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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Institutional_autonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutional_autonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Institutional autonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institutional_autonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Philosophy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Philosophy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-According_to_Kant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#According_to_Kant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>According to Kant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-According_to_Kant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-According_to_Nietzsche" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#According_to_Nietzsche"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>According to Nietzsche</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-According_to_Nietzsche-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-According_to_Piaget" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#According_to_Piaget"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>According to Piaget</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-According_to_Piaget-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-According_to_Kohlberg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#According_to_Kohlberg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>According to Kohlberg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-According_to_Kohlberg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-According_to_Audi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#According_to_Audi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>According to Audi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-According_to_Audi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Child_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Child development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Child_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_disestablishment_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_disestablishment_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>The disestablishment process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_disestablishment_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_human_rights_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_human_rights_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>International human rights law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_human_rights_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celebrity_culture_on_teenage_autonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celebrity_culture_on_teenage_autonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Celebrity culture on teenage autonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celebrity_culture_on_teenage_autonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Various_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Various_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Various uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Various_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limits_to_autonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limits_to_autonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Limits to autonomy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Limits_to_autonomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Limits to autonomy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Limits_to_autonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Semi-autonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semi-autonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Semi-autonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semi-autonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quasi-autonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quasi-autonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Quasi-autonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quasi-autonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Autonomy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="استقلال ذاتي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="استقلال ذاتي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muxtariyy%C9%99t" title="Muxtariyyət – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Muxtariyyət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%AB-t%C4%AB-kho%C3%A2n" title="Chū-tī-khoân – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chū-tī-khoân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Автономия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Автономия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Аўтаномія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аўтаномія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Аўтаномія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аўтаномія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Автономия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Автономия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomija" title="Autonomija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Autonomija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomia" title="Autonomia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Autonomia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomie" title="Autonomie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Autonomie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymreolaeth" title="Ymreolaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ymreolaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomi" title="Autonomi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Autonomi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomie" title="Autonomie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Autonomie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonoomia_(filosoofia)" title="Autonoomia (filosoofia) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Autonoomia (filosoofia)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αυτονομία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αυτονομία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonom%C3%ADa_(filosof%C3%ADa_y_psicolog%C3%ADa)" title="Autonomía (filosofía y psicología) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Autonomía (filosofía y psicología)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%ADtonomeco" title="Aŭtonomeco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aŭtonomeco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomia_(psikologia_eta_filosofia)" title="Autonomia (psikologia eta filosofia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Autonomia (psikologia eta filosofia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="خودمختاری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خودمختاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomie" title="Autonomie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Autonomie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Autonomy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%A3%BC%EA%B6%8C" title="자주권 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자주권" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="स्वायत्तता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्वायत्तता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomija" title="Autonomija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Autonomija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nnwere_Onwe" title="Nnwere Onwe – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Nnwere Onwe" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otonomi" title="Otonomi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Otonomi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94" title="אוטונומיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוטונומיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ავტონომია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ავტონომია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Автономия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Автономия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xweser%C3%AEt%C3%AE" title="Xweserîtî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xweserîtî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Автономия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Автономия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomia" title="Autonomia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Autonomia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomija" title="Autonomija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Autonomija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomija" title="Autonomija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Autonomija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomie" title="Autonomie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Autonomie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96nrendelkez%C3%A9s" title="Önrendelkezés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Önrendelkezés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Автономија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Автономија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomi" title="Autonomi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Autonomi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outonomie" title="Outonomie – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Outonomie" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Автономиясь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Автономиясь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomie" title="Autonomie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Autonomie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%8E%E3%83%9F%E3%83%BC" title="オートノミー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オートノミー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Автономи – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Автономи" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomia" title="Autonomia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Autonomia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muxtoriyat" title="Muxtoriyat – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Muxtoriyat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A/_%D8%AE%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A" title="خودمختاري/ خپلواکي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="خودمختاري/ خپلواکي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomia" title="Autonomia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Autonomia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomia" title="Autonomia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Autonomia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomie" title="Autonomie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Autonomie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikinmanta_llamk%27ana" title="Kikinmanta llamk'ana – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kikinmanta llamk'ana" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Автономия – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Автономия" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Автономия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Автономия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomia" title="Autonomia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Autonomia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Autonomy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auton%C3%B3mia_(filozofia)" title="Autonómia (filozofia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Autonómia (filozofia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avtonomija" title="Avtonomija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Avtonomija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%86%DB%86%D9%85%DB%8C" title="ئۆتۆنۆمی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆتۆنۆمی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Аутономија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аутономија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomija" title="Autonomija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Autonomija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomi" title="Autonomi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Autonomi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="தன்னாட்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தன்னாட்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Автономия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Автономия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Автономия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Автономия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96zerklik" title="Özerklik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Özerklik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Автономія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Автономія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="خود مختاریت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خود مختاریت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%B1_ch%E1%BB%A7" title="Tự chủ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tự chủ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E4%B8%BB%E6%9D%83" title="自主权 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="自主权" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%99%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A2" title="אויטאנאמיע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אויטאנאמיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB" title="自治 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="自治" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otonomiye" title="Otonomiye – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Otonomiye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonuom%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Autonuomėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Autonuomėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E4%B8%BB" title="自主 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="自主" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capacity for control, discretion or political self-governance</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Autonomy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Autonomy (disambiguation)">Autonomy (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Autonomous" redirects here. For the novel, see <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_(novel)" title="Autonomous (novel)"><i>Autonomous</i> (novel)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Autotomy" title="Autotomy">Autotomy</a>.</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">developmental psychology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">moral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bioethics" title="Bioethics">bioethical</a> <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, <b>autonomy</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the capacity to make an informed, uncoerced decision. Autonomous <a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">organizations</a> or <a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">institutions</a> are independent or self-governing. Autonomy can also be defined from a <a href="/wiki/Human_resources" title="Human resources">human resources</a> perspective, where it denotes a (relatively high) level of discretion granted to an employee in his or her work.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In such cases, autonomy is known to generally increase <a href="/wiki/Job_satisfaction" title="Job satisfaction">job satisfaction</a>. <a href="/wiki/Self-actualization" title="Self-actualization">Self-actualized</a> individuals are thought to operate autonomously of external expectations.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medical</a> context, respect for a patient's personal autonomy is considered one of many fundamental <a href="/wiki/Medical_ethics" title="Medical ethics">ethical principles in medicine</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sociology">Sociology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sociology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_knowledge" title="Sociology of knowledge">sociology of knowledge</a>, a controversy over the boundaries of autonomy inhibited analysis of any concept beyond relative autonomy,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until a typology of autonomy was created and developed within <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies" title="Science and technology studies">science and technology studies</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. According to it, the institution of science's existing autonomy is "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reflexive_autonomy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reflexive autonomy (page does not exist)">reflexive autonomy</a>": actors and structures within the <a href="/wiki/Scientific" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific">scientific</a> field are able to translate or to reflect diverse themes presented by social and political fields, as well as influence them regarding the thematic choices on research projects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Institutional_autonomy">Institutional autonomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Institutional autonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Institutional" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutional">Institutional</a> autonomy is having the capacity as a <a href="/wiki/Legislator" title="Legislator">legislator</a> to be able to implant and pursue official goals. Autonomous institutions are responsible for finding sufficient resources or modifying their plans, programs, courses, responsibilities, and services accordingly.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in doing so, they must contend with any obstacles that can occur, such as <a href="/wiki/Social_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Social pressure">social pressure</a> against cut-backs or socioeconomic difficulties. From a legislator's point of view, to increase institutional autonomy, conditions of <a href="/wiki/Self-managed_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-managed economy">self-management</a> and institutional self-governance must be put in place. An increase in leadership and a redistribution of decision-making responsibilities would be beneficial to the research of resources.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Institutional autonomy was often seen as a synonym for <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>, and many governments feared that it would lead institutions to an <a href="/wiki/Irredentist" class="mw-redirect" title="Irredentist">irredentist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Secessionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Secessionist">secessionist</a> region. But autonomy should be seen as a solution to self-determination struggles. Self-determination is a movement toward <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a>, whereas autonomy is a way to accommodate the distinct regions/groups within a country. Institutional autonomy can diffuse conflicts regarding minorities and ethnic groups in a society. Allowing more autonomy to groups and institutions helps create diplomatic relationships between them and the central government.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Autonomism_(political_doctrine)" title="Autonomism (political doctrine)">Autonomism (political doctrine)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">Political freedom</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">Autonomous administrative division</a></div> <p>In governmental parlance, autonomy refers to self-governance. An example of an autonomous jurisdiction was the former United States governance of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Islands">Philippine Islands</a>. The <i>Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916</i> provided the framework for the creation of an autonomous government under which the <a href="/wiki/Filipino_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino people">Filipino people</a> had broader domestic autonomy than previously, although it reserved certain privileges to the United States to protect its <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereign</a> rights and interests.