA 15 (page does not exist)">S 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hart" title="Hawker Hart">S 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A9guet_693" title="Bréguet 693">S 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dornier_Do_215" title="Dornier Do 215">S 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_114" title="Heinkel He 114">S 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fokker_G.I" title="Fokker G.I">S 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieseler_Fi_156_Storch" title="Fieseler Fi 156 Storch">S 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_17" title="Saab 17">S 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caproni_Ca.313" title="Caproni Ca.313">S 16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_17" title="Saab 17">S 17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_18" title="Saab 18">S 18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FFVS_J_22" title="FFVS J 22">S 22</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">S 26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_29_Tunnan" title="Saab 29 Tunnan">S 29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">S 31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_32_Lansen" title="Saab 32 Lansen">S 32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_35_Draken" title="Saab 35 Draken">S 35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_37_Viggen" title="Saab 37 Viggen">SF 37/SH 37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_JAS_39_Gripen" title="Saab JAS 39 Gripen">JAS 39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_340_AEW%26C" title="Saab 340 AEW&C">S 100</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trainers (<abbr title="''Skolflygplan''">Sk</abbr>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albatros_B.II" title="Albatros B.II">Sk 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrichshafen_FF.33" title="Friedrichshafen FF.33">Sk 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avro_504" title="Avro 504">Sk 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinkel_HD_24" title="Heinkel HD 24">Sk 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinkel_HD_35" title="Heinkel HD 35">Sk 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinkel_HD_36" title="Heinkel HD 36">Sk 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_DH.60_Moth" title="De Havilland DH.60 Moth">Sk 7</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svenska_Aero_Skolfalken&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Svenska Aero Skolfalken (page does not exist)">Sk 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_DH.60_Moth" title="De Havilland DH.60 Moth">Sk 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raab-Katzenstein_RK-26" title="Raab-Katzenstein RK-26">Sk 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Tiger_Moth" title="De Havilland Tiger Moth">Sk 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_44" class="mw-redirect" title="Focke-Wulf Fw 44">Sk 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_NA-16" title="North American NA-16">Sk 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemm_Kl_35" title="Klemm Kl 35">Sk 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan" title="North American T-6 Texan">Sk 16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCcker_B%C3%BC_181_Bestmann" title="Bücker Bü 181 Bestmann">Sk 25</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_26&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saab 26 (page does not exist)">Sk 26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Vampire" title="De Havilland Vampire">Sk 28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_35_Draken" title="Saab 35 Draken">Sk 35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_38" title="Saab 38">Sk 38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grob_G_120TP" title="Grob G 120TP">Sk 40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_91_Safir" title="Saab 91 Safir">Sk 50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_105" title="Saab 105">Sk 60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Aviation_Bulldog" title="Scottish Aviation Bulldog">Sk 61</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Torpedo bombers (<abbr title="''Torpedflygplan''">T</abbr>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinkel_HD_16" title="Heinkel HD 16">T 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_115" title="Heinkel He 115">T 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caproni_Ca.313" title="Caproni Ca.313">T 16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_18" title="Saab 18">T 18</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transports (<abbr title="''Transportflygplan''">Trp/Tp</abbr>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Junkers_F_13" title="Junkers F 13">Trp 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junkers_W_33" title="Junkers W 33">Trp 2</a>/<a href="/wiki/Junkers_W_34" title="Junkers W 34">2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Dragonfly" title="De Havilland Dragonfly">Trp 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_Model_18" title="Beechcraft Model 18">Trp 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_52" title="Junkers Ju 52">Tp 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairchild_24" title="Fairchild 24">Tp 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Falcon" title="Miles Falcon">Tp 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waco_Standard_Cabin_series" title="Waco Standard Cabin series">Tp 8</a>/<a href="/wiki/Waco_Custom_Cabin_series" title="Waco Custom Cabin series">8A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_86" title="Junkers Ju 86">Tp 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fokker_F.VIII" title="Fokker F.VIII">Tp 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caproni_Ca.313" title="Caproni Ca.313">Tp 16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dornier_Do_24" title="Dornier Do 24">Tp 24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_Model_18" title="Beechcraft Model 18">Tp 45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Dove" title="De Havilland Dove">Tp 46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_PBY_Catalina" title="Consolidated PBY Catalina">Tp 47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Electric_Canberra" title="English Electric Canberra">Tp 52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dornier_Do_27" title="Dornier Do 27">Tp 53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper_PA-31_Navajo" title="Piper PA-31 Navajo">Tp 54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-4_Caribou" title="De Havilland Canada DHC-4 Caribou">Tp 55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noorduyn_Norseman" title="Noorduyn