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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partnership_with_Sud_Aviation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Partnership with Sud Aviation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partnership_with_Sud_Aviation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cabinet_response,_treaty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cabinet_response,_treaty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Cabinet response, treaty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cabinet_response,_treaty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Naming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sales_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sales_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Sales efforts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sales_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Testing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Testing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 Testing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Testing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Programme_cost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Programme_cost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10 Programme cost </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Programme_cost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Design </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Design subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 General features </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Powerplant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Powerplant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Powerplant </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Powerplant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heating_problems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heating_problems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Heating problems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heating_problems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structural_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structural_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Structural issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structural_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Range" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Range"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Range </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Range-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radiation_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radiation_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Radiation concerns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radiation_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cabin_pressurisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cabin_pressurisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Cabin pressurisation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cabin_pressurisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flight_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flight_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Flight characteristics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flight_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brakes_and_undercarriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brakes_and_undercarriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Brakes and undercarriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brakes_and_undercarriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Droop_nose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Droop_nose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Droop nose </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Droop_nose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operational_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operational_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Operational history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operational_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Operational history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Operational_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_flights_and_routes_flown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_flights_and_routes_flown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 First flights and routes flown </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_flights_and_routes_flown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Retirement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Operators </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accidents_and_incidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accidents_and_incidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Accidents and incidents </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Accidents_and_incidents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Accidents and incidents subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Accidents_and_incidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air_France_Flight_4590" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_France_Flight_4590"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Air France Flight 4590 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_France_Flight_4590-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_accidents_and_incidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_accidents_and_incidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Other accidents and incidents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_accidents_and_incidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aircraft_on_display" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aircraft_on_display"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Aircraft on display </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aircraft_on_display-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparable_aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparable_aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Comparable aircraft </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparable_aircraft-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Comparable aircraft subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Comparable_aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tu-144" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tu-144"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Tu-144 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tu-144-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SST_and_others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SST_and_others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 SST and others </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SST_and_others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Impact </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Impact subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Environmental" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Environmental </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_perception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_perception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Public perception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_perception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Special missions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Records </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Specifications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_appearances_in_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_appearances_in_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notable appearances in media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_appearances_in_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Videos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Videos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3 Videos </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Videos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Concorde</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 81 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" > 81 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Concorde" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="كونكورد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كونكورد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Concorde" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Concorde" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkord" title="Konkord – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Konkord" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="কনকর্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কনকর্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale-BAC_Concorde" title="Aérospatiale-BAC Concorde – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Aérospatiale-BAC Concorde" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Канкорд – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Канкорд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4_(%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82)" title="Конкорд (самолет) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Конкорд (самолет)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Concorde" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Concorde" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Concorde" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Concorde" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Concorde" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Concorde" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Concorde" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Concorde" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Κονκόρντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κονκόρντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Concorde" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Concorde" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Concorde" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF_(%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7)" title="کنکورد (هواپیما) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنکورد (هواپیما)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde_(avion)" title="Concorde (avion) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Concorde (avion)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Concorde" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Concorde" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A1" title="કોનકોર્ડ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કોનકોર્ડ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%A9%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C_(%EB%B9%84%ED%96%89%EA%B8%B0)" title="콩코드 (비행기) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콩코드 (비행기)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jirgin_Concorde" title="Jirgin Concorde – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jirgin Concorde" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4" title="Կոնկորդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոնկորդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="कॉनकॉर्ड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कॉनकॉर्ड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Concorde" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Concorde" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Concorde" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde_(aeroplano)" title="Concorde (aeroplano) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Concorde (aeroplano)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Конкорд – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Конкорд" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Concorde" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Concorde" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93" title="קונקורד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קונקורד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕಾಂಕಾರ್ಡ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾಂಕಾರ್ಡ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="კონკორდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კონკორდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Concorde" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde_(Fliger)" title="Concorde (Fliger) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Concorde (Fliger)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Concorde" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Concorde" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Concorde" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_(%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82)" title="കോൺകോർഡ് (വിമാനം) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കോൺകോർഡ് (വിമാനം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="काँकोर्ड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="काँकोर्ड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Concorde" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%92%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA" title="ကွန်းကော့ဒ် လေယာဉ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကွန်းကော့ဒ် လေယာဉ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde_(vliegtuig)" title="Concorde (vliegtuig) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Concorde (vliegtuig)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89" title="コンコルド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コンコルド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Concorde" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale-BAC_Concorde" title="Aérospatiale-BAC Concorde – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aérospatiale-BAC Concorde" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Concorde" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Concorde" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%88" title="کنکارڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کنکارڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Concorde" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Concorde" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Concorde" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Concorde" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Конкорд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Конкорд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkord" title="Konkord – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Konkord" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Concorde" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Concorde" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Concorde" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Concorde" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="کۆنکۆرد – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆنکۆرد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4_(%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Конкорд (авион) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Конкорд (авион)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Concorde" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Concorde" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Concorde" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Concorde" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="கான்கோர்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கான்கோர்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94" title="คองคอร์ด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คองคอร์ด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Concorde" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Конкорд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Конкорд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Concorde" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%8F%E5%92%8C%E5%BC%8F%E5%AE%A2%E6%9C%BA" title="协和式客机 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="协和式客机" data-language-autonym="吴语" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British–French supersonic airliner</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Concorde_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Concorde (disambiguation)">Concorde (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248642317">.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .infobox-above{line-height:1.6em;background-color:#eee}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .infobox-header{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;line-height:23px;background-color:#eee}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft-caption-left .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft-caption-left .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft-caption-left .infobox-label{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .infobox-label{width:30%;padding-right:3px}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .infobox-data{width:50%}}</style><table class="infobox ib-aircraft vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Concorde</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Airways_Concorde_G-BOAC_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Concorde against a clear blue sky, seen from below. Its wheels are lowered." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/British_Airways_Concorde_G-BOAC_03.jpg/300px-British_Airways_Concorde_G-BOAC_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/British_Airways_Concorde_G-BOAC_03.jpg/450px-British_Airways_Concorde_G-BOAC_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/British_Airways_Concorde_G-BOAC_03.jpg/600px-British_Airways_Concorde_G-BOAC_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="679" /></a> <div class="ib-aircraft-caption">British Airways Concorde in flight in 1986</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Supersonic_airliner" class="mw-redirect" title="Supersonic airliner">Supersonic airliner</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">National origin</th><td class="infobox-data">France and United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_manufacturer" title="Aerospace manufacturer">Manufacturer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Aircraft_Corporation" title="British Aircraft Corporation">British Aircraft Corporation</a> (later <a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace" title="British Aerospace">British Aerospace</a> and <a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems" title="BAE Systems">BAE Systems</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sud_Aviation" title="Sud Aviation">Sud Aviation</a> (later <a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale" title="Aérospatiale">Aérospatiale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Retired</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Primary users</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/British_Airways" title="British Airways">British Airways</a><div> <a href="/wiki/Air_France" title="Air France">Air France</a> See <a href="#Operators">Operators</a> below for others </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number built</th><td class="infobox-data">20 (including 6 non-commercial aircraft)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETowey2007359-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_July2000-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufactured</th><td class="infobox-data">1965–1979</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduction date</th><td class="infobox-data">21 January 1976</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First flight</th><td class="infobox-data">2 March 1969</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Retired</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>24 October 2003; 21 years ago (2003-10-24) (last commercial flight)</li><li>26 November 2003; 21 years ago (2003-11-26) (final flight to <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Filton_Airport" title="Bristol Filton Airport">Bristol Filton Airport</a>)<a href="#cite_note-jlfin-3">[3]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fate</th><td class="infobox-data">Preserved in museums</td></tr></tbody></table> Concorde (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkɒŋkɔːrd/</a>) is a retired Anglo-French <a href="/wiki/Supersonic_airliner" class="mw-redirect" title="Supersonic airliner">supersonic airliner</a> jointly developed and manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Sud_Aviation" title="Sud Aviation">Sud Aviation</a> (later <a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale" title="Aérospatiale">Aérospatiale</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/British_Aircraft_Corporation" title="British Aircraft Corporation">British Aircraft Corporation</a> (BAC). Studies started in 1954, and France and the United Kingdom signed a <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaty</a> establishing the development project on 29 November 1962, as the programme cost was estimated at £70 million (£1.68 billion in 2023). Construction of the six <a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">prototypes</a> began in February 1965, and the <a href="/wiki/First_flight" class="mw-redirect" title="First flight">first flight</a> took off from <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a> on 2 March 1969. The <a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)">market</a> was predicted for 350 aircraft, and the manufacturers received up to 100 option orders from many major <a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">airlines</a>. On 9 October 1975, it received its French <a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_airworthiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Certificate of airworthiness">certificate of airworthiness</a>, and from the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Authority_(United_Kingdom)" title="Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)">UK CAA</a> on 5 December.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Concorde is a <a href="/wiki/Tailless_aircraft" title="Tailless aircraft">tailless aircraft</a> design with a narrow <a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">fuselage</a> permitting four-abreast seating for 92 to 128 passengers, an <a href="/wiki/Ogival" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogival">ogival</a> <a href="/wiki/Delta_wing" title="Delta wing">delta wing</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Droop_nose_(aeronautics)" title="Droop nose (aeronautics)">droop nose</a> for landing visibility. It is powered by four <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce/Snecma_Olympus_593" title="Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus 593">Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus 593</a> <a href="/wiki/Turbojet" title="Turbojet">turbojets</a> with variable engine <a href="/wiki/Intake_ramp" title="Intake ramp">intake ramps</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reheat" class="mw-redirect" title="Reheat">reheat</a> for take-off and acceleration to supersonic speed. Constructed out of <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, it was the first airliner to have analogue <a href="/wiki/Fly-by-wire" title="Fly-by-wire">fly-by-wire</a> flight controls. The airliner had transatlantic range while <a href="/wiki/Supercruise" title="Supercruise">supercruising</a> at twice the speed of sound for 75% of the distance.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Delays and <a href="/wiki/Cost_overrun" title="Cost overrun">cost overruns</a> increased the programme cost to £1.5–2.1 billion in 1976, (£11–16 billion in 2023). Concorde entered service on 21 January 1976 with <a href="/wiki/Air_France" title="Air France">Air France</a> from <a href="/wiki/Paris-Roissy" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris-Roissy">Paris-Roissy</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Airways" title="British Airways">British Airways</a> from <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">London Heathrow</a>. <a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_flight" title="Transatlantic flight">Transatlantic flights</a> were the main market, to <a href="/wiki/Washington_Dulles" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Dulles">Washington Dulles</a> from 24 May, and to <a href="/wiki/New_York_JFK" class="mw-redirect" title="New York JFK">New York JFK</a> from 17 October 1977. Air France and British Airways remained the sole customers with <a href="/wiki/Concorde_aircraft_histories" class="mw-redirect" title="Concorde aircraft histories">seven airframes each</a>, for a total production of 20. <a href="/wiki/Supersonic_flight" class="mw-redirect" title="Supersonic flight">Supersonic flight</a> more than halved travel times, but <a href="/wiki/Sonic_boom" title="Sonic boom">sonic booms</a> over the ground limited it to transoceanic flights only. Its only competitor was the <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-144" title="Tupolev Tu-144">Tupolev Tu-144</a>, carrying passengers from November 1977 until a <a href="/wiki/1978_Yegoryevsk_Tu-144_crash" title="1978 Yegoryevsk Tu-144 crash">May 1978 crash</a>, while a potential competitor, the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_2707" title="Boeing 2707">Boeing 2707</a>, was cancelled in 1971 before any prototypes were built. On 25 July 2000, <a href="/wiki/Air_France_Flight_4590" title="Air France Flight 4590">Air France Flight 4590</a> crashed shortly after take-off with all 109 occupants and four on the ground killed. This was the only fatal incident involving Concorde; commercial service was suspended until November 2001. The surviving aircraft were retired in 2003, 27 years after commercial operations had begun. All but two of the 20 aircraft built have been preserved and are on display across Europe and North America. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concorde&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_studies">Early studies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concorde&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early studies">edit</a>]</div> In the early 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnold Hall">Arnold Hall</a>, director of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Aircraft_Establishment" title="Royal Aircraft Establishment">Royal Aircraft Establishment</a> (RAE), asked <a href="/wiki/Morien_Morgan" title="Morien Morgan">Morien Morgan</a> to form a committee to study <a href="/wiki/Supersonic_transport" title="Supersonic transport">supersonic transport</a> (SST). The group met in February 1954 and delivered their first report in April 1955.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen200135-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Thomas_Jones_(engineer)" title="Robert Thomas Jones (engineer)">Robert T. Jones</a>' work at <a href="/wiki/NACA" class="mw-redirect" title="NACA">NACA</a> had demonstrated that the drag at supersonic speeds was strongly related to the span of the wing.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> This led to the use of short-span, thin, trapezoidal wings such as those seen on the control surfaces of many missiles, or aircraft such as the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_F-104_Starfighter" title="Lockheed F-104 Starfighter">Lockheed F-104 Starfighter</a> interceptor or the planned <a href="/wiki/Avro_730" title="Avro 730">Avro 730</a> strategic bomber that the team studied. The team outlined a baseline configuration that resembled an enlarged Avro 730.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway200567-8">[8]</a> This short wingspan produced little lift at low speed, resulting in long take-off runs and high landing speeds.