<sup id="cite_ref-CorpusJuris_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CorpusJuris-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other examples include <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> (as the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo">Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo</a>) under the former Yugoslav government of <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Marshal Tito</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Puntland" title="Puntland">Puntland</a> Autonomous Region within <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Somalia">Federal Republic of Somalia</a>. </p><p>Although often being territorially defined as self-governments, autonomous self-governing institutions may take a <a href="/wiki/Non-territorial_autonomy" title="Non-territorial autonomy">non-territorial</a> form. Such non-territorial solutions are, for example, cultural autonomy in <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, national minority councils in <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> or Sámi parliaments in <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Autonomy is a key concept that has a broad impact on different fields of <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaphysical philosophy">metaphysical philosophy</a>, the concept of autonomy is referenced in discussions about <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism">fatalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">determinism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">agency</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Moral_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral philosophy">moral philosophy</a>, autonomy refers to subjecting oneself to objective moral law.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="According_to_Kant">According to Kant</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: According to Kant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> (1724–1804) defined autonomy by three themes regarding <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_ethics" title="Contemporary ethics">contemporary ethics</a>. Firstly, autonomy as the right for one to make their own decisions excluding any interference from others. Secondly, autonomy as the capacity to make such decisions through one's own independence of mind and after personal reflection. Thirdly, as an ideal way of living life autonomously. In summary, autonomy is the <a href="/wiki/Moral_rights" title="Moral rights">moral right</a> one possesses, or the capacity we have in order to think and make decisions for oneself providing some degree of control or power over the events that unfold within one's everyday life.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The context in which Kant addresses autonomy is in regards to <a href="/wiki/Moral_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral theory">moral theory</a>, asking both foundational and abstract questions. He believed that in order for there to be <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morality</a>, there must be autonomy. "Autonomous" is derived from the Greek word <i>autonomos</i> <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where 'auto' means self and 'nomos' means to govern (<i>nomos</i>: as can be seen in its usage in <i>nomárchēs</i> which means chief of the province). Kantian autonomy also provides a sense of <a href="/wiki/Rationality" title="Rationality">rational</a> autonomy, simply meaning one rationally possesses the <a href="/wiki/Motivation" title="Motivation">motivation</a> to govern their own life. Rational autonomy entails making your own decisions but it cannot be done solely in <a href="/wiki/Social_isolation" title="Social isolation">isolation</a>. Cooperative rational interactions are required to both develop and exercise our <a href="/wiki/Ability" title="Ability">ability</a> to live in a world with others. </p><p>Kant argued that morality presupposes this autonomy (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Autonomie</i>) in moral agents, since moral requirements are expressed in <a href="/wiki/Categorical_imperative" title="Categorical imperative">categorical imperatives</a>. An imperative is categorical if it issues a valid command independent of personal desires or interests that would provide a reason for obeying the command. It is hypothetical if the validity of its command, if the reason why one can be expected to obey it, is the fact that one desires or is interested in something further that obedience to the command would entail. "Don't speed on the freeway if you don't want to be stopped by the police" is a hypothetical imperative. "It is wrong to break the law, so don't speed on the freeway" is a categorical imperative. The hypothetical command not to speed on the freeway is not valid for you if you do not care whether you are stopped by the police. The categorical command is valid for you either way. Autonomous moral agents can be expected to obey the command of a categorical imperative even if they lack a personal desire or interest in doing so. It remains an open question whether they will, however. </p><p>The Kantian concept of autonomy is often misconstrued, leaving out the important point about the autonomous agent's self-subjection to the moral law. It is thought that autonomy is fully explained as the ability to obey a categorical command independently of a personal desire or interest in doing so—or worse, that autonomy is "obeying" a categorical command independently of a natural desire or interest; and that <a href="/wiki/Heteronomy" title="Heteronomy">heteronomy</a>, its opposite, is acting instead on personal motives of the kind referenced in hypothetical imperatives. </p><p>In his <i><a href="/wiki/Groundwork_of_the_Metaphysic_of_Morals" class="mw-redirect" title="Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals">Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals</a></i>, Kant applied the concept of autonomy also to define the concept of personhood and human <a href="/wiki/Dignity" title="Dignity">dignity</a>. Autonomy, along with <a href="/wiki/Rationality" title="Rationality">rationality</a>, are seen by Kant as the two criteria for a meaningful life. Kant would consider a life lived without these not worth living; it would be a life of value equal to that of a plant or insect.<sup id="cite_ref-Shafer-Landau,_Russ_2010_Pp161_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shafer-Landau,_Russ_2010_Pp161-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Kant autonomy is part of the reason that we hold others morally accountable for their actions. Human actions are morally praise- or blame-worthy in virtue of our autonomy. Non- autonomous beings such as plants or animals are not blameworthy due to their actions being non-autonomous.<sup id="cite_ref-Shafer-Landau,_Russ_2010_Pp161_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shafer-Landau,_Russ_2010_Pp161-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kant's position on crime and punishment is influenced by his views on autonomy. Brainwashing or drugging criminals into being law-abiding citizens would be immoral as it would not be respecting their autonomy. Rehabilitation must be sought in a way that respects their autonomy and dignity as human beings.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="According_to_Nietzsche">According to Nietzsche</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: According to Nietzsche"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a> wrote about autonomy and the moral fight.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Autonomy in this sense is referred to as the free self and entails several aspects of the self, including self-respect and even self-love. This can be interpreted as influenced by <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Self_respect" class="mw-redirect" title="Self respect">self-respect</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Self-love" title="Self-love">self-love</a>). For Nietzsche, valuing <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethical</a> autonomy can dissolve the conflict between love (self-love) and law (self-respect) which can then translate into reality through experiences of being self-responsible. Because Nietzsche defines having a sense of freedom with being <a href="/wiki/Personal_responsibility" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal responsibility">responsible</a> for one's own life, freedom and self-responsibility can be very much linked to autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="According_to_Piaget">According to Piaget</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: According to Piaget"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Jean Piaget</a> (1896–1980) believed that autonomy comes from within and results from a "free decision". It is of <a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_value_(ethics)" title="Intrinsic value (ethics)">intrinsic value</a> and the morality of autonomy is not only accepted but obligatory. When an attempt at social interchange occurs, it is reciprocal, ideal and natural for there to be autonomy regardless of why the collaboration with others has taken place. For Piaget, the term autonomous can be used to explain the idea that rules are self-chosen. By choosing which rules to follow or not, we are in turn determining our own <a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">behaviour</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Piaget studied the cognitive development of children by analyzing them during their games and through interviews, establishing (among other principles) that the children's moral maturation process occurred in two phases, the first of <a href="/wiki/Heteronomy" title="Heteronomy">heteronomy</a> and the second of autonomy: </p> <ul><li>Heteronomous reasoning: Rules are objective and unchanging. They must be literal because the authority are ordering it and do not fit exceptions or discussions. The base of the rule is the superior <a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">authority</a> (parents, adults, the State), that it should not give reason for the rules imposed or fulfilled them in any case. Duties provided are conceived as given from oneself. Any moral motivation and sentiments are possible through what one believes to be right.</li> <li>Autonomous reasoning: Rules are the product of an agreement and, therefore, are modifiable. They can be subject to interpretation and fit exceptions and objections. The base of the rule is its own acceptance, and its meaning has to be explained. Sanctions must be proportionate to the absence, assuming that sometimes offenses can go unpunished, so that collective punishment is unacceptable if it is not the guilty. The circumstances may not punish a guilty. Duties provided are conceived as given from the outside. One follows rules mechanically as it is simply a rule, or as a way to avoid a form of punishment.