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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Operational history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operational_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Operational history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Operational_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Commonwealth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Commonwealth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>British Commonwealth</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pacific" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pacific"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Pacific</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pacific-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_and_Mediterranean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_and_Mediterranean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.2</span> <span>Europe and Mediterranean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_and_Mediterranean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Variants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Operators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surviving_aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surviving_aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Surviving aircraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surviving_aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specifications_(A-20G-20-DO)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specifications_(A-20G-20-DO)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Specifications (A-20G-20-DO)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specifications_(A-20G-20-DO)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_appearances_in_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_appearances_in_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable appearances in media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_appearances_in_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DB-7" title="Douglas DB-7 – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Douglas DB-7" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%87-20_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%88%D9%83" title="دوغلاس ايه-20 هافوك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دوغلاس ايه-20 هافوك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_A-20_Havoc" title="Douglas A-20 Havoc – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Douglas A-20 Havoc" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_A-20_Havoc" title="Douglas A-20 Havoc – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Douglas A-20 Havoc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_A-20" title="Douglas A-20 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Douglas A-20" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_A-20" title="Douglas A-20 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Douglas A-20" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_A-20_Havoc" title="Douglas A-20 Havoc – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Douglas A-20 Havoc" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A7%DB%8C-%DB%B2%DB%B0_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9" title="داگلاس ای-۲۰ هاوک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="داگلاس ای-۲۰ هاوک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_A-20_Havoc" title="Douglas A-20 Havoc – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Douglas A-20 Havoc" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_A-20_Havoc" title="Douglas A-20 Havoc – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Douglas A-20 Havoc" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_A-20_Havoc" title="Douglas A-20 Havoc – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Douglas A-20 Havoc" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_A-20_Havoc" title="Douglas A-20 Havoc – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Douglas A-20 Havoc" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_A-20_Havoc/Boston" title="Douglas A-20 Havoc/Boston – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Douglas A-20 Havoc/Boston" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%90%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%A1_A-20_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A7" title="דאגלס A-20 האבוק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דאגלס A-20 האבוק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%E2%80%9320_Havoc" title="A–20 Havoc – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A–20 Havoc" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-20_Havoc" title="A-20 Havoc – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="A-20 Havoc" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-20_(%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E6%A9%9F)" title="A-20 (航空機) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="A-20 (航空機)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_P-70" title="Douglas P-70 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Douglas P-70" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DB-7" title="Douglas DB-7 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Douglas DB-7" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_A-20" title="Douglas A-20 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Douglas A-20" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-20_Havoc" title="A-20 Havoc – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="A-20 Havoc" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_A-20_Havoc" title="Douglas A-20 Havoc – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Douglas A-20 Havoc" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_A-20" title="Douglas A-20 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Douglas A-20" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_A-20_Havoc" title="Douglas A-20 Havoc – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Douglas A-20 Havoc" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%90-20" title="Даглас А-20 – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Даглас А-20" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_A-20_Havoc" title="Douglas A-20 Havoc – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Douglas A-20 Havoc" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_A-20_Havoc" title="Douglas A-20 Havoc – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Douglas A-20 Havoc" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_A-20_Havoc" title="Douglas A-20 Havoc – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Douglas A-20 Havoc" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_A-20_Havoc" title="Douglas A-20 Havoc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Douglas A-20 Havoc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-20%E6%B5%A9%E5%8A%AB%E6%94%BB%E6%93%8A%E6%A9%9F" title="A-20浩劫攻擊機 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="A-20浩劫攻擊機" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q939344#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-20_Havoc" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American light bomber and attack aircraft of World War II</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248642317">.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .infobox-above{line-height:1.6em;background-color:#eee}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .infobox-header{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;line-height:23px;background-color:#eee}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft-caption-left .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft-caption-left .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft-caption-left .infobox-label{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .infobox-label{width:30%;padding-right:3px}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .infobox-data{width:50%}}</style><table class="infobox ib-aircraft vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">A-20 Havoc <br /> DB-7/Boston/P-70</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Douglas_A-20G_Havoc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Douglas_A-20G_Havoc.jpg/300px-Douglas_A-20G_Havoc.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Douglas_A-20G_Havoc.jpg/450px-Douglas_A-20G_Havoc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Douglas_A-20G_Havoc.jpg/600px-Douglas_A-20G_Havoc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1095" /></a></span> <div class="ib-aircraft-caption">A-20G of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medium_bomber" title="Medium bomber">Medium bomber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_aircraft" title="Attack aircraft">Attack aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_fighter" title="Night fighter">Night fighter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">National origin</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_manufacturer" title="Aerospace manufacturer">Manufacturer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Aircraft_Company" title="Douglas Aircraft Company">Douglas Aircraft Company</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Primary users</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a><div> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Air Force">Soviet Air Force</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/French_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="French Air Force">French Air Force</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number built</th><td class="infobox-data">7,478</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufactured</th><td class="infobox-data">1939–1944</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduction date</th><td class="infobox-data">10 January 1941</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First flight</th><td class="infobox-data">23 January 1939</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Retired</th><td class="infobox-data">(USAF) 1949</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Douglas A-20 Havoc</b> (company designation <b>DB-7</b>) is an American <a href="/wiki/Light_bomber" title="Light bomber">light bomber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attack_aircraft" title="Attack aircraft">attack aircraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intruder_(air_combat)" title="Intruder (air combat)">night intruder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Night_fighter" title="Night fighter">night fighter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">reconnaissance aircraft</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. </p><p>Designed to meet an Army Air Corps requirement for a bomber, it was ordered by France for their air force before the USAAC decided it would also meet their requirements. French DB-7s were the first to see combat; after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of France">fall of France</a>, the bomber served with the Royal Air Force under the <a href="/wiki/British_military_aircraft_designation_systems#Names" title="British military aircraft designation systems">service name</a> <b>Boston</b>. From 1941, night fighter and <a href="/wiki/Intruder_(air_combat)" title="Intruder (air combat)">intruder</a> versions were given the service name <b>Havoc</b>. In 1942 USAAF A-20s saw combat in North Africa. </p><p>It served with several <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> air forces, principally the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a> (USAAF), the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces" title="Soviet Air Forces">Soviet Air Forces</a> (<i>VVS</i>), <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Naval_Aviation" title="Soviet Naval Aviation">Soviet Naval Aviation</a> (<i>AVMF</i>), and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> (RAF) of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. A total of 7,478 aircraft were built, of which more than a third served with Soviet units. It was also used by the air forces of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> during the war, and by <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In most <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">British Commonwealth</a> air forces, the bomber variants were known as Boston, while the night fighter and intruder variants were named Havoc. The exception was the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">Royal Australian Air Force</a>, which used the name Boston for all variants.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The USAAF used the <b>P-70</b> designation to refer to the night fighter variants. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_and_development">Design and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_A-20_Havoc&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Design and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 1936, a design team headed by <a href="/wiki/Donald_Wills_Douglas,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Wills Douglas, Sr.">Donald Douglas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Northrop" title="Jack Northrop">Jack Northrop</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ed_Heinemann" title="Ed Heinemann">Ed Heinemann</a> produced a proposal for a bomber-reconnaissance aircraft powered by a pair of 450 hp (340 kW) <a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_R-985_Wasp_Junior" title="Pratt & Whitney R-985 Wasp Junior">Pratt & Whitney R-985 Wasp Junior</a> 9-cylinder <a href="/wiki/Radial_engine" title="Radial engine">radial engines</a> mounted on a <a href="/wiki/Shoulder_wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoulder wing">shoulder wing</a>. It was estimated to be capable of 250 mph (400 km/h) with a 680 lb (310 kg) bomb load.<sup id="cite_ref-Frnc_p281_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frnc_p281-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reports of aircraft performance from the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> indicated that this design would be seriously underpowered, and it was canceled.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Douglas_A-20A_-_Wright_R-2600-3_Engines_(00910460_206).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Douglas_A-20A_-_Wright_R-2600-3_Engines_%2800910460_206%29.jpg/220px-Douglas_A-20A_-_Wright_R-2600-3_Engines_%2800910460_206%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Douglas_A-20A_-_Wright_R-2600-3_Engines_%2800910460_206%29.jpg/330px-Douglas_A-20A_-_Wright_R-2600-3_Engines_%2800910460_206%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Douglas_A-20A_-_Wright_R-2600-3_Engines_%2800910460_206%29.jpg/440px-Douglas_A-20A_-_Wright_R-2600-3_Engines_%2800910460_206%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1159" /></a><figcaption>A-20A</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1937, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps" title="United States Army Air Corps">United States Army Air Corps</a> (USAAC) issued a new specification for an attack aircraft. To meet this requirement, the Douglas team, now headed by Heinemann, developed the <b>Model 7B</b>, with a similar layout to the 7A, but was powered by 1,100 hp (820 kW) <a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_R-1830_Twin_Wasp" title="Pratt & Whitney R-1830 Twin Wasp">Pratt & Whitney R-1830-S3C3-G Twin Wasp</a> 14-cylinder engines, and carried a bombload of up to 2,000 lb (910 kg). It faced competition from the <a href="/wiki/North_American_NA-40" title="North American NA-40">North American NA-40</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stearman_XA-21" title="Stearman XA-21">Stearman X-100</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Maryland" title="Martin Maryland">Martin 167F</a>, and an unbuilt design from <a href="/wiki/Bell_Aircraft" title="Bell Aircraft">Bell Aircraft</a>, the Model 9. The Air Corps invited all five companies to build prototypes at their own expense and to submit sealed bids for production of their aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-AE36_p26-7_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AE36_p26-7-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The prototype Model 7B made its first flight on 26 October 1938. The model attracted the attention of a French Purchasing Commission visiting the United States. The French discreetly participated in the flight trials, so as not to attract criticism from <a href="/wiki/United_States_non-interventionism#Non-interventionism_shortly_before_World_War_II" title="United States non-interventionism">American isolationists</a>. The Model 7B crashed on 23 January 1939 while demonstrating single-engine performance, killing the test pilot and seriously injuring a French observer aboard the aircraft. The presence of a foreigner on a test flight for an aircraft still under development caused a scandal in the press. Despite the crash, the French were impressed enough to place an order for 100 production aircraft on 15 February 1939, following this up with an order for 170 more in October 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-Frnc_p283_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frnc_p283-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AE36_p25,7_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AE36_p25,7-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of the French order, Heinemann carried out another major redesign of the aircraft. While the design's wings were largely unchanged, the revised design had a new deeper but narrower <a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">fuselage</a>, which accommodated a crew of three - a pilot, bombardier and a gunner. The wing was mounted lower than on the Model 7B, while the engines, 1,000 hp (750 kW) R-1830-SC3-Gs, were mounted in nacelles slung under the wings.<sup id="cite_ref-Frnc_p283_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frnc_p283-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AE36_p25,7_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AE36_p25,7-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Normal bombload was 1,410 lb (640 kg), or 1,800 lb (800 kg) in overload conditions, with a defensive armament of single 7.5mm <a href="/wiki/MAC_1934" title="MAC 1934">MAC 1934</a> machine guns in dorsal and ventral mounts and four fixed forward-firing guns in the nose.<sup id="cite_ref-Frnc_p284,07_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frnc_p284,07-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The revised aircraft, the DB-7, first flew on 17 August 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-Frnc_p284_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frnc_p284-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1939, the USAAC decided that the new bomber was best placed to meet its requirements for an attack bomber, which had been updated in 1938 from those that gave rise to the Model 7B, and in June 1939, it ordered 186 aircraft powered by <a href="/wiki/Wright_R-2600_Twin_Cyclone" title="Wright R-2600 Twin Cyclone">Wright R-2600 Twin Cyclone</a> engines, under the designations A-20 and A-20A (with the A-20s having 1,700 hp (1,300 kW) turbosupercharged R-2600-7 engines and the A-20As having 1,600 hp (1,200 kW) supercharged<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> R-2600-3 or -11 engines). These had a larger vertical tail to cope with the increased power of the Wright engines, had a longer nose to give more room for the bombardier/navigator, and carried more fuel.<sup id="cite_ref-AE36_p27-8_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AE36_p27-8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> R-2600 powered aircraft also proved popular for export, with France ordering 100 DB-7As powered by the R-2600 but with the short nose of the DB-7 in October 1939, and 480 long-nosed DB-73s, equivalent to the A-20A, in April 1940 and Britain ordering 300 DB-7Bs, again equivalent to the A-20A in February and April 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-AE36_p27-8_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AE36_p27-8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a report to the British <a href="/wiki/Aeroplane_and_Armament_Experimental_Establishment" title="Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment">Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment</a> (AAEE) at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Boscombe_Down" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF Boscombe Down">RAF Boscombe Down</a>, test pilots summed it up as: "has no vices and is very easy to take off and land ... The aeroplane represents a definite advantage in the design of flying controls ... extremely pleasant to fly and manoeuvre."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ex-pilots often consider it their favorite aircraft of the war due to the ability to toss it around like a fighter.<sup id="cite_ref-Winchester_p._72._13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winchester_p._72.-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Douglas bomber/night fighter was found to be extremely adaptable and found a role in every combat theater of the war, and excelled as a true "pilot's aeroplane".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When DB-7 series production finally ended on 20 September 1944, a total of 7,098 had been built by Douglas<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a further 380 by <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>. Douglas redesigned its <a href="/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California" title="Santa Monica, California">Santa Monica</a> plant to create a mechanized production line to produce A-20 Havocs. The assembly line was over a mile long (6,100 feet), but by looping back and forth, fitted into a building that was only 700 feet long. Man-hours were reduced by 50% for some operations while production tripled.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operational_history">Operational history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_A-20_Havoc&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Operational history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_A-20_Havoc&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The French order called for substantial modifications to meet French standards, resulting in the <b>DB-7</b> (Douglas Bomber 7) variant. It had a narrower, deeper <a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">fuselage</a>, 1,000 hp (750 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-1830-SC3-G radials, French-built guns, and metric instruments. Midway through the delivery phase, engines were switched to 1,100 hp (820 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-1830-S3C4-G. The French designation was <b>DB-7 B-3</b> (the B-3 signifying "three-seat bomber"). </p><p>DB-7s began to be delivered from Douglas's <a href="/wiki/El_Segundo,_California" title="El Segundo, California">El Segundo, California</a> production line on 31 October 1939, and the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Cash_and_carry_(World_War_II)" title="Cash and carry (World War II)">"Cash and Carry" act</a> on 4 November 1939 allowed the aircraft to be handed over in the United States to the French, who would then be responsible for delivering the aircraft. The DB-7s were shipped to <a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a> in <a href="/wiki/French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">French North Africa</a> where they were reassembled and tested before being handed over to operational units of the <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arm%C3%A9e_de_l%27Air_(1909%E2%80%931942)" title="History of the Armée de l'Air (1909–1942)">Armée de l'Air</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frnc_p284,97_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frnc_p284,97-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AE36_p29_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AE36_p29-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Germans <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">attacked France and the Low Countries</a> on 10 May 1940, about 70 DB-7s had reached North Africa, equipping three <i><a href="/wiki/Escadrille" class="mw-redirect" title="Escadrille">Escadrilles</a></i> (squadrons), which were transferred from Africa to the French mainland in response to the German attack. They flew about 70 <a href="/wiki/Sortie" title="Sortie">sorties</a> against the advancing Germans during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a>, with at least eight aircraft being lost, but before the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_22_June_1940" title="Armistice of 22 June 1940">armistice</a> surviving aircraft were evacuated to North Africa to avoid capture.<sup id="cite_ref-AE36_p29_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AE36_p29-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here, they came under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy government</a> and briefly engaged the Allies during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a>, the Allied invasion of French North Africa in November 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-AE36_p29_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AE36_p29-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After French forces in North Africa had joined the Allies, DB-7s were used as trainers and were replaced in front line escadrilles with <a href="/wiki/Martin_B-26_Marauder" title="Martin B-26 Marauder">Martin B-26 Marauders</a>. Free French squadron <a href="/wiki/No._342_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 342 Squadron RAF">I/120 <i>Lorraine</i></a>, under RAF control, was based in England and re-equipped in 1943 with Boston IIIAs, later with Boston IVs. It was part of <a href="/wiki/No._2_Group_RAF" title="No. 2 Group RAF">No. 2 Group RAF</a> and then the <a href="/wiki/RAF_Second_Tactical_Air_Force" title="RAF Second Tactical Air Force">Second Tactical Air Force</a> and carried out numerous raids against targets in mainland Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Frnc_p297_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frnc_p297-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 1944 to early 1945, a few surviving ex-French DB-7s were moved to mainland France, where they saw action against the remaining isolated <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_pockets" title="Atlantic pockets">German pockets on the western coast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frnc_p297_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frnc_p297-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Commonwealth">British Commonwealth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_A-20_Havoc&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: British Commonwealth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bombing_up_SAAF_Boston_Libya_June_1942_AWM_MED0450.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Bombing_up_SAAF_Boston_Libya_June_1942_AWM_MED0450.jpg/220px-Bombing_up_SAAF_Boston_Libya_June_1942_AWM_MED0450.