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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Thrust augmentation by heating bypass air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thrust_augmentation_by_heating_bypass_air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Limitations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Efficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Efficiency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Efficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_cycle_choice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_cycle_choice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Influence on cycle choice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_cycle_choice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Afterburner</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%82_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%82" title="حارق لاحق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حارق لاحق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterburner" title="Afterburner – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Afterburner" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B6" title="Форсаж – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Форсаж" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcremador" title="Postcremador – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Postcremador" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99%C3%ADdavn%C3%A9_spalov%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Přídavné spalování – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Přídavné spalování" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efterbr%C3%A6nder" title="Efterbrænder – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Efterbrænder" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nachbrenner" title="Nachbrenner – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nachbrenner" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poscombusti%C3%B3n" title="Poscombustión – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Poscombustión" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B2" title="پس‌سوز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پس‌سوز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcombustion" title="Postcombustion – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Postcombustion" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iardh%C3%B3" title="Iardhó – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Iardhó" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembakar_lanjut" title="Pembakar lanjut – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pembakar lanjut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afturbrennari" title="Afturbrennari – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Afturbrennari" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postbruciatore" title="Postbruciatore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Postbruciatore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99" title="מבער אחורי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מבער אחורי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forsa%C5%BEas_(aviacija)" title="Forsažas (aviacija) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Forsažas (aviacija)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ut%C3%A1n%C3%A9get%C5%91" title="Utánégető – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Utánégető" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembakar_lanjut" title="Pembakar lanjut – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pembakar lanjut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naverbrander" title="Naverbrander – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Naverbrander" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC" title="アフターバーナー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アフターバーナー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etterbrenner" title="Etterbrenner – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Etterbrenner" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopalacz_(lotnictwo)" title="Dopalacz (lotnictwo) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dopalacz (lotnictwo)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3s-combust%C3%A3o" title="Pós-combustão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pós-combustão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcombustie" title="Postcombustie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Postcombustie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B6" title="Форсаж – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Форсаж" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%ADdavn%C3%A9_spa%C4%BEovanie" title="Prídavné spaľovanie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Prídavné spaľovanie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodatno_zgorevanje" title="Dodatno zgorevanje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dodatno zgorevanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4lkipoltin" title="Jälkipoltin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jälkipoltin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efterbr%C3%A4nnkammare" title="Efterbrännkammare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Efterbrännkammare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artyak%C4%B1c%C4%B1" title="Artyakıcı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Artyakıcı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B6_(%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Форсаж (авіація) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Форсаж (авіація)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E7%87%83%E5%99%A8" title="後燃器 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="後燃器" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"After burner" redirects here. For the video game, see <a href="/wiki/After_Burner" title="After Burner">After Burner</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Afterburner_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Afterburner (disambiguation)">Afterburner (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FA18_on_afterburner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/FA18_on_afterburner.jpg/300px-FA18_on_afterburner.