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> In an SST design, this would have required enormous engine power to lift off from existing runways, and to provide the fuel needed, "some horribly large aeroplanes" resulted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway200567-8">[8]</a> Based on this, the group considered the concept of an SST infeasible, and instead suggested continued low-level studies into supersonic aerodynamics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway200567-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slender_deltas">Slender deltas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concorde&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Slender deltas">edit</a>]</div> Soon after, <a href="/wiki/Johanna_Weber" title="Johanna Weber">Johanna Weber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_K%C3%BCchemann" title="Dietrich Küchemann">Dietrich Küchemann</a> at the RAE published a series of reports on a new wing <a href="/wiki/Planform_(aeronautics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Planform (aeronautics)">planform</a>, known in the UK as the "slender delta".<a href="#cite_note-deltawing-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-aerosoc-11">[11]</a> The team, including Eric Maskell whose report "Flow Separation in Three Dimensions" contributed to an understanding of separated flow,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> worked with the fact that <a href="/wiki/Delta_wing" title="Delta wing">delta wings</a> can produce strong <a href="/wiki/Vortex" title="Vortex">vortices</a> on their upper surfaces at high <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_attack" title="Angle of attack">angles of attack</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway200567-8">[8]</a> The vortex will lower the air pressure and cause lift. This had been noticed by <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Yeager" title="Chuck Yeager">Chuck Yeager</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Convair_XF-92" title="Convair XF-92">Convair XF-92</a>, but its qualities had not been fully appreciated. Weber suggested that the effect could be used to improve low-speed performance.<a href="#cite_note-aerosoc-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway200567-8">[8]</a> Küchemann and Weber's papers changed the entire nature of supersonic design. The delta had already been used on aircraft, but these designs used planforms that were not much different from a <a href="/wiki/Swept_wing" title="Swept wing">swept wing</a> of the same span. Weber noted that the lift from the vortex was increased by the length of the wing it had to operate over, which suggested that the effect would be maximised by extending the wing along the fuselage as far as possible. Such a layout would still have good supersonic performance, but also have reasonable take-off and landing speeds using vortex generation.<a href="#cite_note-aerosoc-11">[11]</a> The aircraft would have to take off and land very "nose high" to generate the required <a href="/wiki/Vortex_lift" title="Vortex lift">vortex lift</a>, which led to questions about the low-speed handling qualities of such a design.<a href="#cite_note-brown-13">[13]</a> Küchemann presented the idea at a meeting where Morgan was also present. Test pilot <a href="/wiki/Eric_Brown_(pilot)" title="Eric Brown (pilot)">Eric Brown</a> recalls Morgan's reaction to the presentation, saying that he immediately seized on it as the solution to the SST problem. Brown considers this moment as being the birth of the Concorde project.<a href="#cite_note-brown-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supersonic_Transport_Aircraft_Committee">Supersonic Transport Aircraft Committee</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concorde&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Supersonic Transport Aircraft Committee">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HP.115.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/HP.115.gif/220px-HP.115.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/HP.115.gif/330px-HP.115.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/HP.115.gif 2x" data-file-width="381" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>The HP.115 tested the low-speed performance of the slender delta layout.</figcaption></figure> On 1 October 1956, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Supply" title="Ministry of Supply">Ministry of Supply</a> asked Morgan to form a new study group, the Supersonic Transport Aircraft Committee (STAC)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway200539-14">[14]</a> (sometimes referred to as the Supersonic Transport Advisory Committee), to develop a practical SST design and find industry partners to build it. At the first meeting, on 5 November 1956, the decision was made to fund the development of a test-bed aircraft to examine the low-speed performance of the slender delta, a contract that eventually produced the <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_HP.115" title="Handley Page HP.115">Handley Page HP.115</a>.<a href="#cite_note-brown-13">[13]</a> This aircraft demonstrated safe control at speeds as low as 69 mph (111 km/h), about one-third that of the F-104 Starfighter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinchester2005b134-15">[15]</a> STAC stated that an SST would have economic performance similar to existing subsonic types.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway200567-8">[8]</a> Lift is not generated the same way at supersonic and subsonic speeds, with the <a href="/wiki/Lift-to-drag_ratio" title="Lift-to-drag ratio">lift-to-drag ratio</a> for supersonic designs being about half that of subsonic designs.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The aircraft would need more thrust than a subsonic design of the same size. Although they would use more fuel in cruise, they would be able to fly more revenue-earning flights in a given time, so fewer aircraft would be needed to service a particular route. This would remain economically advantageous as long as fuel represented a small percentage of operational costs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway200567-8">[8]</a> STAC suggested that two designs naturally fell out of their work, a transatlantic model flying at about Mach 2, and a shorter-range version flying at Mach 1.2. Morgan suggested that a 150-passenger transatlantic SST would cost about £75 to £90 million to develop, and be in service in 1970. The smaller 100-passenger short-range version would cost perhaps £50 to £80 million, and be ready for service in 1968. To meet this schedule, development would need to begin in 1960, with production contracts let in 1962.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway200567-8">[8]</a> Morgan suggested that the US was already involved in a similar project, and that if the UK failed to respond, it would be locked out of an airliner market that he believed would be dominated by SST aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway200568-17">[17]</a> In 1959, a study contract was awarded to <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley" title="Hawker Siddeley">Hawker Siddeley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Aeroplane_Company" title="Bristol Aeroplane Company">Bristol</a> for preliminary designs based on the slender delta,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway200569-18">[18]</a> which developed as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawker_Siddeley_HSA.1000&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hawker Siddeley HSA.1000 (page does not exist)">HSA.1000</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Type_223#STAC" title="Bristol Type 223">Bristol 198</a>. <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth" title="Armstrong Whitworth">Armstrong Whitworth</a> also responded with an internal design, the M-Wing, for the lower-speed, shorter-range category. Both the STAC group and the government were looking for partners to develop the designs. In September 1959, Hawker approached <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Corporation" title="Lockheed Corporation">Lockheed</a>, and after the creation of <a href="/wiki/British_Aircraft_Corporation" title="British Aircraft Corporation">British Aircraft Corporation</a> in 1960, the former Bristol team immediately started talks with <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics" title="General Dynamics">General Dynamics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Aircraft">Douglas Aircraft</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sud_Aviation" title="Sud Aviation">Sud Aviation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway200569-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ogee_planform_selected">Ogee planform selected</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concorde&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ogee planform selected">edit</a>]</div> Küchemann and others at the RAE continued their work on the slender delta throughout this period, considering three basic shapes - the classic straight-edge delta, the "gothic delta" that was rounded outward to appear like a <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture#Equilateral_arch" title="Gothic architecture">gothic arch</a>, and the "<a href="/wiki/Ogive" title="Ogive">ogival</a> wing" that was compound-rounded into the shape of an <a href="/wiki/Ogee" title="Ogee">ogee</a>. Each of these planforms had advantages and disadvantages. As they worked with these shapes, a practical concern grew to become so important that it forced selection of one of these designs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen200140-19">[19]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bristol_Type_223_top-view_silhouette.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Bristol_Type_223_top-view_silhouette.png/220px-Bristol_Type_223_top-view_silhouette.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Bristol_Type_223_top-view_silhouette.png/330px-Bristol_Type_223_top-view_silhouette.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Bristol_Type_223_top-view_silhouette.png 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="199" /></a><figcaption>Plan-view silhouette of the Bristol Type 223 SST project</figcaption></figure> Generally, the wing's <a href="/wiki/Center_of_pressure_(fluid_mechanics)" title="Center of pressure (fluid mechanics)">centre of pressure</a> (CP, or "lift point") should be close to the aircraft's <a href="/wiki/Centre_of_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre of gravity">centre of gravity</a> (CG, or "balance point") to reduce the amount of control force required to <a href="/wiki/Pitch_axis_(kinematics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch axis (kinematics)">pitch</a> the aircraft. As the aircraft layout changes during the design phase, the CG commonly moves fore or aft. With a normal wing design, this can be addressed by moving the wing slightly fore or aft to account for this. With a delta wing running most of the length of the fuselage, this was no longer easy; moving the wing would leave it in front of the nose or behind the tail. Studying the various layouts in terms of CG changes, both during design and changes due to fuel use during flight, the ogee planform immediately came to the fore.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen200140-19">[19]</a> To test the new wing, NASA assisted the team by modifying a <a href="/wiki/Douglas_F5D_Skylancer" title="Douglas F5D Skylancer">Douglas F5D Skylancer</a> to mimic the wing selection. In 1965, the NASA test aircraft successfully tested the wing, and found that it reduced landing speeds noticeably over the standard delta wing. NASA also ran simulations at Ames that showed the aircraft would exhibit a sudden change in pitch when entering ground effect. Ames test pilots later participated in a joint cooperative test with the French and British test pilots and found that the simulations had been correct, and this information was added to pilot training.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partnership_with_Sud_Aviation">Partnership with Sud Aviation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concorde&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Partnership with Sud Aviation">edit</a>]</div> France had its own SST plans. In the late 1950s, the government requested designs from the government-owned Sud Aviation and <a href="/wiki/Nord_Aviation" title="Nord Aviation">Nord Aviation</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Dassault" class="mw-redirect" title="Dassault">Dassault</a>. All three returned designs based on Küchemann and Weber's slender delta; Nord suggested a <a href="/wiki/Ramjet" title="Ramjet">ramjet</a>-powered design flying at Mach 3, and the other two were jet-powered Mach 2 designs that were similar to each other. Of the three, the <a href="/wiki/Sud_Aviation_Super-Caravelle" title="Sud Aviation Super-Caravelle">Sud Aviation Super-Caravelle</a> won the design contest with a medium-range design deliberately sized to avoid competition with transatlantic US designs they assumed were already on the drawing board.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway200570-21">[21]</a> As soon as the design was complete, in April 1960, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Satre" title="Pierre Satre">Pierre Satre</a>, the company's technical director, was sent to Bristol to discuss a partnership. Bristol was surprised to find that the Sud team had designed a similar aircraft after considering the SST problem and coming to the same conclusions as the Bristol and STAC teams in terms of economics. It was later revealed that the original STAC report, marked "For UK Eyes Only", had secretly been passed to France to win political favour. Sud made minor changes to the paper and presented it as their own work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen200149-22">[22]</a> France had no modern large jet engines and had already decided to buy a British design (as they had on the earlier subsonic <a href="/wiki/Sud_Aviation_Caravelle" title="Sud Aviation Caravelle">Caravelle</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen200147-23">[23]</a> As neither company had experience in the use of heat-resistant metals for airframes, a maximum speed of around Mach 2 was selected so aluminium could be used – above this speed, the friction with the air heats the metal so much that it begins to soften. This lower speed would also speed development and allow their design to fly before the Americans. Everyone involved agreed that Küchemann's ogee-shaped wing was the right one.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway200570-21">[21]</a> The British team was still focused on a 150-passenger design serving transatlantic routes, while France was deliberately avoiding these. Common components could be used in both designs, with the shorter-range version using a clipped fuselage and four engines, and the longer one a stretched fuselage and six engines, leaving only the wing to be extensively redesigned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen200141-24">[24]</a> The teams continued to meet in 1961, and by this time it was clear that the two aircraft would be very similar in spite of different ranges and seating arrangements. A single design emerged that differed mainly in fuel load. More-powerful <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Olympus" title="Rolls-Royce Olympus">Bristol Siddeley Olympus</a> engines, being developed for the <a href="/wiki/TSR-2" class="mw-redirect" title="TSR-2">TSR-2</a>, allowed either design to be powered by only four engines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen200150-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cabinet_response,_treaty">Cabinet response, treaty</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concorde&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cabinet response, treaty">edit</a>]</div> While the development teams met, the French Minister of Public Works and Transport <a href="/wiki/Robert_Buron" title="Robert Buron">Robert Buron</a> was meeting with the UK Minister of Aviation <a href="/wiki/Peter_Thorneycroft" title="Peter Thorneycroft">Peter Thorneycroft</a>, and Thorneycroft told the cabinet that France was much more serious about a partnership than any of the US companies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway200571-26">[26]</a> The various US companies had proved uninterested, likely due to the belief that the government would be funding development and would frown on any partnership with a European company, and the risk of "giving away" US technological leadership to a European partner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway200569-18">[18]</a> When the STAC plans were presented to the UK cabinet, the economic considerations were considered highly questionable, especially as these were based on development costs, now estimated to be <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">£</a>150 million (<a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">US$</a>420 million), which were repeatedly overrun in the industry. The Treasury Ministry presented a negative view, suggesting that the project in no way would have any positive financial returns for the government, especially because "the industry's past record of over-optimistic estimating (including the recent history of the TSR.2) suggests that it would be prudent to consider" the cost "to turn out much too low."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway200571-26">[26]</a> This led to an independent review of the project by the Committee on Civil Scientific Research and Development, which met on the topic between July and September 1962. The committee rejected the economic arguments, including considerations of supporting the industry made by Thorneycroft. Their report in October stated that any direct positive economic outcome would be unlikely, but that the project should still be considered because everyone else was going supersonic, and they were concerned they would be locked out of future markets. The project apparently would not be likely to significantly affect other, more important, research efforts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway200571-26">[26]</a> At the time, the UK was pressing for admission to the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a>, and this became the main rationale for moving ahead with the aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway200566-27">[27]</a> The development project was negotiated as an international treaty between the two countries rather than a commercial agreement between companies, and included a clause, originally asked for by the UK government, imposing heavy penalties for cancellation. This treaty was signed on 29 November 1962.<a href="#cite_note-earlyhist-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> vetoed the UK's entry into the European Community in a speech on 25 January 1963.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naming">Naming</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concorde&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Naming">edit</a>]</div> At Charles de Gaulle's January 1963 press conference, the aircraft was first called "Concorde".<a href="#cite_note-:2-30">[30]</a> The name was suggested by the 18-year-old son of F.G. Clark, the publicity manager at BAC's Filton plant.<a href="#cite_note-:2-30">[30]</a> Reflecting the treaty between the British and French governments that led to Concorde's construction, the name Concorde is from the French word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/concorde#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:concorde">concorde</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[kɔ̃kɔʁd]</a>), which has an English equivalent, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/concord#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:concord">concord</a>. Both words mean agreement, harmony, or union. The name was changed to Concord by <a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a> in response to a perceived slight by de Gaulle. At the French roll-out in <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a> in late 1967,<a href="#cite_note-ssccunv-31">[31]</a> the British <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Technology">Minister of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Tony Benn</a>, announced that he would change the spelling back to Concorde.<a href="#cite_note-Benn-32">[32]</a> This created a nationalist uproar that died down when Benn stated that the suffixed "e" represented "Excellence, England, Europe, and <a href="/wiki/Entente_Cordiale" title="Entente Cordiale">Entente (Cordiale)</a>". In his memoirs, he recounted a letter from a Scotsman claiming, "you talk about 'E' for England, but part of it is made in Scotland." Given Scotland's contribution of providing the nose cone for the aircraft, Benn replied, "it was also 'E' for 'Écosse' (the French name for Scotland) – and I might have added 'e' for extravagance and 'e' for escalation as well!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcIntyre199220-33">[33]</a> In common usage in the United Kingdom, the type is known as "Concorde" without an <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">article</a>, rather than "the Concorde" or "a Concorde".<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sales_efforts">Sales efforts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concorde&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sales efforts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Concorde.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/British_Concorde.jpg/220px-British_Concorde.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/British_Concorde.jpg/330px-British_Concorde.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/British_Concorde.jpg/440px-British_Concorde.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="382" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/British_Airways" title="British Airways">British Airways</a> Concorde in early BA livery at <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">London-Heathrow Airport</a> in the early 1980s</figcaption></figure> Advertisements for Concorde during the late 1960s placed in publications such as Aviation Week & Space Technology predicted a market for 350 aircraft by 1980.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The new consortium intended to produce one long-range and one short-range version, but prospective customers showed no interest in the short-range version, thus it was later dropped.<a href="#cite_note-earlyhist-28">[28]</a> Concorde's costs spiralled during development to more than six times the original projections, arriving at a unit cost of £23 million in 1977 (equivalent to £180.49 million in 2023).<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Its sonic boom made travelling supersonically over land impossible without causing complaints from citizens.<a href="#cite_note-Concordes_limited_to_16-38">[38]</a> World events also dampened Concorde sales prospects; the <a href="/wiki/1973%E2%80%9374_stock_market_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="1973–74 stock market crash">1973–74 stock market crash</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a> had made airlines cautious about aircraft with high fuel consumption, and new <a href="/wiki/Wide-body_aircraft" title="Wide-body aircraft">wide-body aircraft</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a>, had recently made subsonic aircraft significantly more efficient and presented a low-risk option for airlines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss197847–49-39">[39]</a> While carrying a full load, Concorde achieved 15.8 <a href="/wiki/Passenger_miles_per_gallon" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenger miles per gallon">passenger miles per gallon</a> of fuel, while the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_707" title="Boeing 707">Boeing 707</a> reached 33.3 pm/g, the Boeing 747 46.4 pm/g, and the <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-10">McDonnell Douglas DC-10</a> 53.6 pm/g.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss197849-40">[40]</a> A trend in favour of cheaper airline tickets also caused airlines such as <a href="/wiki/Qantas" title="Qantas">Qantas</a> to question Concorde's market suitability.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunn201045-41">[41]</a> During the early 2000s, <a href="/wiki/Flight_International" title="Flight International">Flight International</a> described Concorde as being "one of aerospace's most ambitious but commercially flawed projects",<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The consortium received orders (non-binding options) for more than 100 of the long-range version from the major airlines of the day: <a href="/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan American World Airways">Pan Am</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Airways_Corporation" title="British Overseas Airways Corporation">BOAC</a>, and Air France were the launch customers, with six aircraft each. Other airlines in the order book included <a href="/wiki/Panair_do_Brasil" title="Panair do Brasil">Panair do Brasil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Continental_Airlines" title="Continental Airlines">Continental Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan_Airlines" title="Japan Airlines">Japan Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lufthansa" title="Lufthansa">Lufthansa</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines" title="American Airlines">American Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_India" title="Air India">Air India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_Canada" title="Air Canada">Air Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Braniff_International_Airways" title="Braniff International Airways">Braniff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Airlines" title="Singapore Airlines">Singapore Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran_Air" title="Iran Air">Iran Air</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Airways" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic Airways">Olympic Airways</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qantas" title="Qantas">Qantas</a>, <a href="/wiki/CAAC_Airlines" class="mw-redirect" title="CAAC Airlines">CAAC Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Airlines" title="Middle East Airlines">Middle East Airlines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trans_World_Airlines" title="Trans World Airlines">TWA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-earlyhist-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> At the time of the first flight, the options list contained 74 options from 16 airlines:<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Airline </th> <th>Number </th> <th>Reserved </th> <th>Cancelled </th> <th>Remarks </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am" title="Pan Am">Pan Am</a></td> <td>6</td> <td>3 June 1963</td> <td>31 January 1973</td> <td>2 extra options in 1964 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Air_France" title="Air France">Air France</a></td> <td>6</td> <td>3 June 1963</td> <td></td> <td>2 extra options in 1964 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/BOAC" class="mw-redirect" title="BOAC">BOAC</a></td> <td>6</td> <td>3 June 1963</td> <td></td> <td>2 extra options in 1964 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Continental_Airlines" title="Continental Airlines">Continental Airlines</a></td> <td>3</td> <td>24 July 1963</td> <td>March 1973</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Airlines" title="American Airlines">American Airlines</a></td> <td>4</td> <td>7 October 1963</td> <td>February 1973</td> <td>2 extra options in 1965 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/TWA" class="mw-redirect" title="TWA">TWA</a></td> <td>4</td> <td>16 October 1963</td> <td>31 January 1973</td> <td>2 extra options in 1965 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Airlines" title="Middle East Airlines">Middle East Airlines</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>4 December 1963</td> <td>February 1973</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Qantas" title="Qantas">Qantas</a></td> <td>6</td> <td>19 March 1964</td> <td>June 1973<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></td> <td>2 cancelled in May 1966 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Air_India" title="Air India">Air India</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>15 July 1964</td> <td>February 1975</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Japan_Airlines" title="Japan Airlines">Japan Airlines</a></td> <td>3</td> <td>30 September 1965</td> <td>1973</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sabena" title="Sabena">Sabena</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>1 December 1965</td> <td>February 1973</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Airlines" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Airlines">Eastern Airlines</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>28 June 1966</td> <td>February 1973</td> <td>2 extra options on 15 August 1966 2 other extra options on 28 April 1967 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a></td> <td>6</td> <td>29 June 1966</td> <td>26 October 1972</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Braniff" class="mw-redirect" title="Braniff">Braniff</a></td> <td>3</td> <td>1 September 1966</td> <td>February 1973</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lufthansa" title="Lufthansa">Lufthansa</a></td> <td>3</td> <td>16 February 1967</td> <td>April 1973</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Air_Canada" title="Air Canada">Air Canada</a></td> <td>4</td> <td>1 March 1967</td> <td>6 June 1972<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/CAAC_Airlines" class="mw-redirect" title="CAAC Airlines">CAAC</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>24 July 1972</td> <td>December 1979<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iran_Air" title="Iran Air">Iran Air</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>8 October 1972</td> <td>February 1980</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Testing">Testing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concorde&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Testing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:02.03.69_1er_vol_de_Concorde_(1969)_-_53Fi1931_-_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/02.03.69_1er_vol_de_Concorde_%281969%29_-_53Fi1931_-_cropped.jpg/220px-02.03.69_1er_vol_de_Concorde_%281969%29_-_53Fi1931_-_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/02.03.69_1er_vol_de_Concorde_%281969%29_-_53Fi1931_-_cropped.jpg/330px-02.03.69_1er_vol_de_Concorde_%281969%29_-_53Fi1931_-_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/02.03.69_1er_vol_de_Concorde_%281969%29_-_53Fi1931_-_cropped.jpg/440px-02.03.69_1er_vol_de_Concorde_%281969%29_-_53Fi1931_-_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1966" data-file-height="1351" /></a><figcaption>Concorde 001 first flight in 1969</figcaption></figure> The design work was supported by a research programme studying the flight characteristics of low ratio <a href="/wiki/Delta_wing" title="Delta wing">delta wings</a>. A supersonic <a href="/wiki/Fairey_Delta_2" title="Fairey Delta 2">Fairey Delta 2</a> was modified to carry the ogee planform, and, renamed as the BAC 221, used for tests of the high-speed flight envelope;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1965130-50">[50]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_HP.115" title="Handley Page HP.115">Handley Page HP.115</a> also provided valuable information on low-speed performance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinchester2005a134-51">[51]</a> Construction of two prototypes began in February 1965: 001, built by Aérospatiale at Toulouse, and 002, by BAC at <a href="/wiki/Filton" title="Filton">Filton</a>, Bristol. 