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Bombing_up_SAAF_Boston_Libya_June_1942_AWM_MED0450.jpg/330px-Bombing_up_SAAF_Boston_Libya_June_1942_AWM_MED0450.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Bombing_up_SAAF_Boston_Libya_June_1942_AWM_MED0450.jpg/440px-Bombing_up_SAAF_Boston_Libya_June_1942_AWM_MED0450.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="362" /></a><figcaption>Douglas Boston Mk III bomber of <a href="/wiki/24_Squadron_SAAF" title="24 Squadron SAAF">24 Squadron</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_African_Air_Force" title="South African Air Force">South African Air Force</a>, in Libya during the <a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">Western Desert campaign</a> in June 1942.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of France">Fall of France</a>, there were still a substantial number of DB-7s which had not yet been delivered to the <i>Armée de l'Air.</i> The remainder of the order which was to have been delivered to France was instead taken up by the UK via the <a href="/wiki/British_Purchasing_Commission" title="British Purchasing Commission">British Purchasing Commission</a>. In the course of the war, 24 squadrons operated the Boston in Britain, the Mediterranean and North Africa.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The French had originally intended to use the DB-7 as a short-range tactical attack aircraft, but its range was too short for the RAF to be able to use them as light bombers against German targets in Europe. The RAF was in desperate need of any aircraft suitable for night fighting and intruder duties. The type saw its first operations with the RAF in early 1941, when 181 Boston Mk IIs began to be flown as <a href="/wiki/Night_fighter" title="Night fighter">night fighters</a> and intruders.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were two basic versions of the Havoc I, an Intruder version (glazed nose, five 0.30-inch machine guns and 2,400 pounds of bombs) and a Night Fighter version (<a href="/wiki/AI_Mark_IV_radar" title="AI Mark IV radar">AI Mk.IV radar</a> and eight 0.30-inch machine guns). </p><p>Some Havocs were converted to <a href="/wiki/Turbinlite" title="Turbinlite">Turbinlite</a> aircraft which replaced the nose position with a powerful searchlight. The Turbinlite aircraft would be brought onto a hostile aircraft by <a href="/wiki/Ground-controlled_interception" title="Ground-controlled interception">ground radar control</a>. The onboard radar operator would then direct the pilot until he could illuminate the enemy. At that point a <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane" title="Hawker Hurricane">Hawker Hurricane</a> fighter accompanying the Turbinlite aircraft would make the attack.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Turbinlite squadrons were disbanded in early 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All the French DB-7As, an improved DB-7 version, were delivered to the RAF, where they were given the name Havoc II and converted to night fighters. Eventually the British Purchasing Commission ordered a British version as the DB-7B and the RAF named it Boston III. The Boston III was the first to operate with the RAF as a light bomber. They were supplied to squadrons in the United Kingdom and Middle East (later moved to bases in Italy) replacing <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Blenheim" title="Bristol Blenheim">Bristol Blenheims</a>. Their first raid took place in February 1942. Many Boston IIIs were modified to Turbinlite or Intruder planes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_A-20_Havoc&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:American_mechanic_on_Douglas_A-20_before_delivery_to_Russia,_somewhere_in_Iran,_1943_(27372406451).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/American_mechanic_on_Douglas_A-20_before_delivery_to_Russia%2C_somewhere_in_Iran%2C_1943_%2827372406451%29.jpg/220px-American_mechanic_on_Douglas_A-20_before_delivery_to_Russia%2C_somewhere_in_Iran%2C_1943_%2827372406451%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/American_mechanic_on_Douglas_A-20_before_delivery_to_Russia%2C_somewhere_in_Iran%2C_1943_%2827372406451%29.jpg/330px-American_mechanic_on_Douglas_A-20_before_delivery_to_Russia%2C_somewhere_in_Iran%2C_1943_%2827372406451%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/American_mechanic_on_Douglas_A-20_before_delivery_to_Russia%2C_somewhere_in_Iran%2C_1943_%2827372406451%29.jpg/440px-American_mechanic_on_Douglas_A-20_before_delivery_to_Russia%2C_somewhere_in_Iran%2C_1943_%2827372406451%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2789" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>In Iran, an American mechanic completes maintenance on an A-20 before delivery to Soviet Union, 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>Through <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a>, Soviet forces received more than two-thirds of the A-20B variant manufactured and a significant portion of G and H variants. The A-20 was the most numerous foreign aircraft in the Soviet bomber inventory. The Soviet Air Force had more A-20s than the <a href="/wiki/USAAF" class="mw-redirect" title="USAAF">USAAF</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gordon_2008,_p._453_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon_2008,_p._453-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They were delivered via the <a href="/wiki/ALSIB" title="ALSIB">ALSIB</a> (Alaska-Siberia) air ferry route. The aircraft had its baptism of fire at the end of June 1942. The Soviets were dissatisfied with the four .30-calibre Browning machine guns, capable of 600 rounds per gun per minute, and replaced them with the faster-firing, 7.62 mm (0.300 in) calibre <a href="/wiki/ShKAS" class="mw-redirect" title="ShKAS">ShKAS</a>, capable of up to 1,800 rounds per gun per minute. During the summer of 1942, the Bostons flew ultra-low-level raids against German convoys heavily protected by flak. Attacks were made from altitudes as low as 33 ft (10 m) and the <a href="/wiki/Aviation_regiment_(Soviet_Union)" title="Aviation regiment (Soviet Union)">air regiments</a> suffered heavy losses.<sup id="cite_ref-Gordon_2008,_p._453_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon_2008,_p._453-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By mid-1943 Soviet pilots were familiar with the A-20B and A-20C. The general opinion was that the aircraft was overpowered and therefore fast and agile. It could make steep turns of up to 65° of bank angle, while the tricycle landing gear made for easier take-offs and landings. The type could be flown even by crews with minimal training. The engines were reliable but sensitive to low temperatures, so the Soviet engineers developed special covers for keeping propeller hubs from freezing up.<sup id="cite_ref-Gordon_2008,_p._461_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon_2008,_p._461-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of these aircraft were armed with fixed-forward cannons and found some success in the ground attack role. </p><p>By the end of the war, 3,414 A-20s had been delivered to the USSR, 2,771 of which were used by the Soviet Air Force.<sup id="cite_ref-Gordon_2008,_p._453_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon_2008,_p._453-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_A-20_Havoc&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 1941 the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_government-in-exile" title="Dutch government-in-exile">Netherlands government in exile</a> ordered 48 DB-7C planes for use in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>. Delivery had been scheduled for May 1942 but because of the desperate situation US government agreed to divert 32 DB-7B Boston III aircraft to the Dutch East Indies in advance.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first six were delivered by ship in February 1942.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Only one aircraft was assembled in time to take part in the action.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Japanese captured the remaining aircraft of the delivery, and at least one was repaired and later tested by the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_A-20_Havoc&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:22_Squadron_RAAF_Boston_and_armourers_New_Guinea_1944_AWM_OG1540.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/22_Squadron_RAAF_Boston_and_armourers_New_Guinea_1944_AWM_OG1540.jpg/170px-22_Squadron_RAAF_Boston_and_armourers_New_Guinea_1944_AWM_OG1540.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/22_Squadron_RAAF_Boston_and_armourers_New_Guinea_1944_AWM_OG1540.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="247" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption>Loading .50-caliber ammunition onto a Boston of <a href="/wiki/No._22_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 22 Squadron RAAF">No. 22 Squadron RAAF</a> at <a href="/wiki/Noemfoor_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Noemfoor Island">Noemfoor Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Netherlands New Guinea">Netherlands New Guinea</a>, in August 1944.</figcaption></figure> <p>The next 22 DB-7Bs to be delivered to the East Indies were diverted to the Royal Australian Air Force.<sup id="cite_ref-joebaugher.com_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-joebaugher.com-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They served with <a href="/wiki/No._22_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 22 Squadron RAAF">No. 22 Squadron RAAF</a> and fought in the East Indies from September 1942. RAAF Bostons took part in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bismarck_Sea" title="Battle of the Bismarck Sea">Battle of the Bismarck Sea</a> and in attacks on a large Japanese convoy headed toward <a href="/wiki/Lae" title="Lae">Lae</a>. </p><p>Some A-20A/C/G planes arrived from the US from September 1943. By November 1944, No 22 Squadron was going to be assigned to the Philippines. Thirteen Bostons were destroyed on the ground during a Japanese raid on <a href="/wiki/Morotai" class="mw-redirect" title="Morotai">Morotai</a>. The squadron was withdrawn to <a href="/wiki/Numfor" title="Numfor">Noemfoor</a>, where it was re-equipped with <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Beaufighter" title="Bristol Beaufighter">Bristol Beaufighters</a> before it returned to action.<sup id="cite_ref-joebaugher.com_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-joebaugher.com-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surviving Bostons were relegated to transport, mail delivery and communications. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_A-20_Havoc&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1940, the US military's indifference to the type was overcome by improvements made for the French and British Commonwealth air forces. </p><p>The USAAC was impressed enough by the A-20A's high power to weight ratio and easy handling characteristics. Two variants were ordered, in a tranche of more than 200 aircraft: the A-20 for high-altitude daylight bombing and the A-20A for low- and medium-altitude missions.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was intended that the high-altitude variant would be fitted with <a href="/wiki/Turbosupercharged" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbosupercharged">turbosupercharged</a> Wright R-2600-7 engines; after a prototype suffered technical problems, the USAAC changed its order and an initial shipment of 123 A-20As (with less-powerful R-2600-3 engines) and 20 A-20s (R-2600-11) entered service in early 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-Mesko13_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mesko13-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A further 59 aircraft from this first order were received as P-70 night fighters, with two-stage supercharged R-2600-11 engines.<sup id="cite_ref-Mesko48_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mesko48-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The A-20B, another high-altitude bomber variant – lacking heavy armor and self-sealing fuel tanks – received a significant order from the USAAC: 999 aircraft (although two-thirds of these were exported to the USSR).<sup id="cite_ref-Mesko16_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mesko16-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the lessons of the Pacific in mind USAAF ordered A-20G in June 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pacific">Pacific</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_A-20_Havoc&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pacific"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Douglas_A-20_Havoc" title="Special:EditPage/Douglas A-20 Havoc">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Douglas+A-20+Havoc%22">"Douglas A-20 Havoc"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Douglas+A-20+Havoc%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Douglas+A-20+Havoc%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Douglas+A-20+Havoc%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Douglas+A-20+Havoc%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Douglas+A-20+Havoc%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A major shipment of DB-73s originally destined for France was retained by the US government and converted to A-20C/G attack configuration. The USAAF received 356, most of which were operated by the <a href="/wiki/5th_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="5th Air Force">5th Air Force</a> in the <a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theater" class="mw-redirect" title="South West Pacific theater">South West Pacific theater</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-adf-serials.com.au_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adf-serials.com.au-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the war started 27th Bombardment Group (minus its A-20As) was in the process of being sent to the Philippines where it was to have been re-established as an A-20 unit, but the first operational unit in actual combat was the 89th Bombardment Squadron which began operations in <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> on August 31, 1942. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A20BismarckSea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/A20BismarckSea.jpg/220px-A20BismarckSea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/A20BismarckSea.jpg/330px-A20BismarckSea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/A20BismarckSea.jpg/440px-A20BismarckSea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">U.S.</a> A-20 Havoc of the 89th Squadron, 3rd Attack Group, skip-bombs a Japanese merchant ship off <a href="/wiki/Wewak" title="Wewak">Wewak</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, in March 1944.</figcaption></figure> <p>In early 1944, 312th and 417th Bombardment Groups were sent to New Guinea, equipped with A-20Gs. Most sorties were flown at low altitudes, as Japanese flak was not as deadly as German flak, and it was soon found that there was little need for a bomb aimer. Consequently, the bomb aimer was replaced by additional machine guns mounted in a faired-over nose. A-20Gs were an ideal weapon for pinpoint strikes against aircraft, hangars, and supply dumps. When operating in formation their heavy forward firepower could overwhelm shipboard antiaircraft defenses and at wave-top level (resembling a torpedo run) they could <a href="/wiki/Skip_bombing" title="Skip bombing">skip their bombs</a> into the sides of transports and destroyers with deadly effect.<sup id="cite_ref-Baugher25_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baugher25-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the captains of small Japanese escorts (destroyers, for example) assumed the approaching aircraft were making torpedo runs and turned their vessels bow-on to the aircraft in defense, making the strafing far more devastating to the unarmored escorts and often leaving them even more vulnerable to follow-up "skip-bombing" runs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">New Guinea campaign</a>, the A-20s squadrons moved to the Philippines. In 1944, three full four-squadron A-20 groups were active in the campaign that led to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Luzon" title="Battle of Luzon">invasion of Luzon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Philippines were secured, A-20s attacked Japanese targets in Formosa.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first night-fighter squadron to use P-70s in combat was based at Henderson Field to intercept high-flying Japanese night raiders. The 418th and 421st Night Fighter Squadrons briefly flew P-70s in New Guinea. The P-70s scored only two kills during the Pacific war as its performance was not good enough to intercept Japanese night raiders, and were replaced by <a href="/wiki/Northrop_P-61_Black_Widow" title="Northrop P-61 Black Widow">Northrop P-61 Black Widows</a> as soon as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-Douglas_P-70_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Douglas_P-70-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe_and_Mediterranean">Europe and Mediterranean</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_A-20_Havoc&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Europe and Mediterranean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Europe, USAAF A-20 crews flew their first combat missions attached to RAF units. On 4 July 1942, 12 crews from the <a href="/wiki/15th_Bombardment_Squadron" class="mw-redirect" title="15th Bombardment Squadron">15th Bombardment Squadron</a> became the first members of the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Air_Force" title="Eighth Air Force">8th Air Force</a> to enter combat. They flew Bostons belonging to <a href="/wiki/No._226_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 226 Squadron RAF">No. 226 Squadron RAF</a> from bases in England on missions against enemy airfields in the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>USAAF A-20s were assigned to North Africa and flew their first combat mission from Youks-les-Bains, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, in December 1942. They provided valuable tactical support to allied ground troops, especially during and following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kasserine_Pass" title="Battle of Kasserine Pass">Battle of Kasserine Pass</a>. During the North African campaign, many of the A-20s were fitted with additional forward-firing machine guns. Following the German surrender in <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, the A-20s moved to bases in Italy, <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, France, and then back to Italy in January 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-Baugher25_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baugher25-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Douglas_A-20J-10-DO_050606-F-1234P-024_USAF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Douglas_A-20J-10-DO_050606-F-1234P-024_USAF.jpg/220px-Douglas_A-20J-10-DO_050606-F-1234P-024_USAF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Douglas_A-20J-10-DO_050606-F-1234P-024_USAF.jpg/330px-Douglas_A-20J-10-DO_050606-F-1234P-024_USAF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Douglas_A-20J-10-DO_050606-F-1234P-024_USAF.jpg/440px-Douglas_A-20J-10-DO_050606-F-1234P-024_USAF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1396" /></a><figcaption>Douglas A-20J-10-DO, <i>43-10129</i>, of the 416th Bomb Group destroyed by flak over Beauvoir, France, on 12 May 1944.</figcaption></figure> <p>Four P-70 night fighter squadrons were sent to North Africa in 1943. When they arrived they operated Bristol Beaufighter night fighters. Later the 427th Night Fighter Squadron was deployed to Italy, but the squadron exchanged its P-70s for Northrop P-61 Black Widows and so no night fighter squadron used their P-70s in combat in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Douglas_P-70_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Douglas_P-70-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, in England, three A-20 equipped Bombardment Groups were assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Air_Force" title="Ninth Air Force">9th Air Force</a> and became operational in 1944. They started using the same low-level tactics that had been so successful in the Pacific, but due to heavy German flak, losses were too high and the tactics were changed to medium-level raids. After supporting advancing Allied forces into France until the end of 1944, all units switched to the <a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-26_Invader" title="Douglas A-26 Invader">Douglas A-26 Invader</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baugher25_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baugher25-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reconnaissance Havocs joined the 9th Air Force in 1944. Its 155th Photographic Squadron (Night) was issued F-3As for night photographic operations.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Douglas_A-20_Havoc&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_A-20_Havoc&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Servicing_an_A-20_bomber,_Langley_Field,_Va.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Servicing_an_A-20_bomber%2C_Langley_Field%2C_Va.jpg/220px-Servicing_an_A-20_bomber%2C_Langley_Field%2C_Va.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Servicing_an_A-20_bomber%2C_Langley_Field%2C_Va.jpg/330px-Servicing_an_A-20_bomber%2C_Langley_Field%2C_Va.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Servicing_an_A-20_bomber%2C_Langley_Field%2C_Va.jpg/440px-Servicing_an_A-20_bomber%2C_Langley_Field%2C_Va.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8389" data-file-height="6499" /></a><figcaption>Servicing an A-20 bomber, Langley Field, Va., July 1942</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Douglas_A-20_attack_bomber_leaves_the_assembly_line_at_the_Long_Beach,_Calif.,_plant_for_transfer_to_the_flight..._-_NARA_-_196398.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/A_Douglas_A-20_attack_bomber_leaves_the_assembly_line_at_the_Long_Beach%2C_Calif.%2C_plant_for_transfer_to_the_flight..._-_NARA_-_196398.jpg/220px-A_Douglas_A-20_attack_bomber_leaves_the_assembly_line_at_the_Long_Beach%2C_Calif.%2C_plant_for_transfer_to_the_flight..._-_NARA_-_196398.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/A_Douglas_A-20_attack_bomber_leaves_the_assembly_line_at_the_Long_Beach%2C_Calif.%2C_plant_for_transfer_to_the_flight..._-_NARA_-_196398.jpg/330px-A_Douglas_A-20_attack_bomber_leaves_the_assembly_line_at_the_Long_Beach%2C_Calif.%2C_plant_for_transfer_to_the_flight..._-_NARA_-_196398.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/A_Douglas_A-20_attack_bomber_leaves_the_assembly_line_at_the_Long_Beach%2C_Calif.%2C_plant_for_transfer_to_the_flight..._-_NARA_-_196398.jpg/440px-A_Douglas_A-20_attack_bomber_leaves_the_assembly_line_at_the_Long_Beach%2C_Calif.%2C_plant_for_transfer_to_the_flight..._-_NARA_-_196398.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2401" /></a><figcaption>A-20 leaves the assembly line at Long Beach, 1942</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Boston I & II</dt> <dd>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> agreed to take up the balance of the French order which was diverted to the UK and the bombers were given the service name "Boston", with the further designation of "<a href="/wiki/British_military_aircraft_designation_systems#Mark_numbers" title="British military aircraft designation systems">Mark I</a>" or "Mark II" according to the earlier or later engine type.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Havoc Mk I</dt> <dd>The Boston was generally considered unsuitable for use by the RAF since its range was too limited for daylight raids on Germany. Many of the Boston Mk II, plus some re-engined Mk Is, were converted for nighttime duties – either as intruders with 2,400 lb (1,100 kg) of bombs, or as night fighters with <a href="/wiki/AI_Mk._IV_radar" class="mw-redirect" title="AI Mk. IV radar">AI Mk. IV radar</a>. These <b>Havoc Mk I</b> aircraft were found to be under-powered and were replaced by the <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito" title="De Havilland Mosquito">de Havilland Mosquito</a>. A total of 181 Bostons were converted to Havocs. In <a href="/wiki/Interdiction" title="Interdiction">interdiction</a> raids, Havoc intruders caused considerable damage to German targets.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Havoc-Pandora</dt> <dd>Twenty Havocs were converted into "intruder" aircraft, carrying the Long Aerial Mine (LAM), an explosive charge trailed on a long cable in the path of enemy aircraft in the hope of scoring a hit. Trials conducted with a single <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_H.P.54_Harrow" title="Handley Page H.P.54 Harrow">Handley Page Harrows</a> dropping LAMs into the stream of German bombers were not successful, and the Havocs were converted back to Mk I intruders.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Havoc I <a href="/wiki/Turbinlite" title="Turbinlite">Turbinlite</a></dt> <dd>Havoc I fitted with a 2.7 million <a href="/wiki/Candlepower" title="Candlepower">candlepower</a> searchlight in the nose;<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the batteries for it carried in the bomb bay. A radar operator sat in the after fuselage. They were unarmed, and they were supposed to illuminate targets for accompanying <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane" title="Hawker Hurricane">Hawker Hurricane</a> fighters. A total of 31 aircraft were converted. They were made obsolete by high performance fighters that could carry their own radar.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>DB-7/Havoc I</dt> <dd>Initial French variant, fitted with two 1,000 hp (750 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-1830. Of the 270 DB-7s ordered 116 were accepted by the French before the armistice.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>DB-7A/Havoc II</dt> <dd>The French Purchasing Commission ordered 100 more bombers, to be fitted with 1,600 hp (1,200 kW) Wright R-2600-A5B Twin Cyclone engines, the same basic engine design as used by <a href="/wiki/North_American_Aviation" title="North American Aviation">North American Aviation</a>'s contemporary <a href="/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell" title="North American B-25 Mitchell">B-25</a> medium bomber. These DB-7 aircraft were designated as the <b>DB-7A</b> by Douglas Aircraft. None of these were delivered before the fall of France and they were sent to the UK instead. These were converted into night fighters, by the addition of 12 0.303 inch machine guns in their noses and extra fuel tanks. They had a top speed of 344 mph (550 km/h) at higher altitudes. A total of 39 aircraft were used briefly as Turbinlites.