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/FA18_on_afterburner.jpg/450px-FA18_on_afterburner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/FA18_on_afterburner.jpg/600px-FA18_on_afterburner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>A US Navy <a href="/wiki/F/A-18_Hornet" class="mw-redirect" title="F/A-18 Hornet">F/A-18 Hornet</a> being launched from the catapult at maximum power</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>afterburner</b> (or <b>reheat</b> in British English) is an additional combustion component used on some <a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">jet engines</a>, mostly those on <a href="/wiki/Military_aircraft" title="Military aircraft">military</a> <a href="/wiki/Supersonic_aircraft" title="Supersonic aircraft">supersonic aircraft</a>. Its purpose is to increase <a href="/wiki/Thrust" title="Thrust">thrust</a>, usually for <a href="/wiki/Supersonic_flight" class="mw-redirect" title="Supersonic flight">supersonic flight</a>, takeoff, and <a href="/wiki/Aerial_combat" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerial combat">combat</a>. The afterburning process injects additional <a href="/wiki/Jet_fuel" title="Jet fuel">fuel</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Combustor" title="Combustor">combustor</a> ("burner") in the jet pipe behind (i.e., "after") the <a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">turbine</a>, "reheating" the exhaust gas. Afterburning significantly increases thrust as an alternative to using a bigger engine with its added weight penalty, but at the cost of increased fuel consumption (decreased <a href="/wiki/Fuel_efficiency" title="Fuel efficiency">fuel efficiency</a>) which limits its use to short periods. This aircraft application of "reheat" contrasts with the meaning and implementation of "reheat" applicable to gas turbines driving electrical generators and which reduces fuel consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SR-71_Blackbird_afterburn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/SR-71_Blackbird_afterburn.jpg/330px-SR-71_Blackbird_afterburn.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/SR-71_Blackbird_afterburn.jpg/500px-SR-71_Blackbird_afterburn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/SR-71_Blackbird_afterburn.jpg/960px-SR-71_Blackbird_afterburn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1688" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/SR-71_Blackbird" class="mw-redirect" title="SR-71 Blackbird">SR-71 Blackbird</a> in flight with <a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_J58" title="Pratt & Whitney J58">J58 engines</a> at maximum power, with numerous <a href="/wiki/Shock_diamond" title="Shock diamond">shock diamonds</a> visible in the exhaust</figcaption></figure> <p>Jet engines are referred to as operating <i>wet</i> when afterburning and <i>dry</i> when not.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An engine producing maximum thrust wet is at <i>maximum power,</i> while an engine producing maximum thrust dry is at <i>military power</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principle">Principle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterburner&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Principle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first jet engine with after-burner was the E variant of <a href="/wiki/Jumo_004" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumo 004">Jumo 004</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rear_view_of_afterburner_in_sectioned_Rolls-Royce_Turbom%C3%A9ca_Adour_turbofan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Rear_view_of_afterburner_in_sectioned_Rolls-Royce_Turbom%C3%A9ca_Adour_turbofan.jpg/220px-Rear_view_of_afterburner_in_sectioned_Rolls-Royce_Turbom%C3%A9ca_Adour_turbofan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Rear_view_of_afterburner_in_sectioned_Rolls-Royce_Turbom%C3%A9ca_Adour_turbofan.jpg/330px-Rear_view_of_afterburner_in_sectioned_Rolls-Royce_Turbom%C3%A9ca_Adour_turbofan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Rear_view_of_afterburner_in_sectioned_Rolls-Royce_Turbom%C3%A9ca_Adour_turbofan.jpg/440px-Rear_view_of_afterburner_in_sectioned_Rolls-Royce_Turbom%C3%A9ca_Adour_turbofan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2432" /></a><figcaption>Rear part of a sectioned <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Turbomeca_Adour" title="Rolls-Royce Turbomeca Adour">Rolls-Royce Turbomeca Adour</a>. The afterburner with its four combustion rings is clearly seen at the center.</figcaption></figure><p>Jet-engine thrust is an application of Newton's reaction principle, in which the engine generates thrust because it increases the <a href="/wiki/Momentum" title="Momentum">momentum</a> of the air passing through it.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thrust depends on two things: the velocity of the <a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">exhaust gas</a> and the mass of the gas exiting the nozzle. A jet engine can produce more thrust by either accelerating the gas to a higher velocity or ejecting a greater mass of gas from the engine.<sup id="cite_ref-DingleTooley2013_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DingleTooley2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Designing a basic <a href="/wiki/Turbojet" title="Turbojet">turbojet</a> engine around the second principle produces the <a href="/wiki/Turbofan" title="Turbofan">turbofan</a> engine, which creates slower gas, but more of it. Turbofans are highly fuel efficient and can deliver high thrust for long periods of time, but the design tradeoff is a large size relative to the power output. Generating increased power with a more compact engine for short periods can be achieved using an afterburner. The afterburner increases thrust primarily by accelerating the exhaust gas to a higher velocity.<sup id="cite_ref-Lancaster2015_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancaster2015-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following values and parameters are for an early jet engine, the <a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_J57" title="Pratt & Whitney J57">Pratt & Whitney J57</a>, stationary on the runway,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and illustrate the high values of afterburner fuel flow, gas temperature and thrust compared to those for the engine operating within the temperature limitations for its turbine. </p><p>The highest temperature in the engine (about 3,700 °F (2,040 °C)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) occurs in the combustion chamber, where fuel is burned (at an approximate rate of 8,520 lb/h (3,860 kg/h)) in a relatively small proportion of the air entering the engine. The combustion products have to be diluted with air from the compressor to bring the gas temperature down to a specific value, known as the Turbine Entry Temperature (TET) (1,570 °F (850 °C)), which gives the turbine an acceptable life.