001 made its first test flight from Toulouse on 2 March 1969, piloted by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Turcat" title="André Turcat">André Turcat</a>,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> and first went supersonic on 1 October.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivier201811-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The first UK-built Concorde flew from Filton to <a href="/wiki/RAF_Fairford" title="RAF Fairford">RAF Fairford</a> on 9 April 1969, piloted by <a href="/wiki/Brian_Trubshaw" title="Brian Trubshaw">Brian Trubshaw</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Both prototypes were presented to the public on 7–8 June 1969 at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Air_Show" title="Paris Air Show">Paris Air Show</a>. As the flight programme progressed, 001 embarked on a sales and demonstration tour on 4 September 1971, which was also the first transatlantic crossing of Concorde.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Concorde 002 followed on 2 June 1972 with a tour of the Middle and Far East.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Concorde 002 made the first visit to the United States in 1973, landing at <a href="/wiki/Dallas/Fort_Worth_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport">Dallas/Fort Worth Regional Airport</a> to mark the airport's opening.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Concorde_first_visit_Heathrow_Fitzgerald.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Concorde_first_visit_Heathrow_Fitzgerald.jpg/250px-Concorde_first_visit_Heathrow_Fitzgerald.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Concorde_first_visit_Heathrow_Fitzgerald.jpg/330px-Concorde_first_visit_Heathrow_Fitzgerald.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Concorde_first_visit_Heathrow_Fitzgerald.jpg/500px-Concorde_first_visit_Heathrow_Fitzgerald.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>Concorde on early visit to Heathrow Airport on 1 July 1972</figcaption></figure> Concorde had initially held a great deal of customer interest, but the project was hit by order cancellations. The <a href="/wiki/1973_Paris_Air_Show_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="1973 Paris Air Show crash">Paris Le Bourget air show crash</a> of the competing Soviet <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-144" title="Tupolev Tu-144">Tupolev Tu-144</a> had shocked potential buyers, and public concern over the environmental issues of supersonic aircraft – the <a href="/wiki/Sonic_boom" title="Sonic boom">sonic boom</a>, take-off noise and pollution – had produced a change in the public opinion of SSTs. By 1976 the remaining buyers were from four countries: Britain, France, China, and Iran.<a href="#cite_note-Concordes_limited_to_16-38">[38]</a> Only Air France and British Airways (the successor to BOAC) took up their orders, with the two governments taking a cut of any profits.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The US government cut federal funding for the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_2707" title="Boeing 2707">Boeing 2707</a>, its supersonic transport programme, in 1971; Boeing did not complete its two 2707 prototypes. The US, India, and Malaysia all ruled out Concorde supersonic flights over the noise concern, although some of these restrictions were later relaxed.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Professor Douglas Ross characterised restrictions placed upon Concorde operations by President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>'s administration as having been an act of <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionism</a> of American aircraft manufacturers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss197846-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Programme_cost">Programme cost</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concorde&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Programme cost">edit</a>]</div> The original programme cost estimate was £70 million in 1962,<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> (£1.68 billion in 2023).<a href="#cite_note-inflation-UKGDP-66">[66]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Cost_overrun" title="Cost overrun">cost overruns</a> and delays the programme eventually cost between £1.5 and £2.1 billion in 1976,<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> (£11.4 billion – 16 billion in 2023).<a href="#cite_note-inflation-UKGDP-66">[66]</a> This cost was the main reason the production run was much smaller than expected.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concorde&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Design">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ConcordeCockpitSinsheim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/ConcordeCockpitSinsheim.jpg/220px-ConcordeCockpitSinsheim.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/ConcordeCockpitSinsheim.jpg/330px-ConcordeCockpitSinsheim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/ConcordeCockpitSinsheim.jpg/440px-ConcordeCockpitSinsheim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Concorde flight deck layout</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_features">General features</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concorde&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: General features">edit</a>]</div> Concorde is an <a href="/wiki/Delta_wing#ogival_delta" title="Delta wing">ogival delta</a> winged aircraft with four <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce/Snecma_Olympus_593" title="Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus 593">Olympus</a> engines based on those employed in the RAF's <a href="/wiki/Avro_Vulcan" title="Avro Vulcan">Avro Vulcan</a> <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bomber" title="Strategic bomber">strategic bomber</a>. It has an unusual <a href="/wiki/Tailless_aircraft" title="Tailless aircraft">tailless configuration</a> for a commercial aircraft, as does the <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-144" title="Tupolev Tu-144">Tupolev Tu-144</a>. Concorde was the first airliner to have a <a href="/wiki/Fly-by-wire" title="Fly-by-wire">fly-by-wire</a> flight-control system (in this case, analogue); the <a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">avionics</a> system Concorde used was unique because it was the first commercial aircraft to employ <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_integrated_circuit" title="Hybrid integrated circuit">hybrid circuits</a>.<a href="#cite_note-elecflybywire-69">[69]</a> The principal designer for the project was Pierre Satre, with <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Russell" title="Archibald Russell">Sir Archibald Russell</a> as his deputy.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Concorde pioneered the following technologies: For high speed and optimisation of flight: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Double delta">Double delta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ogee" title="Ogee">ogee</a>/ogival) shaped wings<a href="#cite_note-deltawing-10">[10]</a></li> <li>Variable engine air <a href="/wiki/Intake_ramp" title="Intake ramp">intake ramp</a> system controlled by <a href="/wiki/Digital_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital computer">digital computers</a><a href="#cite_note-nova-71">[71]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercruise" title="Supercruise">Supercruise</a> capability<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></li></ul> For weight-saving and enhanced performance: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mach_number" title="Mach number">Mach</a> 2.02 (~2,154 km/h or 1,338 mph) cruising speed<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrawley200314-73">[73]</a> for optimum fuel consumption (supersonic drag minimum and turbojet engines are more efficient at higher speed);<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> fuel consumption at Mach 2 (2,120 km/h; 1,320 mph) and at altitude of 60,000 feet (18,000 m) was 4,800 US gallons per hour (18,000 L/h).<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></li> <li>Mainly aluminium construction using a high-temperature alloy similar to that developed for aero-engine pistons.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> This material gave low weight and allowed conventional manufacture (higher speeds would have ruled out aluminium)<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></li> <li>Full-regime <a href="/wiki/Autopilot" title="Autopilot">autopilot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autothrottle" title="Autothrottle">autothrottle</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> allowing "hands off" control of the aircraft from climb out to landing</li> <li>Fully electrically controlled analogue <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system#Fly-by-wire_control_systems" title="Aircraft flight control system">fly-by-wire</a> flight controls systems<a href="#cite_note-elecflybywire-69">[69]</a></li> <li>High-pressure hydraulic system using 28 MPa (4,100 psi) for lighter hydraulic components.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_data_computer" title="Air data computer">Air data computer</a> (ADC) for the automated monitoring and transmission of aerodynamic measurements (total pressure, <a href="/wiki/Static_pressure" title="Static pressure">static pressure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_attack" title="Angle of attack">angle of attack</a>, side-slip).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen2001101-80">[80]</a></li> <li>Fully electrically controlled analogue <a href="/wiki/Brake-by-wire" title="Brake-by-wire">brake-by-wire</a> system<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></li> <li>No <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_power_unit" title="Auxiliary power unit">auxiliary power unit</a>, as Concorde would only visit large airports where <a href="/wiki/Ground_support_equipment#Air_start_unit" title="Ground support equipment">ground air start carts</a> were available.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen2001206-82">[82]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Powerplant">Powerplant</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concorde&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Powerplant">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Concorde.highup.arp.750pix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Concorde.highup.arp.750pix.jpg/250px-Concorde.highup.arp.750pix.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Concorde.highup.arp.750pix.jpg/330px-Concorde.highup.arp.750pix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Concorde.highup.arp.750pix.jpg/500px-Concorde.highup.arp.750pix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>The four powerplants mounted in two nacelles under the wings.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Concorde_Ramp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Concorde_Ramp.jpg/250px-Concorde_Ramp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Concorde_Ramp.jpg/330px-Concorde_Ramp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Concorde_Ramp.jpg/500px-Concorde_Ramp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Twin air intake assembly for each nacelle.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Concordeintake.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Concordeintake.svg/220px-Concordeintake.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Concordeintake.svg/330px-Concordeintake.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Concordeintake.svg/440px-Concordeintake.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="497" /></a></div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rolls-Royce-Snecma_Olympus_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Safran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Rolls-Royce-Snecma_Olympus_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Safran.jpg/250px-Rolls-Royce-Snecma_Olympus_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Safran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Rolls-Royce-Snecma_Olympus_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Safran.jpg/330px-Rolls-Royce-Snecma_Olympus_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Safran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Rolls-Royce-Snecma_Olympus_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Safran.jpg/500px-Rolls-Royce-Snecma_Olympus_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Safran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3040" data-file-height="2027" /></a><figcaption>Engines and twin exhaust system for each nacelle.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce/Snecma_Olympus_593" title="Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus 593">Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus 593</a></div> A symposium titled "Supersonic-Transport Implications" was hosted by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Aeronautical_Society" title="Royal Aeronautical Society">Royal Aeronautical Society</a> on 8 December 1960. Various views were put forward on the likely type of powerplant for a supersonic transport, such as podded or buried installation and turbojet or ducted-fan engines.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Concorde needed to fly long distances to be economically viable; this required high efficiency from the powerplant. <a href="/wiki/Turbofan" title="Turbofan">Turbofan</a> engines were rejected due to their larger cross-section producing excessive drag (but would be studied for future SSTs). Olympus turbojet technology was already available for development to meet the design requirements.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Rolls-Royce proposed developing the RB.169 to power Concorde during its initial design phase,<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> but developing a wholly-new engine for a single aircraft would have been extremely costly,<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> so the existing BSEL <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Olympus_variants#Bristol_Olympus_(BOl)_22R_(Mk._320)" title="Rolls-Royce Olympus variants">Olympus Mk 320</a> turbojet engine, which was already flying in the <a href="/wiki/BAC_TSR-2" title="BAC TSR-2">BAC TSR-2</a> supersonic strike bomber prototype, was chosen instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen200150-25">[25]</a> Boundary layer management in the podded installation was put forward as simpler with only an inlet cone, however, Dr. Seddon of the RAE favoured a more integrated buried installation. One concern of placing two or more engines behind a single intake was that an intake failure could lead to a double or triple engine failure. While a ducted fan over the turbojet would reduce noise, its larger cross-section also incurred more drag.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Acoustics specialists were confident that a turbojet's noise could be reduced and SNECMA made advances in silencer design during the programme.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The Olympus Mk.622 with reduced jet velocity was proposed to reduce the noise<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> but was not pursued. By 1974, the spade silencers which projected into the exhaust were reported to be ineffective but "entry-into-service aircraft are likely to meet their noise guarantees".<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> The powerplant configuration selected for Concorde highlighted airfield noise, boundary layer management and interactions between adjacent engines and the requirement that the powerplant, at Mach 2, tolerate pushovers, sideslips, pull-ups and throttle slamming without surging.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot2013131-92">[92]</a> Extensive development testing with design changes and changes to intake and engine control laws addressed most of the issues except airfield noise and the interaction between adjacent powerplants at speeds above Mach 1.6 which meant Concorde "had to be certified aerodynamically as a twin-engined aircraft above Mach 1.6".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot201348-93">[93]</a> Situated behind the wing leading edge, the engine intake had a wing boundary layer ahead of it. Two-thirds were diverted and the remaining third which entered the intake did not adversely affect the intake efficiency<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot201321-94">[94]</a> except during pushovers when the boundary layer thickened and caused surging. Wind tunnel testing helped define leading-edge modifications ahead of the intakes which solved the problem.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Each engine had its own intake and the <a href="/wiki/Nacelle" title="Nacelle">nacelles</a> were paired with a splitter plate between them to minimise the chance of one powerplant influencing the other. Only above Mach 1.6 (1,960 km/h; 1,220 mph) was an engine surge likely to affect the adjacent engine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot201348-93">[93]</a> The air intake design for Concorde's engines was especially critical.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The intakes had to slow down supersonic inlet air to subsonic speeds with high-pressure recovery to ensure efficient operation at cruising speed while providing low distortion levels (to prevent engine surge) and maintaining high efficiency for all likely ambient temperatures in cruise. They had to provide adequate subsonic performance for diversion cruise and low engine-face distortion at take-off. They also had to provide an alternative path for excess intake of air during engine throttling or shutdowns.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> The variable intake features required to meet all these requirements consisted of front and rear ramps, a dump door, an auxiliary inlet and a ramp bleed to the exhaust nozzle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot2013plate_4-98">[98]</a> As well as supplying air to the engine, the intake also supplied air through the ramp bleed to the propelling nozzle. The nozzle ejector (or aerodynamic) design, with variable exit area and secondary flow from the intake, contributed to good expansion efficiency from take-off to cruise.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Concorde's Air Intake Control Units (AICUs) made use of a digital processor for intake control. It was the first use of a digital processor with full authority control of an essential system in a passenger aircraft. It was developed by BAC's Electronics and Space Systems division after the analogue AICUs (developed by <a href="/wiki/Ultra_Electronics" title="Ultra Electronics">Ultra Electronics</a>) fitted to the prototype aircraft were found to lack sufficient accuracy.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Ultra Electronics also developed Concorde's thrust-by-wire engine control system.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Engine failure causes problems on conventional <a href="/wiki/Subsonic_aircraft" title="Subsonic aircraft">subsonic aircraft</a>; not only does the aircraft lose thrust on that side but the engine creates drag, causing the aircraft to yaw and bank in the direction of the failed engine. If this had happened to Concorde at supersonic speeds, it theoretically could have caused a catastrophic failure of the airframe. Although computer simulations predicted considerable problems, in practice Concorde could shut down both engines on the same side of the aircraft at Mach 2 without difficulties.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> During an engine failure the required air intake is virtually zero. So, on Concorde, engine failure was countered by the opening of the auxiliary spill door and the full extension of the ramps, which deflected the air downwards past the engine, gaining lift and minimising drag. Concorde pilots were routinely trained to handle double-engine failure.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Concorde used <a href="/wiki/Reheat" class="mw-redirect" title="Reheat">reheat</a> (afterburners) only at take-off and to pass through the <a href="/wiki/Transonic" title="Transonic">transonic</a> speed range, between Mach 0.95 and 1.7.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heating_problems">Heating problems</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concorde&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Heating problems">edit</a>]</div> Kinetic heating from the high speed boundary layer caused the skin to heat up during supersonic flight.<a href="#cite_note-harpur176-105">[105]</a> Every surface, such as windows and panels, was warm to the touch by the end of the flight.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Apart from the engine bay, the hottest part of any supersonic aircraft's structure is the <a href="/wiki/Nose_cone" title="Nose cone">nose</a>, due to <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamic_heating" title="Aerodynamic heating">aerodynamic heating</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hiduminium" title="Hiduminium">Hiduminium</a> R.R. 58, an aluminium alloy, was used throughout the aircraft because it was relatively cheap and easy to work with. The highest temperature it could sustain over the life of the aircraft was 127 °C (261 °F), which limited the top speed to Mach 2.02.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Concorde went through two cycles of cooling and heating during a flight, first cooling down as it gained altitude at subsonic speed, then heating up accelerating to cruise speed, finally cooling again when descending and slowing down before heating again in low altitude air before landing. This had to be factored into the metallurgical and <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(material)" title="Fatigue (material)">fatigue</a> modelling. A test rig was built that repeatedly heated up a full-size section of the wing, and then cooled it, and periodically samples of metal were taken for testing.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> The airframe was designed for a life of 45,000 flying hours.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Concorde_-_airframe_temperatures.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Concorde_-_airframe_temperatures.svg/250px-Concorde_-_airframe_temperatures.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Concorde_-_airframe_temperatures.svg/330px-Concorde_-_airframe_temperatures.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Concorde_-_airframe_temperatures.svg/500px-Concorde_-_airframe_temperatures.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="284" /></a><figcaption>Concorde skin temperatures. They depended on the balance of heat transfer from the boundary layer, heat picked up from solar radiation, heat radiated back from the surface to the atmosphere, and heat transferred to the internal structure.<a href="#cite_note-harpur176-105">[105]</a></figcaption></figure> As the fuselage heated up it <a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion" title="Thermal expansion">expanded</a> by as much as 300 mm (12 in). The most obvious manifestation of this was a gap that opened up on the flight deck between the <a href="/wiki/Flight_engineer" title="Flight engineer">flight engineer</a>'s console and the bulkhead. On some aircraft that conducted a retiring supersonic flight, the flight engineers placed their caps in this expanded gap, wedging the cap when the airframe shrank again.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> To keep the cabin cool, Concorde used the fuel as a <a href="/wiki/Thermal_energy_storage" title="Thermal energy storage">heat sink</a> for the heat from the air conditioning.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> The same method also cooled the hydraulics. During supersonic flight a visor was used to keep high temperature air from flowing over the cockpit skin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen200114-113">[113]</a> Concorde had <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_livery" title="Aircraft livery">livery</a> restrictions; the majority of the surface had to be covered with a <a href="/wiki/Anti-flash_white" title="Anti-flash white">highly reflective white</a> paint to avoid overheating the aluminium structure due to heating effects. The white finish reduced the skin temperature by 6 to 11 °C (11 to 20 °F).<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> In 1996, Air France briefly painted F-BTSD in a predominantly blue livery, with the exception of the wings, in a promotional deal with <a href="/wiki/Pepsi" title="Pepsi">Pepsi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> In this paint scheme, Air France was advised to remain at Mach 2 (2,120 km/h; 1,320 mph) for no more than 20 minutes at a time, but there was no restriction at speeds under Mach 1.7. F-BTSD was used because it was not scheduled for any long flights that required extended Mach 2 operations.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structural_issues">Structural issues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concorde&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Structural issues">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Concorde_fuel_trim.