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>DB-7B/Boston III</dt> <dd>The <b>DB-7B</b> was the first batch of this model to be <a href="/wiki/British_Purchasing_Commission" title="British Purchasing Commission">ordered directly for the Royal Air Force</a>. This was done in February 1940. These were powered by the same engines as the DB-7A, with better <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_armour" title="Vehicle armour">armor protection</a>. Importantly, these had larger fuel tanks and they were suitable for use by the RAF as light bombers. This was the batch for which the name "Boston" was first assigned but since the DB-7s intended for France entered service in the RAF first, the aircraft in this order were called the <b>Boston Mk III</b>. Among other combat missions, they took part in the attacks on the German warships <a href="/wiki/German_battleship_Scharnhorst" title="German battleship Scharnhorst"><i>Scharnhorst</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_battleship_Gneisenau" title="German battleship Gneisenau"><i>Gneisenau</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/German_cruiser_Prinz_Eugen" title="German cruiser Prinz Eugen"><i>Prinz Eugen</i></a> during their <a href="/wiki/Channel_Dash" title="Channel Dash">dash through the English Channel</a> (Operation Cerberus) and the <a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">raid on Dieppe</a> ("Operation Jubilee"). Three hundred Boston III were produced and delivered and some of them were converted for use as night fighters.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>DB-73</dt> <dd>A variation on the DB-7B/Boston III built for a French government order and featuring French instruments and secondary equipment; of the 480 DB-73s ordered by France, 240 were built by under license by the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing Company">Boeing Company</a> in Seattle.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> None were delivered, due to the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of France">fall of France</a>, the DB-73 block was ordered by the RAF, after conversion to the Boston III configuration. Following the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">German invasion of the Soviet Union</a>, 151 DB-73s were provided to the USSR. Following the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a>, a further 356 DB-73s were taken up by the USAAF, which transferred 22 to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">Royal Australian Air Force</a> (RAAF) for use in the <a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="South West Pacific theatre">South West Pacific theatre</a>. Australian sources usually list these aircraft as DB-7B.<sup id="cite_ref-adf-serials.com.au_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adf-serials.com.au-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>DB-7C</dt> <dd>This was a <a href="/wiki/Military_Aviation_of_the_Royal_Netherlands_East_Indies_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Aviation of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army">Dutch Indies Air Force</a> version intended for service in the Dutch East Indies, but the <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> conquest of the East Indies was complete before they were delivered. Part of this order was stranded in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> in the so-called "lost convoy", and the first 31 Bostons were assembled at Richmond Airbase in <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> and flown by <a href="/wiki/No._22_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 22 Squadron RAAF">No. 22 Squadron RAAF</a> during the campaign against <a href="/wiki/Buna,_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Buna, Papua New Guinea">Buna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gona,_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Gona, Papua New Guinea">Gona</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lae" title="Lae">Lae</a>, New Guinea. The assembly of these 31 bombers was hampered by the fact that their manuals and instrument panels were printed in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch (language)">Dutch</a>. The rest of this order were sent to the Soviet Union which received 3,125 of the Douglas DB-7 series.<sup id="cite_ref-Winchester_p._72._13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winchester_p._72.-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T30_rocket_launcher.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/T30_rocket_launcher.jpg/220px-T30_rocket_launcher.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/T30_rocket_launcher.jpg/330px-T30_rocket_launcher.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/T30_rocket_launcher.jpg/440px-T30_rocket_launcher.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="995" /></a><figcaption>Dual-mount of T30/M10<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> triple launcher for <a href="/wiki/M8_(rocket)" title="M8 (rocket)">M8 4.5 in (114 mm) rockets</a>, which were also carried (one-only under each wing) by <a href="/wiki/Republic_P-47_Thunderbolt" title="Republic P-47 Thunderbolt">Republic P-47 Thunderbolts</a>.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd>When shipments to the UK finally resumed, they were delivered under the terms of the Lend-Lease program. These aircraft were actually refitted A-20Cs known as the <b>Boston IIIA</b>.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>A-20</dt> <dd>The original American indifference to the Model 7B was overcome by the improvements made for the French and British, and the United States Army Air Corps ordered two models, the <b>A-20</b> for high-altitude bombing and the <b>A-20A</b> for low and medium altitude combat.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both were similar to the DB-7B. The A-20 was to be fitted with <a href="/wiki/Turbosupercharged" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbosupercharged">turbosupercharged</a> Wright R-2600-7 engines, but these were bulky and the prototype suffered cooling problems,<sup id="cite_ref-Mesko13_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mesko13-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so the remainder were completed with the two-stage supercharged R-2600-11, 59 as <b>P-70</b> fighters<sup id="cite_ref-Mesko48_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mesko48-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 3 as <b>F-3</b> reconnaissance aircraft. One A-20 was evaluated by the U.S. Navy as the <b>BD-1</b>, while the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Marine_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Marine Corps">U.S. Marine Corps</a> flew eight as the <b>BD-2</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mesko16_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mesko16-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>A-20A</dt> <dd>The U.S. Army ordered 123 A-20As with R-2600-3 engines, and 20 more with the more powerful R-2600-11.<sup id="cite_ref-Mesko14_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mesko14-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They entered service in the spring 1941. The Army liked the A-20A because of its good performance and because it had no adverse handling characteristics. Nine of them were transferred to the RAAF in 1943. The USAAF used the British name Havoc for the A-20A, while the RAAF referred to them as Bostons.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>A-20B</dt> <dd>The <b>A-20B</b> received the first really large order from the Army Air Corps: 999 aircraft. These resembled the DB-7A rather than the DB-7B, lacking self sealing fuel tanks, with light armor<sup id="cite_ref-Mesko16_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mesko16-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and stepped rather than slanted glazing in their noses.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, 665 of these were exported to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, so only about one third of them served with the USAAF.<sup id="cite_ref-Mesko16_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mesko16-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A-20_Havoc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/A-20_Havoc.jpg/220px-A-20_Havoc.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/A-20_Havoc.jpg/330px-A-20_Havoc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/A-20_Havoc.jpg/440px-A-20_Havoc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7157" data-file-height="5561" /></a><figcaption>A-20C being serviced at Langley Field, Virginia, 1942.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>A-20C</dt> <dd>The <b>A-20C</b> was an attempt to develop a standard, international version of the DB-7/A-20/Boston, produced from 1941. It reverted to the slanting nose glass, and it had RF-2600-23 engines, <a href="/wiki/Self-sealing_fuel_tank" title="Self-sealing fuel tank">self-sealing fuel tanks</a>, and additional protective armor. These were equipped to carry an external 2,000 lb (910 kg) <a href="/wiki/Aerial_torpedo" title="Aerial torpedo">aerial torpedo</a>. A total of 948 were built for Britain and the Soviet Union, but many were retained by the USAAF after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. The Soviet A-20s were often fitted out with turrets of indigenous design.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>A-20D</dt> <dd>Proposed lightweight version with R-2600-7 engines and non-self-sealing fuel tanks. Unbuilt.<sup id="cite_ref-Frnc_p291_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frnc_p291-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Douglas_A-20G_Havoc_USAF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Douglas_A-20G_Havoc_USAF.jpg/220px-Douglas_A-20G_Havoc_USAF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Douglas_A-20G_Havoc_USAF.jpg/330px-Douglas_A-20G_Havoc_USAF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Douglas_A-20G_Havoc_USAF.jpg/440px-Douglas_A-20G_Havoc_USAF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="831" /></a><figcaption>A-20G Havoc displayed at the National Museum of the U.S. Air Force.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>A-20G</dt> <dd>The <b>A-20G</b>, delivered from February 1943, would be the most produced of all the series, with 2850 built. The glazed nose was replaced by a solid nose containing four 20 mm (.79 in) <a href="/wiki/Hispano-Suiza_HS.404" title="Hispano-Suiza HS.404">Hispano cannon</a> and two .50 in <a href="/wiki/M2_Browning_machine_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="M2 Browning machine gun">M2 Browning machine guns</a>. After the first batch of 250, the less-accurate cannon were replaced by more machine guns. After 750 aircraft had been built, a power-driven gun turret fitted with two .50 in machine guns was fitted, with the fuselage 6 inches (15 cm) wider as a result, and the ventral tunnel gun changed from a .30 in to another .50 in Browning. The powerplants were two 1,600 hp (1,200 kW) R-2600-23.<sup id="cite_ref-AE36_p37-8_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AE36_p37-8-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many A-20Gs were delivered to the Soviet Union. US A-20Gs were used on low-level sorties in the New Guinea theatre.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>A-20H</dt> <dd>The <b>A-20H</b> was the same as A-20G, continued with the 1,700 hp (1,270 kW) R-2600-29. 412 of these were built. The takeoff weight was raised to 24,170 lb (10,960 kg).</dd></dl> <dl><dt>ZB-20H</dt> <dd>In 1948, the last surviving A-20H in United States service was redesignated "B-20" with the elimination of the "A for Attack" category, and was given the "Z" prefix as being obsolete.<sup id="cite_ref-ZB-20_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZB-20-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>A-20J/Boston IV</dt> <dd>The <b>A-20J</b> carried an additional bombardier in an extended <a href="/wiki/Acrylic_glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrylic glass">acrylic glass</a> nose section. These were intended to lead bombing formations, with the following standard A-20s dropping their bombs when signaled by the leader. A total of 450 were built, 169 for the RAF which designated them Boston Mk IV from the summer of 1944 onwards.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>A-20K/Boston V</dt> <dd>The <b>A-20K</b> (Boston Mk V in RAF parlance) was the final production version of the A-20 series, the same as the A-20J except for R-2600-29s instead of -23s.</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Douglas_P-70_in_flight._The_first_P-70_061024-F-1234P-036.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Douglas_P-70_in_flight._The_first_P-70_061024-F-1234P-036.jpg/220px-Douglas_P-70_in_flight._The_first_P-70_061024-F-1234P-036.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Douglas_P-70_in_flight._The_first_P-70_061024-F-1234P-036.jpg/330px-Douglas_P-70_in_flight._The_first_P-70_061024-F-1234P-036.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Douglas_P-70_in_flight._The_first_P-70_061024-F-1234P-036.jpg/440px-Douglas_P-70_in_flight._The_first_P-70_061024-F-1234P-036.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="252" /></a><figcaption>P-70 night-fighter with "arrowhead" twin-dipole radar antenna</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>P-70</dt> <dd>In October 1940, the USAAC felt a need for long-range fighters more than attack bombers. As a result, sixty of the production run of A-20s were converted to P-70 night fighters, all delivered by September 1942. They were equipped with SCR-540 radar (a copy of the British AI Mk IV), the glazed nose often being painted black to reduce glare and hide the details of the radar set, and had four 20 mm (.79 in) forward-firing cannon, each provided with 120 rounds, in a tray in the lower part of the bomb bay, while the upper part held an additional fuel tank with a capacity of 250 US gallons (950 L; 210 imp gal). In 1943, between June and October, 13 A-20Cs and 51 A-20Gs were converted to <b>P-70A</b>. Differences were to be found in the armament, with the 20mm cannon package replaced by an A-20G gun nose with six .50 caliber guns installed, the SCR-540 radar installation being carried in the bomb bay with the vertical-plane, twin-dipole "arrowhead" transceiving antenna protruding between the nose guns. Further P-70 variants were produced from A-20G and J variants. The singular airframe <b>P-70B-1</b> (converted from an A-20G) and subsequent <b>P-70B-2</b>s (converted from A-20Gs and Js) had American centimetric radar (SCR-720 or SCR-729) fitted. The P-70s and P-70As saw combat only in the Pacific during World War II and only with the USAAF. The P-70B-1 and P-70B-2 aircraft never saw combat but served as night fighter aircrew trainers in the US in Florida and later in California. All P-70s were retired from service by 1945.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>F-3A</dt> <dd>The F-3A was a conversion of forty-six A-20J and K models for night-time photographic reconnaissance (F-3 were three conversions of the original A-20). This variant was employed in the European Theater by the 155th Photo Reconnaissance Squadron which began its deployment as the 423rd Night Fighter Squadron. The 423rd was converted to its photo mission as the 155th Photo Reconnaissance Squadron in part because of knowledge of night fighter tactics which could be used to defend against German aircraft. Although the armament was removed, the crew of three was retained, consisting of a pilot, observer, and navigator. The first Allied aircraft to land at Itazuke, Japan after the August 1945 surrender was an F-3A.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Douglas_BD-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Douglas_BD-1.jpg/220px-Douglas_BD-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Douglas_BD-1.jpg/330px-Douglas_BD-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Douglas_BD-1.jpg/440px-Douglas_BD-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>The BD-1 in 1940</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>BD-1</dt> <dd>One A-20A was bought in 1940 by the United States Navy for evaluation for use by the United States Marine Corps. The Navy/Marine Corps did not have any priority on the production lines, so the BD was not put into service.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>BD-2</dt> <dd>In 1942, eight former Army A-20Bs were diverted to the United States Navy for use as high-speed target tugs. Despite the addition of the target-towing equipment and the removal of all armament and the provision to carry bombs, the aircraft were still designated <i>BD</i> in the Bomber sequence. They were withdrawn from service in 1946.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>O-53</dt> <dd>An observation/reconnaissance version of the A-20B powered by two 1,700 hp (1,300 kW) R-2600-7 engines. The original order for 1,489 aircraft was canceled and none were built.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operators">Operators</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_A-20_Havoc&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Operators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Douglas_A-20_Havoc_operators" title="List of Douglas A-20 Havoc operators">List of Douglas A-20 Havoc operators</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:No88_Sqn_Boston_over_Dieppe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c1/No88_Sqn_Boston_over_Dieppe.jpg/220px-No88_Sqn_Boston_over_Dieppe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c1/No88_Sqn_Boston_over_Dieppe.jpg/330px-No88_Sqn_Boston_over_Dieppe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c1/No88_Sqn_Boston_over_Dieppe.jpg/440px-No88_Sqn_Boston_over_Dieppe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption>RAF <i>Boston III</i> from <a href="/wiki/No._88_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 88 Squadron RAF">No. 88 Squadron RAF</a> over Dieppe, 1942</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A-20s_in_Bombing_Formation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/A-20s_in_Bombing_Formation.jpg/220px-A-20s_in_Bombing_Formation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/A-20s_in_Bombing_Formation.jpg/330px-A-20s_in_Bombing_Formation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/A-20s_in_Bombing_Formation.jpg/440px-A-20s_in_Bombing_Formation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="649" /></a><figcaption>A-20s in bombing formation during World War II.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Douglas_A-20J_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Douglas_A-20J_France.jpg/220px-Douglas_A-20J_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Douglas_A-20J_France.jpg/330px-Douglas_A-20J_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Douglas_A-20J_France.jpg/440px-Douglas_A-20J_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1324" /></a><figcaption>A flight of A-20G or H bombers over France</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_South_African_Air_Force_in_Libya,_March_1943_TR838.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/The_South_African_Air_Force_in_Libya%2C_March_1943_TR838.jpg/220px-The_South_African_Air_Force_in_Libya%2C_March_1943_TR838.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/The_South_African_Air_Force_in_Libya%2C_March_1943_TR838.jpg/330px-The_South_African_Air_Force_in_Libya%2C_March_1943_TR838.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/The_South_African_Air_Force_in_Libya%2C_March_1943_TR838.jpg/440px-The_South_African_Air_Force_in_Libya%2C_March_1943_TR838.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="588" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/24_Squadron_SAAF" title="24 Squadron SAAF">24 Squadron SAAF</a> Boston Mk III North Africa 1941</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">Royal Australian Air Force</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Air_Force" title="Brazilian Air Force">Brazilian Air Force</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Royal Canadian Air Force</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic"><img alt="French Fourth Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">France</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="French Air Force">French Air Force</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_French_Air_Force" title="Vichy French Air Force">Vichy French Air Force</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_East_Indies_Army_Air_Force" title="Royal Netherlands East Indies Army Air Force">Royal Netherlands East Indies Army Air Force</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Air_Forces_in_France_and_Great_Britain" title="Polish Air Forces in France and Great Britain">Polish Air Forces in France and Great Britain</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Air_Force" title="South African Air Force">South African Air Force</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Air Force">Soviet Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Naval_Aviation" title="Soviet Naval Aviation">Soviet Naval Aviation</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps" title="United States Army Air Corps">United States Army Air Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surviving_aircraft">Surviving aircraft</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_A-20_Havoc&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Surviving aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_surviving_A-20_Havocs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of surviving A-20 Havocs">List of surviving A-20 Havocs</a></div> <p>Three A-20s are in flying condition as of 2022. All are G-variants and registered in the US.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Lack of source brings into question amount of airworthy A-20s (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The last of the 7,478 A-20s built (a K-variant) was completed in September 1944. The type was replaced in some air forces before the war's end, by types including the Douglas A-26 (USAAF), Bristol Beaufighter (RAAF), and de Havilland Mosquito (RAF). Perhaps the last substantial user was the <i><a href="/wiki/For%C3%A7a_A%C3%A9rea_Brasileira" class="mw-redirect" title="Força Aérea Brasileira">Força Aérea Brasileira</a></i>, which did not retire the A-20 until the late 1950s. </p><p>The number of airframes declined rapidly. By the early 1960s, only six complete A-20s existed, worldwide. That number has since grown slowly, with the discovery of crash sites in the Pacific and Eastern Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specifications_(A-20G-20-DO)"><span id="Specifications_.28A-20G-20-DO.29"></span>Specifications (A-20G-20-DO)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_A-20_Havoc&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Specifications (A-20G-20-DO)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Douglas_A-20_Havoc.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Douglas_A-20_Havoc.svg/220px-Douglas_A-20_Havoc.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Douglas_A-20_Havoc.svg/330px-Douglas_A-20_Havoc.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Douglas_A-20_Havoc.svg/440px-Douglas_A-20_Havoc.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1394" data-file-height="1643" /></a><figcaption>Douglas A-20 Havoc</figcaption></figure> <p style="font-size: 90%; margin:0;"><i>Data from</i> McDonnell Douglas aircraft since 1920 : Volume I,<sup id="cite_ref-Francillon_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francillon-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jane's Fighting aircraft of World War II<sup id="cite_ref-JFAoWWII_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JFAoWWII-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>General characteristics</b></span> </p><ul><li><b>Crew:</b> 3</li> <li><b>Length:</b> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>47 ft <span class="frac">11<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">7</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in (14.63 m)</li> <li><b>Wingspan:</b> 61 ft 3.5 in (18.68 m)</li> <li><b>Height:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">18 ft <span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in (5.52 m)</li> <li><b>Wing area:</b> 464 sq ft (43.1 m<sup>2</sup>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Airfoil" title="Airfoil">Airfoil</a>:</b> <b>root:</b> <a href="/wiki/NACA_airfoil" title="NACA airfoil">NACA 23018</a>; <b>tip:</b> <a href="/wiki/NACA_airfoil" title="NACA airfoil">NACA 23009</a><sup id="cite_ref-Selig_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selig-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Empty weight:</b> 16,031 lb (7,272 kg)</li> <li><b>Gross weight:</b> 24,127 lb (10,944 kg)</li> <li><b>Fuel capacity:</b> 400 US gal (330 imp gal; 1,500 L) normal capacity</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>300 US gal (250 imp gal; 1,100 L) in an optional external tank</dd> <dd>676 US gal (563 imp gal; 2,560 L) in four optional auxiliary tanks in the bomb-bay</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Powerplant:</b> 2 × <a href="/wiki/Wright_R-2600-23_Twin_Cyclone" class="mw-redirect" title="Wright R-2600-23 Twin Cyclone">Wright R-2600-23 Twin Cyclone</a> 14-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engines, 1,600 hp (1,200 kW) each</li> <li><b>Propellers:</b> 3-bladed <a href="/wiki/Hamilton-Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamilton-Standard">Hamilton-Standard</a> Hydromatic, 11 ft 3 in (3.43 m) diameter constant-speed fully-feathering propellers</li></ul> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>Performance</b></span> </p> <ul><li><b>Maximum speed:</b> 317 mph (510 km/h, 275 kn) at 10,700 ft (3,300 m)</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>325 mph (282 kn; 523 km/h) at 14,500 ft (4,400 m)</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Cruise speed:</b> 280 mph (450 km/h, 240 kn) at 14,000 ft (4,300 m)</li> <li><b>Stall speed:</b> 98 mph (158 km/h, 85 kn)</li> <li><b>Range:</b> 945 mi (1,521 km, 821 nmi)</li> <li><b>Ferry range:</b> 2,300 mi (3,700 km, 2,000 nmi)</li> <li><b>Service ceiling:</b> 23,700 ft (7,200 m)</li> <li><b>Rate of climb:</b> 2,000 ft/min (10 m/s)</li> <li><b>Time to altitude:</b> 10,000 ft (3,000 m) in 8 minutes 48 seconds</li> <li><b>Wing loading:</b> 52 lb/sq ft (250 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratio" title="Power-to-weight ratio">Power/mass</a>:</b> 0.141 hp/lb (0.232 kW/kg)</li></ul> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>Armament</b></span><br /> </p> <ul><li><b>Guns:</b> <ul><li>6 fixed forward firing 0.5 in (12.7 mm) <a href="/wiki/M2_Browning_machine_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="M2 Browning machine gun">Browning machine guns</a> in the nose</li> <li>2 0.5 in (12.7 mm) Browning machine guns in dorsal turret</li> <li>1 flexible 0.5 in (12.7 mm) Browning machine gun, mounted behind bomb bay</li></ul></li> <li><b>Rockets:</b> <ul><li>4 triple tube <a href="/wiki/M8_(rocket)" title="M8 (rocket)">T30/M10</a> rocket launchers</li></ul></li> <li><b>Bombs:</b> 4,000 lb (1,800 kg)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_appearances_in_media">Notable appearances in media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_A-20_Havoc&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notable appearances in media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Way_to_the_Stars" title="The Way to the Stars">The Way to the Stars</a></i>, also known as <i>Johnny in the Clouds</i>, is a 1945 war drama film made by Two Cities Films and released by United Artists, that prominently features RAF Bostons.