<sup id="cite_ref-Warhaft1997_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warhaft1997-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having to reduce the temperature of the combustion products by a large amount is one of the primary limitations on how much thrust can be generated (10,200 lb<sub>f</sub> (45,000 N)). Burning all the oxygen delivered by the compressor stages would create temperatures (3,700 °F (2,040 °C)) high enough to significantly weaken the internal structure of the engine, but by mixing the combustion products with unburned air from the compressor at (600 °F (316 °C)) a substantial amount of oxygen (<a href="/wiki/Fuel%E2%80%93air_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel–air ratio">fuel/air ratio</a> 0.014 compared to a no-oxygen-remaining value 0.0687) is still available for burning large quantities of fuel (25,000 lb/h (11,000 kg/h)) in an afterburner. The gas temperature decreases as it passes through the turbine (to 1,013 °F (545 °C)). The afterburner combustor reheats the gas, but to a much higher temperature (2,540 °F (1,390 °C)) than the TET (1,570 °F (850 °C)). As a result of the temperature rise in the afterburner combustor, the gas is accelerated, firstly by the heat addition, known as <a href="/wiki/Rayleigh_flow" title="Rayleigh flow">Rayleigh flow</a>, then by the nozzle to a higher exit velocity than that which occurs without the afterburner. The mass flow is also slightly increased by the addition of the afterburner fuel. The thrust with afterburning is 16,000 lb<sub>f</sub> (71,000 N). </p><p>The visible exhaust may show <i><a href="/wiki/Shock_diamond" title="Shock diamond">shock diamonds</a></i>, which are caused by <a href="/wiki/Shock_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Shock waves">shock waves</a> formed due to slight differences between ambient pressure and the exhaust pressure. This interaction causes oscillations in the exhaust jet diameter over a short distance and causes visible banding where pressure and temperature are highest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thrust_augmentation_by_heating_bypass_air">Thrust augmentation by heating bypass air</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterburner&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Thrust augmentation by heating bypass air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bristol_Siddeley_BS100.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Bristol_Siddeley_BS100.JPG/250px-Bristol_Siddeley_BS100.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Bristol_Siddeley_BS100.JPG/330px-Bristol_Siddeley_BS100.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Bristol_Siddeley_BS100.JPG/500px-Bristol_Siddeley_BS100.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3397" data-file-height="1777" /></a><figcaption>The plenum-chamber-burning <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Siddeley_BS100" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol Siddeley BS100">Bristol Siddeley BS100</a> engine had thrust augmentation at the front nozzles only.</figcaption></figure> <p>Thrust may be increased by burning fuel in a turbofan's cold bypass air, instead of the mixed cold and hot flows as in most afterburning turbofans. </p><p>An early augmented turbofan, the <a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_TF30" title="Pratt & Whitney TF30">Pratt & Whitney TF30</a>, used separate burning zones for the bypass and core flows with three of seven concentric spray rings in the bypass flow.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In comparison, the afterburning <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Spey" title="Rolls-Royce Spey">Rolls-Royce Spey</a> used a twenty chute mixer before the fuel manifolds. </p><p>Plenum chamber burning (PCB) was partially developed for the <a href="/wiki/Thrust_vectoring" title="Thrust vectoring">vectored thrust</a> <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Siddeley_BS100" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol Siddeley BS100">Bristol Siddeley BS100</a> engine for the <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_P.1154" title="Hawker Siddeley P.1154">Hawker Siddeley P.1154</a> until the program was cancelled in 1965. The cold bypass and hot core flows were split between two pairs of nozzles, front and rear, in the same manner as the <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Pegasus" title="Rolls-Royce Pegasus">Rolls-Royce Pegasus</a>, and fuel was burned in the fan air before it left the front nozzles. It would have given greater thrust for take-off and supersonic performance in an aircraft similar to, but bigger than, the <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Harrier" title="Hawker Siddeley Harrier">Hawker Siddeley Harrier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Duct heating was used by Pratt & Whitney for their JTF17 turbofan proposal for the U.S. Supersonic Transport Program in 1964 and a demonstrator engine was run.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The duct heater used an annular combustor and would be used for takeoff, climb and cruise at Mach 2.7 with different amounts of augmentation depending on aircraft weight.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterburner&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Typhoon_F2_fighter_ignites_its_afterburners_whilst_taking_off_from_RAF_Coningsby_MOD_45147957.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/A_Typhoon_F2_fighter_ignites_its_afterburners_whilst_taking_off_from_RAF_Coningsby_MOD_45147957.jpg/250px-A_Typhoon_F2_fighter_ignites_its_afterburners_whilst_taking_off_from_RAF_Coningsby_MOD_45147957.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/A_Typhoon_F2_fighter_ignites_its_afterburners_whilst_taking_off_from_RAF_Coningsby_MOD_45147957.jpg/330px-A_Typhoon_F2_fighter_ignites_its_afterburners_whilst_taking_off_from_RAF_Coningsby_MOD_45147957.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/A_Typhoon_F2_fighter_ignites_its_afterburners_whilst_taking_off_from_RAF_Coningsby_MOD_45147957.jpg/500px-A_Typhoon_F2_fighter_ignites_its_afterburners_whilst_taking_off_from_RAF_Coningsby_MOD_45147957.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Afterburners on a British <a href="/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon" title="Eurofighter Typhoon">Eurofighter Typhoon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A jet engine afterburner is an extended exhaust section containing extra <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuel</a> injectors. Since the jet engine upstream (i.e., before the turbine) will use little of the oxygen it ingests, additional fuel can be burned after the gas flow has left the turbines. When the afterburner is turned on, fuel is injected and igniters are fired. The resulting combustion process increases the afterburner exit (<a href="/wiki/Nozzle" title="Nozzle">nozzle</a> entry) temperature, resulting in a significant increase in engine thrust. In addition to the increase in afterburner exit <a href="/wiki/Stagnation_temperature" title="Stagnation temperature">stagnation temperature</a>, there is also an increase in nozzle mass flow (i.e. afterburner entry mass flow plus the effective afterburner fuel flow), but a decrease in afterburner exit <a href="/wiki/Stagnation_pressure" title="Stagnation pressure">stagnation pressure</a> (owing to a fundamental loss due to heating plus friction and turbulence losses). </p><p>The resulting increase in afterburner exit volume flow is accommodated by increasing the throat area of the exit nozzle. Otherwise, if pressure is not released, the gas can flow upstream and re-ignite, possibly causing a <a href="/wiki/Compressor_stall" title="Compressor stall">compressor stall</a> (or fan surge in a <a href="/wiki/Turbofan" title="Turbofan">turbofan</a> application). The first designs, e.g. Solar afterburners used on the F7U Cutlass, F-94 Starfire and F-89 Scorpion, had 2-position eyelid nozzles.