Norseman">Tp 78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain" title="Douglas C-47 Skytrain">Tp 79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avro_Lancaster" title="Avro Lancaster">Tp 80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grumman_G-21_Goose" title="Grumman G-21 Goose">Tp 81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Varsity" title="Vickers Varsity">Tp 82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percival_Pembroke" title="Percival Pembroke">Tp 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_C-130_Hercules" title="Lockheed C-130 Hercules">Tp 84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sud_Aviation_Caravelle" title="Sud Aviation Caravelle">Tp 85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Sabreliner" title="North American Sabreliner">Tp 86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cessna_404_Titan" title="Cessna 404 Titan">Tp 87</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Swearingen_Metroliner" title="Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner">Tp 88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CASA_C-212_Aviocar" title="CASA C-212 Aviocar">Tp 89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_91_Safir" title="Saab 91 Safir">Tp 91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_340" title="Saab 340">Tp 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_Super_King_Air" title="Beechcraft Super King Air">Tp 101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulfstream_IV" title="Gulfstream IV">Tp 102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cessna_Citation_II" title="Cessna Citation II">Tp 103</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post–1940 unified sequence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caproni_Ca.313" title="Caproni Ca.313">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_17" title="Saab 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_18" title="Saab 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_19&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saab 19 (page does not exist)">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggiane_Re.2000_Falco_I" title="Reggiane Re.2000 Falco I">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_21" class="mw-redirect" title="Saab 21">21</a>/<a href="/wiki/Saab_21R" title="Saab 21R">21R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FFVS_J_22" title="FFVS J 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_23&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saab 23 (page does not exist)">23</a></li> <li>241 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_24&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saab 24 (page does not exist)">B/J 24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dornier_Do_24" title="Dornier Do 24">Tp 24</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCcker_B%C3%BC_181_Bestmann" title="Bücker Bü 181 Bestmann">25</a></li> <li>261 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fokker_G.I" title="Fokker G.I">B/S 26</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">J/S 26</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_26&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saab 26 (page does not exist)">Sk 26</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saab 27 (page does not exist)">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Vampire" title="De Havilland Vampire">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_29_Tunnan" title="Saab 29 Tunnan">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito" title="De Havilland Mosquito">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_32_Lansen" title="Saab 32 Lansen">32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Venom" title="De Havilland Venom">33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hunter" title="Hawker Hunter">34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_35_Draken" title="Saab 35 Draken">35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_36" title="Saab 36">36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_37_Viggen" title="Saab 37 Viggen">37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_38" title="Saab 38">38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_JAS_39_Gripen" title="Saab JAS 39 Gripen">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grob_G_120TP" title="Grob G 120TP">40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_Model_18" title="Beechcraft Model 18">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Dove" title="De Havilland Dove">46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_PBY_Catalina" title="Consolidated PBY Catalina">47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_91_Safir" title="Saab 91 Safir">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper_PA-18_Super_Cub" title="Piper PA-18 Super Cub">51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Electric_Canberra" title="English Electric Canberra">52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dornier_Do_27" title="Dornier Do 27">53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6_MFI-10_Vipan" title="Malmö MFI-10 Vipan">54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-4_Caribou" title="De Havilland Canada DHC-4 Caribou">55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_105" title="Saab 105">60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Aviation_Bulldog" title="Scottish Aviation Bulldog">61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noorduyn_Norseman" title="Noorduyn Norseman">78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain" title="Douglas C-47 Skytrain">79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avro_Lancaster" title="Avro Lancaster">80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grumman_G-21_Goose" title="Grumman G-21 Goose">81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Varsity" title="Vickers Varsity">82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percival_Pembroke" title="Percival Pembroke">83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_C-130_Hercules" title="Lockheed C-130 Hercules">84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sud_Aviation_Caravelle" title="Sud Aviation Caravelle">85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Sabreliner" title="North American Sabreliner">86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cessna_404_Titan" title="Cessna 404 Titan">Tp 87</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Swearingen_Metroliner" title="Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner">88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CASA_C-212_Aviocar" title="CASA C-212 Aviocar">89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_91_Safir" title="Saab 91 Safir">91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_340" title="Saab 