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="According_to_Kohlberg">According to Kohlberg</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: According to Kohlberg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The American psychologist <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Kohlberg" title="Lawrence Kohlberg">Lawrence Kohlberg</a> (1927–1987) continues the studies of Piaget. His studies collected information from different latitudes to eliminate the cultural variability, and focused on the moral reasoning, and not so much in the behavior or its consequences. Through interviews with adolescent and teenage boys, who were to try and solve "moral dilemmas", Kohlberg went on to further develop the <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Kohlberg%27s_stages_of_moral_development" title="Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development">stages of moral development</a>. The answers they provided could be one of two things. Either they choose to obey a given law, authority figure or rule of some sort or they chose to take actions that would serve a human need but in turn break this given rule or command. </p><p>The most popular moral dilemma asked involved the wife of a man approaching death due to a special type of cancer. Because the drug was too expensive to obtain on his own, and because the pharmacist who discovered and sold the drug had no compassion for him and only wanted profits, he stole it. Kohlberg asks these adolescent and teenage boys (10-, 13- and 16-year-olds) if they think that is what the husband should have done or not. Therefore, depending on their decisions, they provided answers to Kohlberg about deeper rationales and thoughts and determined what they value as important. This value then determined the "structure" of their moral reasoning.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kohlberg established three stages of morality, each of which is subdivided into two levels. They are read in progressive sense, that is, higher levels indicate greater autonomy. </p> <ul><li><b>Level 1:</b> Premoral/Preconventional Morality: Standards are met (or not met) depending on the hedonistic or physical consequences. <ul><li>[Stage 0: Egocentric Judgment: There is no moral concept independent of individual wishes, including a lack of concept of rules or obligations.]</li> <li>Stage 1: Punishment-Obedience Orientation: The rule is obeyed only to avoid punishment. Physical consequences determine goodness or badness and power is deferred to unquestioningly with no respect for the human or moral value, or the meaning of these consequences. Concern is for the self.</li> <li>Stage 2: Instrumental-Relativist Orientation: Morals are individualistic and egocentric. There is an exchange of interests but always under the point of view of satisfying personal needs. Elements of fairness and reciprocity are present but these are interpreted in a pragmatic way, instead of an experience of gratitude or justice. Egocentric in nature but beginning to incorporate the ability to see things from the perspective of others.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Level 2:</b> Conventional Morality/Role <a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">Conformity</a>: Rules are obeyed according to the established conventions of a society. <ul><li>Stage 3: Good Boy–Nice Girl Orientation: Morals are conceived in accordance with the stereotypical social role. Rules are obeyed to obtain the approval of the immediate group and the right actions are judged based on what would please others or give the impression that one is a good person. Actions are evaluated according to intentions.</li> <li>Stage 4: Law and Order Orientation: Morals are judged in accordance with the authority of the system, or the needs of the social order. Laws and order are prioritized.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Level 3:</b> Postconventional Morality/Self-Accepted Moral Principles: Standards of moral behavior are internalized. Morals are governed by rational judgment, derived from a conscious reflection on the recognition of the value of the individual inside a conventionally established society. <ul><li>Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation: There are individual rights and standards that have been lawfully established as basic universal values. Rules are agreed upon by through procedure and society comes to consensus through critical examination in order to benefit the greater good.</li> <li>Stage 6: Universal Principle Orientation: Abstract ethical principles are obeyed on a personal level in addition to societal rules and conventions. Universal principles of justice, reciprocity, equality and human dignity are internalized and if one fails to live up to these ideals, guilt or self-condemnation results.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="According_to_Audi">According to Audi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: According to Audi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Audi" title="Robert Audi">Robert Audi</a> characterizes autonomy as the self-governing power to bring reasons to bear in directing one's conduct and influencing one's propositional attitudes.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 211–212">: 211–212 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, autonomy is only concerned with practical matters. But, as Audi's definition suggests, autonomy may be applied to responding to reasons at large, not just to practical reasons. Autonomy is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">freedom</a> but the two can come apart. An example would be a political prisoner who is forced to make a statement in favor of his opponents in order to ensure that his loved ones are not harmed. As Audi points out, the prisoner lacks freedom but still has autonomy since his statement, though not reflecting his political ideals, is still an expression of his commitment to his loved ones.<sup id="cite_ref-Audi_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Audi-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 249">: 249 </span></sup> </p><p>Autonomy is often equated with self-legislation in the <a href="/wiki/Kantian" class="mw-redirect" title="Kantian">Kantian</a> tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Self-legislation may be interpreted as laying down laws or principles that are to be followed. Audi agrees with this school in the sense that we should bring reasons to bear in a principled way. Responding to reasons by mere whim may still be considered free but not autonomous.<sup id="cite_ref-Audi_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Audi-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 249, 257">: 249, 257 </span></sup> A commitment to principles and projects, on the other hand, provides autonomous agents with an identity over time and gives them a sense of the kind of persons they want to be. But autonomy is neutral as to which principles or projects the agent endorses. So different autonomous agents may follow very different principles.<sup id="cite_ref-Audi_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Audi-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 258">: 258 </span></sup> But, as Audi points out, self-legislation is not sufficient for autonomy since laws that do not have any practical impact do not constitute autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-Audi_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Audi-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 247–248">: 247–248 </span></sup> Some form of motivational force or executive power is necessary in order to get from mere self-legislation to self-government.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This motivation may be inherent in the corresponding practical judgment itself, a position known as <i>motivational internalism</i>, or may come to the practical judgment externally in the form of some desire independent of the judgment, as <i>motivational externalism</i> holds.<sup id="cite_ref-Audi_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Audi-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 251–252">: 251–252 </span></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Humeanism#Practical_reason" title="Humeanism">Humean</a> tradition, intrinsic desires are the reasons the autonomous agent should respond to. This theory is called <i>instrumentalism</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Audi rejects instrumentalism and suggests that we should adopt a position known as <i>axiological objectivism</i>. The central idea of this outlook is that objective values, and not subjective desires, are the sources of normativity and therefore determine what autonomous agents should do.<sup id="cite_ref-Audi_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Audi-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 261ff">: 261ff </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Child_development">Child development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Child development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Autonomy in childhood and adolescence is when one strives to gain a sense of oneself as a separate, self-governing individual.<sup id="cite_ref-Berk_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berk-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between ages 1–3, during the second stage of Erikson's and Freud's stages of development, the psychosocial crisis that occurs is autonomy versus shame and doubt.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaffer_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaffer-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The significant event that occurs during this stage is that children must learn to be autonomous, and failure to do so may lead to the child doubting their own abilities and feel ashamed.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaffer_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaffer-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a child becomes autonomous it allows them to explore and acquire new skills. Autonomy has two vital aspects wherein there is an emotional component where one relies more on themselves rather than their parents and a behavioural component where one makes decisions independently by using their judgement.<sup id="cite_ref-Berk_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berk-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The styles of child rearing affect the development of a child's autonomy. Autonomy in adolescence is closely related to their quest for identity.<sup id="cite_ref-Berk_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berk-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In adolescence parents and peers act as agents of influence. Peer influence in early adolescence may help the process of an adolescent to gradually become more autonomous by being less susceptible to parental or peer influence as they get older.