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern designs incorporate not only variable-geometry (VG) nozzles but multiple stages of augmentation via separate spray bars. </p><p>To a first order, the gross thrust ratio (afterburning/dry) is directly proportional to the root of the stagnation temperature ratio across the afterburner (i.e. exit/entry). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limitations">Limitations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterburner&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Limitations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phantom_FG1_of_892_NAS_is_launched_from_USS_Independence_(CV-62),_November_1975.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Phantom_FG1_of_892_NAS_is_launched_from_USS_Independence_%28CV-62%29%2C_November_1975.jpg/250px-Phantom_FG1_of_892_NAS_is_launched_from_USS_Independence_%28CV-62%29%2C_November_1975.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Phantom_FG1_of_892_NAS_is_launched_from_USS_Independence_%28CV-62%29%2C_November_1975.jpg/330px-Phantom_FG1_of_892_NAS_is_launched_from_USS_Independence_%28CV-62%29%2C_November_1975.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Phantom_FG1_of_892_NAS_is_launched_from_USS_Independence_%28CV-62%29%2C_November_1975.jpg/500px-Phantom_FG1_of_892_NAS_is_launched_from_USS_Independence_%28CV-62%29%2C_November_1975.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1525" data-file-height="1141" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_Phantom_in_UK_service" title="McDonnell Douglas Phantom in UK service">F-4K Phantom</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> on a catapult aboard an aircraft carrier deploys full afterburner prior to launch</figcaption></figure> <p>Due to their high fuel consumption, afterburners are only used for short-duration, high-thrust requirements. These include heavy-weight or short-runway take-offs, assisting catapult launches from <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carriers</a>, and during <a href="/wiki/Aerial_combat" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerial combat">air combat</a>. A notable exception is the <a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_J58" title="Pratt & Whitney J58">Pratt & Whitney J58</a> engine used in the <a href="/wiki/SR-71_Blackbird" class="mw-redirect" title="SR-71 Blackbird">SR-71 Blackbird</a> which used its afterburner for prolonged periods and was refueled in-flight as part of every reconnaissance mission. </p><p>An afterburner has a limited life to match its intermittent use. The J58 was an exception with a continuous rating. This was achieved with <a href="/wiki/Thermal_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal barrier">thermal barrier</a> coatings on the liner and flame holders<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by cooling the liner and nozzle with compressor bleed air<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> instead of turbine exhaust gas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Efficiency">Efficiency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterburner&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Efficiency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Propulsive_efficiency" title="Propulsive efficiency">Propulsive efficiency</a></div> <p>In heat engines such as jet engines, efficiency is highest when combustion occurs at the highest pressure and temperature possible, and expanded down to ambient pressure (see <a href="/wiki/Carnot_cycle" title="Carnot cycle">Carnot cycle</a>). </p><p>Since the exhaust gas already has a reduced <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> content, owing to previous combustion, and since the fuel is not burning in a highly compressed air column, the afterburner is generally inefficient in comparison to the main combustion process. Afterburner efficiency also declines significantly if, as is usually the case, the inlet and tailpipe pressure decreases with increasing altitude.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Efficiency is governed by pressure ratios, not absolute pressure, so reducing ambient pressure should not affect efficiency. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>This limitation applies only to turbojets. In a military turbofan combat engine, the bypass air is added into the exhaust, thereby increasing the core and afterburner efficiency. In turbojets the gain is limited to 50%, whereas in a turbofan it depends on the bypass ratio and can be as much as 70%.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, as a counterexample, the <a href="/wiki/SR-71" class="mw-redirect" title="SR-71">SR-71</a> had reasonable efficiency at high altitude in afterburning ("wet") mode owing to its high speed (<a href="/wiki/Mach_number" title="Mach number">Mach</a> 3.2) and correspondingly high pressure due to <a href="/wiki/Ram-air_intake" title="Ram-air intake">ram intake</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_cycle_choice">Influence on cycle choice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterburner&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Influence on cycle choice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Afterburner" title="Special:EditPage/Afterburner">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Confusing plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-confusing" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">confusing or unclear</a> to readers</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarify the section</a>. There might be a discussion about this on <a href="/wiki/Talk:Afterburner" title="Talk:Afterburner">the talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Afterburning has a significant influence upon engine <a href="/wiki/Brayton_cycle" title="Brayton cycle">cycle</a> choice. </p><p>Lowering the fan <a href="/wiki/Overall_pressure_ratio" title="Overall pressure ratio">pressure ratio</a> decreases <a href="/wiki/Specific_thrust" title="Specific thrust">specific thrust</a> (both dry and wet afterburning), but results in a lower temperature entering the afterburner. Since the afterburning exit temperature is effectively fixed,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The reason for this is unclear. (July 2021)">why?