340">100</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saab_340_AEW%26C" title="Saab 340 AEW&C">S 100</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_Super_King_Air" title="Beechcraft Super King Air">101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulfstream_IV" title="Gulfstream IV">102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cessna_Citation_II" title="Cessna Citation II">103</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics Pre-unification designations  • 1 Assigned to multiple types  • 2 Not unified with main sequence</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tuskegee_Airmen" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tuskegee_Airmen" title="Template:Tuskegee Airmen"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tuskegee_Airmen" title="Template talk:Tuskegee Airmen"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tuskegee_Airmen" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tuskegee Airmen"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tuskegee_Airmen" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_Airmen" title="Tuskegee Airmen">Tuskegee Airmen</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/99th_Fighter_Squadron" class="mw-redirect" title="99th Fighter Squadron">99th Fighter Squadron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/100th_Fighter_Squadron" title="100th Fighter Squadron">100th Fighter Squadron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/301st_Fighter_Squadron" title="301st Fighter Squadron">301st Fighter Squadron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/302nd_Fighter_Squadron_(United_States)" title="302nd Fighter Squadron (United States)">302nd Fighter Squadron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/332d_Fighter_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="332d Fighter Group">332d Fighter Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/477th_Fighter_Group" title="477th Fighter Group">477th Bomber Group</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Shield_of_the_332nd_Fighter_Group.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shield of the 332nd Fighter Group"><img alt="An insignia with a dark four-legged feline breathing fire on a yellow background. There is a blue artistic border at the top and bottom. Below a banner reads "Spit fire"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Shield_of_the_332nd_Fighter_Group.svg/100px-Shield_of_the_332nd_Fighter_Group.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Shield_of_the_332nd_Fighter_Group.svg/150px-Shield_of_the_332nd_Fighter_Group.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Shield_of_the_332nd_Fighter_Group.svg/200px-Shield_of_the_332nd_Fighter_Group.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="401" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Air fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chanute_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanute Field">Chanute Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mather_Air_Force_Base" title="Mather Air Force Base">Mather Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moton_Army_Air_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Moton Army Air Field">Moton Army Air Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wurtsmith_Air_Force_Base" title="Wurtsmith Air Force Base">Oscoda Army Air Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selfridge_Air_National_Guard_Base" title="Selfridge Air National Guard Base">Selfridge Air Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_Army_Air_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuskegee Army Air Field">Tuskegee Army Air Field</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pilots and crew</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Adams_(pilot)" title="Paul Adams (pilot)">Paul Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_H._Adkins" title="Rutherford H. Adkins">Rutherford H. Adkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halbert_Alexander" title="Halbert Alexander">Halbert Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_N._Alsbrook" title="William N. Alsbrook">William N. Alsbrooka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Armstrong_(Tuskegee_Airman)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Armstrong (Tuskegee Airman)">William Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Archer_(pilot)" title="Lee Archer (pilot)">Lee Archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ashby_(Tuskegee_Airman)" title="Robert Ashby (Tuskegee Airman)">Robert Ashby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Ashley" title="Willie Ashley">Willie Ashley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_P._Bailey_(pilot)" title="Charles P. Bailey (pilot)">Charles P. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bartley_(pilot)" title="William Bartley (pilot)">William Bartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baugh" title="Howard Baugh">Howard Baugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Bohler" title="Henry Cabot Lodge Bohler">Henry Cabot Lodge Bohler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_R._Bolling" title="George R. Bolling">George R. Bolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_V._Clark" title="Herbert V. Clark">Herbert V. Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_C._Coggs" title="Granville C. Coggs">Granville C. Coggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Crockett" title="Woodrow Crockett">Woodrow Crockett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Brown_(Tuskegee_Airman)" title="Harold Brown (Tuskegee Airman)">Harold Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_L._Brown" title="George L. Brown">George L. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Roscoe Brown">Roscoe Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Campbell_(Tuskegee_Airman)" title="William A. Campbell (Tuskegee Airman)">William A. Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Carter_(pilot)" title="Herbert Carter (pilot)">Herbert Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Calvin_Cheatham_Jr." title="Eugene Calvin Cheatham Jr.">Eugene Calvin Cheatham Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Crenchaw" title="Milton Crenchaw">Milton Crenchaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemuel_R._Custis" title="Lemuel R. Custis">Lemuel R. Custis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Dart" title="Clarence Dart">Clarence Dart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonza_W._Davis" title="Alfonza W. Davis">Alfonza W. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_O._Davis_Jr." title="Benjamin O. Davis Jr.">Benjamin O. Davis Jr.