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_A-20_Havoc&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Douglas_F-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Douglas_F-3.jpg/220px-Douglas_F-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Douglas_F-3.jpg/330px-Douglas_F-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Douglas_F-3.jpg/440px-Douglas_F-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>F-3, the photo reconnaissance version of the A-20 in 1942</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/28px-Aviacionavion.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/42px-Aviacionavion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/56px-Aviacionavion.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Aviation" title="Portal:Aviation">Aviation portal</a></span></li></ul> <p> <b>Related development</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-26_Invader" title="Douglas A-26 Invader">Douglas A-26 Invader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-5" title="Douglas DC-5">Douglas DC-5</a></li></ul> <p><b>Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloch_MB.131" title="Bloch MB.131">Bloch MB.131</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Beaufighter" title="Bristol Beaufighter">Bristol Beaufighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caproni_Ca.314" title="Caproni Ca.314">Caproni Ca.314</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dornier_Do_215" title="Dornier Do 215">Dornier Do 215</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fokker_G.I" title="Fokker G.I">Fokker G.I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-48" title="Kawasaki Ki-48">Kawasaki Ki-48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Baltimore" title="Martin Baltimore">Martin Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Maryland" title="Martin Maryland">Martin Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_110" title="Messerschmitt Bf 110">Messerschmitt Bf 110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-67" title="Mitsubishi Ki-67">Mitsubishi Ki-67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petlyakov_Pe-2" title="Petlyakov Pe-2">Petlyakov Pe-2</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petlyakov_Pe-3" title="Petlyakov Pe-3">Petlyakov Pe-3</a></li></ul> <p> <b>Related lists</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_French_Air_Force_during_World_War_II" title="List of aircraft of the French Air Force during World War II">List of aircraft of the French Air Force during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Royal_Air_Force" title="List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force">List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="List of aircraft of the Royal Australian Air Force">List of aircraft of the Royal Australian Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_World_War_II" title="List of aircraft of World War II">List of aircraft of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_the_Soviet_Union_and_the_CIS" title="List of military aircraft of the Soviet Union and the CIS">List of military aircraft of the Soviet Union and the CIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of military aircraft of the United States">List of military aircraft of the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_A-20_Havoc&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_A-20_Havoc&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parker 2013, pp. 11, 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crick, Darren. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adf-serials.com.au/2a28.shtml">"RAAF A28 Douglas A-20A/C/G Boston".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131206194302/http://www.adf-serials.com.au/2a28.shtml">Archived</a> 2013-12-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>ADF Aircraft Serial Numbers</i>, 2009, Retrieved: 24 January 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frnc_p281-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frnc_p281_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francillon 1979, p. 281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBaugher1998" class="citation web cs1">Baugher, Joe (29 May 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://csd.uwo.ca/~pettypi/elevon/baugher_us/a20-01.html">"Douglas A-20 Havoc -Chapter 1 Model 7B Prototype"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Ontario" title="University of Western Ontario">Western University</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060516141622/https://csd.uwo.ca/~pettypi/elevon/baugher_us/a20-01.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Western+University&rft.atitle=Douglas+A-20+Havoc+-Chapter+1+Model+7B+Prototype&rft.date=1998-05-29&rft.aulast=Baugher&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcsd.uwo.ca%2F~pettypi%2Felevon%2Fbaugher_us%2Fa20-01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+A-20+Havoc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AE36_p26-7-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AE36_p26-7_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Green and Swanborough <i>Air Enthusiast</i> May–August 1988, pp. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frnc_p283-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frnc_p283_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frnc_p283_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Francillon 1979, p. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AE36_p25,7-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AE36_p25,7_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AE36_p25,7_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Green and Swanborough <i>Air Enthusiast</i> May–August 1988, pp. 25, 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frnc_p284,07-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frnc_p284,07_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francillon 1979, pp. 284, 307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frnc_p284-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frnc_p284_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francillon 1979, p. 284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enginehistory.org/References/ModDesig/jpg/I47.jpg">"Model Designations of U.S.A.F. Aircraft Engines"</a>. U.S.A.F. Air Material Command<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Model+Designations+of+U.S.A.F.+Aircraft+Engines&rft.pub=U.S.A.F.+Air+Material+Command&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enginehistory.org%2FReferences%2FModDesig%2Fjpg%2FI47.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+A-20+Havoc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AE36_p27-8-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AE36_p27-8_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AE36_p27-8_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Green and Swanborough <i>Air Enthusiast</i> May–August 1988, pp. 27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gann 1971, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winchester_p._72.-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Winchester_p._72._13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winchester_p._72._13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Winchester 2005, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor 1969, p. 489.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Associated Press, "Last Havoc Bomber Produced by Douglas", <i>The San Bernardino Daily Sun</i>, San Bernardino, California, Wednesday 27 September 1944, Volume 51, page 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parker 2013, pp. 7–13, 16, 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frnc_p284,97-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frnc_p284,97_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francillon 1979, pp. 28, 297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AE36_p29-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AE36_p29_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AE36_p29_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AE36_p29_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Green and Swanborough <i>Air Enthusiast</i> May–August 1988, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frnc_p297-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frnc_p297_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frnc_p297_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Francillon 1979, p. 297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.joebaugher.com/usattack/a20_23.html">"Douglas DB-7 in French Service"</a>. <i>www.joebaugher.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.joebaugher.com&rft.atitle=Douglas+DB-7+in+French+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.joebaugher.com%2Fusattack%2Fa20_23.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+A-20+Havoc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson 2008, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoxall1949" class="citation cs2">Yoxall, John (17 March 1949), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1949/1949%20-%200496.html">"No. 3 Fighter Squadron"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span>, <i>Flight</i>, vol. LV, no. 2099, p. 318 – via Flightglobal archive</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flight&rft.atitle=No.+3+Fighter+Squadron&rft.volume=LV&rft.issue=2099&rft.pages=318&rft.date=1949-03-17&rft.aulast=Yoxall&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fpdfarchive%2Fview%2F1949%2F1949%2520-%25200496.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+A-20+Havoc" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">White, E. G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nightfighternavigator.com/chapters/1459flightand538squadron.php">"1459 Flight and 538 Squadron."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110709094854/http://www.nightfighternavigator.com/chapters/1459flightand538squadron.php">Archived</a> 2011-07-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Nightfighter navigator.</i> Retrieved: 1 August 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gordon_2008,_p._453-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gordon_2008,_p._453_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gordon_2008,_p._453_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gordon_2008,_p._453_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon 2008, p. 453.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gordon_2008,_p._461-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gordon_2008,_p._461_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon 2008, p. 461.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.joebaugher.com/usattack/a20_8.html">"DB-7C for Netherlands East Indies"</a>. <i>www.joebaugher.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.joebaugher.com&rft.atitle=DB-7C+for+Netherlands+East+Indies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.joebaugher.com%2Fusattack%2Fa20_8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+A-20+Havoc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adf-serials.com.au/2a28.htm">"Douglas Boston"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Douglas+Boston&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adf-serials.com.au%2F2a28.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+A-20+Havoc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-joebaugher.com-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-joebaugher.com_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-joebaugher.com_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.joebaugher.com/usattack/a20_26.html">"Boston in Service with Royal Australian Air Force"</a>. <i>www.joebaugher.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.joebaugher.com&rft.atitle=Boston+in+Service+with+Royal+Australian+Air+Force&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.joebaugher.com%2Fusattack%2Fa20_26.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+A-20+Havoc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoebel2021">Goebel 2021</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airvectors.net/ava20.html#m2">§2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mesko13-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mesko13_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mesko13_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMesko1983">Mesko 1983</a>, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mesko48-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mesko48_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mesko48_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMesko1983">Mesko 1983</a>, p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mesko16-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mesko16_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mesko16_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mesko16_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mesko16_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMesko1983">Mesko 1983</a>, p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoebel2021">Goebel 2021</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airvectors.net/ava20.html#m2">§2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-adf-serials.com.au-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-adf-serials.com.au_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adf-serials.com.au_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Crick, Darren. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adf-serials.com.au/2a28.shtml">"RAAF A28 Douglas A-20A/C/G Boston".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131206194302/http://www.adf-serials.com.au/2a28.shtml">Archived</a> 2013-12-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>ADF Aircraft Serial Numbers</i>, 2009. Retrieved: 24 January 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baugher25-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baugher25_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baugher25_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baugher25_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.joebaugher.com/usattack/a20_25.html">"Service of A-20 with USAAF"</a>. <i>www.joebaugher.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.joebaugher.com&rft.atitle=Service+of+A-20+with+USAAF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.joebaugher.com%2Fusattack%2Fa20_25.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+A-20+Havoc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHess1979">Hess 1979</a>, p. 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHess1979">Hess 1979</a>, p. 72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Douglas_P-70-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Douglas_P-70_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Douglas_P-70_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.joebaugher.com/usaf_fighters/p70.html">"Douglas P-70"</a>. <i>www.joebaugher.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.joebaugher.com&rft.atitle=Douglas+P-70&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.joebaugher.com%2Fusaf_fighters%2Fp70.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+A-20+Havoc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raf.mod.uk/history/rafhistorytimeline1942.cfm">"RAF Timeline 1942."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101206093456/http://www.raf.mod.uk/history/rafhistorytimeline1942.cfm">Archived</a> 2010-12-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>RAF.</i> Retrieved: 8 August 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.joebaugher.com/usattack/a20_22.html">"Douglas F-3"</a>. <i>www.joebaugher.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.joebaugher.com&rft.atitle=Douglas+F-3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.joebaugher.com%2Fusattack%2Fa20_22.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+A-20+Havoc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mawer 2011, p.48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baugher, Joseph F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.joebaugher.com/usattack/a20_6.html">"Douglas DB-73".</a> <i>US Attack Aircraft</i>, 2001, Retrieved: 24 January 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/ref/TM/pdfs/TM9-395.pdf"><i>TM9-395 4.5" Aircraft Rocket Materiel</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. War Department. 12 September 1944. p. 4 – via Hyperwar Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=TM9-395+4.5%22+Aircraft+Rocket+Materiel&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=War+Department&rft.date=1944-09-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUSA%2Fref%2FTM%2Fpdfs%2FTM9-395.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+A-20+Havoc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoebel2021">Goebel 2021</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airvectors.net/ava20.html#m2">§2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mesko14-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mesko14_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMesko1983">Mesko 1983</a>, p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoebel2021">Goebel 2021</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airvectors.net/ava20.html#m3">§3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winchester 2005, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frnc_p291-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frnc_p291_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francillon 1979, p. 291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AE36_p37-8-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AE36_p37-8_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Green and Swanborough <i>Air Enthusiast</i> May–August 1988, pp. 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZB-20-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZB-20_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uswarplanes.net/a20.html">"A-20."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121032321/http://www.uswarplanes.net/a20.html">Archived</a> 2008-11-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>USWarplanes.net.</i> Retrieved: 25 August 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Francillon-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Francillon_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancillon1988" class="citation book cs1">Francillon, René J. (1988). <i>McDonnell Douglas aircraft since 1920 : Volume I</i>. London: Naval Institute Press. pp. 269–295. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870214284" title="Special:BookSources/0870214284"><bdi>0870214284</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=McDonnell+Douglas+aircraft+since+1920+%3A+Volume+I&rft.place=London&rft.pages=269-295&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0870214284&rft.aulast=Francillon&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+A-20+Havoc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JFAoWWII-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JFAoWWII_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBridgman1989" class="citation book cs1">Bridgman, Leonard, ed. (1989). <i>Jane's Fighting aircraft of World War II</i> (1995 ed.). New York: Military Press. p. 219c. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0517679647" title="Special:BookSources/0517679647"><bdi>0517679647</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jane%27s+Fighting+aircraft+of+World+War+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=219c&rft.edition=1995&rft.pub=Military+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0517679647&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+A-20+Havoc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Selig-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Selig_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLednicer" class="citation web cs1">Lednicer, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html">"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage"</a>. <i>m-selig.ae.illinois.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=m-selig.ae.illinois.edu&rft.atitle=The+Incomplete+Guide+to+Airfoil+Usage&rft.aulast=Lednicer&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm-selig.ae.illinois.edu%2Fads%2Faircraft.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+A-20+Havoc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Harrison%27s_Reports" title="Harrison's Reports">Harrison's Reports</a>,</i> film review; 24 November 1945, p. 186.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_A-20_Havoc&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Francillon, René J. <i>McDonnell Douglas Aircraft since 1920</i>. London: Putnam, 1979. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-370-00050-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-370-00050-1">0-370-00050-1</a>.</li> <li>Gann, Harry. <i>The Douglas A-20 (7A to Boston III)</i>. London: Profile Publications, 1971.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoebel2021" class="citation web cs1">Goebel, Greg (1 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airvectors.net/ava20.html">"Douglas A-20 Havoc"</a>. <i>Air Vectors</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Air+Vectors&rft.atitle=Douglas+A-20+Havoc&rft.date=2021-09-01&rft.aulast=Goebel&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airvectors.net%2Fava20.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+A-20+Havoc" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gordon, Yefim. <i>Soviet Air Power in World War 2</i>. Hinkley UK, Midland Publishing, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85780-304-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85780-304-4">978-1-85780-304-4</a>.</li> <li>Green, William. <i>War Planes of the Second World War, Volume Four: Fighters</i>. London: MacDonald & Co. (Publishers) Ltd., 1961 (Sixth impression 1969). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-356-01448-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-356-01448-7">0-356-01448-7</a>.</li> <li>Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. <i>WW2 Aircraft Fact Files: US Army Air Force Fighters, Part 2</i>. London: Macdonald and Jane's Publishers Ltd., 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-354-01072-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-354-01072-7">0-354-01072-7</a>.</li> <li>Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. "A-20 Havoc: A Douglas "Great"". <i><a href="/wiki/Air_Enthusiast" title="Air Enthusiast">Air Enthusiast</a></i>, Thirty-six, May–August 1988, pp. 25–38, 55–60. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0143-5450">0143-5450</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Gunston" title="Bill Gunston">Gunston, Bill</a>. <i>The Osprey Encyclopedia of Russian Aircraft 1875–1995</i>. London: Putnam, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-405-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-405-9">1-85532-405-9</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHess1979" class="citation book cs1">Hess, William N. (1979). <i>A-20 Havoc at War</i>. New York, New York, U.S.A: Charles Cribner's Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-16453-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-16453-1"><bdi>0-684-16453-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A-20+Havoc+at+War&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York%2C+U.S.A&rft.pub=Charles+Cribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-684-16453-1&rft.aulast=Hess&rft.aufirst=William+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+A-20+Havoc" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Johnson, E.R. <i>American Attack Aircraft Since 1926</i>, Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, First edition, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3464-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3464-0">978-0-7864-3464-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence1945" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, Joseph (1945). <i>The Observer's Book Of Airplanes</i>. London and New York: Frederick Warne & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Observer%27s+Book+Of+Airplanes&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Frederick+Warne+%26+Co&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+A-20+Havoc" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLedet2002" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ledet, Michel (April 2002). "Des avions alliés aux couleurs japonais" [Allied Aircraft in Japanese Colors]. <i>Avions: Toute l'Aéronautique et son histoire</i> (in French) (109): 17–21. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1243-8650">1243-8650</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Avions%3A+Toute+l%27A%C3%A9ronautique+et+son+histoire&rft.atitle=Des+avions+alli%C3%A9s+aux+couleurs+japonais&rft.issue=109&rft.pages=17-21&rft.date=2002-04&rft.issn=1243-8650&rft.aulast=Ledet&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+A-20+Havoc" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLedet2002" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ledet, Michel (May 2002). "Des avions alliés aux couleurs japonais". <i>Avions: Toute l'Aéronautique et son histoire</i> (in French) (110): 16–23. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1243-8650">1243-8650</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Avions%3A+Toute+l%27A%C3%A9ronautique+et+son+histoire&rft.atitle=Des+avions+alli%C3%A9s+aux+couleurs+japonais&rft.issue=110&rft.pages=16-23&rft.date=2002-05&rft.issn=1243-8650&rft.aulast=Ledet&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+A-20+Havoc" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMawer2011" class="citation book cs1">Mawer, Granville Alan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NqLGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA48"><i>Diary of a Spitfire Pilot</i></a>. Dural, NSW: Rosenburg Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781921719189" title="Special:BookSources/9781921719189"><bdi>9781921719189</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diary+of+a+Spitfire+Pilot&rft.place=Dural%2C+NSW&rft.pub=Rosenburg+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781921719189&rft.aulast=Mawer&rft.aufirst=Granville+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNqLGAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+A-20+Havoc" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMesko1983" class="citation book cs1">Mesko, Jim (1983). <i>A-20 Havoc in Action</i>. Aircraft 56. Carrollton, Texas, USA: Squadron/Signal Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89747-131-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-89747-131-8"><bdi>0-89747-131-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A-20+Havoc+in+Action&rft.place=Carrollton%2C+Texas%2C+USA&rft.series=Aircraft+56&rft.pub=Squadron%2FSignal+Publications&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-89747-131-8&rft.aulast=Mesko&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+A-20+Havoc" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Parker, Dana T. <i>Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II</i>. Cypress, California, Dana T. Parker Books, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9897906-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9897906-0-4">978-0-9897906-0-4</a>.