</span></a></i>]</sup> the temperature rise across the unit increases, raising the afterburner fuel flow. The total fuel flow tends to increase faster than the net thrust, resulting in a higher <a href="/wiki/Specific_fuel_consumption_(thrust)" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific fuel consumption (thrust)">specific fuel consumption</a> (SFC). However, the corresponding dry power SFC improves (i.e. lower specific thrust). The high temperature ratio across the afterburner results in a good thrust boost. </p><p>If the aircraft burns a large percentage of its fuel with the afterburner alight, it pays to select an engine cycle with a high specific thrust (i.e. high fan pressure ratio/low <a href="/wiki/Bypass_ratio" title="Bypass ratio">bypass ratio</a>). The resulting engine is relatively fuel efficient with afterburning (i.e. Combat/Take-off), but thirsty in dry power. If, however, the afterburner is to be hardly used, a low specific thrust (low fan pressure ratio/high bypass ratio) cycle will be favored. Such an engine has a good dry SFC, but a poor afterburning SFC at Combat/Take-off. </p><p>Often the engine designer is faced with a compromise between these two extremes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterburner&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MiG-23_afterburner_exhaust_airbrakes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/MiG-23_afterburner_exhaust_airbrakes.jpg/220px-MiG-23_afterburner_exhaust_airbrakes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/MiG-23_afterburner_exhaust_airbrakes.jpg/330px-MiG-23_afterburner_exhaust_airbrakes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/MiG-23_afterburner_exhaust_airbrakes.jpg/440px-MiG-23_afterburner_exhaust_airbrakes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/MiG-23" class="mw-redirect" title="MiG-23">MiG-23</a> afterburner</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Caproni_Campini_N.1" title="Caproni Campini N.1">Caproni Campini C.C.2</a> <a href="/wiki/Motorjet" title="Motorjet">motorjet</a>, designed by the Italian engineer <a href="/wiki/Secondo_Campini" title="Secondo Campini">Secondo Campini</a>, was the first aircraft to incorporate an afterburner. The first flight of a C.C.2, with its afterburners operating, took place on 11 April 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early British afterburner ("reheat") work included flight tests on a <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Welland" title="Rolls-Royce Welland">Rolls-Royce W2/B23</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Gloster_Meteor" title="Gloster Meteor">Gloster Meteor</a> I in late 1944 and ground tests on a <a href="/wiki/Power_Jets_W.2" title="Power Jets W.2">Power Jets W2/700</a> engine in mid-1945. This engine was destined for the <a href="/wiki/Miles_M.52" title="Miles M.52">Miles M.52</a> supersonic aircraft project.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early American research on the concept was done by <a href="/wiki/NACA" class="mw-redirect" title="NACA">NACA</a>, in Cleveland, Ohio, leading to the publication of the paper "Theoretical Investigation of Thrust Augmentation of Turbojet Engines by Tail-pipe Burning" in January 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American work on afterburners in 1948 resulted in installations on early straight-wing jets such as the <a href="/wiki/Vought_F6U_Pirate" title="Vought F6U Pirate">Pirate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_F-94_Starfire" title="Lockheed F-94 Starfire">Starfire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northrop_F-89_Scorpion" title="Northrop F-89 Scorpion">Scorpion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new <a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_J48" title="Pratt & Whitney J48">Pratt & Whitney J48</a> turbojet, at 8,000 lbf (36 kN) thrust with afterburners, would power the Grumman swept-wing fighter <a href="/wiki/F-9_Cougar" class="mw-redirect" title="F-9 Cougar">F9F-6</a>, which was about to go into production. Other new Navy fighters with afterburners included the <a href="/wiki/F7U_Cutlass" class="mw-redirect" title="F7U Cutlass">Chance Vought F7U-3 Cutlass</a>, powered by two 6,000 lbf (27 kN) thrust <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_J46" title="Westinghouse J46">Westinghouse J46</a> engines. </p><p>In the 1950s, several large afterburning engines were developed, such as the <a href="/wiki/Orenda_Iroquois" title="Orenda Iroquois">Orenda Iroquois</a> and the British <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Gyron" title="De Havilland Gyron">de Havilland Gyron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Avon" title="Rolls-Royce Avon">Rolls-Royce Avon</a> RB.146 variants. The Avon and its variants powered the <a href="/wiki/English_Electric_Lightning" title="English Electric Lightning">English Electric Lightning</a>, the first supersonic aircraft in RAF service. The Bristol-Siddeley/<a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Olympus" title="Rolls-Royce Olympus">Rolls-Royce Olympus</a> was fitted with afterburners for use with the <a href="/wiki/BAC_TSR-2" title="BAC TSR-2">BAC TSR-2</a>. This system was designed and developed jointly by Bristol-Siddeley and Solar of San Diego.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The afterburner system for the <a href="/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde">Concorde</a> was developed by <a href="/wiki/Snecma" class="mw-redirect" title="Snecma">Snecma</a>. </p><p>Afterburners are generally used only in military aircraft, and are considered standard equipment on fighter aircraft. The handful of civilian planes that have used them include some <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> research aircraft, the <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-144" title="Tupolev Tu-144">Tupolev Tu-144</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde">Concorde</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Scaled_Composites_White_Knight" title="Scaled Composites White Knight">White Knight</a> of <a href="/wiki/Scaled_Composites" title="Scaled Composites">Scaled Composites</a>. Concorde flew long distances at supersonic speeds. Sustained high speeds would be impossible with the high fuel consumption of afterburner, and the plane used afterburners at takeoff and to minimize time spent in the high-drag <a href="/wiki/Transonic" title="Transonic">transonic</a> flight regime. Supersonic flight without afterburners is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Supercruise" title="Supercruise">supercruise</a>. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Turbojet" title="Turbojet">turbojet</a> engine equipped with an afterburner is called an "afterburning turbojet", whereas a <a href="/wiki/Turbofan" title="Turbofan">turbofan</a> engine similarly equipped is sometimes called an "augmented turbofan".