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaffer_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaffer-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In adolescence the most important developmental task is to develop a healthy sense of autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaffer_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaffer-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, autonomy is manifested as a partial self-governance on various levels of church administration. During the history of Christianity, there were two basic types of autonomy. Some important parishes and monasteries have been given special autonomous rights and privileges, and the best known example of monastic autonomy is the famous <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> monastic community on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>. On the other hand, administrative autonomy of entire ecclesiastical provinces has throughout history included various degrees of internal self-governance. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">ecclesiology</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Churches</a>, there is a clear distinction between autonomy and <a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">autocephaly</a>, since autocephalous churches have full self-governance and independence, while every autonomous church is subject to some autocephalous church, having a certain degree of internal self-governance. Since every autonomous church had its own historical path to ecclesiastical autonomy, there are significant differences between various autonomous churches in respect of their particular degrees of self-governance. For example, churches that are autonomous can have their highest-ranking bishops, such as an <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">archbishop</a> or <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">metropolitan</a>, appointed or confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">patriarch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mother_church" title="Mother church">mother church</a> from which it was granted its autonomy, but generally they remain self-governing in many other respects. </p><p>In the history of <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a> the question of ecclesiastical autonomy was also one of the most important questions, especially during the first centuries of Christianity, since various archbishops and metropolitans in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> have often opposed centralizing tendencies of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Church of Rome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff198959–66,_130–139_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff198959–66,_130–139-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autonomy&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> comprises 24 autonomous (<i><a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></i>) Churches in communion with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>. Various denominations of <a href="/wiki/Protestant_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant church">Protestant churches</a> usually have more decentralized power, and churches may be autonomous, thus having their own rules or laws of government, at the national, local, or even individual level. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a> brings the concept of the Cartesian god being totally free and autonomous. He states that existence precedes essence with god being the creator of the essences, eternal truths and divine will. This pure freedom of god relates to human freedom and autonomy; where a human is not subjected to pre-existing ideas and values.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">first amendment</a>, In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States of America</a>, the federal government is restricted in building a national church. This is due to the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">first amendment's</a> recognizing people's freedom's to worship their faith according to their own belief's. For example, <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">the American government</a> has removed the church from their "sphere of authority"<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to the churches' historical impact on politics and their authority on the public. This was the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Disestablishment" class="mw-redirect" title="Disestablishment">disestablishment</a> process. The Protestant churches in the United States had a significant impact on American culture in the nineteenth century, when they organized the establishment of schools, hospitals, orphanages, colleges, magazines, and so forth.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has brought up the famous, however, misinterpreted term of the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a>. These churches lost the legislative and financial support from the state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_disestablishment_process">The disestablishment process</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The disestablishment process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first disestablishment began with the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_rights" title="Bill of rights">bill of rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the twentieth century, due to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">great depression</a> of the 1930s and the completion of the second world war, the American churches were revived. Specifically the Protestant churches. This was the beginning of the second disestablishment<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when churches had become popular again but held no legislative power. One of the reasons why the churches gained attendance and popularity was due to the <a href="/wiki/Baby_boom" title="Baby boom">baby boom</a>, when soldiers came back from the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">second world war</a> and started their families. The large influx of newborns gave the churches a new wave of followers. However, these followers did not hold the same beliefs as their parents and brought about the political, and religious revolutions of the 1960s. </p><p>During the 1960s, the collapse of religious and cultural middle brought upon the third disestablishment.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religion became more important to the individual and less so to the community. The changes brought from these revolutions significantly increased the personal autonomy of individuals due to the lack of structural restraints giving them added freedom of choice. This concept is known as "new voluntarism"<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where individuals have free choice on how to be religious and the free choice whether to be religious or not. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medicine">Medicine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medical</a> context, respect for a patient's personal autonomy is <a href="/wiki/Medical_ethics" title="Medical ethics">considered</a> one of many fundamental ethical principles in medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Autonomy can be defined as the ability of the person to make his or her own decisions. This faith in autonomy is the central premise of the concept of <a href="/wiki/Informed_consent" title="Informed consent">informed consent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shared_decision_making" class="mw-redirect" title="Shared decision making">shared decision making</a>. This idea, while considered essential to today's practice of medicine, was developed in the last 50 years. According to <a href="/wiki/Tom_Beauchamp" title="Tom Beauchamp">Tom Beauchamp</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Childress" title="James Childress">James Childress</a> (in <i>Principles of Biomedical Ethics</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_Trial" title="Doctors' Trial">Nuremberg trials</a> detailed accounts of horrifyingly exploitative medical "experiments" which violated the subjects' physical integrity and personal autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These incidences prompted calls for safeguards in <a href="/wiki/Medical_research" title="Medical research">medical research</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Code" title="Nuremberg Code">Nuremberg Code</a> which stressed the importance of voluntary participation in medical research. It is believed that the Nuremberg Code served as the premise for many current documents regarding research ethics.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Respect for autonomy became incorporated in health care and patients could be allowed to make personal decisions about the health care services that they receive.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, autonomy has several aspects as well as challenges that affect health care operations. The manner in which a patient is handled may undermine or support the autonomy of a patient and for this reason, the way a patient is communicated to becomes very crucial. A good relationship between a patient and a health care practitioner needs to be well defined to ensure that autonomy of a patient is respected.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just like in any other life situation, a patient would not like to be under the control of another person. The move to emphasize respect for patient's autonomy rose from the vulnerabilities that were pointed out in regards to autonomy. </p><p>However, autonomy does not only apply in a research context. Users of the health care system have the right to be treated with respect for their autonomy, instead of being dominated by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x1DNCNNX8AIC&q=silent+world+of+doctor+and+patient">physician</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Paternalism" title="Paternalism">paternalism</a>. While paternalism is meant to be overall good for the patient, this can very easily interfere with autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the <a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_relationship" title="Therapeutic relationship">therapeutic relationship</a>, a thoughtful dialogue between the client and the physician may lead to better outcomes for the client, as he or she is more of a participant in <a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">decision-making</a>. </p><p>There are many different definitions of autonomy, many of which place the individual in a social context. Relational autonomy, which suggests that a person is defined through their relationships with others, is increasingly considered in medicine and particularly in critical<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and end-of-life care.