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Concorde_fuel_trim.svg/250px-Concorde_fuel_trim.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Concorde_fuel_trim.svg/330px-Concorde_fuel_trim.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Concorde_fuel_trim.svg/340px-Concorde_fuel_trim.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="779" /></a><figcaption>Fuel pitch trim</figcaption></figure> Due to its high speeds, large forces were applied to the aircraft during turns, causing distortion of the aircraft's structure. There were concerns over maintaining precise control at supersonic speeds. Both of these issues were resolved by ratio changes between the inboard and outboard <a href="/wiki/Elevon" title="Elevon">elevon</a> deflections, varying at differing speeds including supersonic. Only the innermost elevons, attached to the stiffest area of the wings, were used at higher speeds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen200178-117">[117]</a> The narrow fuselage flexed,<a href="#cite_note-nova-71">[71]</a> which was apparent to rear passengers looking along the length of the cabin.<a href="#cite_note-popular-118">[118]</a> When any aircraft passes the <a href="/wiki/Critical_mach" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical mach">critical mach</a> of its airframe, the <a href="/wiki/Center_of_pressure_(fluid_mechanics)" title="Center of pressure (fluid mechanics)">centre of pressure</a> shifts rearwards. This causes a pitch-down moment on the aircraft if the centre of gravity remains where it was. The wings were designed to reduce this, but there was still a shift of about 2 metres (6 ft 7 in). This could have been countered by the use of <a href="/wiki/Trim_tab" title="Trim tab">trim controls</a>, but at such high speeds, this would have increased drag which would have been unacceptable. Instead, the distribution of fuel along the aircraft was shifted during acceleration and deceleration to move the centre of gravity, effectively acting as an auxiliary trim control.<a href="#cite_note-fueltrim-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Range">Range</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concorde&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Range">edit</a>]</div> To fly non-stop across the Atlantic Ocean, Concorde required the greatest supersonic <a href="/wiki/Range_(aeronautics)" title="Range (aeronautics)">range</a> of any aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> This was achieved by a combination of powerplants which were efficient at twice the speed of sound, a slender fuselage with high <a href="/wiki/Fineness_ratio" title="Fineness ratio">fineness ratio</a>, and a complex wing shape for a high <a href="/wiki/Lift-to-drag_ratio" title="Lift-to-drag ratio">lift-to-drag ratio</a>. Only a modest payload could be carried and the aircraft was trimmed without using deflected control surfaces, to avoid the drag that would incur.<a href="#cite_note-deltawing-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-fueltrim-119">[119]</a> Nevertheless, soon after Concorde began flying, a Concorde "B" model was designed with slightly larger fuel capacity and slightly larger wings with <a href="/wiki/Leading_edge_slats" class="mw-redirect" title="Leading edge slats">leading edge slats</a> to improve aerodynamic performance at all speeds, with the objective of expanding the range to reach markets in new regions.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> It would have higher thrust engines with noise reducing features and no environmentally-objectionable <a href="/wiki/Afterburner" title="Afterburner">afterburner</a>. Preliminary design studies showed that an engine with a 25% gain in efficiency over the Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus 593 could be produced.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> This would have given 500 mi (805 km) additional range and a greater payload, making new commercial routes possible. This was cancelled due in part to poor sales of Concorde, but also to the rising cost of aviation fuel in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radiation_concerns">Radiation concerns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concorde&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Radiation concerns">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:ConcordeFuselageSinsheim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/ConcordeFuselageSinsheim.jpg/250px-ConcordeFuselageSinsheim.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/ConcordeFuselageSinsheim.jpg/330px-ConcordeFuselageSinsheim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/ConcordeFuselageSinsheim.jpg/500px-ConcordeFuselageSinsheim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Concorde_passenger_cabin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Concorde_passenger_cabin.jpg/220px-Concorde_passenger_cabin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Concorde_passenger_cabin.jpg/330px-Concorde_passenger_cabin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Concorde_passenger_cabin.jpg/440px-Concorde_passenger_cabin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a></div></div></div></div></div> Concorde's high cruising altitude meant people on board received almost twice the <a href="/wiki/Flux" title="Flux">flux</a> of extraterrestrial <a href="/wiki/Ionising_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionising radiation">ionising radiation</a> as those travelling on a conventional long-haul flight.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-concradi-125">[125]</a> Upon Concorde's introduction, it was speculated that this exposure during supersonic travels would increase the likelihood of skin cancer.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Due to the proportionally reduced flight time, the overall <a href="/wiki/Equivalent_dose" title="Equivalent dose">equivalent dose</a> would normally be less than a conventional flight over the same distance.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Unusual <a href="/wiki/Solar_variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar variation">solar activity</a> might lead to an increase in incident radiation.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> To prevent incidents of excessive radiation exposure, the flight deck had a radiometer and an instrument to measure the rate of increase or decrease of radiation. If the radiation level became too high, Concorde would descend below 47,000 feet (14,000 m).<a href="#cite_note-concradi-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cabin_pressurisation">Cabin pressurisation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concorde&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cabin pressurisation">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_cabin" title="Aircraft cabin">Airliner cabins</a> were usually maintained at a pressure equivalent to 6,000–8,000 feet (1,800–2,400 m) elevation. Concorde's <a href="/wiki/Cabin_pressurization" title="Cabin pressurization">pressurisation</a> was set to an altitude at the lower end of this range, 6,000 feet (1,800 m).<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Concorde's maximum cruising altitude was 60,000 feet (18,000 m); subsonic airliners typically cruise below 44,000 feet (13,000 m).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrader198964-130">[130]</a> A sudden <a href="/wiki/Uncontrolled_decompression" title="Uncontrolled decompression">reduction in cabin pressure</a> is hazardous to all passengers and crew.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Above 50,000 feet (15,000 m), a sudden cabin depressurisation would leave a "<a href="/wiki/Time_of_useful_consciousness" title="Time of useful consciousness">time of useful consciousness</a>" up to 10–15 seconds for a conditioned athlete.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> At Concorde's altitude, the air density is very low; a breach of cabin integrity would result in a loss of pressure severe enough that the plastic <a href="/wiki/Emergency_oxygen_system" title="Emergency oxygen system">emergency oxygen masks</a> installed on other passenger jets would not be effective and passengers would soon suffer from <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">hypoxia</a> despite quickly donning them. Concorde was equipped with smaller windows to reduce the rate of loss in the event of a breach,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENunn1993341-133">[133]</a> a reserve air supply system to augment cabin air pressure, and a rapid descent procedure to bring the aircraft to a safe altitude. The FAA enforces minimum emergency descent rates for aircraft and noting Concorde's higher operating altitude, concluded that the best response to pressure loss would be a rapid descent.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Continuous_positive_airway_pressure" title="Continuous positive airway pressure">Continuous positive airway pressure</a> would have delivered pressurised oxygen directly to the pilots through masks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENunn1993341-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flight_characteristics">Flight characteristics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concorde&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Flight characteristics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Concorde_at_Baginton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_156846.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A BA Concorde, wheels and nose-cone lowered as if for landing, with a crowd of spectators in the foreground" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Concorde_at_Baginton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_156846.jpg/220px-Concorde_at_Baginton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_156846.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Concorde_at_Baginton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_156846.jpg/330px-Concorde_at_Baginton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_156846.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Concorde_at_Baginton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_156846.jpg/440px-Concorde_at_Baginton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_156846.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Concorde performing a low-level fly-by at an air show in August 1981</figcaption></figure> While subsonic commercial jets took eight hours to fly from Paris to New York (seven hours from New York to Paris), the average supersonic flight time on the transatlantic routes was just under 3.5 hours. Concorde had a maximum cruising altitude of 18,300 metres (60,000 ft) and an average cruise speed of Mach 2.02 (2,150 km/h; 1,330 mph), more than twice the speed of conventional aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrader198964-130">[130]</a> With no other civil traffic operating at its cruising altitude of about 56,000 ft (17,000 m), Concorde had exclusive use of dedicated oceanic airways, or "tracks", separate from the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Tracks" title="North Atlantic Tracks">North Atlantic Tracks</a>, the routes used by other aircraft to cross the Atlantic. Due to the significantly less variable nature of high altitude winds compared to those at standard cruising altitudes, these dedicated SST tracks had fixed co-ordinates, unlike the standard routes at lower altitudes, whose co-ordinates are replotted twice daily based on forecast weather patterns (<a href="/wiki/Jetstream" class="mw-redirect" title="Jetstream">jetstreams</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrlebar200484-135">[135]</a> Concorde would also be cleared in a 15,000-foot (4,570 m) block, allowing for a slow climb from 45,000 to 60,000 ft (14,000 to 18,000 m) during the oceanic crossing as the fuel load gradually decreased.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> In regular service, Concorde employed an efficient cruise-climb flight profile following take-off.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrlebar200492-137">[137]</a> The delta-shaped wings required Concorde to adopt a higher <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_attack" title="Angle of attack">angle of attack</a> at low speeds than conventional aircraft, but it allowed the formation of large low-pressure vortices over the entire upper wing surface, maintaining lift.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrlebar200444-138">[138]</a> The normal landing speed was 170 miles per hour (274 km/h).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrader198984-139">[139]</a> Because of this high angle, during a landing approach Concorde was on the backside of the <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_drag" title="Parasitic drag">drag force</a> curve, where raising the nose would increase the rate of descent; the aircraft was thus largely flown on the throttle and was fitted with an autothrottle to reduce the pilot's workload.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrlebar2004110-140">[140]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The only thing that tells you that you're moving is that occasionally when you're flying over the subsonic aeroplanes you can see all these 747s 20,000 feet below you almost appearing to go backwards, I mean you are going 800 miles an hour or thereabouts faster than they are. The aeroplane was an absolute delight to fly, it handled beautifully. And remember we are talking about an aeroplane that was being designed in the late 1950s – mid-1960s. I think it's absolutely amazing and here we are, now in the 21st century, and it remains unique.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>John Hutchinson, Concorde Captain, 'The World's Greatest Airliner' (2003)<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brakes_and_undercarriage">Brakes and undercarriage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concorde&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Brakes and undercarriage">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Train_d%27atterrissage_Concorde_Musee_du_Bourget_P1020039.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Train_d%27atterrissage_Concorde_Musee_du_Bourget_P1020039.JPG/200px-Train_d%27atterrissage_Concorde_Musee_du_Bourget_P1020039.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Train_d%27atterrissage_Concorde_Musee_du_Bourget_P1020039.JPG/300px-Train_d%27atterrissage_Concorde_Musee_du_Bourget_P1020039.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Train_d%27atterrissage_Concorde_Musee_du_Bourget_P1020039.JPG/400px-Train_d%27atterrissage_Concorde_Musee_du_Bourget_P1020039.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2830" data-file-height="3718" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Concorde_tail_gear.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Concorde_tail_gear.JPG/250px-Concorde_tail_gear.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Concorde_tail_gear.JPG/330px-Concorde_tail_gear.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Concorde_tail_gear.JPG/500px-Concorde_tail_gear.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></div></div></div></div></div> Because of the way Concorde's delta-wing generated lift, the undercarriage had to be unusually strong and tall to allow for the angle of attack at low speed. At <a href="/wiki/Rotation_(aviation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotation (aviation)">rotation</a>, Concorde would rise to a high angle of attack, about 18 degrees. Prior to rotation, the wing generated almost no lift, unlike typical aircraft wings. Combined with the high airspeed at rotation (199 knots or 369 kilometres per hour or 229 miles per hour <a href="/wiki/Indicated_airspeed" title="Indicated airspeed">indicated airspeed</a>), this increased the stresses on the main undercarriage in a way that was initially unexpected during the development and required a major redesign.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Due to the high angle needed at rotation, a small set of wheels was added aft to prevent <a href="/wiki/Tailstrike" title="Tailstrike">tailstrikes</a>. The main undercarriage units swing towards each other to be stowed but due to their great height also needed to contract in length telescopically before swinging to clear each other when stowed.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> The four main wheel tyres on each <a href="/wiki/Bogie" title="Bogie">bogie</a> unit are inflated to 232 psi (1,600 kPa). The twin-wheel nose undercarriage retracts forwards and its tyres are inflated to a pressure of 191 psi (1,320 kPa), and the wheel assembly carries a spray deflector to prevent standing water from being thrown up into the engine intakes. The tyres are rated to a maximum speed on the runway of 250 mph (400 km/h).<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> The high take-off speed of 250 miles per hour (400 km/h) required Concorde to have upgraded brakes. Like most airliners, Concorde has <a href="/wiki/Anti-lock_braking_system" title="Anti-lock braking system">anti-skid braking</a> to prevent the tyres from losing traction when the brakes are applied. The brakes, developed by <a href="/wiki/Dunlop_Rubber" title="Dunlop Rubber">Dunlop</a>, were the first carbon-based brakes used on an airliner.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> The use of carbon over equivalent steel brakes provided a weight-saving of 1,200 lb (540 kg).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen2001118-146">[146]</a> Each wheel has multiple discs which are cooled by electric fans. Wheel sensors include brake overload, brake temperature, and tyre deflation. After a typical landing at Heathrow, brake temperatures were around 300–400 °C (570–750 °F). Landing Concorde required a minimum of 6,000 feet (1,800 m) runway length; the shortest runway Concorde ever landed on carrying commercial passengers was <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Airport" title="Cardiff Airport">Cardiff Airport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Concorde G-AXDN (101) made its final landing at <a href="/wiki/Duxford_Aerodrome" title="Duxford Aerodrome">Duxford Aerodrome</a> on 20 August 1977, which had a runway length of just 6,000 feet (1,800 m) at the time.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> This was the last aircraft to land at Duxford before the runway was shortened later that year.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Droop_nose">Droop nose</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concorde&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Droop nose">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Droop_nose_(aeronautics)" title="Droop nose (aeronautics)">Droop nose (aeronautics)</a></div> Concorde's drooping nose, developed by <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Aerospace" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshall Aerospace">Marshall's of Cambridge</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Concorde_nose-151">[151]</a> enabled the aircraft to switch from being streamlined to reduce drag and achieve optimal aerodynamic efficiency during flight, to not obstructing the pilot's view during taxi, take-off, and landing operations. Due to the high angle of attack, the long pointed nose obstructed the view and necessitated the ability to droop. The droop nose was accompanied by a moving visor that retracted into the nose prior to being lowered. When the nose was raised to horizontal, the visor would rise in front of the cockpit windscreen for aerodynamic streamlining.<a href="#cite_note-Concorde_nose-151">[151]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Concorde_landing_Farnborough_Fitzgerald.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="a BAC-liveried aircraft a few feet above a runway, with wheels down" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Concorde_landing_Farnborough_Fitzgerald.jpg/220px-Concorde_landing_Farnborough_Fitzgerald.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Concorde_landing_Farnborough_Fitzgerald.jpg/330px-Concorde_landing_Farnborough_Fitzgerald.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Concorde_landing_Farnborough_Fitzgerald.jpg/440px-Concorde_landing_Farnborough_Fitzgerald.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>Concorde landing at <a href="/wiki/Farnborough_Aerodrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Farnborough Aerodrome">Farnborough</a> in September 1974, with dropping nose lowered</figcaption></figure> A controller in the cockpit allowed the visor to be retracted and the nose to be lowered to 5° below the standard horizontal position for taxiing and take-off. Following take-off and after clearing the airport, the nose and visor were raised. Prior to landing, the visor was again retracted and the nose lowered to 12.5° below horizontal for maximal visibility. Upon landing the nose was raised to the 5° position to avoid the possibility of damage due to collision with ground vehicles, and then raised fully before engine shutdown to prevent pooling of internal condensation within the <a href="/wiki/Radome" title="Radome">radome</a> seeping down into the aircraft's <a href="/wiki/Pitot_tube" title="Pitot tube">pitot</a>/<a href="/wiki/Air_data_computer" title="Air data computer">ADC</a> system probes.<a href="#cite_note-Concorde_nose-151">[151]</a> The US <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> had objected to the restrictive visibility of the visor used on the first two prototype Concordes, which had been designed before a suitable high-temperature window glass had become available, and thus requiring alteration before the FAA would permit Concorde to serve US airports. This led to the redesigned visor used in the production and the four pre-production aircraft (101, 102, 201, and 202).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen200184-152">[152]</a> The nose window and visor glass, needed to endure temperatures in excess of 100 °C (210 °F) at supersonic flight, were developed by <a href="/wiki/Triplex_Safety_Glass" title="Triplex Safety Glass">Triplex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operational_history">Operational history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concorde&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Operational history">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Concorde_operational_history" title="Concorde operational history">Concorde operational history</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Concorde_histories_and_aircraft_on_display" title="Concorde histories and aircraft on display">Concorde histories and aircraft on display</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_flights_and_routes_flown">First flights and routes flown</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concorde&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: First flights and routes flown">edit</a>]</div> Concorde began scheduled flights with <a href="/wiki/British_Airways" title="British Airways">British Airways</a> and <a href="/wiki/Air_France" title="Air France">Air France</a> on 21 January 1976.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Concorde operated on various routes, including London–Bahrain, London–New York, London–Miami, and London–Barbados (with British Airways), and Paris–Dakar–Rio de Janeiro, Paris–Azores–Caracas, Paris–New York, and Paris–Washington (with Air France), but faced challenges such as bans and low profitability. Later, British Airways repositioned Concorde as a super-premium service and it then became profitable.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retirement">Retirement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concorde&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Retirement">edit</a>]</div> In 2003, Air France and British Airways announced the retirement of Concorde, due to rising maintenance costs, low passenger numbers following the <a href="/wiki/Air_France_Flight_4590" title="Air France Flight 4590">25 July 2000 crash</a>, and the slump in air travel following the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Air France flew its last commercial flight on 30 May 2003<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> with British Airways retiring its Concorde fleet on 24 October 2003.<a href="#cite_note-jlfin-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operators">Operators</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concorde&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Operators">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_France" title="Air France">Air France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Airways" title="British Airways">British Airways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braniff_International_Airways#Concorde_SST" title="Braniff International Airways">Braniff International Airways</a> operated Concordes at subsonic speed between <a href="/wiki/Dulles_International_Airport" title="Dulles International Airport">Dulles International Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Fort_Worth_International_Airport" title="Dallas Fort Worth International Airport">Dallas Fort Worth International Airport</a>, from January 1979 until May 1980, using its own flight and cabin crew, under its own insurance and operator's license. Stickers containing a US registration were placed over the French and British registrations of the aircraft during each rotation, and a placard was temporarily placed behind the cockpit to signify the operator and operator's license in command.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Airlines" title="Singapore Airlines">Singapore Airlines</a> had its livery placed on the left side of Concorde G-BOAD, and held a joint marketing agreement which saw Singapore insignias on the cabin fittings, as well as the airline's "Singapore Girl" stewardesses jointly sharing cabin duty with British Airways flight attendants. All flight crew, operations, and insurances remained solely under British Airways however, and at no point did Singapore Airlines operate Concorde services under its own operator's certification, nor wet-lease an aircraft. This arrangement initially only lasted for three flights, conducted between 9–13 December 1977; it later resumed on 24 January 1979, and operated until 1 November 1980. The Singapore livery was used on G-BOAD from 1977 to 1980.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accidents_and_incidents">Accidents and incidents</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concorde&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Accidents and incidents">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_France_Flight_4590">Air France Flight 4590</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concorde&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Air France Flight 4590">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Air_France_Flight_4590" title="Air France Flight 4590">Air France Flight 4590</a></div> On 25 July 2000, Air France Flight 4590, registration F-BTSC, crashed in <a href="/wiki/Gonesse" title="Gonesse">Gonesse</a>, France, after departing from <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle_Airport" title="Charles de Gaulle Airport">Charles de Gaulle Airport</a> en route to <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">John F. Kennedy International Airport</a> in New York City, killing all 100 passengers and nine crew members on board as well as four people on the ground. It was the only fatal accident involving Concorde. This crash also damaged Concorde's reputation and caused both British Airways and Air France to temporarily ground their fleets.<a href="#cite_note-upi_sep2001-161">[161]</a> According to the official investigation conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Enquiry_and_Analysis_for_Civil_Aviation_Safety" title="Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety">Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety</a> (BEA), the crash was caused by a metallic strip that had fallen from a <a href="/wiki/Continental_Airlines" title="Continental Airlines">Continental Airlines</a> <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-10">DC-10</a> that had taken off minutes earlier. This fragment punctured a tyre on Concorde's left main wheel bogie during take-off. The tyre exploded, and a piece of rubber hit the fuel tank, which caused a fuel leak and led to a fire. The crew shut down engine number 2 in response to a fire warning, and with engine number 1 surging and producing little power, the aircraft was unable to gain altitude or speed. The aircraft entered a rapid pitch-up then a sudden descent, rolling left and crashing tail-low into the Hôtelissimo Les Relais Bleus Hotel in Gonesse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEndres2001110–13-162">[162]</a> Before the accident, Concorde had been arguably the safest operational passenger airliner in the world with zero passenger deaths, but there had been two prior non-fatal accidents and a rate of tyre damage 30 times higher than subsonic airliners from 1995 to 2000.