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A "<a href="/wiki/Dump_and_burn" class="mw-redirect" title="Dump and burn">dump-and-burn</a>" is an airshow display feature where fuel is jettisoned, then intentionally ignited using the afterburner. A spectacular flame combined with high speed makes this a popular display for <a href="/wiki/Airshow" class="mw-redirect" title="Airshow">airshows</a>, or as a finale to <a href="/wiki/Fireworks" title="Fireworks">fireworks</a>. Fuel dumping is used primarily to reduce the weight of an aircraft to avoid a heavy, high-speed landing. Other than for safety or emergency reasons, fuel dumping does not have a practical use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterburner&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerospike_engine" title="Aerospike engine">Aerospike engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Components_of_jet_engines" title="Components of jet engines">Components of jet engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_aviation_articles" title="Index of aviation articles">Index of aviation articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propelling_nozzle" title="Propelling nozzle">Propelling nozzle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramjet" title="Ramjet">Ramjet</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterburner&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gas Turbine Design, Components and System Design Integration, Meinhard T. Schobeiri, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978%2B3%2B319%2B58376%2B1" title="Special:BookSources/978+3+319+58376+1">978 3 319 58376 1</a>, p. 12/24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRonald_D._Flack2005" class="citation book cs1">Ronald D. Flack (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MLlmJSRUY50C&q=afterburner+wet+dry&pg=PA19"><i>Fundamentals of jet propulsion with applications</i></a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-81983-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-81983-0"><bdi>0-521-81983-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+jet+propulsion+with+applications&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-521-81983-0&rft.au=Ronald+D.+Flack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMLlmJSRUY50C%26q%3Dafterburner%2Bwet%2Bdry%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterburner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGraham2008" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Richard H. (July 15, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rvT4HJkpfM4C&pg=PA56"><i>Flying the SR-71 Blackbird: In the Cockpit on a Secret Operational Mission</i></a>. MBI Publishing Company. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610600705" title="Special:BookSources/9781610600705"><bdi>9781610600705</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flying+the+SR-71+Blackbird%3A+In+the+Cockpit+on+a+Secret+Operational+Mission&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=MBI+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2008-07-15&rft.isbn=9781610600705&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrvT4HJkpfM4C%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterburner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eJ7oCAAAQBAJ&dq=Jumo+004+afterburner&pg=PA242"><i>Aeronautical Research in Germany: From Lilienthal until Today</i></a>. Springer. December 6, 2012. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-18484-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-18484-0"><bdi>978-3-642-18484-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aeronautical+Research+in+Germany%3A+From+Lilienthal+until+Today&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.isbn=978-3-642-18484-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeJ7oCAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DJumo%2B004%2Bafterburner%26pg%3DPA242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterburner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/VirtualAero/BottleRocket/airplane/thrsteq.html">"General Thrust Equation"</a>. <i>www.grc.nasa.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.grc.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=General+Thrust+Equation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.grc.nasa.gov%2Fwww%2Fk-12%2FVirtualAero%2FBottleRocket%2Fairplane%2Fthrsteq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterburner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DingleTooley2013-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DingleTooley2013_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLloyd_DingleMichael_H_Tooley2013" class="citation book cs1">Lloyd Dingle; Michael H Tooley (September 23, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Vb7AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA189"><i>Aircraft Engineering Principles</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 189–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-07278-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-07278-9"><bdi>978-1-136-07278-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aircraft+Engineering+Principles&rft.pages=189-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-09-23&rft.isbn=978-1-136-07278-9&rft.au=Lloyd+Dingle&rft.au=Michael+H+Tooley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-Vb7AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterburner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lancaster2015-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lancaster2015_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOtis_E._Lancaster2015" class="citation book cs1">Otis E. Lancaster (December 8, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0TbWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA176"><i>Jet Propulsion Engines</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 176–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-7791-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-7791-1"><bdi>978-1-4008-7791-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jet+Propulsion+Engines&rft.pages=176-&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015-12-08&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-7791-1&rft.au=Otis+E.+Lancaster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0TbWCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterburner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Aircraft Gas Turbine Engine and its operation, Part No. P&W 182408, P&W Operating Instruction 200, revised December 1982, United Technologies Pratt & Whitney, Figure 6-4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">AGARD-LS-183, Steady and Transient Performance Prediction, May 1982, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92%2B835%2B0674%2BX" title="Special:BookSources/92+835+0674+X">92 835 0674 X</a>, section 2-3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warhaft1997-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Warhaft1997_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZellman_Warhaft1997" class="citation book cs1">Zellman Warhaft (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yFAYV9MUg0kC&pg=PA97"><i>An Introduction to Thermal-Fluid Engineering: The Engine and the Atmosphere</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 97–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58927-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58927-7"><bdi>978-0-521-58927-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Thermal-Fluid+Engineering%3A+The+Engine+and+the+Atmosphere&rft.pages=97-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-58927-7&rft.au=Zellman+Warhaft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyFAYV9MUg0kC%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterburner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19720019364.pdf">https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19720019364.pdf</a>, Figure 2 schematic of afterburner</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1962/1962%20-%202469.html">"1962 | 2469 | Flight Archive"</a>. Flightglobal.