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supported autonomy<sup id="cite_ref-library.yorku.ca_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-library.yorku.ca-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggests instead that in specific circumstances it may be necessary to temporarily compromise the autonomy of the person in the short term in order to preserve their autonomy in the long-term. Other definitions of the autonomy imagine the person as a contained and self-sufficient being whose rights should not be compromised under any circumstance.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also differing views with regard to whether modern health care systems should be shifting to greater patient autonomy or a more paternalistic approach. For example, there are such arguments that suggest the current patient autonomy practiced is plagued by flaws such as misconceptions of treatment and cultural differences, and that health care systems should be shifting to greater paternalism on the part of the physician given their expertise.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  On the other hand, other approaches suggest that there simply needs to be an increase in relational understanding between patients and health practitioners to improve patient autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One argument in favor of greater patient autonomy and its benefits is by Dave deBronkart, who believes that in the technological advancement age, patients are capable of doing a lot of their research on medical issues from their home. According to deBronkart, this helps to promote better discussions between patients and physicians during hospital visits, ultimately easing up the workload of physicians.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> deBronkart argues that this leads to greater patient empowerment and a more educative health care system.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In opposition to this view, technological advancements can sometimes be viewed as an unfavorable way of promoting patient autonomy. For example, self-testing medical procedures which have become increasingly common are argued by Greaney et al. to increase patient autonomy, however, may not be promoting what is best for the patient. In this argument, contrary to deBronkart, the current perceptions of patient autonomy are excessively over-selling the benefits of individual autonomy, and is not the most suitable way to go about treating patients.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, a more inclusive form of autonomy should be implemented, relational autonomy, which factors into consideration those close to the patient as well as the physician.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These different concepts of autonomy can be troublesome as the acting physician is faced with deciding which concept he/she will implement into their clinical practice.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is often references as one of the four pillars of medicine, alongside beneficence, justice and nonmaleficence<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Autonomy varies and some patients find it overwhelming especially the minors when faced with emergency situations. Issues arise in emergency room situations where there may not be time to consider the principle of patient autonomy. Various ethical challenges are faced in these situations when time is critical, and patient consciousness may be limited. However, in such settings where informed consent may be compromised, the working physician evaluates each individual case to make the most professional and ethically sound decision.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, it is believed that neurosurgeons in such situations, should generally do everything they can to respect patient autonomy. In the situation in which a patient is unable to make an autonomous decision, the neurosurgeon should discuss with the surrogate decision maker in order to aid in the decision-making process.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Performing surgery on a patient without informed consent is in general thought to only be ethically justified when the neurosurgeon and his/her team render the patient to not have the capacity to make autonomous decisions. If the patient is capable of making an autonomous decision, these situations are generally less ethically strenuous as the decision is typically respected.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not every patient is capable of making an autonomous decision. For example, a commonly proposed question is at what age children should be partaking in treatment decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This question arises as children develop differently, therefore making it difficult to establish a standard age at which children should become more autonomous.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who are unable to make the decisions prompt a challenge to medical practitioners since it becomes difficult to determine the ability of a patient to make a decision.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To some extent, it has been said that emphasis of autonomy in health care has undermined the practice of health care practitioners to improve the health of their patient as necessary. The scenario has led to tension in the relationship between a patient and a health care practitioner. This is because as much as a physician wants to prevent a patient from suffering, they still have to respect autonomy. Beneficence is a principle allowing physicians to act responsibly in their practice and in the best interests of their patients, which may involve overlooking autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the gap between a patient and a physician has led to problems because in other cases, the patients have complained of not being adequately informed. </p><p>The seven elements of informed consent (as defined by Beauchamp and Childress) include threshold elements (competence and voluntariness), information elements (disclosure, recommendation, and understanding) and consent elements (decision and authorization).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some philosophers such as Harry Frankfurt consider Beauchamp and Childress criteria insufficient. They claim that an action can only be considered autonomous if it involves the exercise of the capacity to form higher-order values about desires when acting intentionally.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What this means is that patients may understand their situation and choices but would not be autonomous unless the patient is able to form value judgements about their reasons for choosing treatment options they would not be acting autonomously. </p><p>In certain unique circumstances, government may have the right to temporarily override the right to <a href="/wiki/Bodily_integrity" title="Bodily integrity">bodily integrity</a> in order to preserve the life and well-being of the person. Such action can be described using the principle of "supported autonomy",<sup id="cite_ref-library.yorku.ca_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-library.yorku.ca-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a concept that was developed to describe unique situations in mental health (examples include the <a href="/wiki/Forced_feeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced feeding">forced feeding</a> of a person dying from the <a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">eating disorder</a> <a href="/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa" title="Anorexia nervosa">anorexia nervosa</a>, or the temporary treatment of a person living with a <a href="/wiki/Psychotic_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychotic disorder">psychotic disorder</a> with <a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic_medication" class="mw-redirect" title="Antipsychotic medication">antipsychotic medication</a>). While controversial, the principle of supported autonomy aligns with the role of government to protect the life and liberty of its citizens. Terrence F. Ackerman has highlighted problems with these situations, he claims that by undertaking this course of action physician or governments run the risk of misinterpreting a conflict of values as a constraining effect of illness on a patient's autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 1960s, there have been attempts to increase patient autonomy including the requirement that physician's take bioethics courses during their time in medical school.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite large-scale commitment to promoting patient autonomy, public mistrust of medicine in developed countries has remained.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Onora_O%27Neill" title="Onora O'Neill">Onora O'Neill</a> has ascribed this lack of trust to medical institutions and professionals introducing measures that benefit themselves, not the patient. O'Neill claims that this focus on autonomy promotion has been at the expense of issues like distribution of healthcare resources and public health. </p><p>One proposal to increase patient autonomy is through the use of support staff. The use of support staff including medical assistants, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, nurses, and other staff that can promote patient interests and better patient care.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nurses especially can learn about patient beliefs and values in order to increase informed consent and possibly persuade the patient through logic and reason to entertain a certain treatment plan.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would promote both autonomy and beneficence, while keeping the physician's integrity intact. Furthermore, Humphreys asserts that nurses should have professional autonomy within their scope of practice (35–37). Humphreys argues that if nurses exercise their professional autonomy more, then there will be an increase in patient autonomy (35–37). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_human_rights_law">International human rights law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: International human rights law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the Second World War, there was a push for international human rights that came in many waves. Autonomy as a basic human right started the building block in the beginning of these layers alongside <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">liberty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Universal declarations of Human rights of 1948 has made mention of autonomy or the legal protected right to individual self-determination in article 22.