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href="/wiki/Human_enhancement" title="Human enhancement">Human enhancement</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manhattan,_N.Y.C._1997_51.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of Prometheus gifting mankind fire"><img alt="Statue of Prometheus gifting mankind fire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Manhattan%2C_N.Y.C._1997_51.jpg/175px-Manhattan%2C_N.Y.C._1997_51.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Manhattan%2C_N.Y.C._1997_51.jpg/263px-Manhattan%2C_N.Y.C._1997_51.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Manhattan%2C_N.Y.C._1997_51.jpg/350px-Manhattan%2C_N.Y.C._1997_51.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1057" data-file-height="701" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #85AFBB; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Advocacy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><b>Rationale</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantropy" title="Pantropy"><i>Adaptionist</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Savulescu#Procreative_beneficence" title="Julian Savulescu">"Beneficient"</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Emancipatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_mismatch" title="Evolutionary mismatch">Compensatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanist_politics#Democratic_transhumanism" title="Transhumanist politics">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directed_evolution_(transhumanism)" title="Directed evolution (transhumanism)">"Directive"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanist_politics#Libertarian_transhumanism" title="Transhumanist politics">Libertarian</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Stefan_Lorenz_Sorgner#Nietzsche,_posthumanism_and_transhumanism" title="Stefan Lorenz Sorgner">Metahumanistic</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthumanism" title="Posthumanism">Posthumanistic</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Jason_Jorjani#The_Prometheist_Manifesto" title="Jason Jorjani">Prometheist</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Preventative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanistic</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Paradigm</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biohappiness" title="Biohappiness">Biohappiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyborgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyborgs">Cyborgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_eugenics" title="New eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_amplification" title="Intelligence amplification">Intelligence amplification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_enhancement" title="Moral enhancement">Moral enhancement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthesis#Prosthetic_enhancement" title="Prosthesis">Prostheses</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #85AFBB; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>De facto</i>)</span> germline interventions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloning" title="Cloning"><i>Selective</i> Cloning</a></li> <li>Counseling <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_counseling" title="Genetic counseling">Genetic </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genomic_counseling" title="Genomic counseling">Genomic </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-conception_counseling" title="Pre-conception counseling">Pre-conception</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_genetic_enhancement" title="Human genetic enhancement">Genetic enhancement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenome_editing" title="Epigenome editing">Epigenome editing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preimplantation_genetic_diagnosis" title="Preimplantation genetic diagnosis">PGD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embryo_quality" title="Embryo quality">Embryo quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oocyte_selection" title="Oocyte selection">Oocyte selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygenic_score" title="Polygenic score">Polygenic (risk) score</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(technical article)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_testing" title="Prenatal testing">Prenatal testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion"><i>Selective</i> abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_selection" title="Sex selection">Sex selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sperm_sorting" title="Sperm sorting">Sperm sorting</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Repository_for_Germinal_Choice" title="Repository for Germinal Choice">"Nobelist sperm banks"</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #85AFBB; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Somatic interventions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_hacking" title="Body hacking">Body hacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatic_gene_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatic gene therapy">Somatic gene therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gene_therapy_for_color_blindness" title="Gene therapy for color blindness">for color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_doping" title="Gene doping">in sports doping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem-cell_therapy" title="Stem-cell therapy">Stem-cell therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cell#Utilizations" title="Embryonic stem cell">Embryonic cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_tissue_implant" title="Fetal tissue implant">Fetal tissue implant</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Performance-enhancing_substances" class="mw-redirect" title="Performance-enhancing substances">Chemical</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stimulants" class="mw-redirect" title="Stimulants">Stimulants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritalin">Ritalin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootropics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nootropics">Nootropics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modafinil" title="Modafinil">Modafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracetam" title="Piracetam">Piracetam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthine" title="Xanthine">Xanthine derivatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Neuroenhancement" title="Neuroenhancement">Neurological</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain_implant" title="Brain implant">Brain implant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">Brain–computer interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_brain_stimulation#Other_clinical_applications" title="Deep brain stimulation">Deep brain stimulation</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Man-Computer_Symbiosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Man-Computer Symbiosis">Man-Computer