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 9,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1962+%26%23124%3B+2469+%26%23124%3B+Flight+Archive&rft.pub=Flightglobal.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fpdfarchive%2Fview%2F1962%2F1962%2520-%25202469.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterburner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Engines of Pratt & Whitney: A Technical History, Jack Connors2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978%2B1%2B60086%2B711%2B8" title="Special:BookSources/978+1+60086+711+8">978 1 60086 711 8</a>. p.380</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPratt_&_Whitney1972" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney" title="Pratt & Whitney">Pratt & Whitney</a> (October 10, 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610001353/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/378365.pdf">Pratt & Whitney Aircraft PWA FP 66-100 Report D</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Vol. 3. <a href="/wiki/Defense_Technical_Information_Center" title="Defense Technical Information Center">Defense Technical Information Center</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/378365.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 10, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Pratt+%26+Whitney+Aircraft+PWA+FP+66-100+Report+D&rft.pub=Defense+Technical+Information+Center&rft.date=1972-10-10&rft.au=Pratt+%26+Whitney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fdtic%2Ftr%2Ffulltext%2Fu2%2F378365.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterburner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">SAE 871354 "The First U.S. Afterburner Development"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19840004244.pdf">https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19840004244.pdf</a>, p.5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://roadrunnersinternationale.com/pw_tales.htm">http://roadrunnersinternationale.com/pw_tales.htm</a>, p.3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Basic Study of the Afterburner" Yoshiyuki Ohya, NASA TT F-13,657</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFButtler2019" class="citation book cs1">Buttler, Tony (September 19, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2fueDwAAQBAJ&q=thermojet+campini&pg=PA11"><i>Jet Prototypes of World War II: Gloster, Heinkel, and Caproni Campini's wartime jet programmes</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-3597-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-3597-0"><bdi>978-1-4728-3597-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jet+Prototypes+of+World+War+II%3A+Gloster%2C+Heinkel%2C+and+Caproni+Campini%27s+wartime+jet+programmes&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2019-09-19&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-3597-0&rft.aulast=Buttler&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2fueDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dthermojet%2Bcampini%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterburner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlegi2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Alegi, Gregory (January 15, 2014). "Secondo's Slow Burner, Campini Caproni and the C.C.2". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Aviation_Historian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Aviation Historian (page does not exist)">The Aviation Historian</a></i>. No. 6. United Kingdom. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2051-1930">2051-1930</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Aviation+Historian&rft.atitle=Secondo%27s+Slow+Burner%2C+Campini+Caproni+and+the+C.C.2&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=76&rft.date=2014-01-15&rft.issn=2051-1930&rft.aulast=Alegi&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterburner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Fast Jets-the history of reheat development at Derby". Cyril Elliott <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1%2B872922%2B20%2B1" title="Special:BookSources/1+872922+20+1">1 872922 20 1</a> p14,16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBohanon" class="citation web cs1">Bohanon, H R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930085741_1993085741.pdf">"Theoretical investigation of thrust augmentation of turbojet engines by tail-pipe burning"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ntrs.nasa.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ntrs.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=Theoretical+investigation+of+thrust+augmentation+of+turbojet+engines+by+tail-pipe+burning&rft.aulast=Bohanon&rft.aufirst=H+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F19930085741_1993085741.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterburner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Afterburning: A Review of Current American Practice" Flight magazine 21 November 1952 p648</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Bristol/Solar reheat" Flight magazine 20 September 1957 p472</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterburner&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Afterburners" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Afterburners"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Afterburners</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050919130058/http://www.skomer.u-net.com/projects/olympus.htm">Photo of the reheat fuel spray nozzles of a Bristol Siddeley Olympus (picture at bottom left of page)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1949/1949%20-%202039.html">"Tailpipe Reheat"</a> a 1949 <i>Flight</i> article</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_turborocket" title="Air turborocket">Air turborocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsejet" title="Pulsejet">Pulsejet</a>/<a href="/wiki/Valveless_pulsejet" title="Valveless pulsejet">Valveless pulsejet</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gluhareff_Pressure_Jet" title="Gluhareff Pressure Jet">Gluhareff Pressure Jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_detonation_engine" title="Pulse detonation engine">Pulse