</li> <li>Taylor, John W.R. "Douglas DB-7, A-20 Havoc, and Boston (Bombers) and Douglas DB-7, Havoc, P-70 (Fighters)." <i>Combat Aircraft of the World from 1909 to the present</i>. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1969. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-425-03633-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-425-03633-2">0-425-03633-2</a>.</li> <li>Thompson, Scott. <i>Douglas Havoc and Boston: The DB-7/A-20 Series</i> (Crowood Aviation Series). Ramsbury, UK: The Crowood Press, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1861266705" title="Special:BookSources/978-1861266705">978-1861266705</a>.</li> <li>Winchester, Jim, ed. "Douglas A-20 Boston/Havoc." <i>Aircraft of World War II (The Aviation Factfile)</i>. Kent, UK: Grange Books plc, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84013-639-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-84013-639-1">1-84013-639-1</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_A-20_Havoc&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Douglas_A-20_Havoc" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Douglas A-20 Havoc">Douglas A-20 Havoc</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Douglas_P-70" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Douglas P-70">Douglas P-70</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080224010405/http://www.aero-web.org/locator/manufact/douglas/a-20.htm">AeroWeb: <i>List of survivor A-20s on display</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warbirdregistry.org/a20registry/a20registry.html">Warbird Registry: List of A-20 Havocs that survived military service</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://1000aircraftphotos.com/Contributions/PippinBill/6298.htm">Aircraft Photos: <i>Bill Pippin's Douglas P-70 "39-736"</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americancombatplanes.com/a20_1.html">A-20 Havoc History, images, and specs from the reference book <i>American Combat Planes of the 20th Century</i> by Ray Wagner</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140720110825/http://americancombatplanes.com/a20_1.html">Archived</a> 2014-07-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zenoswarbirdvideos.com/A-20.html">Training video World War II training video on pre-flight check, takeoff, flight characteristics, and landing of the A-20</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.popsci.com/archive-viewer?id=gCcDAAAAMBAJ&pg=82&query=pursuit">"Porcupine Squadron", <i>Popular Science,</i> May 1942 article on the A-20</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121006204726/http://www.popsci.com/archive-viewer?id=gCcDAAAAMBAJ&pg=82&query=pursuit">Archived</a> 2012-10-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505151935/http://www.416th.com/668history.pdf">Operational History 668th Bomb Squadron (416th Bomb Group (L)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_and_topics_related_to_the_A-20_Havoc" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_and_topics_related_to_the_A-20_Havoc" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles and topics related to the A-20 Havoc</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Douglas_military_aircraft" title="Template:Douglas military aircraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Douglas_military_aircraft" title="Template talk:Douglas military aircraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Douglas_military_aircraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Douglas military aircraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Douglas_military_aircraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Aircraft_Company" title="Douglas Aircraft Company">Douglas</a> military aircraft</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fighters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_XFD" title="Douglas XFD">XFD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_XP-48" title="Douglas XP-48">XP-48</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">P-70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_F3D_Skyknight" title="Douglas F3D Skyknight">F3D Skyknight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_F4D_Skyray" title="Douglas F4D Skyray">F4D Skyray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_F5D_Skylancer" title="Douglas F5D Skylancer">F5D Skylancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_F6D_Missileer" title="Douglas F6D Missileer">XF6D Missileer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ground attack</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_XA-2" title="Douglas XA-2">XA-2</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">A-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_SBD_Dauntless" title="Douglas SBD Dauntless">A-24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-26_Invader" title="Douglas A-26 Invader">A-26 Invader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-33" title="Douglas A-33">A-33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-1_Skyraider" title="Douglas A-1 Skyraider">A-1 Skyraider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-3_Skywarrior" title="Douglas A-3 Skywarrior">A-3 Skywarrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-4_Skyhawk" title="Douglas A-4 Skyhawk">A-4 Skyhawk</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_A-4AR_Fightinghawk" title="Lockheed Martin A-4AR Fightinghawk">A-4AR Fightinghawk</a>/<a href="/wiki/ST_Aerospace_A-4SU_Super_Skyhawk" title="ST Aerospace A-4SU Super Skyhawk">A-4SU Super Skyhawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_AC-47_Spooky" title="Douglas AC-47 Spooky">AC-47 "Spooky"</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DT" title="Douglas DT">DT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_T2D" title="Douglas T2D">T2D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_XT3D" title="Douglas XT3D">XT3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_TBD_Devastator" title="Douglas TBD Devastator">TBD Devastator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_SBD_Dauntless" title="Douglas SBD Dauntless">SBD Dauntless</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">BD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_BTD_Destroyer" title="Douglas BTD Destroyer">XBTD Destroyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_XTB2D_Skypirate" title="Douglas XTB2D Skypirate">XTB2D Skypirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-1_Skyraider" title="Douglas A-1 Skyraider">AD Skyraider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A2D_Skyshark" title="Douglas A2D Skyshark">XA2D Skyshark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-3_Skywarrior" title="Douglas A-3 Skywarrior">A3D Skywarrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-4_Skyhawk" title="Douglas A-4 Skyhawk">A4D Skyhawk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bombers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Y1B-7" title="Douglas Y1B-7">YB-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_YOA-5" title="Douglas YOA-5">YB-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_B-18_Bolo" title="Douglas B-18 Bolo">B-18 Bolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_XB-19" title="Douglas XB-19">XB-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_B-18_Bolo" title="Douglas B-18 Bolo">XB-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_B-23_Dragon" title="Douglas B-23 Dragon">B-23 Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-26_Invader" title="Douglas A-26 Invader">B-26 Invader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_XB-31" title="Douglas XB-31">XB-31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_XB-42_Mixmaster" title="Douglas XB-42 Mixmaster">XB-42 Mixmaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_XB-43_Jetmaster" title="Douglas XB-43 Jetmaster">XB-43 Jetmaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_B-66_Destroyer" title="Douglas B-66 Destroyer">B-66 Destroyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_423" title="Douglas 423">Model 423</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_1211-J" title="Douglas 1211-J">Model 1211-J</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_B-18_Bolo" title="Douglas B-18 Bolo">DB-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_B-18_Bolo" title="Douglas B-18 Bolo">DB-2</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">DB-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_A-17" title="Northrop A-17">DB-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_BT" title="Northrop BT">DB-19</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">DB-73</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boston I/II/III/IV/V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_B-18_Bolo" title="Douglas B-18 Bolo">Digby I</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Havoc I/II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_BT" title="Northrop BT">DXD1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_O-2" title="Douglas O-2">O-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_O-2" title="Douglas O-2">OD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_O2D" title="Douglas O2D">O2D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_O-31" title="Douglas O-31">O-31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Y1B-7" title="Douglas Y1B-7">O-35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_O-38" title="Douglas O-38">O-38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_O-43" title="Douglas O-43">O-43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_YOA-5" title="Douglas YOA-5">YO-44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_O-46" title="Douglas O-46">O-46</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">O-53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_YOA-5" title="Douglas YOA-5">YOA-5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Patrol</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Aircraft_Factory_PN" title="Naval Aircraft Factory PN">PD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_T2D" title="Douglas T2D">P2D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_XP3D" title="Douglas XP3D">P3D</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconnaissance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F-3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-1" title="Douglas C-1">C-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Dolphin" title="Douglas Dolphin">C-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-2" title="Douglas DC-2">C-32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-2" title="Douglas DC-2">C-33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-2" title="Douglas DC-2">YC-34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-2" title="Douglas DC-2">C-38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-2" title="Douglas DC-2">C-39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-2" title="Douglas DC-2">C-41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-3" title="Douglas DC-3">C-41A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-2" title="Douglas DC-2">C-42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain" title="Douglas C-47 Skytrain">C-47 Skytrain</a> (Dakota I/III/IV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-3" title="Douglas DC-3">C-48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-3" title="Douglas DC-3">C-49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-3" title="Douglas DC-3">C-50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-3" title="Douglas DC-3">C-51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-3" title="Douglas DC-3">C-52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain" title="Douglas C-47 Skytrain">C-53 Skytrooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-54_Skymaster" title="Douglas C-54 Skymaster">C-54 Skymaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_B-18_Bolo" title="Douglas B-18 Bolo">C-58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_B-23_Dragon" title="Douglas B-23 Dragon">UC-67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-3" title="Douglas DC-3">C-68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-74_Globemaster" title="Douglas C-74 Globemaster">C-74 Globemaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-3" title="Douglas DC-3">C-84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-5" title="Douglas DC-5">C-110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-6" title="Douglas DC-6">XC-112/YC-112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-54_Skymaster" title="Douglas C-54 Skymaster">XC-114</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-54_Skymaster" title="Douglas C-54 Skymaster">YC-116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain" title="Douglas C-47 Skytrain">C-117</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_R4D-8" title="Douglas R4D-8">C-117D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-6" title="Douglas DC-6">C-118</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-124_Globemaster_II" title="Douglas C-124 Globemaster II">C-124 Globemaster II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain" title="Douglas C-47 Skytrain">YC-129</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-132" title="Douglas C-132">C-132</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-133_Cargomaster" title="Douglas C-133 Cargomaster">C-133 Cargomaster</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_C-9" title="McDonnell Douglas C-9">C-9</a> (Nightingale/Skytrain II)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-8" title="Douglas DC-8">C-24</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Dolphin" title="Douglas Dolphin">RD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-2" title="Douglas DC-2">R2D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-5" title="Douglas DC-5">R3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain" title="Douglas C-47 Skytrain">R4D-1/-3/-5/-6/-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_R4D-8" title="Douglas R4D-8">R4D-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-54_Skymaster" title="Douglas C-54 Skymaster">R5D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-26_Invader" title="Douglas A-26 Invader">JD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-6" title="Douglas DC-6">R6D</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain" title="Douglas C-47 Skytrain">CC-129</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-3" title="Douglas DC-3">LXD1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piaggio_PD.808" title="Piaggio PD.808">PD.808</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-54_Skymaster" title="Douglas C-54 Skymaster">Skymaster I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gliders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_XCG-17" title="Douglas XCG-17">XCG-17</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Training aircraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_O-2" title="Douglas O-2">BT-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_O-2" title="Douglas O-2">BT-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_XT-30" title="Douglas XT-30">XT-30</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experimental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_World_Cruiser" title="Douglas World Cruiser">World Cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_D-558-1_Skystreak" title="Douglas D-558-1 Skystreak">D-558-1 Skystreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_D-558-2_Skyrocket" title="Douglas D-558-2 Skyrocket">D-558-2 Skyrocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_X-3_Stiletto" title="Douglas X-3 Stiletto">X-3 Stiletto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_attack_aircraft_designations,_Army/Air_Force_and_Tri-Service_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USAF_attack_aircraft" title="Template:USAF attack aircraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USAF_attack_aircraft" title="Template talk:USAF attack aircraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USAF_attack_aircraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USAF attack aircraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_attack_aircraft_designations,_Army/Air_Force_and_Tri-Service_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">United States <a href="/wiki/Attack_aircraft" title="Attack aircraft">attack aircraft</a> designations, Army/Air Force and <a href="/wiki/1962_United_States_Tri-Service_aircraft_designation_system" title="1962 United States Tri-Service aircraft designation system">Tri-Service</a> systems</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Army/Air Force sequence<br />(1925–1962)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:grey">A-1</span><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_XA-2" title="Douglas XA-2">A-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_Falcon" title="Curtiss Falcon">A-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_Falcon" title="Curtiss Falcon">A-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_Falcon" title="Curtiss Falcon">A-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_Falcon" title="Curtiss Falcon">A-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fokker_XA-7" title="Fokker XA-7">A-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_A-8" title="Curtiss A-8">A-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_YP-24" title="Lockheed YP-24">A-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_YA-10_Shrike" title="Curtiss YA-10 Shrike">A-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_P-30" title="Consolidated P-30">A-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_A-12_Shrike" title="Curtiss A-12 Shrike">A-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_YA-13" title="Northrop YA-13">A-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_XA-14" title="Curtiss XA-14">A-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_B-10" title="Martin B-10">A-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_YA-13" title="Northrop YA-13">A-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_A-17" title="Northrop A-17">A-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_A-18_Shrike" title="Curtiss A-18 Shrike">A-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vultee_V-11" title="Vultee V-11">A-19</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">A-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stearman_XA-21" title="Stearman XA-21">A-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Maryland" title="Martin Maryland">A-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Baltimore" title="Martin Baltimore">A-23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_SBD_Dauntless" title="Douglas SBD Dauntless">A-24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_SB2C_Helldiver" title="Curtiss SB2C Helldiver">A-25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-26_Invader" title="Douglas A-26 Invader">A-26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_A-27" title="North American A-27">A-27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Hudson" title="Lockheed Hudson">A-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Hudson" title="Lockheed Hudson">A-29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Baltimore" title="Martin Baltimore">A-30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vultee_A-31_Vengeance" title="Vultee A-31 Vengeance">A-31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewster_XA-32" title="Brewster XA-32">A-32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-33" title="Douglas A-33">A-33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewster_SB2A_Buccaneer" title="Brewster SB2A Buccaneer">A-34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vultee_A-31_Vengeance" title="Vultee A-31 Vengeance">A-35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_A-36" title="North American A-36">A-36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_D-2" title="Hughes D-2">A-37</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_XA-38_Grizzly" title="Beechcraft XA-38 Grizzly">A-38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiser-Fleetwings_A-39" title="Kaiser-Fleetwings A-39">A-39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_XBTC" title="Curtiss XBTC">A-40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vultee_XA-41" title="Vultee XA-41">A-41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_XB-42_Mixmaster" title="Douglas XB-42 Mixmaster">A-42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss-Wright_XF-87_Blackhawk" title="Curtiss-Wright XF-87 Blackhawk">A-43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convair_XB-53" title="Convair XB-53">A-44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_XB-51" title="Martin XB-51">A-45</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tri-Service sequence<br />(1962–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main sequence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>A-1<sup><small>3</small></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-1_Skyraider" title="Douglas A-1 Skyraider">A-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L3Harris_OA-1K_Sky_Warden" title="L3Harris OA-1K Sky Warden">OA-1K</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_AJ_Savage" title="North American AJ Savage">A-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-3_Skywarrior" title="Douglas A-3 Skywarrior">A-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-4_Skyhawk" title="Douglas A-4 Skyhawk">A-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_A-5_Vigilante" title="North American A-5 Vigilante">A-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grumman_A-6_Intruder" title="Grumman A-6 Intruder">A-6</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grumman_EA-6B_Prowler" title="Grumman EA-6B Prowler">EA-6B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTV_A-7_Corsair_II" title="LTV A-7 Corsair II">A-7</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vought_YA-7F" title="Vought YA-7F">A-7F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTV_A-7P_Corsair_II" title="LTV A-7P Corsair II">A-7P</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_Model_100" title="General Dynamics Model 100">A-8</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_YA-9" title="Northrop YA-9">A-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Republic_A-10_Thunderbolt_II" title="Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II">A-10</a></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:grey">A-11</span><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_A-12_Avenger_II" title="McDonnell Douglas A-12 Avenger II">A-12</a></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:grey">A-13</span><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embraer_EMB_314_Super_Tucano" title="Embraer EMB 314 Super Tucano">A-14</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-sequential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon" title="General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon">A-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon" title="General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon">F/A-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F/A-18_Hornet" title="McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet">F/A-18</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_F/A-18E/F_Super_Hornet" title="Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet">F/A-18E/F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_EA-18G_Growler" title="Boeing EA-18G Growler">EA-18G</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-22_Raptor" title="Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor">F/A-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-26_Invader" title="Douglas A-26 Invader">A-26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embraer_EMB_314_Super_Tucano" title="Embraer EMB 314 Super Tucano">A-29</a></li> <li>A-37<sup><small>3</small></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cessna_A-37_Dragonfly" title="Cessna A-37 Dragonfly">A-37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulfstream_G550" title="Gulfstream G550">EA-37</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related designations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_AC-47_Spooky" title="Douglas AC-47 Spooky">AC-47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairchild_AC-119" title="Fairchild AC-119">AC-119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_AC-130" title="Lockheed AC-130">AC-130</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_T-6_Texan_II" title="Beechcraft T-6 Texan II">AT-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairchild_AU-23_Peacemaker" title="Fairchild AU-23 Peacemaker">AU-23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helio_AU-24_Stallion" title="Helio AU-24 Stallion">AU-24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Harrier" title="Hawker Siddeley Harrier">AV-8</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_AV-8B_Harrier_II" title="McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II">AV-8B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_AV-8B_Harrier_II" title="McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II">AV-16</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>1</sup> Not assigned  •  <sup>2</sup> Unofficial designation  •  <sup>3</sup> Assigned to multiple types<br />Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Template:US_unmanned_aircraft" title="Template:US unmanned aircraft">aerial target</a> or <a href="/wiki/Template:USAF_amphibious_aircraft" title="Template:USAF amphibious aircraft">amphibious aircraft sequences</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="USAAS/USAAC/USAAF/USAF_fighter_designations_1924–1962,_and_Tri-Service_post-1962_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USAF_fighters" title="Template:USAF fighters"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USAF_fighters" title="Template talk:USAF fighters"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USAF_fighters" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USAF fighters"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="USAAS/USAAC/USAAF/USAF_fighter_designations_1924–1962,_and_Tri-Service_post-1962_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Service" title="United States Army Air Service">USAAS</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps" title="United States Army Air Corps">USAAC</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">USAAF</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">USAF</a> fighter designations 1924–1962, and <a href="/wiki/1962_United_States_Tri-Service_aircraft_designation_system" title="1962 United States Tri-Service aircraft designation system">Tri-Service</a> post-1962 systems</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1924 