Symbiosis</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1960)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuralink" title="Neuralink">Neuralink</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurohacking" title="Neurohacking">Neurohacking</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #85AFBB; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Opposition</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_nature" title="Appeal to nature">Appeal to nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioconservatism" title="Bioconservatism">Bioconservatism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Brave_New_World#Common_misunderstandings" title="Brave New World"><i>Brave New World</i> Argument</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.K._Chesterton#Opposition_to_eugenics" class="mw-redirect" title="G.K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama#Other_works" title="Francis Fukuyama">Francis Fukuyama</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Posthuman_Future" title="Our Posthuman Future">Our Posthuman Future</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2002)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_cloning" title="Ethics of cloning">Cloning prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Kass" title="Leon Kass">Leon Kass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem_cell_controversy" title="Stem cell controversy">Stem cell controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Designer_baby" title="Designer baby">Designer baby</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_monster" title="Frankenstein's monster">Frankenstein's monster</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Jiankui_genome_editing_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="He Jiankui genome editing incident">He Jiankui genome editing incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hwang_affair" title="Hwang affair">Hwang affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_extension#Ethics_and_politics" title="Life extension">Against life extension</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immortality#Undesirability" title="Immortality">Undesirability of immortality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolas_Kompridis" title="Nikolas Kompridis">Nikolas Kompridis</a></li> <li>Legal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Human_Rights_and_Dignity_of_the_Human_Being_with_regard_to_the_Application_of_Biology_and_Medicine" title="Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine">EU convention on Bioethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem_Cell_Research_Enhancement_Act" title="Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act">Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act</a> (vetoed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Declaration_on_Human_Cloning" title="United Nations Declaration on Human Cloning">United Nations Declaration on Human Cloning</a></li> <li>In the UK <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_Fertilisation_and_Embryology_Act_1990" title="Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990">1990 act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Fertilisation_and_Embryology_(Deceased_Fathers)_Act_2003" title="Human Fertilisation and Embryology (Deceased Fathers) Act 2003">2003 act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Fertilisation_and_Embryology_Act_2008" title="Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008">2008 act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Reproductive_Cloning_Act_2001" title="Human Reproductive Cloning Act 2001">2001 act</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C.S._Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="C.S. Lewis">C.S. Lewis</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Abolition_of_Man" title="The Abolition of Man">The Abolition of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1943)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/That_Hideous_Strength" title="That Hideous Strength">That Hideous Strength</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945)</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playing_God_(ethics)" title="Playing God (ethics)">"Playing God"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_response_to_assisted_reproductive_technology" title="Religious response to assisted reproductive technology">Religious response to <i>ART</i>s</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Wisdom_of_repugnance" title="Wisdom of repugnance">Wisdom of repugnance</a>"</li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #85AFBB; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_reproductive_technology" title="Assisted reproductive technology"><i>ART</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_womb" title="Artificial womb"><i>Exo</i>wombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gametogenesis#In_vitro_gametogenesis" title="Gametogenesis"><i>IVG</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augmented_learning" title="Augmented learning">Augmented learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_dysfunction#Treatment" title="Executive dysfunction">Treating executive dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huxley#Secular_humanism" title="Julian Huxley"><i>Evolutionary humanism</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longevity" title="Longevity">Longevity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aging_movement" title="Anti-aging movement">Anti-aging movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_extension" title="Life extension">Life extension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejuvenation" title="Rejuvenation">Rejuvenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_blood_transfusion" title="Young blood transfusion">Young blood transfusion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalism" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natura_naturans" class="mw-redirect" title="Natura naturans">Natura naturans</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_and_Promethean_man" title="Pontifical and Promethean man">Pontifical and Promethean man</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_medicine#Demarcating_therapy" title="Philosophy of medicine">Collapse of the therapy-enhancement divide</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Promethean_gap" title="Promethean gap">Promethean gap</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technophobia" title="Technophobia">Technophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_medicine#Demarcating_therapy" title="Philosophy of medicine">Therapy-enhancement distinction</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_enhancement_sidebar" title="Template:Human enhancement sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_enhancement_sidebar" title="Template talk:Human enhancement sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_enhancement_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human enhancement sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Morphological freedom</b> refers to a