<a href="#cite_note-AAIB89-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-AAIB93-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-BEAjan2002-166">[166]</a> Safety improvements made after the crash included more secure electrical controls, <a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a> lining on the fuel tanks and specially developed burst-resistant tyres.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> The first flight with the modifications departed from London Heathrow on 17 July 2001, piloted by BA Chief Concorde Pilot <a href="/wiki/Mike_Bannister" title="Mike Bannister">Mike Bannister</a>. In a flight of 3 hours 20 minutes over the mid-Atlantic towards Iceland, Bannister attained Mach 2.02 and 60,000 ft (18,000 m) then returned to <a href="/wiki/RAF_Brize_Norton" title="RAF Brize Norton">RAF Brize Norton</a>. The test flight, intended to resemble the London–New York route, was declared a success and was watched on live TV, and by crowds on the ground at both locations.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> The first flight with passengers after the 2000 grounding landed shortly before the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">World Trade Center attacks</a> in the United States. This was not a commercial flight: all the passengers were BA employees.<a href="#cite_note-upi_sep2001-161">[161]</a> Normal commercial operations resumed on 7 November 2001 by BA and AF (aircraft G-BOAE and F-BTSD), with service to New York JFK, where Mayor <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudy Giuliani</a> greeted the passengers.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_accidents_and_incidents">Other accidents and incidents</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concorde&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Other accidents and incidents">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G-BOAF_rudder_damage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Rear end of aircraft G-BOAF, in BA livery with a large chunk missing. The tail-strike wheel is lowered." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/G-BOAF_rudder_damage.jpg/220px-G-BOAF_rudder_damage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/G-BOAF_rudder_damage.jpg/330px-G-BOAF_rudder_damage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/G-BOAF_rudder_damage.jpg/440px-G-BOAF_rudder_damage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1699" data-file-height="963" /></a><figcaption>Damage to Concorde rudder after an accident in 1989</figcaption></figure> On 12 April 1989, Concorde G-BOAF, on a chartered flight from <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a>, New Zealand, to <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, Australia, suffered a structural failure at supersonic speed. As the aircraft was climbing and accelerating through Mach 1.7, a "thud" was heard. The crew did not notice any handling problems, and they assumed the thud they heard was a minor <a href="/wiki/Compressor_stall" title="Compressor stall">engine surge</a>. No further difficulty was encountered until descent through 40,000 feet (12,000 m) at Mach 1.3, when a vibration was felt throughout the aircraft, lasting two to three minutes. Most of the upper rudder had separated from the aircraft at this point. Aircraft handling was unaffected, and the aircraft made a safe landing at Sydney. The UK's <a href="/wiki/Air_Accidents_Investigation_Branch" title="Air Accidents Investigation Branch">Air Accidents Investigation Branch</a> (AAIB) concluded that the skin of the rudder had been separating from the rudder structure over a period before the accident due to moisture seepage past the <a href="/wiki/Rivet" title="Rivet">rivets</a> in the rudder. Production staff had not followed proper procedures during an earlier modification of the rudder; the procedures were difficult to adhere to.<a href="#cite_note-AAIB89-163">[163]</a> The aircraft was repaired and returned to service.<a href="#cite_note-AAIB89-163">[163]</a> On 21 March 1992, G-BOAB while flying British Airways Flight 001 from London to New York, also suffered a structural failure at supersonic speed. While cruising at Mach 2, at approximately 53,000 feet (16,000 m), the crew heard a "thump". No difficulties in handling were noticed, and no instruments gave any irregular indications. This crew also suspected there had been a minor engine surge. One hour later, during descent and while decelerating below Mach 1.4, a sudden "severe" vibration began throughout the aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-AAIB93-164">[164]</a> The vibration worsened when power was added to the No 2 engine. The crew shut down the No 2 engine and made a successful landing in New York, noting that increased rudder control was needed to keep the aircraft on its intended approach course. Again, the skin had separated from the structure of the rudder, which led to most of the upper rudder detaching in flight. The AAIB concluded that repair materials had leaked into the structure of the rudder during a recent repair, weakening the bond between the skin and the structure of the rudder, leading to it breaking up in flight. The large size of the repair had made it difficult to keep repair materials out of the structure, and prior to this accident, the severity of the effect of these repair materials on the structure and skin of the rudder was not appreciated.<a href="#cite_note-AAIB93-164">[164]</a> The 2010 trial involving <a href="/wiki/Continental_Airlines" title="Continental Airlines">Continental Airlines</a> over the crash of Flight 4590 established that from 1976 until Flight 4590 there had been 57 tyre failures involving Concordes during takeoffs, including a near-crash at <a href="/wiki/Dulles_International_Airport" title="Dulles International Airport">Dulles International Airport</a> on 14 June 1979 involving Air France Flight 54 where a tyre blowout pierced the plane's fuel tank and damaged a left engine and electrical cables, with the loss of two of the craft's hydraulic systems.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aircraft_on_display">Aircraft on display</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concorde&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Aircraft on display">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Concorde_histories_and_aircraft_on_display" title="Concorde histories and aircraft on display">Concorde histories and aircraft on display</a></div> Twenty Concorde aircraft were built: two prototypes, two pre-production aircraft, two development aircraft and 14 production aircraft for commercial service. With the exception of two of the production aircraft, all are preserved, mostly in museums. One aircraft was scrapped in 1994, and another was destroyed in the <a href="/wiki/Air_France_Flight_4590" title="Air France Flight 4590">Air France Flight 4590</a> crash in 2000. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparable_aircraft">Comparable aircraft</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concorde&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Comparable aircraft">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tu-144">Tu-144</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concorde&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Tu-144">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sinsheim_Auto_%26_Technik_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sinsheim_Auto_%26_Technik_Museum.jpg/220px-Sinsheim_Auto_%26_Technik_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sinsheim_Auto_%26_Technik_Museum.jpg/330px-Sinsheim_Auto_%26_Technik_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sinsheim_Auto_%26_Technik_Museum.jpg/440px-Sinsheim_Auto_%26_Technik_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Concorde (left) and Tu-144 in <a href="/wiki/Sinsheim_Auto_%26_Technik_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinsheim Auto & Technik Museum">Auto & Technik Museum Sinsheim</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boeing_2707-300_3-view.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Boeing_2707-300_3-view.svg/220px-Boeing_2707-300_3-view.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Boeing_2707-300_3-view.svg/330px-Boeing_2707-300_3-view.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Boeing_2707-300_3-view.svg/440px-Boeing_2707-300_3-view.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1214" data-file-height="691" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boeing_2707" title="Boeing 2707">Boeing 2707</a> 3-view diagram</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lockheed_L-2000_mockup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Lockheed_L-2000_mockup.jpg/220px-Lockheed_L-2000_mockup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Lockheed_L-2000_mockup.jpg/330px-Lockheed_L-2000_mockup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Lockheed_L-2000_mockup.jpg/440px-Lockheed_L-2000_mockup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1388" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_L-2000" title="Lockheed L-2000">Lockheed L-2000</a> mockup</figcaption></figure> Concorde was one of only two supersonic jetliner models to operate commercially; the other was the Soviet-built <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-144" title="Tupolev Tu-144">Tupolev Tu-144</a>, which operated in the late 1970s.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordonRigmant2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-Melik-Karamov_2000-173">[173]</a> The Tu-144 was nicknamed "Concordski" by Western European journalists for its outward similarity to Concorde.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_industrial_espionage_of_Concorde" title="Soviet industrial espionage of Concorde">Soviet espionage efforts</a> allegedly stole Concorde blueprints to assist in the design of the Tu-144.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordonRigmant2005-175">[175]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] As a result of a rushed development programme, the first Tu-144 prototype was substantially different from the preproduction machines, but both were cruder than Concorde. The Tu-144S had a significantly shorter range than Concorde. Jean Rech, Sud Aviation, attributed this to two things,<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> a very heavy powerplant with an intake twice as long as that on Concorde, and <a href="/wiki/Turbofan#Low-bypass_turbofan" title="Turbofan">low-bypass turbofan engines</a> with too high a bypass ratio which needed afterburning for cruise. The aircraft had poor control at low speeds because of a simpler wing design. The Tu-144 required <a href="/wiki/Drogue_parachute" title="Drogue parachute">braking parachutes</a> to land.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> The Tu-144 had two crashes, one at the <a href="/wiki/1973_Paris_Air_Show_Tu-144_crash" title="1973 Paris Air Show Tu-144 crash">1973 Paris Air Show</a>,<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> and another during a pre-delivery test flight in May 1978.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Passenger service commenced in November 1977, but after the 1978 crash the aircraft was taken out of passenger service after only 55 flights, which carried an average of 58 passengers. The Tu-144 had an inherently unsafe structural design as a consequence of an automated production method chosen to simplify and speed up manufacturing.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> The Tu-144 program was cancelled by the Soviet government on 1 July 1983.<a href="#cite_note-:1-183">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SST_and_others">SST and others</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concorde&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: SST and others">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Supersonic_transport" title="Supersonic transport">Supersonic transport</a></div> The main competing designs for the US government-funded supersonic transport (SST) were the <a href="/wiki/Swing-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Swing-wing">swing-wing</a> <a href="/wiki/Boeing_2707" title="Boeing 2707">Boeing 2707</a> and the compound <a href="/wiki/Delta_wing" title="Delta wing">delta wing</a> <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_L-2000" title="Lockheed L-2000">Lockheed L-2000</a>. These were to have been larger, with seating for up to 300 people.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinchester2005a84-185">[185]</a> The Boeing 2707 was selected for development. Concorde first flew in 1969, the year Boeing began building 2707 mockups after changing the design to a cropped delta wing; the cost of this and other changes helped to kill the project.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> The operation of US military aircraft such as the Mach 3+ <a href="/wiki/North_American_XB-70_Valkyrie" title="North American XB-70 Valkyrie">North American XB-70 Valkyrie</a> prototypes and <a href="/wiki/Convair_B-58_Hustler" title="Convair B-58 Hustler">Convair B-58 Hustler</a> strategic nuclear bomber had shown that sonic booms were capable of reaching the ground,<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> and the experience from the <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_sonic_boom_tests" title="Oklahoma City sonic boom tests">Oklahoma City sonic boom tests</a> led to the same environmental concerns that hindered the commercial success of Concorde. The American government cancelled its SST project in 1971 having spent more than $1 billion without any aircraft being built.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concorde&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Impact">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental">Environmental</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concorde&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Environmental">edit</a>]</div> Before Concorde's flight trials, developments in the civil aviation industry were largely accepted by governments and their respective electorates. Opposition to Concorde's noise, particularly on the east coast of the United States,<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> forged a new political agenda on both sides of the Atlantic, with scientists and technology experts across a multitude of industries beginning to take the environmental and social impact more seriously.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> Although Concorde led directly to the introduction of a general noise abatement programme for aircraft flying out of John F. Kennedy Airport, many found that Concorde was quieter than expected,<a href="#cite_note-nova-71">[71]</a> partly due to the pilots temporarily throttling back their engines to reduce noise during overflight of residential areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEndres200190-193">[193]</a> Even before commercial flights started, it had been claimed that Concorde was quieter than many other aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> In 1971, BAC's technical director stated, "It is certain on present evidence and calculations that in the airport context, production Concordes will be no worse than aircraft now in service and will in fact be better than many of them."<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> Concorde produced nitrogen oxides in its exhaust, which, despite complicated interactions with other <a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">ozone-depleting</a> chemicals, are understood to result in degradation to the <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">ozone layer</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">stratospheric</a> altitudes it cruised.<a href="#cite_note-emissions-196">[196]</a> It has been pointed out that other, lower-flying, airliners produce ozone during their flights in the troposphere, but vertical transit of gases between the layers is restricted. The small fleet meant overall ozone-layer degradation caused by Concorde was negligible.<a href="#cite_note-emissions-196">[196]</a> In 1995, David Fahey, of the <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> in the United States, warned that a fleet of 500 supersonic aircraft with exhausts similar to Concorde might produce a 2 per cent drop in global ozone levels, much higher than previously thought. Each 1 per cent drop in ozone is estimated to increase the incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer worldwide by 2 per cent. Dr Fahey said if these particles are produced by highly oxidised sulphur in the fuel, as he believed, then removing sulphur in the fuel will reduce the ozone-destroying impact of supersonic transport.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> Concorde's technical leap forward boosted the public's understanding of conflicts between technology and the environment as well as awareness of the complex decision analysis processes that surround such conflicts.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> In France, the use of <a href="/wiki/Noise_barrier" title="Noise barrier">acoustic fencing</a> alongside <a href="/wiki/TGV" title="TGV">TGV</a> tracks might not have been achieved without the 1970s controversy over aircraft noise.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> In the UK, the <a href="/wiki/Campaign_to_Protect_Rural_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign to Protect Rural England">CPRE</a> has issued <a href="/wiki/Tranquillity#Mapping_tranquillity" title="Tranquillity">tranquillity maps</a> since 1990.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_perception">Public perception</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concorde&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Public perception">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ConcordeBG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="BA-liveried Concorde leading a V-formation with seven of the Red Arrow's Gnat aircraft in view. The Gnats are trailing blue and white smoke" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/ConcordeBG.jpg/220px-ConcordeBG.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/ConcordeBG.jpg/330px-ConcordeBG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/ConcordeBG.jpg/440px-ConcordeBG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="284" /></a><figcaption>Parade flight with the <a href="/wiki/Red_Arrows" title="Red Arrows">Red Arrows</a> at the Queen's <a href="/wiki/Golden_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II">Golden Jubilee</a>, June 2002</figcaption></figure> Concorde was normally perceived as a privilege of the rich, but special circular or one-way (with return by other flight or ship) charter flights were arranged to bring a trip within the means of moderately well-off enthusiasts.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> As a symbol of national pride, an example from the BA fleet made occasional <a href="/wiki/Flypast" title="Flypast">flypasts</a> at selected Royal events, major air shows and other special occasions, sometimes in formation with the <a href="/wiki/Red_Arrows" title="Red Arrows">Red Arrows</a>.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> On the final day of commercial service, public interest was so great that grandstands were erected at Heathrow Airport. Significant numbers of people attended the final landings; the event received widespread media coverage.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> The aircraft was usually referred to by the British as simply "Concorde".<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> In France it was known as "le Concorde" due to "le", the <a href="/wiki/Definite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Definite article">definite article</a>,<a href="#cite_note-OxLangFrGlos-205">[205]</a> used in <a href="/wiki/French_grammar" title="French grammar">French grammar</a> to introduce the name of a ship or aircraft,<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> and the capital being used to distinguish a <a href="/wiki/Proper_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper name">proper name</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Common_noun" class="mw-redirect" title="Common noun">common noun</a> of the same spelling.<a href="#cite_note-OxLangFrGlos-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> In French, the common noun concorde means "agreement, harmony, or peace".<a href="#cite_note-209">[N 1]</a> Concorde's pilots and British Airways in official publications often refer to Concorde both in the singular and plural as "she" or "her".<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> In 2006, 37 years after its first test flight, Concorde was announced the winner of the Great British Design Quest organised by the BBC (through <a href="/wiki/The_Culture_Show" title="The Culture Show">The Culture Show</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Design_Museum" title="Design Museum">Design Museum</a>. A total of 212,000 votes were cast with Concorde beating other British design icons such as the <a href="/wiki/Mini" title="Mini">Mini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mini_skirt" class="mw-redirect" title="Mini skirt">mini skirt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaguar_E-Type" title="Jaguar E-Type">Jaguar E-Type</a> car, the <a href="/wiki/Tube_map" title="Tube map">Tube map</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Red_telephone_box" title="Red telephone box">K2 red telephone box</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">Supermarine Spitfire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Concorde_beats-211">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_missions">Special missions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concorde&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Special missions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_Prince_Philip_disembark_from_a_British_Airways_Concorde.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Queen, in a pink floral dress, cream hat and long white gloves, descends from a BA-liveried aircraft via a set of movable aircraft steps, with the Duke, in a grey suit and dark tie, close behind her" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_Prince_Philip_disembark_from_a_British_Airways_Concorde.jpg/220px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_Prince_Philip_disembark_from_a_British_Airways_Concorde.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_Prince_Philip_disembark_from_a_British_Airways_Concorde.jpg/330px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_Prince_Philip_disembark_from_a_British_Airways_Concorde.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_Prince_Philip_disembark_from_a_British_Airways_Concorde.jpg/440px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_Prince_Philip_disembark_from_a_British_Airways_Concorde.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2926" data-file-height="1902" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Duke of Edinburgh</a> disembark Concorde in 1991</figcaption></figure> The heads of France and the United Kingdom flew in Concorde many times.<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> Presidents <a href="/wiki/Georges_Pompidou" title="Georges Pompidou">Georges Pompidou</a>,<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> <a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> regularly used Concorde as French flagship aircraft on foreign visits. <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> and Prime Ministers <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Callaghan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Callaghan">Jim Callaghan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> took Concorde in some charter flights such as the Queen's trips to Barbados on her Silver Jubilee in 1977, in 1987 and in 2003, to the Middle East in 1984 and to the United States in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-burleigh2008-217">[216]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> flew on Concorde in May 1989.<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> Concorde sometimes made special flights for demonstrations, air shows (such as the <a href="/wiki/Farnborough_Airshow" class="mw-redirect" title="Farnborough Airshow">Farnborough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris_Air_Show" title="Paris Air Show">Paris-Le Bourget</a>, <a href="/wiki/EAA_AirVenture_Oshkosh" title="EAA AirVenture Oshkosh">Oshkosh AirVenture</a> and <a href="/wiki/MAKS_(air_show)" title="MAKS (air show)">MAKS</a> air shows) as well as parades and celebrations (for example, of Zurich Airport's anniversary in 1998). The aircraft were also used for private charters (including by the President of <a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire</a> <a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu Sese Seko</a> on multiple occasions),<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> for advertising companies (including for the firm <a href="/wiki/Oki_Electric_Industry" title="Oki Electric Industry">OKI</a>), for Olympic torch relays (<a href="/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics" title="1992 Winter Olympics">1992 Winter Olympics</a> in Albertville) and for observing <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">solar eclipses</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_June_30,_1973" title="Solar eclipse of June 30, 1973">solar eclipse of 30 June 1973</a><a href="#cite_note-Vice-Motherboard-2016-03-09-220">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-spirit-221">[220]</a> and again for the <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_August_11,_1999" title="Solar eclipse of August 11, 1999">total solar eclipse on 11 August 1999</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Records">Records</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concorde&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Records">edit</a>]</div> The fastest transatlantic airliner flight was from New York JFK to London Heathrow on 7 February 1996 by the British Airways G-BOAD in 2 hours, 52 minutes, 59 seconds from take-off to touchdown aided by a 175 mph (282 km/h) tailwind.<a href="#cite_note-SST_makes_record_flight-223">[222]</a> On 13 February 1985, a Concorde charter flight flew from London Heathrow to <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Airport" title="Sydney Airport">Sydney</a> in a time of 17 hours, 3 minutes and 45 seconds, including refuelling stops.<a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a> Concorde set the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_A%C3%A9ronautique_Internationale" title="Fédération Aéronautique Internationale">FAI</a> "Westbound Around the World" and "Eastbound Around the World" world air speed records.<a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a> On 12–13 October 1992, in commemoration of the 500th anniversary of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Columbus</a>' first voyage to the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>, Concorde Spirit Tours (US) chartered Air France Concorde F-BTSD and <a href="/wiki/Circumnavigation" title="Circumnavigation">circumnavigated</a> the world in 32 hours 49 minutes and 3 seconds, from <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, Portugal, including six refuelling stops at <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acapulco" title="Acapulco">Acapulco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, Guam, <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a> The eastbound record was set by the same Air France Concorde (F-BTSD) under charter to Concorde Spirit Tours<a href="#cite_note-spirit-221">[220]</a> in the US on 15–16 August 1995. This promotional flight circumnavigated the world from New York/JFK International Airport in 31 hours 27 minutes 49 seconds, including six refuelling stops at Toulouse, <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>, Bangkok, Andersen AFB in <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, Honolulu, and <a href="/wiki/Acapulco" title="Acapulco">Acapulco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a> On its way to the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Flight" title="Museum of Flight">Museum of Flight</a> in November 2003, G-BOAG set a New York City-to-Seattle speed record of 3 hours, 55 minutes, and 12 seconds. Due to the restrictions on supersonic overflights within the US the flight was granted permission by the Canadian authorities for the majority of the journey to be flown supersonically over sparsely-populated Canadian territory.