detonation engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propfan" title="Propfan">Propfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbofan" title="Turbofan">Turbofan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbojet" title="Turbojet">Turbojet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turboprop" title="Turboprop">Turboprop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turboshaft" title="Turboshaft">Turboshaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramjet" title="Ramjet">Ramjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramjet" title="Scramjet">Scramjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shcramjet" title="Shcramjet">Shcramjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">Rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_detonation_engine" title="Rotating detonation engine">Rotating detonation engine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mechanical<br /> components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessory_drive" title="Accessory drive">Accessory drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Components_of_jet_engines#Air_intakes" title="Components of jet engines">Air intake</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Afterburner (reheat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axial_compressor" title="Axial compressor">Axial compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_compressor" title="Centrifugal compressor">Centrifugal compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustor" title="Combustor">Combustor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_speed_drive" title="Constant speed drive">Constant speed drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeller" title="Impeller">Impeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nose_bullet" title="Nose bullet">Nose bullet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propelling_nozzle" title="Propelling nozzle">Propelling nozzle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbine_blade" title="Turbine blade">Turbine blade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine_starting" title="Aircraft engine starting">Aircraft engine starting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleed_air" title="Bleed air">Bleed air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brayton_cycle" title="Brayton cycle">Brayton cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bypass_ratio" title="Bypass ratio">Bypass ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressor_stall" title="Compressor stall">Compressor stall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine_pressure_ratio" title="Engine pressure ratio">Engine pressure ratio (EPR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flameout" title="Flameout">Flameout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_engine_performance" title="Jet engine performance">Jet engine performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overall_pressure_ratio" title="Overall pressure ratio">Overall pressure ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propulsive_efficiency" title="Propulsive efficiency">Propulsive efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_impulse" title="Specific impulse">Specific impulse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust" title="Thrust">Thrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_lapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrust lapse">Thrust lapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_specific_fuel_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrust specific fuel consumption">Thrust specific fuel consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_to_weight_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrust to weight ratio">Thrust to weight ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_cycle_engine" title="Variable cycle engine">Variable cycle engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windmill_restart" class="mw-redirect" title="Windmill restart">Windmill restart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Propeller_(aeronautics)" title="Propeller (aeronautics)">Propellers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Propeller_governor" class="mw-redirect" title="Propeller governor">Propeller governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propeller_speed_reduction_unit" title="Propeller speed reduction unit">Propeller speed reduction unit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autofeather" title="Autofeather">Autofeather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_pitch" title="Blade pitch">Blade pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant-speed_propeller" class="mw-redirect" title="Constant-speed propeller">Constant-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contra-rotating_propellers" title="Contra-rotating propellers">Contra-rotating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-rotating_propellers" title="Counter-rotating propellers">Counter-rotating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprotor" title="Proprotor">Proprotor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scimitar_propeller" title="Scimitar propeller">Scimitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable-pitch_propeller_(aeronautics)" title="Variable-pitch propeller (aeronautics)">Variable-pitch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engine<br /> instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciator_panel" title="Annunciator panel">Annunciator panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_centralised_aircraft_monitor" title="Electronic centralised aircraft monitor">Electronic centralised aircraft monitor (ECAM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_flight_instrument_system" title="Electronic flight instrument system">Electronic flight instrument system (EFIS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine-indicating_and_crew-alerting_system" title="Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system">Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system (EICAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_data_recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight data recorder">Flight data recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_cockpit" title="Glass cockpit">Glass cockpit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine_controls" title="Aircraft engine controls">Engine controls</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autothrottle" title="Autothrottle">Autothrottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FADEC" title="FADEC">Full Authority Digital Engine/Electronics (FADEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_lever" title="Thrust lever">Thrust lever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_reversal" title="Thrust reversal">Thrust reversal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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