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Documents such as the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples reconfirm international law in the aspect of human rights because those laws were already there, but it is also responsible for making sure that the laws highlighted when it comes to autonomy, cultural and integrity; and land rights are made within an indigenous context by taking special attention to their historical and contemporary events<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples">United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples</a> article 3 also through international law provides Human rights for Indigenous individuals by giving them a right to self-determination, meaning they have all the liberties to choose their political status, and are capable to go and improve their economic, social, and cultural statuses in society, by developing it. Another example of this, is article 4 of the same document which gives them autonomous rights when it comes to their internal or local affairs and how they can fund themselves in order to be able to self govern themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Minorities in countries are also protected as well by international law; the 27th article of the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">United Nations International covenant on Civil and Political rights</a> or the ICCPR does so by allowing these individuals to be able to enjoy their own culture or use their language. Minorities in that manner are people from ethnic religious or linguistic groups according to the document.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human rights</a>, is an international court that has been created on behalf of the European Conventions of Human rights. However, when it comes to autonomy they did not explicitly state it when it comes to the rights that individuals have. The current article 8 has remedied to that when the case of <i><a href="/wiki/Pretty_v_United_Kingdom" title="Pretty v United Kingdom">Pretty v the United Kingdom</a></i>, a case in 2002 involving <a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">assisted suicide</a>, where autonomy was used as a legal right in law. It was where Autonomy was distinguished and its reach into law was marked as well making it the foundations for legal precedent in making case law originating from the European Court of Human rights.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Yogyakarta_Principles" class="mw-redirect" title="The Yogyakarta Principles">The Yogyakarta Principles</a>, a document with no binding effect in <a href="/wiki/International_human_rights_law" title="International human rights law">international human rights law</a>, contend that "self-determination" used as meaning of autonomy on one's own matters including informed consent or sexual and <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">reproductive rights</a>, is integral for one's self-defined or <a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">gender identity</a> and refused any medical procedures as a requirement for legal recognition of the gender identity of transgender.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If eventually accepted by the international community in a <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaty</a>, this would make these ideas human rights in the law. The <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities" title="Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities">Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</a> also defines autonomy as principles of rights of a person with disability including "the freedom to make one's own choices, and independence of persons".<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Celebrity_culture_on_teenage_autonomy">Celebrity culture on teenage autonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Celebrity culture on teenage autonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A study conducted by David C. Giles and John Maltby conveyed that after age-affecting factors were removed, a high emotional autonomy was a significant predictor of celebrity interest, as well as high attachment to peers with a low attachment to parents. Patterns of intense personal interest in celebrities was found to be conjunction with low levels of closeness and security. Furthermore, the results suggested that adults with a secondary group of pseudo-friends during development from parental attachment, usually focus solely on one particular celebrity, which could be due to difficulties in making this transition.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Various_uses">Various uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Various uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In computing, an <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_peripheral" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous peripheral">autonomous peripheral</a> is one that can be used with the computer turned off.</li> <li>Within <a href="/wiki/Self-determination_theory" title="Self-determination theory">self-determination theory</a> in psychology, autonomy refers to 'autonomy support versus control', "hypothesizing that autonomy-supportive social contexts tend to facilitate self-determined motivation, healthy development, and optimal functioning."</li> <li>In mathematical analysis, an <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_differential_equation" title="Ordinary differential equation">ordinary differential equation</a> is said to be <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_system_(mathematics)" title="Autonomous system (mathematics)">autonomous</a> if it is time-independent.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous language">autonomous language</a> is one which is independent of other languages, for example, has a standard variety, grammar books, dictionaries or literature, etc.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">robotics</a>, "autonomy means independence of control. This characterization implies that autonomy is a property of the relation between two agents, in the case of robotics, of the relations between the designer and the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_robot" title="Autonomous robot">autonomous robot</a>. Self-sufficiency, situatedness, learning or development, and evolution increase an agent's degree of autonomy.", according to Rolf Pfeifer.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">spaceflight</a>, autonomy can also refer to crewed missions that are operating without control by ground controllers.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_consumption" title="Autonomous consumption">autonomous consumption</a> is consumption expenditure when income levels are zero, making spending <i>autonomous</i> to income.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Territorial_autonomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial autonomy">autonomous territories</a> are States wishing to retain territorial integrity in opposition to ethnic or indigenous demands for <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> or <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a>).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">anti-establishment</a> <a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">activism</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous space">autonomous space</a> is another name for a non-governmental <a href="/wiki/Social_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Social center">social center</a> or free space (for community interaction).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">social psychology</a>, autonomy is a personality trait characterized by a focus on personal achievement, independence, and a preference for solitude, often labeled as an opposite of <a href="/wiki/Sociotropy" title="Sociotropy">sociotropy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limits_to_autonomy">Limits to autonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Limits to autonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Autonomy can be limited. For instance, by disabilities, civil society organizations may achieve a degree of autonomy albeit nested within—and relative to—formal bureaucratic and administrative regimes. Community partners can therefore assume a hybridity of capture and autonomy—or a mutuality—that is rather nuanced.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Semi-autonomy">Semi-autonomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Semi-autonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>semi-autonomy</i> (coined with prefix <a href="/wiki/Semi-" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-">semi-</a> / "half") designates partial or limited autonomy. As a relative term, it is usually applied to various semi-autonomous entities or processes that are substantially or functionally limited, in comparison to other fully autonomous entities or processes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quasi-autonomy">Quasi-autonomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Quasi-autonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>quasi-autonomy</i> (coined with prefix <a href="/wiki/Quasi-" title="Quasi-">quasi-</a> / "resembling" or "appearing") designates formally acquired or proclaimed, but functionally limited or constrained autonomy. As a descriptive term, it is usually applied to various quasi-autonomous entities or processes that are formally designated or labeled as autonomous, but in reality remain functionally dependent or influenced by some other entity or process. An example for such use of the term can be seen in common designation for <a href="/wiki/Quasi-autonomous_non-governmental_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Quasi-autonomous non-governmental organizations">quasi-autonomous non-governmental organizations</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Autonomy" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Autonomy">Autonomy</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_autonomous_areas_by_country" title="List of autonomous areas by country">List of autonomous areas by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomy Day">Autonomy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Cornelius Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterdependency" title="Counterdependency">Counterdependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_of_autonomy" title="Equality of autonomy">Equality of autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essential_facilities_doctrine" title="Essential facilities doctrine">Essential facilities doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_organization" title="Flat organization">Flat organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takis_Fotopoulos" title="Takis Fotopoulos">Takis Fotopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_rule" title="Home rule">Home rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_at_work#Job_autonomy" title="Happiness at work">Job autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_boundaries" title="Personal boundaries">Personal boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governing_colony" title="Self-governing colony">Self-governing colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sufficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-sufficiency">Self-sufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_for_social_justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Teaching for social justice">Teaching for social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viable_system_model" title="Viable system model">Viable system model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">αὐτονομία</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">autonomia</i></span>, from <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">αὐτόνομος</span></span>, <i>autonomos</i>, from αὐτο- <i>auto-</i> "self" and νόμος <i>nomos</i>, "law", hence when combined understood to mean "one who gives oneself one's own <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a>"</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDewey" class="citation book cs1">Dewey, C.R. <i>Autonomy without a self</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autonomy+without+a+self&rft.aulast=Dewey&rft.aufirst=C.