<a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specifications">Specifications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concorde&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Specifications">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Concorde_v1.0.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Concorde_v1.0.png/250px-Concorde_v1.0.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Concorde_v1.0.png/330px-Concorde_v1.0.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Concorde_v1.0.png/500px-Concorde_v1.0.png 2x" data-file-width="2004" data-file-height="1297" /></a><figcaption>Other line drawings of Concorde</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Concorde_G-BOAC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Concorde_G-BOAC.png/220px-Concorde_G-BOAC.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Concorde_G-BOAC.png/330px-Concorde_G-BOAC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Concorde_G-BOAC.png/440px-Concorde_G-BOAC.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption>Concorde G-BOAC</figcaption></figure> Data from The Wall Street Journal,<a href="#cite_note-fliengi-230">[229]</a> The Concorde Story,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200552-231">[230]</a> The International Directory of Civil Aircraft,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrawley200314-73">[73]</a> Aérospatiale/BAC Concorde 1969 onwards (all models)<a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a>General characteristics <ul><li>Crew: 3 (2 pilots and 1 <a href="/wiki/Flight_engineer" title="Flight engineer">flight engineer</a>)</li> <li>Capacity: 92–120 passengers (128 in high-density layout)</li> <li>Length: 202 ft 4 in (61.66 m)</li> <li>Wingspan: 84 ft 0 in (25.6 m)</li> <li>Height: 40 ft 0 in (12.2 m)</li> <li>Wing area: 3,856.2 sq ft (358.25 m2)</li> <li>Empty weight: 173,504 lb (78,700 kg)</li> <li>Gross weight: 245,000 lb (111,130 kg)</li> <li>Max takeoff weight: 408,010 lb (185,070 kg)</li> <li>Fuel capacity: 210,940 lb (95,680 kg); 119,600 L (26,300 imp gal; 31,600 US gal)</li> <li>Fuselage internal length: 129 ft 0 in (39.32 m)</li> <li>Fuselage width: maximum of 9 ft 5 in (2.87 m) external, 8 ft 7 in (2.62 m) internal</li> <li>Fuselage height: maximum of 10 ft 10 in (3.30 m) external, 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) internal</li> <li>Maximum taxiing weight: 412,000 lb (187,000 kg)</li> <li>Powerplant: 4 × <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce/Snecma_Olympus_593" title="Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus 593">Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus 593</a> Mk 610 <a href="/wiki/Turbojet" title="Turbojet">turbojets</a> with <a href="/wiki/Reheat" class="mw-redirect" title="Reheat">reheat</a>, 31,000 lbf (140 kN) thrust each dry, 38,050 lbf (169.3 kN) with afterburner</li></ul> Performance <ul><li>Maximum speed: 1,354 mph (2,179 km/h, 1,177 kn)</li> <li>Maximum speed: Mach 2.04 (temperature limited)</li> <li>Cruise speed: 1,341 mph (2,158 km/h, 1,165 kn)</li> <li>Range: 4,488.0 mi (7,222.8 km, 3,900.0 nmi)</li> <li>Service ceiling: 60,000 ft (18,300 m)</li> <li>Rate of climb: 3,300–4,900 ft/min (17–25 m/s) at sea level<a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a></li> <li>Lift-to-drag: Low speed– 3.94; Approach– 4.35; 250 kn, 10,000 ft– 9.27; Mach 0.94– 11.47, Mach 2.04– 7.14</li> <li>Fuel consumption: 47 lb/mi (13.2 kg/km)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust-to-weight_ratio" title="Thrust-to-weight ratio">Thrust/weight</a>: 0.373</li> <li>Maximum <a href="/wiki/Heat_shield" title="Heat shield">nose tip temperature</a>: 127 °C (260 °F; 400 K)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runway" title="Runway">Runway</a> requirement (with maximum load): 3,600 m (11,800 ft)<a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a></li></ul> Avionics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce/Snecma_Olympus_593#Intake" title="Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus 593">Digital Air Intake Control Units</a></li> <li>Fly by wire flight controls</li> <li>Analogue electronic engine controls</li> <li>Triple <a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Inertial navigation unit">inertial navigation units</a>, one per flight crew</li> <li>Dual <a href="/wiki/VHF_omnidirectional_range" title="VHF omnidirectional range">VHF omnidirectional range</a> instruments</li> <li>Dual <a href="/wiki/Automatic_direction_finder" title="Automatic direction finder">automatic direction finder</a> instruments</li> <li>Dual <a href="/wiki/Distance_measuring_equipment" title="Distance measuring equipment">distance measuring equipment</a> instruments</li> <li>Triple <a href="/wiki/Delco_Carousel" title="Delco Carousel">Delco Carousel</a> Inertial Navigation Units<a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a></li> <li>Dual <a href="/wiki/Instrument_landing_system" title="Instrument landing system">instrument landing systems</a></li> <li>Automatic flight control system with dual <a href="/wiki/Autopilot" title="Autopilot">autopilots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autothrottle" title="Autothrottle">autothrottles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flight_director_(aeronautics)" title="Flight director (aeronautics)">flight directors</a>: full autoland capability with visibility limits 250 m (820 ft) horizontally, 15 ft (4.6 m) decision height</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekco" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekco">Ekco</a> E390/564 weather radar<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a></li> <li>Radio altimeters</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_appearances_in_media">Notable appearances in media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concorde&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Notable appearances in media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_in_fiction#Concorde" title="Aircraft in fiction">Aircraft in fiction § Concorde</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concorde&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/60px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/120px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/28px-Aviacionavion.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/42px-Aviacionavion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/56px-Aviacionavion.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Aviation" title="Portal:Aviation">Aviation portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Mr._Smiley_Face.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mr._Smiley_Face.svg/28px-Mr._Smiley_Face.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mr._Smiley_Face.svg/42px-Mr._Smiley_Face.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mr._Smiley_Face.svg/56px-Mr._Smiley_Face.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="414" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:1970s" title="Portal:1970s">1970s portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Harmer" title="Barbara Harmer">Barbara Harmer</a>, the first qualified female Concorde pilot</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_del_Concorde" title="Museo del Concorde">Museo del Concorde</a>, a former museum in Mexico dedicated to the airliner</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concorde&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> concorde s.f. concord, unity, harmony, peace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrar1980114-208">[208]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concorde&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concorde&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETowey2007359-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETowey2007359_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTowey2007">Towey 2007</a>, p. 359. </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_July2000-2"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_July2000_2-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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London, UK: The Institute of Economic Affairs. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-255-36601-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-255-36601-4"><bdi>978-0-255-36601-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=They+Meant+Well%2C+Government+Project+Disasters&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=110&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=The+Institute+of+Economic+Affairs&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-255-36601-4&rft.aulast=Myddelton&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ssccunv-31"><a href="#cite_ref-ssccunv_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KSdJAQAAMAAJ">Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1967 – Chronology on Science, Technology, and Policy</a>. 1968. p. 373.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astronautics+and+Aeronautics%2C+1967+%E2%80%93+Chronology+on+Science%2C+Technology%2C+and+Policy&rft.pages=373&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKSdJAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benn-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Benn_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBenn2003" class="citation news cs1">Benn, Tony (17 October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,3604,1064752,00.html">"Sonic booms and that 'e' on the end: Tony Benn remembers his role in getting Concorde off the ground"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125024459/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2003/oct/17/theairlineindustry.g21">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Sonic+booms+and+that+%27e%27+on+the+end%3A+Tony+Benn+remembers+his+role+in+getting+Concorde+off+the+ground&rft.date=2003-10-17&rft.aulast=Benn&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fg2%2Fstory%2F0%2C3604%2C1064752%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcIntyre199220-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcIntyre199220_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcIntyre1992">McIntyre 1992</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Note this British convention is used throughout this article: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/uk/2003/concorde_retirement/default.stm">"In depth: Farewell to Concorde"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 15 August 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071027143003/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/uk/2003/concorde_retirement/default.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2007. Retrieved 4 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=In+depth%3A+Farewell+to+Concorde&rft.date=2007-08-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fin_depth%2Fuk%2F2003%2Fconcorde_retirement%2Fdefault.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishairways.com/concorde/aboutconcorde.html">"About Concorde – main page"</a>. British Airways. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090311003638/http://www.britishairways.com/concorde/aboutconcorde.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2009. Retrieved 11 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Concorde+%E2%80%93+main+page&rft.pub=British+Airways&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishairways.com%2Fconcorde%2Faboutconcorde.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> 48 years ago in AW&ST, Aviation Week & Space Technology, 25 May – 7 June 2015, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarston2000" class="citation news cs1">Marston, Paul (16 August 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1352927/Is-this-the-end-of-the-Concorde-dream.html">"Is this the end of the Concorde dream?"</a>. The Daily Telegraph.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Is+this+the+end+of+the+Concorde+dream%3F&rft.date=2000-08-16&rft.aulast=Marston&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F1352927%2FIs-this-the-end-of-the-Concorde-dream.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Concordes_limited_to_16-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Concordes_limited_to_16_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Concordes_limited_to_16_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"Concordes limited to 16". Virgin Islands Daily News. 5 June 1976.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Concordes+limited+to+16&rft.date=1976-06-05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss197847–49-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss197847–49_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoss1978">Ross 1978</a>, pp. 47–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss197849-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss197849_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoss1978">Ross 1978</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunn201045-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunn201045_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGunn2010">Gunn 2010</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2003/2003%20-%202360.html">"Concorde – 2003–2360 – Flight Archive"</a>. Flight International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161112212240/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2003/2003%20-%202360.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Concorde+%E2%80%93+2003%E2%80%932360+%E2%80%93+Flight+Archive&rft.pub=Flight+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fpdfarchive%2Fview%2F2003%2F2003%2520-%25202360.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/concorde-special-flawed-icon-172669/">"Concorde Special – Flawed Icon"</a>. Flight Global. 21 October 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161112211651/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/concorde-special-flawed-icon-172669/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Concorde+Special+%E2%80%93+Flawed+Icon&rft.pub=Flight+Global&rft.date=2003-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fconcorde-special-flawed-icon-172669%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050116102945/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,903850,00.html">"Aerospace: Pan Am's Concorde Retreat"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. 12 February 1973. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,903850,00.html">the original</a> on 16 January 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Aerospace%3A+Pan+Am%27s+Concorde+Retreat&rft.date=1973-02-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C903850%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-46437753.html">"Vertrag mit Luken"</a> [Contract with escape hatches]. Der Spiegel. Vol. 12. 13 March 1967. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203050949/http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-46437753.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Vertrag+mit+Luken&rft.volume=12&rft.date=1967-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fspiegel%2Fprint%2Fd-46437753.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritageconcorde.com/concorde-orders-and-options">"Concorde orders and options"</a>. heritage-concorde. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200929093832/https://www.heritageconcorde.com/concorde-orders-and-options">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=heritage-concorde&rft.atitle=Concorde+orders+and+options&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritageconcorde.com%2Fconcorde-orders-and-options&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChamberlin2020" class="citation web cs1">Chamberlin, Chris (16 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.executivetraveller.com/news/qantas-concorde-supersonic">"Supersonic dreams: how Qantas almost flew the Concorde"</a>. Executive Traveller. Retrieved 14 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Executive+Traveller&rft.atitle=Supersonic+dreams%3A+how+Qantas+almost+flew+the+Concorde&rft.date=2020-05-16&rft.aulast=Chamberlin&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.executivetraveller.com%2Fnews%2Fqantas-concorde-supersonic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Peter Pigott: Air Canada, the History. 2014 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-1952-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-1952-1">978-1-4597-1952-1</a>. p. 104 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritageconcorde.com/concorde-orders-and-options">"Concorde orders and options"</a>. Heritage Concorde. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200929093832/https://www.heritageconcorde.com/concorde-orders-and-options">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heritage+Concorde&rft.atitle=Concorde+orders+and+options&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritageconcorde.com%2Fconcorde-orders-and-options&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1965130-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1965130_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor1965">Taylor 1965</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinchester2005a134-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinchester2005a134_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWinchester2005a">Winchester 2005a</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KXoyAAAAIBAJ&pg=6573,360672">"Pilot Says Concorde Flight 'Perfect'"</a>. Montreal Gazette. 1 March 1969. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414095431/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KXoyAAAAIBAJ&pg=6573,360672">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Montreal+Gazette&rft.atitle=Pilot+Says+Concorde+Flight+%27Perfect%27&rft.date=1969-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DKXoyAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6573%2C360672&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivier201811-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivier201811_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlivier2018">Olivier 2018</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30C1EFC3454127B93C0A9178BD95F4D8685F9">"Concorde Tops Speed of Sound for 9 Minutes on a Test Flight"</a>. The New York Times. 2 October 1969. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120107234836/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30C1EFC3454127B93C0A9178BD95F4D8685F9">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Concorde+Tops+Speed+of+Sound+for+9+Minutes+on+a+Test+Flight&rft.date=1969-10-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DF30C1EFC3454127B93C0A9178BD95F4D8685F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/2/newsid_2514000/2514535.stm">"1969: Concorde flies for the first time"</a>. BBC News. 2 March 1969. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110903062944/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/2/newsid_2514000/2514535.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=1969%3A+Concorde+flies+for+the+first+time&rft.date=1969-03-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fmarch%2F2%2Fnewsid_2514000%2F2514535.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRohrbach1969" class="citation news cs1">Rohrbach, Edward (10 April 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120725063900/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/584606362.html?dids=584606362:584606362&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Apr+10%2C+1969&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=Concorde+002+Makes+1st+Flight&pqatl=google">"Concorde 002 Makes 1st Flight"</a>. Chicago Tribune. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/584606362.html?dids=584606362:584606362&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Apr+10%2C+1969&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=Concorde+002+Makes+1st+Flight&pqatl=google">the original</a> on 25 July 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Concorde+002+Makes+1st+Flight&rft.date=1969-04-10&rft.aulast=Rohrbach&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fchicagotribune%2Faccess%2F584606362.html%3Fdids%3D584606362%3A584606362%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AAI%26type%3Dhistoric%26date%3DApr%2B10%252C%2B1969%26author%3D%26pub%3DChicago%2BTribune%26desc%3DConcorde%2B002%2BMakes%2B1st%2BFlight%26pqatl%3Dgoogle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120106122156/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/597531692.html?dids=597531692:597531692&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Sep+05%2C+1971&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=Concorde+001+Makes+Its+First+Atlantic+Crossing&pqatl=google">"Concorde 001 Makes Its First Atlantic Crossing"</a>. Chicago Tribune. 5 September 1971. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/597531692.html?dids=597531692:597531692&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Sep+05%2C+1971&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=Concorde+001+Makes+Its+First+Atlantic+Crossing&pqatl=google">the original</a> on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Concorde+001+Makes+Its+First+Atlantic+Crossing&rft.date=1971-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fchicagotribune%2Faccess%2F597531692.html%3Fdids%3D597531692%3A597531692%26FMT%3DCITE%26FMTS%3DCITE%3AAI%26type%3Dhistoric%26date%3DSep%2B05%252C%2B1971%26author%3D%26pub%3DChicago%2BTribune%26desc%3DConcorde%2B001%2BMakes%2BIts%2BFirst%2BAtlantic%2BCrossing%26pqatl%3Dgoogle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VCY0AAAAIBAJ&pg=2521,1962837">"Anglo-French Concorde Lands in Brazil to begin Week of Demonstration Flights"</a>. Bangor Daily News. 7 September 1971. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414131208/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VCY0AAAAIBAJ&pg=2521,1962837">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bangor+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Anglo-French+Concorde+Lands+in+Brazil+to+begin+Week+of+Demonstration+Flights&rft.date=1971-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DVCY0AAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2521%2C1962837&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStern1972" class="citation news cs1">Stern, Michael (3 June 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70D10F73B591A7493C1A9178DD85F468785F9">"Concorde Prototype Begins 10-Nation Tour; Britain Shows Optimism For Supersonic Aircraft"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120107234925/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70D10F73B591A7493C1A9178DD85F468785F9">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Concorde+Prototype+Begins+10-Nation+Tour%3B+Britain+Shows+Optimism+For+Supersonic+Aircraft&rft.date=1972-06-03&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DF70D10F73B591A7493C1A9178DD85F468785F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWitkin1973" class="citation news cs1">Witkin, Richard (21 September 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0E16FB3A54137A93C3AB1782D85F478785F9">"A Supersonic Concorde Lands in Texas"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121103103438/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0E16FB3A54137A93C3AB1782D85F478785F9">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Supersonic+Concorde+Lands+in+Texas&rft.date=1973-09-21&rft.aulast=Witkin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DFA0E16FB3A54137A93C3AB1782D85F478785F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishairways.com/concorde/faq.html#6">"Payments for Concorde"</a>. British Airways. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091219154117/http://www.britishairways.com/concorde/faq.html#6">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2009. Retrieved 2 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Payments+for+Concorde&rft.pub=British+Airways&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishairways.com%2Fconcorde%2Ffaq.html%236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70813F83F5511728DDDAE0994DA415B888BF1D3">"Malaysia lifting ban on the use of its Airspace by the Concorde"</a>. The New York Times. 17 December 1978. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120107234822/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70813F83F5511728DDDAE0994DA415B888BF1D3">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Malaysia+lifting+ban+on+the+use+of+its+Airspace+by+the+Concorde&rft.date=1978-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DF70813F83F5511728DDDAE0994DA415B888BF1D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=xTMsAAAAIBAJ&pg=6855,2298265">"News from around the world"</a>. Herald-Journal. 13 January 1978. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414125644/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=xTMsAAAAIBAJ&pg=6855,2298265">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Herald-Journal&rft.atitle=News+from+around+the+world&rft.date=1978-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DxTMsAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6855%2C2298265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss197846-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss197846_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoss1978">Ross 1978</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2">"Concorde", BBC Timewatch documentary, 2003, <q>By 1962, the cost estimates had already soared from 70 to 150 million pounds." "[By 1964], costs had doubled yet again to nearly 300 million pounds.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Timewatch+documentary&rft.atitle=Concorde&rft.date=2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-UKGDP-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-UKGDP_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-UKGDP_66-1">b</a> United Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Gross_Domestic_Product_deflator" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross Domestic Product deflator">Gross Domestic Product deflator</a> figures follow the MeasuringWorth "consistent series" supplied in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomasWilliamson2024" class="citation web cs1">Thomas, Ryland; Williamson, Samuel H. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/ukgdp/">"What Was the U.K. GDP Then?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MeasuringWorth" title="MeasuringWorth">MeasuringWorth</a>. Retrieved 15 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MeasuringWorth&rft.atitle=What+Was+the+U.K.+GDP+Then%3F&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Ryland&rft.au=Williamson%2C+Samuel+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.measuringworth.com%2Fdatasets%2Fukgdp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSeebass2014" class="citation book cs1">Seebass, A. R. (2014) [1997]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F2D_CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">"The Prospects for Commercial Supersonic Transport"</a>. In Sobieczky, H. (ed.). New Design Concepts for High Speed Air Transport. ebook. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783709126585" title="Special:BookSources/9783709126585"><bdi>9783709126585</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200604114554/https://books.google.com/books?id=F2D_CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2020. <q>The programme's cost, through March 1976, was put at between 1.5 and 2.1 billion in 1976 pounds sterling, or between 3.6 and 5.1 billion in 1977 U.S. dollars (yearly weighted exchange rates)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Prospects+for+Commercial+Supersonic+Transport&rft.btitle=New+Design+Concepts+for+High+Speed+Air+Transport&rft.series=ebook&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9783709126585&rft.aulast=Seebass&rft.aufirst=A.