sequences<br />(1924–1962)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pursuit (1924–1948)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-1_Hawk" title="Curtiss P-1 Hawk">P-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-1_Hawk" title="Curtiss P-1 Hawk">P-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-1_Hawk" title="Curtiss P-1 Hawk">P-3</a></li> <li>P-4<sup><small>3</small></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-1_Hawk" title="Curtiss P-1 Hawk">Curtiss P-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XP-4" title="Boeing XP-4">Boeing P-4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-1_Hawk" title="Curtiss P-1 Hawk">P-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-6_Hawk" title="Curtiss P-6 Hawk">P-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XP-7" title="Boeing XP-7">P-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XP-8" title="Boeing XP-8">P-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XP-9" title="Boeing XP-9">P-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_XP-10" title="Curtiss XP-10">P-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-6_Hawk" title="Curtiss P-6 Hawk">P-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-12" title="Boeing P-12">P-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas-Morse_XP-13_Viper" title="Thomas-Morse XP-13 Viper">P-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas-Morse_XP-13_Viper" title="Thomas-Morse XP-13 Viper">P-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XP-15" title="Boeing XP-15">P-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berliner-Joyce_P-16" title="Berliner-Joyce P-16">P-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-6_Hawk" title="Curtiss P-6 Hawk">P-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_XP-18" title="Curtiss XP-18">P-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_XP-19" title="Curtiss XP-19">P-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_YP-20" title="Curtiss YP-20">P-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-6_Hawk" title="Curtiss P-6 Hawk">P-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_XP-22_Hawk" title="Curtiss XP-22 Hawk">P-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-6_Hawk" title="Curtiss P-6 Hawk">P-23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_YP-24" title="Lockheed YP-24">P-24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_P-30" title="Consolidated P-30">P-25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-26_Peashooter" title="Boeing P-26 Peashooter">P-26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_P-30" title="Consolidated P-30">P-27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_P-30" title="Consolidated P-30">P-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-29" title="Boeing P-29">P-29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_P-30" title="Consolidated P-30">P-30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_XP-31_Swift" title="Curtiss XP-31 Swift">P-31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-29" title="Boeing P-29">P-32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_P-30" title="Consolidated P-30">P-33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedell-Williams_XP-34" title="Wedell-Williams XP-34">P-34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seversky_P-35" title="Seversky P-35">P-35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-36_Hawk" title="Curtiss P-36 Hawk">P-36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_YP-37" title="Curtiss YP-37">P-37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-38_Lightning" title="Lockheed P-38 Lightning">P-38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_P-39_Airacobra" title="Bell P-39 Airacobra">P-39</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_P-76" title="Bell P-76">P-39E</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-40_Warhawk" title="Curtiss P-40 Warhawk">P-40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seversky_XP-41" title="Seversky XP-41">P-41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_XP-42" title="Curtiss XP-42">P-42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_P-43_Lancer" title="Republic P-43 Lancer">P-43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_P-43_Lancer" title="Republic P-43 Lancer">P-44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_P-39_Airacobra" title="Bell P-39 Airacobra">P-45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_XP-46" title="Curtiss XP-46">P-46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_P-47_Thunderbolt" title="Republic P-47 Thunderbolt">P-47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_XP-48" title="Douglas XP-48">P-48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_XP-49" title="Lockheed XP-49">P-49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grumman_XP-50" title="Grumman XP-50">P-50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang">P-51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_XP-52" title="Bell XP-52">P-52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-60" title="Curtiss P-60">P-53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vultee_XP-54" title="Vultee XP-54">P-54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss-Wright_XP-55_Ascender" title="Curtiss-Wright XP-55 Ascender">P-55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_XP-56_Black_Bullet" title="Northrop XP-56 Black Bullet">P-56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_XP-57" title="Tucker XP-57">P-57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_XP-58_Chain_Lightning" title="Lockheed XP-58 Chain Lightning">P-58</a></li> <li>P-59<sup><small>3</small></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_XP-52" title="Bell XP-52">XP-59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_P-59_Airacomet" title="Bell P-59 Airacomet">P-59</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-60" title="Curtiss P-60">P-60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_P-61_Black_Widow" title="Northrop P-61 Black Widow">P-61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_XP-62" title="Curtiss XP-62">P-62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_P-63_Kingcobra" title="Bell P-63 Kingcobra">P-63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_P-64" title="North American P-64">P-64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grumman_XP-50" title="Grumman XP-50">P-65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vultee_P-66_Vanguard" title="Vultee P-66 Vanguard">P-66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_XP-67" title="McDonnell XP-67">P-67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vultee_XP-68_Tornado" title="Vultee XP-68 Tornado">P-68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_XP-69" title="Republic XP-69">P-69</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">P-70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_XP-71" title="Curtiss XP-71">P-71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_XP-72" title="Republic XP-72">P-72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_D-2" title="Hughes D-2">P-73</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:grey">P-74</span><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_P-75_Eagle" title="Fisher P-75 Eagle">P-75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_P-76" title="Bell P-76">P-76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_XP-77" title="Bell XP-77">P-77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang">P-78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_XP-79" title="Northrop XP-79">P-79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-80_Shooting_Star" title="Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star">P-80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Vultee_XP-81" title="Consolidated Vultee XP-81">P-81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-82_Twin_Mustang" title="North American F-82 Twin Mustang">P-82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_XP-83" title="Bell XP-83">P-83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_F-84_Thunderjet" title="Republic F-84 Thunderjet">P-84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_XF-85_Goblin" title="McDonnell XF-85 Goblin">P-85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre" title="North American F-86 Sabre">P-86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss-Wright_XF-87_Blackhawk" title="Curtiss-Wright XF-87 Blackhawk">P-87</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_XF-88_Voodoo" title="McDonnell XF-88 Voodoo">P-88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_F-89_Scorpion" title="Northrop F-89 Scorpion">P-89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_XF-90" title="Lockheed XF-90">P-90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_XF-91_Thunderceptor" title="Republic XF-91 Thunderceptor">P-91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convair_XF-92" title="Convair XF-92">P-92</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fighter (1948–1962)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-38_Lightning" title="Lockheed P-38 Lightning">F-38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_P-39_Airacobra" title="Bell P-39 Airacobra">F-39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-40_Warhawk" title="Curtiss P-40 Warhawk">F-40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_P-47_Thunderbolt" title="Republic P-47 Thunderbolt">F-47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang">F-51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_P-59_Airacomet" title="Bell P-59 Airacomet">F-59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_P-61_Black_Widow" title="Northrop P-61 Black Widow">F-61</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_F-15_Reporter" title="Northrop F-15 Reporter">RF-61C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_P-63_Kingcobra" title="Bell P-63 Kingcobra">F-63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-80_Shooting_Star" title="Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star">F-80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Vultee_XP-81" title="Consolidated Vultee XP-81">F-81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-82_Twin_Mustang" title="North American F-82 Twin Mustang">F-82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_XP-83" title="Bell XP-83">F-83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_F-84_Thunderjet" title="Republic F-84 Thunderjet">F-84</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_F-84F_Thunderstreak" title="Republic F-84F Thunderstreak">F-84F/J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_XF-84H_Thunderscreech" title="Republic XF-84H Thunderscreech">F-84H</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_XF-85_Goblin" title="McDonnell XF-85 Goblin">F-85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre" title="North American F-86 Sabre">F-86</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_YF-93" title="North American YF-93">F-86C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86D_Sabre" title="North American F-86D Sabre">F-86D/G/K/L</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss-Wright_XF-87_Blackhawk" title="Curtiss-Wright XF-87 Blackhawk">F-87</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_XF-88_Voodoo" title="McDonnell XF-88 Voodoo">F-88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_F-89_Scorpion" title="Northrop F-89 Scorpion">F-89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_XF-90" title="Lockheed XF-90">F-90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_XF-91_Thunderceptor" title="Republic XF-91 Thunderceptor">F-91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convair_XF-92" title="Convair XF-92">F-92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_YF-93" title="North American YF-93">F-93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_F-94_Starfire" title="Lockheed F-94 Starfire">F-94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86D_Sabre" title="North American F-86D Sabre">F-95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_F-84F_Thunderstreak" title="Republic F-84F Thunderstreak">F-96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_F-94_Starfire" title="Lockheed F-94 Starfire">F-97</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIM-4_Falcon" title="AIM-4 Falcon">F-98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIM-10_Bomarc" title="CIM-10 Bomarc">F-99</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-100_Super_Sabre" title="North American F-100 Super Sabre">F-100</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-107" title="North American F-107">F-100B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_F-101_Voodoo" title="McDonnell F-101 Voodoo">F-101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convair_F-102_Delta_Dagger" title="Convair F-102 Delta Dagger">F-102</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convair_F-106_Delta_Dart" title="Convair F-106 Delta Dart">F-102B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_XF-103" title="Republic XF-103">F-103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_F-104_Starfighter" title="Lockheed F-104 Starfighter">F-104</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_XF-104_Starfighter" title="Lockheed XF-104 Starfighter">XF-104</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeritalia_F-104S_Starfighter" title="Aeritalia F-104S Starfighter">F-104S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_NF-104A" title="Lockheed NF-104A">NF-104A</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_F-105_Thunderchief" title="Republic F-105 Thunderchief">F-105</a></li> <li>F-106<sup><small>3</small></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_XF-84H_Thunderscreech" title="Republic XF-84H Thunderscreech">XF-106</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convair_F-106_Delta_Dart" title="Convair F-106 Delta Dart">F-106</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-107" title="North American F-107">F-107</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_XF-108_Rapier" title="North American XF-108 Rapier">F-108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_D-188A" title="Bell D-188A">F-109</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II" title="McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II">F-110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-111_Aardvark" title="General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark">F-111</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics%E2%80%93Grumman_F-111B" title="General Dynamics–Grumman F-111B">F-111B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-111C" title="General Dynamics F-111C">F-111C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-111K" title="General Dynamics F-111K">F-111K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics%E2%80%93Boeing_AFTI/F-111A_Aardvark" title="General Dynamics–Boeing AFTI/F-111A Aardvark">AFTI/F-111A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics%E2%80%93Grumman_EF-111A_Raven" title="General Dynamics–Grumman EF-111A Raven">EF-111A</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pursuit, biplace</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berliner-Joyce_P-16" title="Berliner-Joyce P-16">PB-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_P-30" title="Consolidated P-30">PB-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_XFM-2" title="Lockheed XFM-2">PB-3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fighter, multiplace</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_YFM-1_Airacuda" title="Bell YFM-1 Airacuda">FM-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_XFM-2" title="Lockheed XFM-2">FM-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-sequential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_SBD_Dauntless" title="Douglas SBD Dauntless">F-24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-38_Lightning" title="Lockheed P-38 Lightning">P-322</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_P-39_Airacobra" title="Bell P-39 Airacobra">P-400</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tri-service sequence<br />(1962–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main sequence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>F-1 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_FJ-2/-3_Fury" title="North American FJ-2/-3 Fury">F-1C/D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_FJ-4_Fury" title="North American FJ-4 Fury">F-1E/F</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_F2H_Banshee" title="McDonnell F2H Banshee">F-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_F3H_Demon" title="McDonnell F3H Demon">F-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II" title="McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II">F-4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_Phantom_in_UK_service" title="McDonnell Douglas Phantom in UK service">F-4K/M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_F-5" title="Northrop F-5">F-5</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_F-20_Tigershark" title="Northrop F-20 Tigershark">G</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_F4D_Skyray" title="Douglas F4D Skyray">F-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convair_F2Y_Sea_Dart" title="Convair F2Y Sea Dart">F-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vought_F-8_Crusader" title="Vought F-8 Crusader">F-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grumman_F9F_Panther" title="Grumman F9F Panther">F-9</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grumman_F-9_Cougar" title="Grumman F-9 Cougar">F-9F–J</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_F3D_Skyknight" title="Douglas F3D Skyknight">F-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grumman_F-11_Tiger" title="Grumman F-11 Tiger">F-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_YF-12" title="Lockheed YF-12">F-12</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_SR-71_Blackbird" title="Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird">F-12C</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:grey">F-13</span><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grumman_F-14_Tomcat" title="Grumman F-14 Tomcat">F-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-15_Eagle" title="McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle">F-15</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-15E_Strike_Eagle" title="McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle">F-15E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_F-15EX_Eagle_II" title="Boeing F-15EX Eagle II">F-15EX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_F-15J" title="Mitsubishi F-15J">F-15J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-15_STOL/MTD" title="McDonnell Douglas F-15 STOL/MTD">F-15 STOL/MTD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon" title="General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon">F-16</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16XL" title="General Dynamics F-16XL">F-16XL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_X-62_VISTA" title="General Dynamics X-62 VISTA">NF-16D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_YF-17" title="Northrop YF-17">F-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F/A-18_Hornet" title="McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet">F/A-18</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_F/A-18E/F_Super_Hornet" title="Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet">F/A-18E/F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_EA-18G_Growler" title="Boeing EA-18G Growler">EA-18G</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:grey">F-19</span><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_F-20_Tigershark" title="Northrop F-20 Tigershark">F-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IAI_Kfir#United_States" title="IAI Kfir">F-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-22_Raptor" title="Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor">F-22</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_YF-22" title="Lockheed YF-22">YF-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_FB-22" title="Lockheed Martin FB-22">FB-22</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_YF-23" title="Northrop YF-23">F-23</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-sequential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II" title="Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II">F-35</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II_Israeli_procurement" title="Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II Israeli procurement">F-35I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_X-35" title="Lockheed Martin X-35">X-35</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_F-117_Nighthawk" title="Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk">F-117</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Covert designations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Have_Doughnut" title="Have Doughnut">YF-110</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-21" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21">YF-110B/D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu_J-7" title="Chengdu J-7">YF-110C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAVE_DRILL" class="mw-redirect" title="HAVE DRILL">YF-113 (I)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-17" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17">YF-113A</a></li></ul></li> <li>YF-113 (II) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-23" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23">YF-113B/D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Have_Privilege" class="mw-redirect" title="Have Privilege">YF-113 (III)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shenyang_J-5" title="Shenyang J-5">YF-113C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAVE_FERRY" class="mw-redirect" title="HAVE FERRY">YF-114</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-17" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17">YF-114C/D</a></li></ul></li> <li>YF-117 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_F-117_Nighthawk" title="Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk">YF-117A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Tacit_Blue" title="Northrop Tacit Blue">YF-117D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Bird_of_Prey" title="Boeing Bird of Prey">YF-118</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related designations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rockwell_XFV-12" title="Rockwell XFV-12">FV-12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>1</sup> Not assigned  •  <sup>2</sup> Unofficial  •  <sup>3</sup> Assigned to multiple types<br />See also: "<a href="/wiki/F-19" title="F-19">F-19</a>"  •  <a href="/wiki/Template:USAAS_fighters" title="Template:USAAS fighters">1919–1924 sequence</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="USN/USMC_bomber_designations_1931–1962" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USN_bomber_aircraft" title="Template:USN bomber aircraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USN_bomber_aircraft" title="Template talk:USN bomber aircraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USN_bomber_aircraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USN bomber aircraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="USN/USMC_bomber_designations_1931–1962" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">USN</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">USMC</a> bomber designations 1931–1962</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bomber</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:14em"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Aircraft_Company" title="Douglas Aircraft Company">Douglas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">BD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:14em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Aircraft_Company" title="Great Lakes Aircraft Company">Great Lakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_BG" title="Great Lakes BG">BG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_BG" title="Great Lakes BG">B2G</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:14em"><a href="/wiki/Fleetwings" title="Fleetwings">Kaiser-Fleetwings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaiser-Fleetwings_XBTK" title="Kaiser-Fleetwings XBTK">BK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:14em"><a href="/wiki/Glenn_L._Martin_Company" title="Glenn L. Martin Company">Martin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_BM" title="Martin BM">BM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_B2M&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin B2M (page does not exist)">B2M</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:14em"><a href="/wiki/Naval_Aircraft_Factory" title="Naval Aircraft Factory">Naval Aircraft Factory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_Aviation_Factory_BN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naval Aviation Factory BN (page does not exist)">BN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:14em"><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Corporation" title="Northrop Corporation">Northrop</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_BT" title="Northrop BT">BT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_YB-35" title="Northrop YB-35">B2T</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:14em"><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Aircraft" title="Consolidated Aircraft">Consolidated</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Fleetster" title="Consolidated Fleetster">BY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_XB2Y" title="Consolidated XB2Y">B2Y</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bomber Drone</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Interstate" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:14em"><a href="/wiki/Interstate_Aircraft" title="Interstate Aircraft">Interstate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_XBDR" title="Interstate XBDR">BDR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bomber Fighter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:14em"><a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XF6B" title="Boeing XF6B">BFB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:14em"><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_Aeroplane_and_Motor_Company" title="Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company">Curtiss</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_F11C_Goshawk" title="Curtiss F11C Goshawk">BFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_BF2C_Goshawk" title="Curtiss BF2C Goshawk">BF2C</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bomber Torpedo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:14em"><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_Aeroplane_and_Motor_Company" title="Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company">Curtiss</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_XBTC" title="Curtiss XBTC">BTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_XBT2C" title="Curtiss