proposed <a href="/wiki/Civil_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil right">civil right</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Person" title="Person">person</a> to either maintain or <a href="/wiki/Body_modification" title="Body modification">modify their own body</a>, on their own terms, through <a href="/wiki/Informed_consent" title="Informed consent">informed, consensual</a> recourse to, or refusal of, available therapeutic or enabling <a href="/wiki/Medical_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical technology">medical technology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term may have been coined by <a href="/wiki/Transhumanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Transhumanist">transhumanist</a> <a href="/wiki/Max_More" title="Max More">Max More</a> in his 1993 article, “Technological Self-Transformation: Expanding Personal Extropy”, where he defined it as "the ability to alter bodily form at will through technologies such as surgery, genetic engineering, nanotechnology, uploading". The term was later used by science debater and futurist <a href="/wiki/Anders_Sandberg" title="Anders Sandberg">Anders Sandberg</a> as "an extension of one’s right to one’s body, not just <a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">self-ownership</a> but also the right to modify oneself according to one’s desires."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>-headquartered charity, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_Form_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freedom of Form Foundation (page does not exist)">Freedom of Form Foundation</a>, was founded in 2018 to advocate and fund scientific research furthering progress on morphological freedom, the tools required to achieve it and its general acceptance in society at large.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (September 2022)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morphological_freedom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Technocritic" class="mw-redirect" title="Technocritic">technocritic</a> <a href="/wiki/Dale_Carrico" title="Dale Carrico">Dale Carrico</a>, the politics of morphological freedom imply a commitment to the value, standing, and social legibility of the widest possible variety of desired <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphologies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle (sociology)">lifestyles</a>. More specifically, morphological freedom is an expression of <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">liberal</a> <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">pluralism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive</a> <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">cosmopolitanism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Posthumanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Posthumanist">posthumanist</a> <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalisms</a> applied to the ongoing and upcoming transformation of the understanding of medical practice from one of conventional therapy to one of <a href="/wiki/Informed_consent" title="Informed consent">consensual</a> <a href="/wiki/Self-determination_theory" title="Self-determination theory">self-determination</a>, via <a href="/wiki/Human_genetic_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Human genetic engineering">genetic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyberware" title="Cyberware">prosthetic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neuropharmacology" title="Neuropharmacology">cognitive</a> modification.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morphological_freedom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to authors <a href="/w/index.php?title=Calvin_Mercer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calvin Mercer (page does not exist)">Calvin Mercer</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tracy_J._Trothen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tracy J. Trothen (page does not exist)">Tracy J. Trothen</a> there is tension between religion and <a href="/wiki/Transhumanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Transhumanist">transhumanists</a>, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrahamic">Abrahamic</a> traditions, with regards to morphological freedom. While religion generally recognizes the need to heal people and improve their situation from a medical perspective they are generally hesitant to promote a wholesale modification of the body as they see it ultimately belonging to <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MercerTrothen2014_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MercerTrothen2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morphological_freedom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_freedom" title="Artistic freedom">Artistic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">Autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodily_integrity" title="Bodily integrity">Bodily integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-affirming_hormone_therapy" title="Gender-affirming hormone therapy">Gender-affirming hormone therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-affirming_surgery" title="Gender-affirming surgery">Gender-affirming surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_body,_my_choice" title="My body, my choice">My body, my choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroenhancement" title="Neuroenhancement">Neuroenhancement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otherkin" title="Otherkin">Otherkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postgenderism" title="Postgenderism">Postgenderism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morphological_freedom&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBostrom2005" class="citation journal cs1">Bostrom, N. (2005). "In Defense of Posthuman Dignity". <i>Bioethics</i>. <b>19</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">202–</span>214. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8519.2005.00437.x">10.1111/j.1467-8519.2005.00437.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16167401">16167401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bioethics&rft.atitle=In+Defense+of+Posthuman+Dignity&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E202-%3C%2Fspan%3E214&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-8519.2005.00437.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16167401&rft.aulast=Bostrom&rft.aufirst=N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorphological+freedom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradshawTer_Meulen2010" class="citation journal cs1">Bradshaw, H. G.; Ter Meulen, R. (2010). "A Transhumanist Fault Line Around Disability: Morphological Freedom and the Obligation to Enhance". <i>Journal of Medicine and Philosophy</i>. <b>35</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">670–</span>684. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjmp%2Fjhq048">10.1093/jmp/jhq048</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21076073">21076073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medicine+and+Philosophy&rft.atitle=A+Transhumanist+Fault+Line+Around+Disability%3A+Morphological+Freedom+and+the+Obligation+to+Enhance&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E670-%3C%2Fspan%3E684&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjmp%2Fjhq048&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21076073&rft.aulast=Bradshaw&rft.aufirst=H.+G.&rft.au=Ter+Meulen%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorphological+freedom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomofform.org/about-us/">"About us"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+us&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomofform.org%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorphological+freedom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MercerTrothen2014-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MercerTrothen2014_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalvin_MercerTracy_J._Trothen2014" class="citation book cs1">Calvin Mercer; Tracy J. Trothen (17 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3GFhBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA303"><i>Religion and Transhumanism: The Unknown Future of Human Enhancement: The Unknown Future of Human Enhancement</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. <span class="nowrap">303–</span>311. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3326-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3326-7"><bdi>978-1-4408-3326-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Transhumanism%3A+The+Unknown+Future+of+Human+Enhancement%3A+The+Unknown+Future+of+Human+Enhancement&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E303-%3C%2Fspan%3E311&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014-11-17&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-3326-7&rft.au=Calvin+Mercer&rft.au=Tracy+J.+Trothen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3GFhBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorphological+freedom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morphological_freedom&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrico,_Dale2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dale_Carrico" title="Dale Carrico">Carrico, Dale</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amormundi.blogspot.com/2006/08/politics-of-morphological-freedom.html">"The Politics of Morphological Freedom"</a>. <i>Amor Munro blog</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amor+Munro+blog&rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+Morphological+Freedom&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Carrico%2C+Dale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famormundi.blogspot.com%2F2006%2F08%2Fpolitics-of-morphological-freedom.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorphological+freedom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandberg2001" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anders_Sandberg" title="Anders Sandberg">Sandberg, Anders</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aleph.se/Nada/Texts/MorphologicalFreedom.htm">"Morphological Freedom -- Why We not just Want it, but <i>Need</i> it"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Morphological+Freedom+--+Why+We+not+just+Want+it%2C+but+Need+it&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Sandberg&rft.aufirst=Anders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aleph.se%2FNada%2FTexts%2FMorphologicalFreedom.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorphological+freedom" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberty" title="Template:Liberty"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberty" title="Template talk:Liberty"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberty" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberty"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Liberty42" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_responsibility" title="Moral responsibility">Moral responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(personification)" title="Liberty (personification)">Personification of Liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertas" title="Libertas">Libertas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_liberty" title="Negative liberty">Negative liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_liberty" title="Positive liberty">Positive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Social liberty">Social liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_freedom" title="Academic freedom">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial freedom">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_freedom" title="Intellectual freedom">Intellectual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_freedom" title="Internet freedom">Internet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Morphological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">Political</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By right</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">Asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_choice" title="Freedom of choice">Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_education" title="Freedom of education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">Fair trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_family_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to family life">Family life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_from_discrimination" title="Freedom from discrimination">Freedom from discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_food" title="Right to food">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_ownership" title="Gun ownership">Gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">Health</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Right_to_resist" title="Right to resist">Resist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_self-defense" title="Right of self-defense">Self-defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_silence" title="Right to silence">Silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_be_forgotten" title="Right to be forgotten">To be forgotten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_truth" title="Right to truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Water and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberty, equality, brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">All men are created equal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life,_Liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_Happiness" title="Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness">Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">Autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_libertarianism" title="Civil libertarianism">Civil libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Drug liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cyberpunk236" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li 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