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF2D_CAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> In Concorde (BBC Timewatch, 2003) Chris Benjamin, Concorde Administrator (UK) 1971–74 said: "It's really a matter of great regret that an enormous amount of creativity, effort and resources were used to produce this aeroplane which has actually no sustainable benefit at all." </li> <li id="cite_note-elecflybywire-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-elecflybywire_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-elecflybywire_69-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFavre,_C.1996" class="citation book cs1">Favre, C. (1996). Mark B. Tischler (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DbUhEnlI3OkC&pg=PA211">Advances in aircraft flight control</a>. CRC Press. p. 219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7484-0479-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7484-0479-7"><bdi>978-0-7484-0479-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414103603/https://books.google.com/books?id=DbUhEnlI3OkC&pg=PA211">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advances+in+aircraft+flight+control&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7484-0479-7&rft.au=Favre%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDbUhEnlI3OkC%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMasefield1995" class="citation news cs1">Masefield, Peter (1 July 1995). "Obituary: Sir Archibald Russell". The Independent. UK.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Sir+Archibald+Russell&rft.date=1995-07-01&rft.aulast=Masefield&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nova-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nova_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nova_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nova_71-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/3203_concorde.html">"NOVA transcript: Supersonic Dream"</a>. PBS. 18 January 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110405035636/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/3203_concorde.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2011. Retrieved 26 August 2017. <q>Jock Lowe (Concorde Chief Pilot): We did some research which showed that the Concorde passengers actually didn't know how much the fare was. When we asked them to guess how much it was, they guessed that it was higher than it actually was, so we just started to charge them what they thought they were paying anyway.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NOVA+transcript%3A+Supersonic+Dream&rft.pub=PBS&rft.date=2005-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fnova%2Ftranscripts%2F3203_concorde.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100806140324/http://www.janes.com/transport/news/jae/jae000725_1_n.shtml">"Rolls-Royce Snecma Olympus"</a>. Janes. 25 July 2000. 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British Airways. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160120063601/http://www.britishairways.com/en-gb/information/about-ba/history-and-heritage/celebrating-concorde">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Celebrating+Concorde&rft.pub=British+Airways&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishairways.com%2Fen-gb%2Finformation%2Fabout-ba%2Fhistory-and-heritage%2Fcelebrating-concorde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.concordesst.com/concordeb.html">"Concorde SST: Concorde B"</a>. concordesst.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070608082935/http://www.concordesst.com/concordeb.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2007. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=TRD&recid=N9222540AH&q=Concorde+engines&uid=788858323&setcookie=yes">the original</a> on 21 September 2011. 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Retrieved 19 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Press+International&rft.atitle=Concorde%2C+100+BA+staff+fly+over+Atlantic&rft.date=2001-09-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F2001%2F09%2F11%2FConcorde-100-BA-staff-fly-over-Atlantic%2F7180000071087%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEndres2001110–13-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEndres2001110–13_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEndres2001">Endres 2001</a>, pp. 110–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-AAIB89-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AAIB89_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAIB89_163-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAIB89_163-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/aaib-reports/6-1989-concorde-102-g-boaf-12-april-1989">Report No: 6/1989. 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The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120109055805/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F4091EFB3954127B93C4AB178ED85F458785F9">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2012. 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Retrieved 28 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=concorde-spirit-tours.com&rft.atitle=Concorde+Spirit+Tours&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.concorde-spirit-tours.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y-L0eRgzxE0">"Solar Eclipse Viewed from Concorde"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KMDrrSDoghQ&t=2m25s">the original</a> on 26 May 2017 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Concorde+eclipse+august+99+collector&rft.pub=jean-luc&rft.date=2011-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DKMDrrSDoghQ%26t%3D2m25s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SST_makes_record_flight-223"><a href="#cite_ref-SST_makes_record_flight_223-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SL&p_theme=sl&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB04F816AA79462&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D">"SST makes record flight"</a>. St Louis Post. 9 February 1996. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181001070114/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SL&p_theme=sl&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB04F816AA79462&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 30 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St+Louis+Post&rft.atitle=SST+makes+record+flight&rft.date=1996-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.newsbank.com%2Fnl-search%2Fwe%2FArchives%3Fp_product%3DSL%26p_theme%3Dsl%26p_action%3Dsearch%26p_maxdocs%3D200%26p_topdoc%3D1%26p_text_direct-0%3D0EB04F816AA79462%26p_field_direct-0%3Ddocument_id%26p_perpage%3D10%26p_sort%3DYMD_date%3AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511025908/http://www.concorde-art-world.com/html/record_breaker.html">"Concorde Supersonic Airliner – Record Breaker"</a>. concorde-art-world.com. 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The Sydney Morning Herald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414131209/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1301&dat=19850215&id=N8BWAAAAIBAJ&pg=2081,21154">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Late%2C+but+the+white+dart+is+in+time+to+claim+record&rft.date=1985-02-15&rft.au=Adrian+Swift&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1301%26dat%3D19850215%26id%3DN8BWAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2081%2C21154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCramoisi2010" class="citation book cs1">Cramoisi, George (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aekGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA518">Air Crash Investigations: The End of the Concorde Era, the Crash of Air France Flight 4590</a>. Lulu. p. 518. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-557-84950-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-557-84950-5"><bdi>978-0-557-84950-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414103518/https://books.google.com/books?id=aekGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA518">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021. 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Deseret News. 17 August 1995.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deseret+News&rft.atitle=Concorde+jets+occupants+on+record+ride&rft.date=1995-08-17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumofflight.org/aircraft/concorde">"Concorde"</a>. Museum of Flight. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811171754/http://www.museumofflight.org/aircraft/concorde">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Concorde&rft.pub=Museum+of+Flight&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museumofflight.org%2Faircraft%2Fconcorde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fliengi-230"><a href="#cite_ref-fliengi_230-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichaels2003" class="citation news cs1">Michaels, Danial (2 October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB106504293992222300?mod=googlewsj">"Final Boarding Call: As Concorde Departs, so do 3-Man Crews: In New Cockpits, Engineers are seen as Extra Baggage"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171005000348/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB106504293992222300?mod=googlewsj">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Final+Boarding+Call%3A+As+Concorde+Departs%2C+so+do+3-Man+Crews%3A+In+New+Cockpits%2C+Engineers+are+seen+as+Extra+Baggage&rft.date=2003-10-02&rft.aulast=Michaels&rft.aufirst=Danial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB106504293992222300%3Fmod%3Dgooglewsj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200552-231"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200552_231-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2005">Kelly 2005</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeneyMacdonald2020" class="citation book cs1">Leney, David; Macdonald, David (2020). Aérospatiale/BAC Concorde 1969 onwards (all models). 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Aviation Week & Space Technology: 284. 17 March 1969. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220202734/http://aviationweek.com/site-files/aviationweek.com/files/uploads/2015/02/1969-%20First%20Concorde%20Flight%20%281%20of%202%29.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aviation+Week+%26+Space+Technology&rft.atitle=First+Concorde+Supersonic+Transport+Flies&rft.pages=284&rft.date=1969-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faviationweek.com%2Fsite-files%2Faviationweek.com%2Ffiles%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F02%2F1969-%2520First%2520Concorde%2520Flight%2520%25281%2520of%25202%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritageconcorde.com/airframe-performance">"Concorde Airframe"</a>. Heritage Concorde. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190128030455/https://www.heritageconcorde.com/airframe-performance">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heritage+Concorde&rft.atitle=Concorde+Airframe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritageconcorde.com%2Fairframe-performance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asiatraveltips.com/travelnews2001/17October2001AirFrance.htm">"Extremely Comprehensive Concorde Relaunch Kit from Air France"</a>. Travel News Asia. 17 October 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140113203252/http://www.asiatraveltips.com/travelnews2001/17October2001AirFrance.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Travel+News+Asia&rft.atitle=Extremely+Comprehensive+Concorde+Relaunch+Kit+from+Air+France&rft.date=2001-10-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asiatraveltips.com%2Ftravelnews2001%2F17October2001AirFrance.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritageconcorde.com/pilots-instruments">"Concorde Pilots Instruments"</a>. Heritage Concorde. Retrieved 22 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heritage+Concorde&rft.atitle=Concorde+Pilots+Instruments&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritageconcorde.com%2Fpilots-instruments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Concorde". Interavia. Vol. 24. 1969. p. 397.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interavia&rft.atitle=Concorde&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=397&rft.date=1969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concorde&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArmbruster2005" class="citation magazine cs1">Armbruster, Michel (January–February 2005). "How to Avoid Uncontrolled Droop". <a href="/wiki/Air_Enthusiast" title="Air Enthusiast">Air Enthusiast</a>. No. 115. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0143-5450">0143-5450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+Enthusiast&rft.atitle=How+to+Avoid+Uncontrolled+Droop&rft.issue=115&rft.pages=75&rft.date=2005-01%2F2005-02&rft.issn=0143-5450&rft.aulast=Armbruster&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConway2005" class="citation book cs1">Conway, Eric (2005). High-Speed Dreams: NASA and the Technopolitics of Supersonic Transportation, 1945–1999. JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8067-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8067-4"><bdi>978-0-8018-8067-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High-Speed+Dreams%3A+NASA+and+the+Technopolitics+of+Supersonic+Transportation%2C+1945%E2%80%931999&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8067-4&rft.aulast=Conway&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeniada2006" class="citation book cs1">Beniada, Frederic (2006). Concorde. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Zenith Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-2703-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-2703-6"><bdi>978-0-7603-2703-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concorde&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+Minnesota&rft.pub=Zenith+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7603-2703-6&rft.aulast=Beniada&rft.aufirst=Frederic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCalvert2002" class="citation book cs1">Calvert, Brian (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/flyingconcordefu0000calv">Flying Concorde: The Full Story</a>. London: Crowood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84037-352-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84037-352-3"><bdi>978-1-84037-352-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flying+Concorde%3A+The+Full+Story&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Crowood+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84037-352-3&rft.aulast=Calvert&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fflyingconcordefu0000calv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeregelLemaire2009" class="citation book cs1">Deregel, Xavier; Lemaire, Jean-Philippe (2009). Concorde Passion. New York: LBM. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-915347-73-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-915347-73-9"><bdi>978-2-915347-73-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concorde+Passion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=LBM&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2-915347-73-9&rft.aulast=Deregel&rft.aufirst=Xavier&rft.au=Lemaire%2C+Jean-Philippe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEndres2001" class="citation book cs1">Endres, Günter (2001). Concorde. St Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-1195-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-1195-0"><bdi>978-0-7603-1195-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concorde&rft.place=St+Paul%2C+Minnesota&rft.pub=MBI+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7603-1195-0&rft.aulast=Endres&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCnter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFerrar1980" class="citation book cs1">Ferrar, Henry, ed. (1980). The Concise Oxford French-English Dictionary. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-864157-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-864157-5"><bdi>978-0-19-864157-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+French-English+Dictionary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-19-864157-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrawley2003" class="citation book cs1">Frawley, Gerald (2003). The International Directory of Civil Aircraft, 2003/2004. Aerospace Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-875671-58-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-875671-58-8"><bdi>978-1-875671-58-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+Directory+of+Civil+Aircraft%2C+2003%2F2004&rft.pub=Aerospace+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-875671-58-8&rft.aulast=Frawley&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGordonRigmant2005" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Yefim; Rigmant, Vladimir (2005). Tupolev Tu-144. Hinckley, Leicestershire, UK: Midland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85780-216-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85780-216-0"><bdi>978-1-85780-216-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tupolev+Tu-144&rft.place=Hinckley%2C+Leicestershire%2C+UK&rft.pub=Midland&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85780-216-0&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Yefim&rft.au=Rigmant%2C+Vladimir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGunn2010" class="citation book cs1">Gunn, John (2010). Crowded Skies. Turnkey Productions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-646-54973-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-646-54973-6"><bdi>978-0-646-54973-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crowded+Skies&rft.pub=Turnkey+Productions&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-646-54973-6&rft.aulast=Gunn&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKelly2005" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Neil (2005). The Concorde Story: 34 Years of Supersonic Air Travel. Surrey, UK: Merchant Book Company Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904779-05-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904779-05-6"><bdi>978-1-904779-05-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concorde+Story%3A+34+Years+of+Supersonic+Air+Travel&rft.place=Surrey%2C+UK&rft.pub=Merchant+Book+Company+Ltd&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-904779-05-6&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKey_Publishing2023" class="citation book cs1">Key Publishing (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BR9CzwEACAAJ">Concorde</a>. Historic Commercial Aircraft Series, Vol 10. Stamford, Lincs, UK: Key Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781802823752" title="Special:BookSources/9781802823752"><bdi>9781802823752</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concorde&rft.place=Stamford%2C+Lincs%2C+UK&rft.series=Historic+Commercial+Aircraft+Series%2C+Vol+10&rft.pub=Key+Publishing&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781802823752&rft.au=Key+Publishing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBR9CzwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKnight1976" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Geoffrey (1976). Concorde: The Inside Story. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-77114-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-77114-2"><bdi>978-0-297-77114-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concorde%3A+The+Inside+Story&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-297-77114-2&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewisLewis2004" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Rob; Lewis, Edwin (2004). Supersonic Secrets: The Unauthorised Biography of Concorde. London: Exposé. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9546617-0-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9546617-0-0"><bdi>978-0-9546617-0-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supersonic+Secrets%3A+The+Unauthorised+Biography+of+Concorde&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Expos%C3%A9&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-9546617-0-0&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Edwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcIntyre1992" class="citation book cs1">McIntyre, Ian (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dogfighttransatl00mcin">Dogfight: The Transatlantic Battle over Airbus</a>. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94278-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94278-6"><bdi>978-0-275-94278-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dogfight%3A+The+Transatlantic+Battle+over+Airbus&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-275-94278-6&rft.aulast=McIntyre&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdogfighttransatl00mcin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNunn1993" class="citation book cs1">Nunn, John Francis (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nunnsappliedresp0004nunn">Nunn's Applied Respiratory Physiology</a>. Burlington, Maryland: Butterworth-Heineman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-1336-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-1336-1"><bdi>978-0-7506-1336-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nunn%27s+Applied+Respiratory+Physiology&rft.place=Burlington%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heineman&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-1336-1&rft.aulast=Nunn&rft.aufirst=John+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnunnsappliedresp0004nunn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOlivier2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marc_Olivier" title="Jean-Marc Olivier">Olivier, Jean-Marc</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H5ENvwEACAAJ">1969 First Flight of the Concorde</a>. Editions midi-pyrénéennes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-1-09-349833-1" title="Special:BookSources/979-1-09-349833-1"><bdi>979-1-09-349833-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1066694697">1066694697</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1969+First+Flight+of+the+Concorde&rft.pub=Editions+midi-pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9ennes&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1066694697&rft.isbn=979-1-09-349833-1&rft.aulast=Olivier&rft.aufirst=Jean-Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH5ENvwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOwen2001" class="citation book cs1">Owen, Kenneth (2001). Concorde: Story of a Supersonic Pioneer. London: Science Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-900747-42-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-900747-42-4"><bdi>978-1-900747-42-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concorde%3A+Story+of+a+Supersonic+Pioneer&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Science+Museum&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-900747-42-4&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOrlebar2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Orlebar" title="Christopher Orlebar">Orlebar, Christopher</a> (2004). The Concorde Story. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-667-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-667-5"><bdi>978-1-85532-667-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concorde+Story&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-85532-667-5&rft.aulast=Orlebar&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoss1978" class="citation journal cs1">Ross, Douglas (March 1978). "The Concorde Compromise: the politics of decision-making". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 34 (3): 46–53. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978BuAtS..34c..46R">1978BuAtS..34c..46R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00963402.1978.11458481">10.1080/00963402.1978.11458481</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists&rft.atitle=The+Concorde+Compromise%3A+the+politics+of+decision-making&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E46-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.date=1978-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00963402.1978.11458481&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1978BuAtS..34c..46R&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchrader1989" class="citation book cs1">Schrader, Richard K (1989). Concorde: The Full Story of the Anglo-French SST. Kent, UK: Pictorial Histories Pub. Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-929521-16-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-929521-16-9"><bdi>978-0-929521-16-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concorde%3A+The+Full+Story+of+the+Anglo-French+SST&rft.place=Kent%2C+UK&rft.pub=Pictorial+Histories+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-929521-16-9&rft.aulast=Schrader&rft.aufirst=Richard+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1965" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, John W. R. (1965). Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1965–66. Marston.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jane%27s+All+the+World%27s+Aircraft+1965%E2%80%9366&rft.pub=Marston&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=John+W.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTalbot2013" class="citation cs2">Talbot, Ted (2013), Concorde A Designer's Life The Journey To Mach 2, The History Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-8928-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-8928-5"><bdi>978-0-7524-8928-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concorde+A+Designer%27s+Life+The+Journey+To+Mach+2&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-8928-5&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Ted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTowey2007" class="citation book cs1">Towey, Barrie, ed. (2007). Jet Airliners of the World 1949–2007. Tunbridge Wells, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85130-348-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85130-348-2"><bdi>978-0-85130-348-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jet+Airliners+of+the+World+1949%E2%80%932007&rft.place=Tunbridge+Wells%2C+Kent%2C+UK&rft.pub=Air-Britain+%28Historians%29+Ltd&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-85130-348-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWinchester2005a" class="citation book cs1">Winchester, Jim (2005a). The World's Worst Aircraft: From Pioneering Failures to Multimillion Dollar Disasters. London: Amber Books Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904687-34-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904687-34-4"><bdi>978-1-904687-34-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Worst+Aircraft%3A+From+Pioneering+Failures+to+Multimillion+Dollar+Disasters&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Amber+Books+Ltd&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-904687-34-4&rft.aulast=Winchester&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWinchester2005b" class="citation book cs1">Winchester, Jim (2005b). X-Planes and Prototypes: From Nazi Secret Weapons to the Warplanes of the Future. Amber Books Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84013-815-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84013-815-3"><bdi>978-1-84013-815-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=X-Planes+and+Prototypes%3A+From+Nazi+Secret+Weapons+to+the+Warplanes+of+the+Future&rft.pub=Amber+Books+Ltd&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84013-815-3&rft.aulast=Winchester&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concorde&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Concorde" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Concorde">Concorde</a>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy">Legacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concorde&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishairways.com/concorde/index.html">British Airways Concorde page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baesystems.com/en/heritage/bac-concorde">BAC Concorde at BAE Systems site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.designmuseum.org/design/concorde">Design Museum (UK) Concorde page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heritageconcorde.com/">Heritage Concorde preservation group site</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concorde&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Articles">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDonald_Fink1969" class="citation news cs1">Donald Fink (10 March 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150316210132/http://aviationweek.com/site-files/aviationweek.com/files/uploads/2015/02/1969-%20First%20Concorde%20Flight%20(2%20of%202).pdf">"Concorde Enters Flight Test Phase"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Aviation_Week_%26_Space_Technology" title="Aviation Week & Space Technology">Aviation Week & Space Technology</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aviationweek.com/site-files/aviationweek.com/files/uploads/2015/02/1969-%20First%20Concorde%20Flight%20%282%20of%202%29.