XBT2C">BT2C</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:14em"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Aircraft_Company" title="Douglas Aircraft Company">Douglas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_BTD_Destroyer" title="Douglas BTD Destroyer">BTD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-1_Skyraider" title="Douglas A-1 Skyraider">BT2D</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:14em"><a href="/wiki/Fleetwings" title="Fleetwings">Kaiser-Fleetwings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaiser-Fleetwings_XBTK" title="Kaiser-Fleetwings XBTK">BTK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:14em"><a href="/wiki/Glenn_L._Martin_Company" title="Glenn L. Martin Company">Martin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_AM_Mauler" title="Martin AM Mauler">BTM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_observation_aircraft_designations,_USAAC/USAAF_and_Tri-Service_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_observation_aircraft" title="Template:US observation aircraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_observation_aircraft" title="Template talk:US observation aircraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_observation_aircraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US observation aircraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_observation_aircraft_designations,_USAAC/USAAF_and_Tri-Service_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">United States <a href="/wiki/Surveillance_aircraft" title="Surveillance aircraft">observation aircraft</a> designations, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps" title="United States Army Air Corps">USAAC</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">USAAF</a> and <a href="/wiki/1962_United_States_Tri-Service_aircraft_designation_system" title="1962 United States Tri-Service aircraft designation system">Tri-Service</a> systems</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">USAAC/USAAF sequence<br />(1924–1942)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_Falcon" title="Curtiss Falcon">O-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_O-2" title="Douglas O-2">O-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton-Wright_XO-3" title="Dayton-Wright XO-3">O-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_XO-4" title="Martin XO-4">O-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_World_Cruiser" title="Douglas World Cruiser">O-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_O-2" title="Douglas O-2">O-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_O-2" title="Douglas O-2">O-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_O-2" title="Douglas O-2">O-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_O-2" title="Douglas O-2">O-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loening_OL" title="Loening OL">O-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_Falcon" title="Curtiss Falcon">O-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_Falcon" title="Curtiss Falcon">O-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_Falcon" title="Curtiss Falcon">O-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_O-2" title="Douglas O-2">O-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystone_XO-15" title="Keystone XO-15">O-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_Falcon" title="Curtiss Falcon">O-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_O-17_Courier" title="Consolidated O-17 Courier">O-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_Falcon" title="Curtiss Falcon">O-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas-Morse_O-19" title="Thomas-Morse O-19">O-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas-Morse_O-19" title="Thomas-Morse O-19">O-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas-Morse_O-19" title="Thomas-Morse O-19">O-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_O-2" title="Douglas O-2">O-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas-Morse_O-19" title="Thomas-Morse O-19">O-23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_O-24" title="Curtiss O-24">O-24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_O-2" title="Douglas O-2">O-25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_Falcon" title="Curtiss Falcon">O-26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fokker_XB-8" title="Fokker XB-8">O-27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vought_O2U_Corsair" title="Vought O2U Corsair">O-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_O-2" title="Douglas O-2">O-29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_XO-30" title="Curtiss XO-30">O-30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_O-31" title="Douglas O-31">O-31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_O-2" title="Douglas O-2">O-32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas-Morse_O-19" title="Thomas-Morse O-19">O-33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_O-2" title="Douglas O-2">O-34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Y1B-7" title="Douglas Y1B-7">O-35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Y1B-7" title="Douglas Y1B-7">O-36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loening_OL" title="Loening OL">O-37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_O-38" title="Douglas O-38">O-38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_Falcon" title="Curtiss Falcon">O-39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_O-40_Raven" title="Curtiss O-40 Raven">O-40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas-Morse_O-19" title="Thomas-Morse O-19">O-41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas-Morse_O-19" title="Thomas-Morse O-19">O-42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_O-43" title="Douglas O-43">O-43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_YOA-5" title="Douglas YOA-5">O-44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_B-10" title="Martin B-10">O-45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_O-46" title="Douglas O-46">O-46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_O-47" title="North American O-47">O-47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_O-46" title="Douglas O-46">O-48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stinson_L-1_Vigilant" title="Stinson L-1 Vigilant">O-49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellanca_YO-50" title="Bellanca YO-50">O-50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_YO-51_Dragonfly" title="Ryan YO-51 Dragonfly">O-51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_O-52_Owl" title="Curtiss O-52 Owl">O-52</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">O-53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stinson_Voyager" title="Stinson Voyager">O-54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERCO_Ercoupe" title="ERCO Ercoupe">O-55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Ventura" title="Lockheed Ventura">O-56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylorcraft_L-2" title="Taylorcraft L-2">O-57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeronca_L-3" title="Aeronca L-3">O-58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper_J-3_Cub" title="Piper J-3 Cub">O-59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kellett_KD-1" title="Kellett KD-1">O-60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_XO-61" title="Pitcairn XO-61">O-61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stinson_L-5_Sentinel" title="Stinson L-5 Sentinel">O-62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_Cadet" title="Interstate Cadet">O-63</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tri-Service sequence<br />(1962–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cessna_O-1_Bird_Dog" title="Cessna O-1 Bird Dog">O-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cessna_O-2_Skymaster" title="Cessna O-2 Skymaster">O-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_YO-3_Quiet_Star" title="Lockheed YO-3 Quiet Star">O-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wren_460" title="Wren 460">O-4</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_Dash_7" title="De Havilland Canada Dash 7">O-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_Dash_8" title="De Havilland Canada Dash 8">O-6</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Related_designations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related designations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grumman_OV-1_Mohawk" title="Grumman OV-1 Mohawk">OV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Rockwell_OV-10_Bronco" title="North American Rockwell OV-10 Bronco">OV-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilatus_PC-6_Porter" title="Pilatus PC-6 Porter">OV-12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>1</sup> Unconfirmed</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_military_reconnaissance_aircraft_designations,_Army/Air_Force_and_1962_Tri-Service_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Template:US reconnaissance aircraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Template talk:US reconnaissance aircraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US reconnaissance aircraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_military_reconnaissance_aircraft_designations,_Army/Air_Force_and_1962_Tri-Service_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">United States military <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">reconnaissance aircraft</a> designations, Army/Air Force and <a href="/wiki/1962_United_States_Tri-Service_aircraft_designation_system" title="1962 United States Tri-Service aircraft designation system">1962 Tri-Service</a> systems</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Army/Air Force main sequence<br />(1930–1962)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prefix F-, 1930–1947</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fairchild_71" title="Fairchild 71">F-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_Model_18" title="Beechcraft Model 18">F-2</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-38_Lightning" title="Lockheed P-38 Lightning">F-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-38_Lightning" title="Lockheed P-38 Lightning">F-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang">F-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_B-24_Liberator" title="Consolidated B-24 Liberator">F-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito" title="De Havilland Mosquito">F-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress_variants#F-9_Flying_Fortress" title="List of Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress variants">F-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell" title="North American B-25 Mitchell">F-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_XF-11" title="Hughes XF-11">F-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_XF-12_Rainbow" title="Republic XF-12 Rainbow">F-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress">F-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-80_Shooting_Star" title="Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star">F-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_F-15_Reporter" title="Northrop F-15 Reporter">F-15</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prefix R-, 1947–1962</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_XF-11" title="Hughes XF-11">R-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_XF-12_Rainbow" title="Republic XF-12 Rainbow">R-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress">R-16</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconnaissance/strike sequence<br />(1960–1962)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_XB-70_Valkyrie" title="North American XB-70 Valkyrie">RS-70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_SR-71_Blackbird" title="Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird">RS-71</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Strategic reconnaissance sequence<br />(1964–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_SR-71_Blackbird" title="Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird">SR-71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_SR-72" title="Lockheed Martin SR-72">SR-72</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tri-Service main sequence<br />(1962–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_U-2" title="Lockheed U-2">R-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconnaissance subtypes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Converted fighters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II" title="McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II">RF-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vought_F-8_Crusader" title="Vought F-8 Crusader">RF-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-80_Shooting_Star" title="Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star">RF-80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_F-101_Voodoo" title="McDonnell F-101 Voodoo">RF-101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_F-104_Starfighter" title="Lockheed F-104 Starfighter">RF-104</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Converted bombers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress_variants" title="List of Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress variants">RB-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress">RB-29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-47_Stratojet" title="Boeing B-47 Stratojet">RB-47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress">RB-52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_B-57_Canberra" title="Martin B-57 Canberra">RB-57</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_RB-57D_Canberra" title="Martin RB-57D Canberra">RB-57D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin/General_Dynamics_RB-57F_Canberra" title="Martin/General Dynamics RB-57F Canberra">RB-57F</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_B-66_Destroyer" title="Douglas B-66 Destroyer">RB-66</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="USAAS/USAAC/USAAF/USAF_bomber_designations,_Army/Air_Force_and_Tri-Service_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USAF_bomber_aircraft" title="Template:USAF bomber aircraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USAF_bomber_aircraft" title="Template talk:USAF bomber aircraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USAF_bomber_aircraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USAF bomber aircraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="USAAS/USAAC/USAAF/USAF_bomber_designations,_Army/Air_Force_and_Tri-Service_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Service" title="United States Army Air Service">USAAS</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps" title="United States Army Air Corps">USAAC</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">USAAF</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">USAF</a> bomber designations, Army/Air Force and <a href="/wiki/1962_United_States_Tri-Service_aircraft_designation_system" title="1962 United States Tri-Service aircraft designation system">Tri-Service</a> systems</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Original sequences<br />(1924–1930)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Light bomber</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huff-Daland_LB-1" title="Huff-Daland LB-1">LB-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fokker_F-10" title="Fokker F-10">LB-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystone_XLB-3" title="Keystone XLB-3">LB-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_XLB-4" title="Martin XLB-4">LB-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystone_LB-5" title="Keystone LB-5">LB-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystone_LB-6" title="Keystone LB-6">LB-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystone_LB-6" title="Keystone LB-6">LB-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystone_LB-6" title="Keystone LB-6">LB-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystone_LB-6" title="Keystone LB-6">LB-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystone_B-3" title="Keystone B-3">LB-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystone_LB-6" title="Keystone LB-6">LB-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystone_LB-6" title="Keystone LB-6">LB-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystone_B-4" title="Keystone B-4">LB-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystone_B-5" title="Keystone B-5">LB-14</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medium bomber</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huff-Daland_XB-1" title="Huff-Daland XB-1">B-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_B-2_Condor" title="Curtiss B-2 Condor">B-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heavy bomber</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huff-Daland_XHB-1" title="Huff-Daland XHB-1">HB-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fokker_XHB-2" title="Fokker XHB-2">HB-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huff-Daland_XHB-3" title="Huff-Daland XHB-3">HB-3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main sequence<br />(1930–1962)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huff-Daland_XB-1" title="Huff-Daland XB-1">B-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_B-2_Condor" title="Curtiss B-2 Condor">B-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystone_B-3" title="Keystone B-3">B-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystone_B-4" title="Keystone B-4">B-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystone_B-5" title="Keystone B-5">B-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystone_B-6" title="Keystone B-6">B-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Y1B-7" title="Douglas Y1B-7">B-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fokker_XB-8" title="Fokker XB-8">B-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_YB-9" title="Boeing YB-9">B-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_B-10" title="Martin B-10">B-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_YOA-5" title="Douglas YOA-5">B-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_B-10" title="Martin B-10">B-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_B-10" title="Martin B-10">B-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_B-10" title="Martin B-10">B-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XB-15" title="Boeing XB-15">B-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_XB-16" title="Martin XB-16">B-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress" title="Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress">B-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_B-18_Bolo" title="Douglas B-18 Bolo">B-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_XB-19" title="Douglas XB-19">B-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Y1B-20" title="Boeing Y1B-20">B-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_XB-21" title="North American XB-21">B-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_B-18_Bolo" title="Douglas B-18 Bolo">B-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_B-23_Dragon" title="Douglas B-23 Dragon">B-23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_B-24_Liberator" title="Consolidated B-24 Liberator">B-24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell" title="North American B-25 Mitchell">B-25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_B-26_Marauder" title="Martin B-26 Marauder">B-26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_XB-27" title="Martin XB-27">B-27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_XB-28_Dragon" title="North American XB-28 Dragon">B-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress">B-29</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-50_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-50 Superfortress">B-29D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_XB-30" title="Lockheed XB-30">B-30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_XB-31" title="Douglas XB-31">B-31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_B-32_Dominator" title="Consolidated B-32 Dominator">B-32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_XB-33_Super_Marauder" title="Martin XB-33 Super Marauder">B-33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Ventura" title="Lockheed Ventura">B-34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_YB-35" title="Northrop YB-35">B-35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convair_B-36_Peacemaker" title="Convair B-36 Peacemaker">B-36</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convair_YB-60" title="Convair YB-60">B-36G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convair_NB-36H" title="Convair NB-36H">NB-36H</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Ventura" title="Lockheed Ventura">B-37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XB-38_Flying_Fortress" title="Boeing XB-38 Flying Fortress">B-38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XB-39_Superfortress" title="Boeing XB-39 Superfortress">B-39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_YB-40_Flying_Fortress" title="Boeing YB-40 Flying Fortress">B-40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_XB-41_Liberator" title="Consolidated XB-41 Liberator">B-41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_XB-42_Mixmaster" title="Douglas XB-42 Mixmaster">B-42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_XB-43_Jetmaster" title="Douglas XB-43 Jetmaster">B-43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-50_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-50 Superfortress">B-44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_B-45_Tornado" title="North American B-45 Tornado">B-45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convair_XB-46" title="Convair XB-46">B-46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-47_Stratojet" title="Boeing B-47 Stratojet">B-47</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XB-56" title="Boeing XB-56">B-47C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_XB-48" title="Martin XB-48">B-48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_YB-49" title="Northrop YB-49">B-49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-50_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-50 Superfortress">B-50</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-54" title="Boeing B-54">B-50C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_XB-51" title="Martin XB-51">B-51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress">B-52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convair_XB-53" title="Convair XB-53">B-53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-54" title="Boeing B-54">B-54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XB-55" title="Boeing XB-55">B-55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XB-56" title="Boeing XB-56">B-56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_B-57_Canberra" title="Martin B-57 Canberra">B-57</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_RB-57D_Canberra" title="Martin RB-57D Canberra">RB-57D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin/General_Dynamics_RB-57F_Canberra" title="Martin/General Dynamics RB-57F Canberra">RB-57F</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convair_B-58_Hustler" title="Convair B-58 Hustler">B-58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XB-59" title="Boeing XB-59">B-59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convair_YB-60" title="Convair YB-60">B-60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGM-1_Matador" title="MGM-1 Matador">B-61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SM-62_Snark" title="SM-62 Snark">B-62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GAM-63_RASCAL" title="GAM-63 RASCAL">B-63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SM-64_Navaho" title="SM-64 Navaho">B-64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SM-65_Atlas" title="SM-65 Atlas">B-65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_B-66_Destroyer" title="Douglas B-66 Destroyer">B-66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GAM-67_Crossbow" title="GAM-67 Crossbow">B-67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_XB-68" title="Martin XB-68">B-68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-2_Neptune" title="Lockheed P-2 Neptune">B-69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_XB-70_Valkyrie" title="North American XB-70 Valkyrie">B-70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_SR-71_Blackbird" title="Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird">B-71</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Long-range bomber<br />(1935–1936)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XB-15" title="Boeing XB-15">BLR-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_XB-19" title="Douglas XB-19">BLR-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_XBLR-3" title="Sikorsky XBLR-3">BLR-3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tri-Service sequence<br />(1962–current)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rockwell_B-1_Lancer" title="Rockwell B-1 Lancer">B-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_B-2_Spirit" title="Northrop B-2 Spirit">B-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-sequential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Redesignated A-series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">B-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-26_Invader" title="Douglas A-26 Invader">B-26</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fighter-bomber, in F-series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_FB-22" title="Lockheed Martin FB-22">FB-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-111_Aardvark" title="General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark">FB-111</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_B-21_Raider" title="Northrop Grumman B-21 Raider">B-21</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="RAF_strategic_bombing_during_the_Second_World_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:RAF_WWII_strategic_bombing" title="Template:RAF WWII strategic bombing"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:RAF_WWII_strategic_bombing" title="Template talk:RAF WWII strategic bombing"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:RAF_WWII_strategic_bombing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:RAF WWII strategic bombing"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="RAF_strategic_bombing_during_the_Second_World_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">RAF strategic bombing during the Second World War</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butt_Report" title="Butt Report">Butt Report (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command#Strategic_bombing_1942-1945" title="RAF Bomber Command">RAF strategic bombing 1942–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_bombing_directive" title="Area bombing directive">Area Bombing Directive (1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehousing" title="Dehousing">Dehousing paper (1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casablanca_directive" title="Casablanca