</a> (C/O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_DeBow" title="Charles DeBow">Charles DeBow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Deiz" title="Robert W. Deiz">Robert W. Deiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Derricotte" title="Gene Derricotte">Gene Derricotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Dickson" title="Lawrence Dickson">Lawrence Dickson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elwood_T._Driver" title="Elwood T. Driver">Elwood T. Driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Dryden" title="Charles W. Dryden">Charles W. Dryden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_V._Eagleson" title="Wilson V. Eagleson">Wilson V. Eagleson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ellis_Edwards" title="John Ellis Edwards">John Ellis Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Elsberry" title="Joseph Elsberry">Joseph Elsberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Cassagnol" title="Raymond Cassagnol">Raymond Cassagnol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clayton_Flowers" title="James Clayton Flowers">James Clayton Flowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Freeman" title="Julius Freeman">Julius Freeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Friend_(pilot)" title="Robert Friend (pilot)">Robert Friend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_H._Fuller" title="Willie H. Fuller">Willie H. Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Gleed" title="Edward C. Gleed">Edward C. Gleed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gomer_(pilot)" title="Joseph Gomer (pilot)">Joseph Gomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Gorham" title="Alfred Gorham">Alfred Gorham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Goodall" title="Oliver Goodall">Oliver Goodall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_B._Hall" title="Charles B. Hall">Charles B. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_V._Haywood" title="Vernon V. Haywood">Vernon V. Haywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hardy_(Tuskegee_Airman)" title="George Hardy (Tuskegee Airman)">George Hardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_V._Haysbert" title="Raymond V. Haysbert">Raymond V. Haysbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Heath" title="Percy Heath">Percy Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Higginbotham" title="Mitchell Higginbotham">Mitchell Higginbotham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_James_Jr." title="Daniel James Jr.">Daniel "Chappie" James Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_C._Jamison" title="Clarence C. Jamison">Clarence C. Jamison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jefferson" title="Alexander Jefferson">Alexander Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_C._Johnson" title="Carl C. Johnson">Carl C. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Harvey" title="James H. Harvey">James H. Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lee_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="William Lee Hill">William Lee Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Hudson" title="Lincoln Hudson">Lincoln Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Holloman" title="William H. Holloman">William H. Holloman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Iles" title="George J. Iles">George J. Iles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Johnson_Kelly" title="James Johnson Kelly">James Johnson Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Knighten" title="James B. Knighten">James B. Knighten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_L._Knox_II" title="George L. Knox II">George L. Knox II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_A._Lawson" title="Herman A. Lawson">Herman A. Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_I._Lawson" title="Walter I. Lawson">Walter I. Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_D._Lester" title="Clarence D. Lester">Clarence D. Lester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmore_B._Leonard" title="Wilmore B. Leonard">Wilmore B. Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lyle_(pilot)" title="John Lyle (pilot)">John Lyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Mann" title="Hiram Mann">Hiram Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Manning" title="Walter Manning">Walter Manning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Martin_(aviator)" title="Robert Martin (aviator)">Robert Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armour_G._McDaniel" title="Armour G. McDaniel">Armour G. McDaniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_McGee_(pilot)" title="Charles McGee (pilot)">Charles McGee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_L._McCreary" title="Walter L. McCreary">Walter L. McCreary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mosley" title="John Mosley">John Mosley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitzroy_Newsum" title="Fitzroy Newsum">Fitzroy Newsum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O._Plinton_Jr." title="James O. Plinton Jr.">James O. Plinton Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_O._Pruitt" title="Wendell O. Pruitt">Wendell O. Pruitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Purnell" title="Louis Purnell">Louis R. Purnell Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_D._Rice" title="Price D. Rice">Price D. Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_E._Roberts" title="Lawrence E. Roberts">Lawrence E. Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Roberts" title="George S. Roberts">George S. Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_C._Robinson" title="Curtis C. Robinson">Curtis C. Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Edward_Robinson_Jr." title="Isaiah Edward Robinson Jr.">Isaiah Edward Robinson Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Rogers_Sr." title="John W. Rogers Sr.">John W. Rogers Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Ross" title="Mac Ross">Mac Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Searcy" title="Robert Searcy">Robert Searcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Showell" title="David Showell">David Showell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmeth_Sidat-Singh" title="Wilmeth Sidat-Singh">Wilmeth Sidat-Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Smith_(pilot)" title="Graham Smith (pilot)">Graham Smith (pilot)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Smith_(aviator)" title="Eugene Smith (aviator)">Eugene Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_J._Spann" title="Calvin J. Spann">Calvin J. Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Sport" title="Vernon Sport">Vernon Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowell_Steward" title="Lowell Steward">Lowell Steward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Stewart,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Stewart, Jr.">Harry Stewart, Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Stone" title="Chuck Stone">Charles "Chuck" Stone Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Sutton" title="Percy Sutton">Percy Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alva_Temple" title="Alva Temple">Alva Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Terry" title="Roger Terry">Roger Terry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Theus" title="Lucius Theus">Lucius Theus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Toppins" title="Edward L. Toppins">Edward L. Toppins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Tresville" title="Robert B. Tresville">Robert B. Tresville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_D._Turner" title="Andrew D. Turner">Andrew D. Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Alonzo_Walker" title="James Alonzo Walker">James A. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spann_Watson" title="Spann Watson">Spann Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_J._Weathers" title="Luke J. Weathers">Luke J. Weathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_W._White" title="Sherman W. White">Sherman W. White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_T._Wiley" title="James T. Wiley">James T. Wiley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal_Whitfield" title="Mal Whitfield">Malvin "Mal" Whitfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Lawton_Wilkerson" title="Oscar Lawton Wilkerson">Oscar Lawton Wilkerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yancey_Williams" title="Yancey Williams">Yancey Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeo_M._Williams" title="Romeo M. Williams">Romeo M. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wise_Jr." title="Henry Wise Jr.">Henry Wise Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coleman_Young" title="Coleman Young">Coleman Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Freeman_Field_mutiny" title="Freeman Field mutiny">Freeman Field mutiny</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Aircraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_P-39_Airacobra" title="Bell P-39 Airacobra">Bell P-39 Airacobra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-40_Warhawk" title="Curtiss P-40 Warhawk">Curtiss P-40 Warhawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell" title="North American B-25 Mitchell">North American B-25 Mitchell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North American P-51 Mustang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_P-47_Thunderbolt" title="Republic P-47 Thunderbolt">Republic P-47 Thunderbolt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Fictional films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Tuskegee_Airmen" title="The Tuskegee Airmen">The Tuskegee Airmen</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hart%27s_War" title="Hart's War">Hart's War</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tails" title="Red Tails">Red Tails</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Red_Tail" title="Flight of the Red Tail">Flight of the Red Tail</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tail_Reborn" title="Red Tail Reborn">Red Tail Reborn</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wings_for_This_Man" title="Wings for This Man">Wings for This Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fly_(play)" title="Fly (play)">Fly</a> (play)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Browne,_Farmer" title="Henry Browne, Farmer">Henry Browne, Farmer</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Wingmen_(The_Boondocks)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wingmen (The Boondocks)">Wingmen</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing%E2%80%93Saab_T-7_Red_Hawk" title="Boeing–Saab T-7 Red Hawk">Boeing–Saab T-7 Red Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tail_Squadron" title="Red Tail Squadron">Red Tail Squadron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_University" title="Tuskegee University">Tuskegee University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_Airmen_National_Historic_Site" title="Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site">Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Edwards_Jr." title="Leslie Edwards Jr.">Leslie Edwards Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_DeFour" title="Wilfred DeFour">Wilfred DeFour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maycie_Herrington" title="Maycie Herrington">Maycie Herrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buford_A._Johnson" title="Buford A. Johnson">Buford A. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ellis_(Tuskegee_Airman)" title="Thomas Ellis (Tuskegee Airman)">Thomas Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Johnson_(Tuskegee_Airman)" title="Theodore Johnson (Tuskegee Airman)">Theodore Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_F._Parrish" title="Noel F. Parrish">Noel F. Parrish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_P._Reed" title="Wallace P. Reed">Wallace P. Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Rogers_(Tuskegee)" title="Willie Rogers (Tuskegee)">Willie Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Franklin_Vaughns" title="Thomas Franklin Vaughns">Thomas Franklin Vaughns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans">African American military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Soldier" title="Buffalo Soldier">Buffalo Soldier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Thirteen" title="Golden Thirteen">Golden Thirteen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/366th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="366th Infantry Regiment (United States)">366th Infantry Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/761st_Tank_Battalion_(United_States)" title="761st Tank Battalion (United States)">U.S. Army Black Panthers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Colored_Troops" title="United States Colored Troops">United States Colored Troops</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Tuskegee_Airmen" title="Category:Tuskegee Airmen">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/16px-Aviacionavion.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/24px-Aviacionavion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/32px-Aviacionavion.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Aviation" title="Portal:Aviation">aviation portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks 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