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aviation+Week+%26+Space+Technology&rft.atitle=Concorde+Enters+Flight+Test+Phase&rft.date=1969-03-10&rft.au=Donald+Fink&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faviationweek.com%2Fsite-files%2Faviationweek.com%2Ffiles%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F02%2F1969-%2520First%2520Concorde%2520Flight%2520%25282%2520of%25202%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150316232546/http://aviationweek.com/site-files/aviationweek.com/files/uploads/2015/02/1969-%20First%20Concorde%20Flight%20(1%20of%202).pdf">"First Concorde Supersonic Transport Flies"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Aviation_Week_%26_Space_Technology" title="Aviation Week & Space Technology">Aviation Week & Space Technology</a>. 17 March 1969. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aviationweek.com/site-files/aviationweek.com/files/uploads/2015/02/1969-%20First%20Concorde%20Flight%20%281%20of%202%29.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aviation+Week+%26+Space+Technology&rft.atitle=First+Concorde+Supersonic+Transport+Flies&rft.date=1969-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faviationweek.com%2Fsite-files%2Faviationweek.com%2Ffiles%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F02%2F1969-%2520First%2520Concorde%2520Flight%2520%25281%2520of%25202%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCapt_R._E._Gillman1976" class="citation news cs1">Capt R. E. Gillman (24 January 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1976/1976%20-%200119.html">"Concorde as viewed from the flightdeck"</a>. Flight International.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flight+International&rft.atitle=Concorde+as+viewed+from+the+flightdeck&rft.date=1976-01-24&rft.au=Capt+R.+E.+Gillman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fpdfarchive%2Fview%2F1976%2F1976%2520-%25200119.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDave_North2003" class="citation news cs1">Dave North (20 October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aviationweek.com/blog/2003-concorde-end-era">"End of an Era"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aviation_Week_%26_Space_Technology" title="Aviation Week & Space Technology">Aviation Week & Space Technology</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aviation+Week+%26+Space+Technology&rft.atitle=End+of+an+Era&rft.date=2003-10-20&rft.au=Dave+North&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faviationweek.com%2Fblog%2F2003-concorde-end-era&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.airbus.com/en/newsroom/stories/2019-03-the-day-concorde-flew-into-the-history-books">"The day Concorde flew into the history books"</a>. Airbus. 2 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Airbus&rft.atitle=The+day+Concorde+flew+into+the+history+books&rft.date=2019-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.airbus.com%2Fen%2Fnewsroom%2Fstories%2F2019-03-the-day-concorde-flew-into-the-history-books&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcorde" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Videos">Videos</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concorde&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Videos">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pn0PJc-v510&list=PLNxwX7r4A557deayljDNLqVA7Pl9Y8K9Z&index=14">Video: Roll-out</a>." <a href="/wiki/British_Movietone" class="mw-redirect" title="British Movietone">British Movietone</a>/<a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 14 December 1967, posted online on 21 July 2015.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a_wuykzfFzE">This plane could cross the Atlantic in 3.5 hours. Why did it fail?</a>." <a href="/wiki/Vox_Media" title="Vox Media">Vox Media</a>. 19 July 2016.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:BAC_aircraft" title="Template:BAC aircraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:BAC_aircraft" title="Template talk:BAC aircraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:BAC_aircraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:BAC aircraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_Aircraft_Corporation_(BAC)_aircraft115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/British_Aircraft_Corporation" title="British Aircraft Corporation">British Aircraft Corporation (BAC)</a> aircraft</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Numeric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BAC_Jet_Provost" title="BAC Jet Provost">145</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAC_Jet_Provost" title="BAC Jet Provost">166</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAC_Strikemaster" title="BAC Strikemaster">167</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairey_Delta_2" title="Fairey Delta 2">221</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BAC_Jet_Provost" title="BAC Jet Provost">Jet Provost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Electric_Lightning" title="English Electric Lightning">Lightning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAC_Mustard" title="BAC Mustard">MUSTARD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAC_One-Eleven" title="BAC One-Eleven">One-Eleven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAC_Strikemaster" title="BAC Strikemaster">Strikemaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAC_Three-Eleven" title="BAC Three-Eleven">Three-Eleven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAC_TSR-2" title="BAC TSR-2">TSR-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BAC/Dassault_AFVG" title="BAC/Dassault AFVG">AFVG</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Concorde</a> (<a href="/wiki/Concorde_operational_history" title="Concorde operational history">Operational history</a>/<a href="/wiki/Concorde_histories_and_aircraft_on_display" title="Concorde histories and aircraft on display">histories/aircraft on display</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEPECAT_Jaguar" title="SEPECAT Jaguar">Jaguar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado">Tornado</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_Aerospace_and_BAE_Systems_aircraft288" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:BAE_aircraft" title="Template:BAE aircraft"><abbr 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Harrier">Harrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_Harrier_II" title="British Aerospace Harrier II">Harrier II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_Hawk_200" title="British Aerospace Hawk 200">Hawk 200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEPECAT_Jaguar" title="SEPECAT Jaguar">Jaguar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_Sea_Harrier" title="British Aerospace Sea Harrier">Sea Harrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado">Tornado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panavia_Tornado_ADV" title="Panavia Tornado ADV">Tornado ADV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon" title="Eurofighter Typhoon">Typhoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Combat_Air_Programme" title="Global Combat Air Programme">Global Combat Air Programme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Patrol and surveillance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Nimrod" title="Hawker Siddeley Nimrod">Nimrod MR1 / MR2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Nimrod_R1" title="Hawker Siddeley Nimrod R1">Nimrod R1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_Nimrod_AEW3" title="British Aerospace Nimrod AEW3">Nimrod AEW3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Nimrod_MRA4" title="BAE Systems Nimrod MRA4">Nimrod MRA4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trainer_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trainer (aircraft)">Trainers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Hawk" title="BAE Systems Hawk">Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_T-45_Goshawk" title="McDonnell Douglas T-45 Goshawk">Goshawk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airliner" title="Airliner">Airliners</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cargo_aircraft" title="Cargo aircraft">transports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_ATP" title="British Aerospace ATP">ATP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_125" title="British Aerospace 125">BAe 125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_146" title="British Aerospace 146">BAe 146</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Concorde</a> (<a href="/wiki/Concorde_operational_history" title="Concorde operational history">Operational history</a>/<a href="/wiki/Concorde_histories_and_aircraft_on_display" title="Concorde histories and aircraft on display">histories/aircraft on display</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_Jetstream" title="British Aerospace Jetstream">Jetstream 31/32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_Jetstream_41" title="British Aerospace Jetstream 41">Jetstream 41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_ATP#Variants" title="British Aerospace ATP">Jetstream 61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAC_One-Eleven" title="BAC One-Eleven">One-Eleven</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">Drones (UAVs)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Ampersand" title="BAE Systems Ampersand">Ampersand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Corax" title="BAE Systems Corax">Corax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Demon" title="BAE Systems Demon">Demon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_GA22" title="BAE Systems GA22">GA22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_HERTI" title="BAE Systems HERTI">HERTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Mantis" title="BAE Systems Mantis">Mantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Phoenix" title="BAE Systems Phoenix">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Silver_Fox" title="BAE Systems Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Skylynx_II" title="BAE Systems Skylynx II">Skylynx II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_combat_air_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Unmanned combat air vehicle">Combat drones (UCAVs)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_HERTI" title="BAE Systems HERTI">Fury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Taranis" title="BAE Systems Taranis">Taranis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development/concept aircraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avion_de_Transport_Supersonique_Futur" title="Avion de Transport Supersonique Futur">ATSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_EAP" title="British Aerospace EAP">EAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_P.125" title="British Aerospace P.125">P.125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_P.1216" title="British Aerospace P.1216">P.1216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_P.1233-1_Saba" title="British Aerospace P.1233-1 Saba">P.1233-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Replica" title="BAE Systems Replica">Replica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Tempest" title="BAE Systems Tempest">Tempest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sud_Aviation/Aérospatiale_aircraft155" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sud/A%C3%A9rospatiale_aircraft" title="Template:Sud/Aérospatiale aircraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sud/A%C3%A9rospatiale_aircraft" title="Template talk:Sud/Aérospatiale aircraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sud/A%C3%A9rospatiale_aircraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sud/Aérospatiale aircraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sud_Aviation/Aérospatiale_aircraft155" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sud_Aviation" title="Sud Aviation">Sud Aviation</a>/<a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale" title="Aérospatiale">Aérospatiale</a> aircraft</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft" title="Fixed-wing aircraft">Fixed-wing aircraft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATR_42" title="ATR 42">ATR 42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATR_52" title="ATR 52">ATR 52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATR_72" title="ATR 72">ATR 72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avion_de_Transport_Supersonique_Futur" title="Avion de Transport Supersonique Futur">ATSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sud_Aviation_Caravelle" title="Sud Aviation Caravelle">Caravelle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Concorde</a> (<a href="/wiki/Concorde_operational_history" title="Concorde operational history">Operational history</a>/<a href="/wiki/Concorde_histories_and_aircraft_on_display" title="Concorde histories and aircraft on display">histories/aircraft on display</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale_Corvette" title="Aérospatiale Corvette">Corvette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouga_CM.170_Magister" title="Fouga CM.170 Magister">Fouga CM.170 Magister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouga_CM.175_Z%C3%A9phyr" title="Fouga CM.175 Zéphyr">Fouga CM.175 Zéphyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOCATA_Horizon" title="SOCATA Horizon">GY-80 Horizon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale_N_262" title="Aérospatiale N 262">N 262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sud_Aviation_SE-116_Voltigeur" title="Sud Aviation SE-116 Voltigeur">SE-116 Voltigeur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sud_Aviation_SE-116_Voltigeur" title="Sud Aviation SE-116 Voltigeur">SE-117 Voltigeur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sud_Aviation_Super-Caravelle" title="Sud Aviation Super-Caravelle">Super-Caravelle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">Helicopters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale_Alouette_II" title="Aérospatiale Alouette II">SA 313 Alouette II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale_SA_315B_Lama" title="Aérospatiale SA 315B Lama">SA 315B Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale_Alouette_III" title="Aérospatiale Alouette III">SA 316 Alouette III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale_Alouette_II" title="Aérospatiale Alouette II">SA 318 Alouette II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale_Alouette_III" title="Aérospatiale Alouette III">SA 319 Alouette III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale_SA_321_Super_Frelon" title="Aérospatiale SA 321 Super Frelon">SA 321 Super Frelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale_SA_330_Puma" title="Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma">SA 330 Puma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale_Gazelle" title="Aérospatiale Gazelle">SA 340/341/342 Gazelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocopter_AS350_%C3%89cureuil" title="Eurocopter AS350 Écureuil">AS350 Écureuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocopter_AS355_%C3%89cureuil_2" title="Eurocopter AS355 Écureuil 2">AS355 Ecureuil 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale_SA_360_Dauphin" title="Aérospatiale SA 360 Dauphin">SA 360 Dauphin (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocopter_AS365_Dauphin" title="Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin">SA 365/AS365 Dauphin (2)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missiles:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exocet" title="Exocet">Exocet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space-related:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Satellite_Communications_Organization" title="Arab Satellite Communications Organization">Arabsat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)" title="Ariane (rocket family)">Ariane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_(spacecraft)" title="Hermes (spacecraft)">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)">Huygens probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteosat" title="Meteosat">Meteosat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacebus" title="Spacebus">Spacebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrksat_(satellite)" title="Türksat (satellite)">Türksat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:SOCATA/Daher_aircraft" title="Template:SOCATA/Daher aircraft">SOCATA aircraft</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Supersonic_transport318" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Supersonic_transport" title="Template:Supersonic transport"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Supersonic_transport" title="Template talk:Supersonic transport"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Supersonic_transport" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Supersonic transport"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Supersonic_transport318" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Supersonic_transport" title="Supersonic transport">Supersonic transport</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation" title="Civil aviation">Civil aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supersonic_aircraft" title="Supersonic aircraft">Supersonic aircraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supersonic_aircraft" title="List of supersonic aircraft">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Historic airliners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aérospatiale/BAC Concorde</a> (<a href="/wiki/Concorde_operational_history" title="Concorde operational history">Operational history</a>/<a href="/wiki/Concorde_histories_and_aircraft_on_display" title="Concorde histories and aircraft on display">histories/aircraft on display</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-144" title="Tupolev Tu-144">Tupolev Tu-144</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Historic projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Airliners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_2707" title="Boeing 2707">Boeing 2707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Type_223" title="Bristol Type 223">Bristol Type 223</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convair_Model_58-9" title="Convair Model 58-9">Convair Model 58-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_2229" title="Douglas 2229">Douglas 2229</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Civil_Transport" title="High Speed Civil Transport">High Speed Civil Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAPCAT" title="LAPCAT">LAPCAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_L-2000" title="Lockheed L-2000">Lockheed L-2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_NAC-60" title="North American NAC-60">North American NAC-60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockwell_X-30" title="Rockwell X-30">Rockwell X-30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sud_Aviation_Super-Caravelle" title="Sud Aviation Super-Caravelle">Sud Aviation Super-Caravelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-244" title="Tupolev Tu-244">Tupolev Tu-244</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HyperMach_SonicStar" title="HyperMach SonicStar">HyperMach SonicStar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Supersonic_business_jet" title="Supersonic business jet">Business jets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerion_AS2" title="Aerion AS2">Aerion AS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerion_SBJ" title="Aerion SBJ">Aerion SBJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAI_Quiet_Supersonic_Transport" title="SAI Quiet Supersonic Transport">SAI Quiet Supersonic Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi-Gulfstream_S-21" title="Sukhoi-Gulfstream S-21">Sukhoi-Gulfstream S-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-444" class="mw-redirect" title="Tupolev Tu-444">Tupolev Tu-444</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Current projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Airliners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boom_Overture" title="Boom Overture">Boom Overture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Generation_Supersonic_Transport" title="Next Generation Supersonic Transport">Next Generation Supersonic Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaction_Engines_LAPCAT_A2" title="Reaction Engines LAPCAT A2">Reaction Engines LAPCAT A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_Emission_Hyper_Sonic_Transport" title="Zero Emission Hyper Sonic Transport">Zero Emission Hyper Sonic Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeus" title="Hermeus">Hermeus Halcyon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Supersonic_business_jet" title="Supersonic business jet">Business jets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulfstream_X-54" title="Gulfstream X-54">Gulfstream X-54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spike_S-512" title="Spike S-512">Spike S-512</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Experimental programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boom_XB-1" title="Boom XB-1">Boom XB-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_X-59_Quesst" title="Lockheed Martin X-59 Quesst">Lockheed Martin X-59 QueSST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiet_Spike" title="Quiet Spike">Quiet Spike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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1,\n [\"CITEREFEberhart1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEndres2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFahey,_D._W.1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFavre,_C.1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerrar1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisher1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlora_Lewis1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrade1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrawley2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFridlyander2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGanley,_G.Laviec,_G.1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGanley,_G._A.1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGedge,_G.T.M.I._Prod1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordonRigmant2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGostar_den_Daas2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuerin,_D.W.1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGunn2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHans-Reichel2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHappenny2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarpur2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarriss2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHepburn1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHess1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHock,_R.R._Hawkins1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHollingworthPrittie2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFI._H._RettieW._G._E._Lewis1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJury2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelly2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKey_Publishing2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeystone2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnight1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaville2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawless2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLemel2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeneyMacdonald2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewisLewis2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyons1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaltby,_R.L.1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarston2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasefield1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcIntyre1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKinlayHeatonFranchi1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelik-Karamov_\u0026#91;Мелик-Карамов\u0026#93;2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichaels2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuss1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyddelton2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFN\u0026#039;guyen,_V.P.J.P._Perrais1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewsday1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNunn1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlivier2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrlebar2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOwen2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPageDaleNelson1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParker2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRohrbach1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRose2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchefer,_L.J.1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchrader1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeebass2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShawHajník2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmale1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStern1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStimson,_I.L.R._Fisher1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrack,_William1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrang,_Dr._W.JR._McKinley1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalbot2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTharoor2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTowey2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallace2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinchester2005a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinchester2005b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitkin1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolfe1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolff2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodman2000\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Aircraft specs\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"BAE aircraft\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"British Aircraft Corporation aircraft\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 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description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 3,\n [\"Start date and age\"] = 2,\n [\"Sud/Aérospatiale aircraft\"] = 1,\n [\"Supersonic transport\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 10,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","360","20.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","280","15.6"],["dataWrapper 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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Concorde","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Concorde","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6505","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6505","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-08T18:01:06Z","dateModified":"2025-03-24T01:05:51Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/eb\/British_Airways_Concorde_G-BOAC_03.jpg","headline":"British-French supersonic airliner (1969\u20132003)"}</script> </body> </html>