directive">Casablanca directive (1943)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Harris" title="Arthur Harris">Arthur "Bomber" Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Lindemann,_1st_Viscount_Cherwell" title="Frederick Lindemann, 1st Viscount Cherwell">Frederick "Prof" Lindemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Portal,_1st_Viscount_Portal_of_Hungerford" title="Charles Portal, 1st Viscount Portal of Hungerford">Sir Charles Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Sinclair,_1st_Viscount_Thurso" title="Archibald Sinclair, 1st Viscount Thurso">Sir Archibald Sinclair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Tedder,_1st_Baron_Tedder" title="Arthur Tedder, 1st Baron Tedder">Arthur Tedder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oil_campaign_of_World_War_II" title="Oil campaign of World War II">Oil targets (1940-45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_bombing_directive" title="Area bombing directive">Area bombing of cities (1942–43)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_pen#The_Allied_bombing_offensive" title="Submarine pen">U-boat pens (1943–44)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ruhr" title="Battle of the Ruhr">Battle of the Ruhr (1943)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Combined Bomber Offensive (1943–44)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin_(RAF_campaign)" title="Battle of Berlin (RAF campaign)">Battle of Berlin (1943–44)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_Plan" title="Transport Plan">Transport (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hamburg in World War II">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombings_of_Heilbronn_in_World_War_II" title="Bombings of Heilbronn in World War II">Heilbronn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kassel_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Kassel in World War II">Kassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Pforzheim_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Pforzheim in World War II">Pforzheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dresden_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Dresden in World War II">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_the_Bezuidenhout" title="Bombing of the Bezuidenhout">The Hague</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bellicose" title="Operation Bellicose"><i>Bellicose</i> (Friedrichshafen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chastise" title="Operation Chastise"><i>Chastise</i> ("Dambusters" raid)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hurricane_(1944)" title="Operation Hurricane (1944)"><i>Hurricane</i> (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Peenem%C3%BCnde_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Peenemünde in World War II"><i>Hydra</i> (Peenemünde)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Aircraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Blenheim" title="Bristol Blenheim">Blenheim</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boston (Douglas DB-7)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Halifax" title="Handley Page Halifax">Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Hampden" title="Handley Page Hampden">Hampden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avro_Lancaster" title="Avro Lancaster">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avro_Manchester" title="Avro Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito" title="De Havilland Mosquito">Mosquito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_Stirling" title="Short Stirling">Stirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Ventura" title="Lockheed Ventura">Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth_Whitley" title="Armstrong Whitworth Whitley">Whitley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaff_(countermeasure)" title="Chaff (countermeasure)">Chaff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H2S_(radar)" title="H2S (radar)">H2S radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gee_(navigation)" title="Gee (navigation)">Gee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oboe_(navigation)" title="Oboe (navigation)">"Oboe"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gee-H_(navigation)" title="Gee-H (navigation)">Gee-H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monica_(radar)" title="Monica (radar)">"Monica" radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_bomb" title="Blockbuster bomb">Blockbuster bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_bomb" title="Earthquake bomb">Earthquake bomb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tallboy_(bomb)" title="Tallboy (bomb)">Tallboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(bomb)" title="Grand Slam (bomb)">Grand Slam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouncing_bomb" title="Bouncing bomb">Bouncing bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Target_indicator" title="Target indicator">Target indicator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Tactics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_bombardment" title="Area bombardment">Area bombardment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomber_stream" title="Bomber stream">Bomber stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firebombing" title="Firebombing">Firebombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Fighter_Command#Invasion_of_Europe" title="RAF Fighter Command">Intruder operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_(RAF)#Master_bomber" title="Pathfinder (RAF)">Master Bomber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_(RAF)" title="Pathfinder (RAF)">Pathfinders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_bombing" title="Shuttle bombing">Shuttle bombing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/No._1_Group_RAF" title="No. 1 Group RAF">No. 1 Group RAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._3_Group_RAF" title="No. 3 Group RAF">No. 3 Group RAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._4_Group_RAF" title="No. 4 Group RAF">No. 4 Group RAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._5_Group_RAF" title="No. 5 Group RAF">No. 5 Group RAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._6_Group_RCAF" title="No. 6 Group RCAF">No. 6 Group RCAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._8_Group_RAF" title="No. 8 Group RAF">No. 8 Group RAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._100_Group_RAF" title="No. 100 Group RAF">No. 100 Group RAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_(RAF)" title="Pathfinder (RAF)">Light Night Strike Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:WW2AirDefenceUK" title="Template:WW2AirDefenceUK">Aerial defence of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces (USAAF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">Air operations during the Battle of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_of_the_Reich" title="Defence of the Reich">Defence of the Reich</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Death_by_Moonlight:_Bomber_Command" title="Death by Moonlight: Bomber Command">Death by Moonlight: Bomber Command</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Into_the_Storm_(2009_film)" title="Into the Storm (2009 film)">Into the Storm</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Target_for_Tonight" title="Target for Tonight">Target for Tonight</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Australian_Defence_Force_aircraft_serial-number_prefixes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:ADF_aircraft_prefixes" title="Template:ADF aircraft prefixes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ADF_aircraft_prefixes" title="Template talk:ADF aircraft prefixes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ADF_aircraft_prefixes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ADF aircraft prefixes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Australian_Defence_Force_aircraft_serial-number_prefixes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Australian Defence Force</a> aircraft serial-number prefixes</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate prefixes not used.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="List of aircraft of the Royal Australian Air Force">RAAF Series One<br /><span class="nobold">1921–34</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airco_DH.9" title="Airco DH.9">A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Aircraft_Factory_S.E.5" title="Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5">A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avro_504" title="Avro 504">A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopwith_Pup" title="Sopwith Pup">A4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_Wapiti" title="Westland Wapiti">A5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airco_DH.9" title="Airco DH.9">A6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_DH.60_Moth" title="De Havilland DH.60 Moth">A7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_DH.50" title="De Havilland DH.50">A8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Seagull_(1921)" title="Supermarine Seagull (1921)">A9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairey_III" title="Fairey III">A10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Southampton" title="Supermarine Southampton">A11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Bulldog" title="Bristol Bulldog">A12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="List of aircraft of the Royal Australian Air Force">RAAF Series Two<br /><span class="nobold">1935–63</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hart" title="Hawker Hart">A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Walrus" title="Supermarine Walrus">A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAC_Wackett" title="CAC Wackett">A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avro_Anson" title="Avro Anson">A4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_Wapiti" title="Westland Wapiti">A5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avro_643_Cadet" title="Avro 643 Cadet">A6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_DH.60_Moth" title="De Havilland DH.60 Moth">A7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Beaufighter" title="Bristol Beaufighter">A8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Beaufort" title="Bristol Beaufort">A9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_DH.50" title="De Havilland DH.50">A10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylorcraft_Auster" title="Taylorcraft Auster">A11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Bulldog" title="Bristol Bulldog">A12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_Trainer" title="Link Trainer">A13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tugan_Gannet" title="Tugan Gannet">A14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Magister" title="Miles Magister">A15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Hudson" title="Lockheed Hudson">A16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Tiger_Moth" title="De Havilland Tiger Moth">A17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_Empire" title="Short Empire">A18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Beaufighter" title="Bristol Beaufighter">A19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAC_Wirraway" title="CAC Wirraway">A20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Moth_Minor" title="De Havilland Moth Minor">A21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairey_Battle" title="Fairey Battle">A22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAC_Woomera" title="CAC Woomera">A23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_PBY_Catalina" title="Consolidated PBY Catalina">A24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airspeed_Oxford" title="Airspeed Oxford">A25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_Sunderland" title="Short Sunderland">A26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vultee_A-31_Vengeance" title="Vultee A-31 Vengeance">A27</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">A28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-40_Warhawk" title="Curtiss P-40 Warhawk">A29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-2" title="Douglas DC-2">A30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-3" title="Douglas DC-3">A30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Express" title="De Havilland Express">A31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percival_Vega_Gull" title="Percival Vega Gull">A32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Dragon_Rapide" title="De Havilland Dragon Rapide">A33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Dragon" title="De Havilland Dragon">A34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Dolphin" title="Douglas Dolphin">A35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairchild_24" title="Fairchild 24">A36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Falcon" title="Miles Falcon">A37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Merlin" title="Miles Merlin">A37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Hawk" title="Miles Hawk">A37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stinson_Reliant" title="Stinson Reliant">A38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_Model_17_Staggerwing" title="Beechcraft Model 17 Staggerwing">A39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cessna_Airmaster" title="Cessna Airmaster">A40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Fox_Moth" title="De Havilland Fox Moth">A41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Vega" title="Lockheed Vega">A42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Dragonfly" title="De Havilland Dragonfly">A43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junkers_G_31" title="Junkers G 31">A44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junkers_W_34" title="Junkers W 34">A44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Trimotor" title="Ford Trimotor">A45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAC_Boomerang" title="CAC Boomerang">A46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell" title="North American B-25 Mitchell">A47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vought_OS2U_Kingfisher" title="Vought OS2U Kingfisher">A48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dornier_Do_24" title="Dornier Do 24">A49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_ST" title="Ryan ST">A50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewster_F2A_Buffalo" title="Brewster F2A Buffalo">A51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito" title="De Havilland Mosquito">A52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_P-39_Airacobra" title="Bell P-39 Airacobra">A53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waco_Aircraft_Company" title="Waco Aircraft Company">A54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-38_Lightning" title="Lockheed P-38 Lightning">A55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_P-43_Lancer" title="Republic P-43 Lancer">A56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Australia" title="De Havilland Australia">A57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">A58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Ventura" title="Lockheed Ventura">A59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane" title="Hawker Hurricane">A60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Corporation" title="Northrop Corporation">A61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAC_CA-15" title="CAC CA-15">A62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_navigation" title="Celestial navigation">A63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stinson_L-1_Vigilant" title="Stinson L-1 Vigilant">A64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain" title="Douglas C-47 Skytrain">A65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avro_Lancaster" title="Avro Lancaster">A66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Model_18_Lodestar" title="Lockheed Model 18 Lodestar">A67</a></li> <li>A68 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CAC_Mustang" title="CAC Mustang">1–200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang">500–1001</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_SB2C_Helldiver" title="Curtiss SB2C Helldiver">A69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_PBM_Mariner" title="Martin PBM Mariner">A70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noorduyn_Norseman" title="Noorduyn Norseman">A71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_B-24_Liberator" title="Consolidated B-24 Liberator">A72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avro_Lincoln" title="Avro Lincoln">A73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avro_York" title="Avro York">A74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percival_Proctor" title="Percival Proctor">A75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress">A76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloster_Meteor" title="Gloster Meteor">A77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Vampire" title="De Havilland Vampire">A78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Vampire" title="De Havilland Vampire">A79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_H-5" title="Sikorsky H-5">A80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Freighter" title="Bristol Freighter">A81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viking" title="Vickers Viking">A82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Hornet" title="De Havilland Hornet">A83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Electric_Canberra" title="English Electric Canberra">A84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAC_Winjeel" title="CAC Winjeel">A85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_P.1081" title="Hawker P.1081">A86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valetta" title="Vickers Valetta">A87</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RFD_Winged_Target&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RFD Winged Target (page does not exist)">A88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-2_Neptune" title="Lockheed P-2 Neptune">A89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percival_Prince" title="Percival Prince">A90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Sycamore" title="Bristol Sycamore">A91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GAF_Jindivik" title="GAF Jindivik">A92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GAF_Jindivik" title="GAF Jindivik">A93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAC_Sabre" title="CAC Sabre">A94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-2_Beaver" title="De Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver">A95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convair_CV-240_family" title="Convair CV-240 family">A96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_C-130_Hercules" title="Lockheed C-130 Hercules">A97</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cessna_180_Skywagon" title="Cessna 180 Skywagon">A98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAC_Jet_Provost" title="BAC Jet Provost">A99</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-3_Otter" title="De Havilland Canada DHC-3 Otter">A100</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Royal_Australian_Navy" title="List of aircraft of the Royal Australian Navy">RAN Series</a><span class="nobold"><sup>1</sup></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fairey_Firefly" title="Fairey Firefly">N1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain" title="Douglas C-47 Skytrain">N2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairey_Gannet" title="Fairey Gannet">N3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Sea_Venom" title="De Havilland Sea Venom">N4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Sycamore" title="Bristol Sycamore">N5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Vampire" title="De Havilland Vampire">N6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_Wessex" title="Westland Wessex">N7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_Scout" title="Westland Scout">N8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_UH-1_Iroquois" title="Bell UH-1 Iroquois">N9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioplane_BTT" title="Radioplane BTT">N10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GAF_Jindivik" title="GAF Jindivik">N11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grumman_S-2_Tracker" title="Grumman S-2 Tracker">N12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-4_Skyhawk" title="Douglas A-4 Skyhawk">N13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aermacchi_MB-326" title="Aermacchi MB-326">N14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_HS_748" title="Hawker Siddeley HS 748">N15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_Sea_King" title="Westland Sea King">N16</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="List of aircraft of the Royal Australian Air Force">RAAF Series Three</a><br /><span class="nobold">Tri-Service series<br />1964–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_H-13_Sioux" title="Bell H-13 Sioux">A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_UH-1_Iroquois" title="Bell UH-1 Iroquois">A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dassault_Mirage_III_Australian_procurement" title="Dassault Mirage III Australian procurement">A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-4_Caribou" title="De Havilland Canada DHC-4 Caribou">A4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale_Alouette_III" title="Aérospatiale Alouette III">A5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">A6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aermacchi_MB-326" title="Aermacchi MB-326">A7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-111C" title="General Dynamics F-111C">A8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-3_Orion" title="Lockheed P-3 Orion">A9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_HS_748" title="Hawker Siddeley HS 748">A10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dassault_Falcon_20" title="Dassault Falcon 20">A11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAC_One-Eleven" title="BAC One-Eleven">A12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_Trainer" title="Link Trainer">A13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilatus_PC-6_Porter" title="Pilatus PC-6 Porter">A14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_CH-47_Chinook" title="Boeing CH-47 Chinook">A15</a></li> <li><i>A16</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_OH-58_Kiowa" title="Bell OH-58 Kiowa">A17/N17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GAF_Nomad" title="GAF Nomad">A18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAC_CT/4_Airtrainer" title="PAC CT/4 Airtrainer">A19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_707" title="Boeing 707">A20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F/A-18_Hornet" title="McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet">A21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocopter_AS350_%C3%89cureuil" title="Eurocopter AS350 Écureuil">A22/N22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilatus_PC-9" title="Pilatus PC-9">A23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_SH-60_Seahawk" title="Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk">N24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_UH-60_Black_Hawk" title="Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk">A25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dassault_Falcon_900" title="Dassault Falcon 900">A26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Hawk" title="BAE Systems Hawk">A27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_MQM-107_Streaker" title="Beechcraft MQM-107 Streaker">N28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaman_SH-2G_Super_Seasprite" title="Kaman SH-2G Super Seasprite">N29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_E-7_Wedgetail" title="Boeing E-7 Wedgetail">A30</a></li> <li><i>A31</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_Super_King_Air" title="Beechcraft Super King Air">A32</a></li> <li><i>A33</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alenia_C-27J_Spartan" title="Alenia C-27J Spartan">A34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II" title="Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II">A35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Business_Jet" title="Boeing Business Jet">A36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Challenger_600_series" title="Bombardier Challenger 600 series">A37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocopter_Tiger" title="Eurocopter Tiger">A38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbus_A330_MRTT" title="Airbus A330 MRTT">A39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHIndustries_NH90" title="NHIndustries NH90">A40/N40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_C-17_Globemaster_III" title="Boeing C-17 Globemaster III">A41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW109" title="AgustaWestland AW109">N42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AAI_RQ-7_Shadow" title="AAI RQ-7 Shadow">A43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_F/A-18E/F_Super_Hornet" title="Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet">A44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IAI_Heron" title="IAI Heron">A45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_EA-18G_Growler" title="Boeing EA-18G Growler">A46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-8_Poseidon" title="Boeing P-8 Poseidon">A47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_SH-60_Seahawk" title="Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk">N48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_429_GlobalRanger" title="Bell 429 GlobalRanger">N49</a></li> <li><i>A51</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocopter_EC135" title="Eurocopter EC135">N52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_1900" title="Beechcraft 1900">A53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilatus_PC-21" title="Pilatus PC-21">A54</a></li> <li><i>A55</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dassault_Falcon_7X" title="Dassault Falcon 7X">A56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II_in_Australian_service" title="McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II in Australian service">A69</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="List of aircraft of the Royal Australian Air Force">Aircraft of the RAAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Royal_Australian_Navy" title="List of aircraft of the Royal Australian Navy">Aircraft of the RAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_Army_aircraft" title="List of Australian Army aircraft">Aircraft of the Australian Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>1</sup> Prior to adoption of Tri-Service prefixes.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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