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBordages1989" class="citation journal cs1">Bordages, John Walter (1989-06-01). "Self-Actualization and Personal Autonomy". <i>Psychological Reports</i>. <b>64</b> (3_suppl): 1263–1266. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2466%2Fpr0.1989.64.3c.1263">10.2466/pr0.1989.64.3c.1263</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-2941">0033-2941</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146406002">146406002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Reports&rft.atitle=Self-Actualization+and+Personal+Autonomy&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=3_suppl&rft.pages=1263-1266&rft.date=1989-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146406002%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0033-2941&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2466%2Fpr0.1989.64.3c.1263&rft.aulast=Bordages&rft.aufirst=John+Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre Bourdieu">BOURDIEU, 2001</a> (MARANHÃO, 2005; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encontroanpocs.org.br/2006/lista_gt.asp?atvid=26&entid=66">2006</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101008165230/http://www.encontroanpocs.org.br/2006/lista_gt.asp?atvid=26&entid=66">Archived</a> October 8, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070610214637/http://www.sbsociologia.com.br/congresso_v02/papers/GT3%20Ci%C3%AAncia%2C%20Tecnologia%20e%20Inova%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20Social/A%20Autonomia%20Reflexiva%20e%20o%20Fomento%20do%20CNPq%20%C3%A0%20Pesquisa%20no%20Campo%20da%20Sociologia%20%282000-2006%29.pdf">2007</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flacsoandes.org/dspace/bitstream/10469/382/1/Íconos%20no.31%20-%20mayo%202008.pdf">Sobral & Maranhão, 2008</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2017">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans, P. B., Rueschemeyer, D., & Skocpol, T. (1985). Bringing the state back in.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neave, G. (2012). The evaluative state, institutional autonomy and re-engineering higher education in Western Europe: The prince and his pleasure.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weller, M., & Wolff, S. (2014). Autonomy, self-governance, and conflict resolution: Innovative approaches to institutional design in divided societies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CorpusJuris-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CorpusJuris_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thecorpusjuris.com/constitutions/philippine-autonomy-act.php">"Philippine Bill of 1902 (note: Philippine Autonomy Act)"</a>. <i>Corpus Juris</i>. July 1902. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160525075502/http://www.thecorpusjuris.com/constitutions/philippine-autonomy-act.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philippine+Bill+of+1902+%28note%3A+Philippine+Autonomy+Act%29&rft.btitle=Corpus+Juris&rft.date=1902-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthecorpusjuris.com%2Fconstitutions%2Fphilippine-autonomy-act.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBokovoyIrvineLilly1997" class="citation book cs1">Bokovoy, Melissa Katherine; Irvine, Jill A.; Lilly, Carol S. (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statesocietyrela00meli/page/295"><i>State-society relations in Yugoslavia, 1945–1992</i></a></span>. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statesocietyrela00meli/page/295">295–301</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312126902" title="Special:BookSources/978-0312126902"><bdi>978-0312126902</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State-society+relations+in+Yugoslavia%2C+1945%E2%80%931992&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=295-301&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0312126902&rft.aulast=Bokovoy&rft.aufirst=Melissa+Katherine&rft.au=Irvine%2C+Jill+A.&rft.au=Lilly%2C+Carol+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstatesocietyrela00meli%2Fpage%2F295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coakley, John. "Introduction: Dispersed Minorities and Non-Territorial Autonomy". <i>Ethnopolitics</i> 15, nr 1 (2016): 1–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prina, Federica. "Nonterritorial Autonomy and Minority (Dis)Empowerment: Past, Present, and Future". <i>Nationalities Papers</i> 48, nr 3 (2020): 425–434</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/autonomy-moral/#BasDis">Autonomy in Moral and Political Philosophy (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190802103913/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/autonomy-moral/#BasDis">Archived</a> 2019-08-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Plato.stanford.edu. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSensen2013" class="citation book cs1">Sensen, Oliver (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HlJ8BbjLXSAC&q=philosophy+and+autonomy+and+kant"><i>Kant on Moral Autonomy</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107004863" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107004863"><bdi>978-1107004863</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kant+on+Moral+Autonomy&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1107004863&rft.aulast=Sensen&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHlJ8BbjLXSAC%26q%3Dphilosophy%2Band%2Bautonomy%2Band%2Bkant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxford English Dictionary</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shafer-Landau,_Russ_2010_Pp161-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shafer-Landau,_Russ_2010_Pp161_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shafer-Landau,_Russ_2010_Pp161_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shafer-Landau, Russ. "The fundamentals of ethics." (2010). p. 161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shafer-Landau, Russ. "The fundamentals of ethics." (2010). p. 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReginster2011" class="citation journal cs1">Reginster, Bernard (2011-07-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ndpr.nd.edu/news/24779-nietzsche-on-freedom-and-autonomy/">"Review of <i>Nietzsche on Freedom and Autonomy</i>"</a>. <i>The Journal of Nietzsche Studies</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407061713/https://ndpr.nd.edu/news/24779-nietzsche-on-freedom-and-autonomy/">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-04-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Nietzsche+Studies&rft.atitle=Review+of+Nietzsche+on+Freedom+and+Autonomy&rft.date=2011-07-31&rft.aulast=Reginster&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fndpr.nd.edu%2Fnews%2F24779-nietzsche-on-freedom-and-autonomy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGemesMay2009" class="citation book cs1">Gemes, Ken; May, Simon (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D2a9e-FarAYC&q=philosophy+and+autonomy"><i>Nietzsche on Freedom and Autonomy</i></a>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0191607882" title="Special:BookSources/978-0191607882"><bdi>978-0191607882</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nietzsche+on+Freedom+and+Autonomy&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0191607882&rft.aulast=Gemes&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft.au=May%2C+Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD2a9e-FarAYC%26q%3Dphilosophy%2Band%2Bautonomy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSugarman1990" class="citation book cs1">Sugarman, Susan (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3zEfxTytFnIC&q=autonomy+and+piaget&pg=PA84"><i>Piaget's Construction of the Child's Reality</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521379670" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521379670"><bdi>978-0521379670</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Piaget%27s+Construction+of+the+Child%27s+Reality&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0521379670&rft.aulast=Sugarman&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3zEfxTytFnIC%26q%3Dautonomy%2Band%2Bpiaget%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaffer2008" class="citation book cs1">Shaffer, David (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cShtCgAAQBAJ&q=social+and+personality+development&pg=PA491"><i>Social and Personality Development</i></a>. Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1111807269" title="Special:BookSources/978-1111807269"><bdi>978-1111807269</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240219171919/https://books.google.com/books?id=cShtCgAAQBAJ&q=social+and+personality+development&pg=PA491">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-02-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oxford University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210619215025/https://philpapers.org/rec/AUDTAO-3">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Architecture+of+Reason%3A+The+Structure+and+Substance+of+Rationality&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Audi&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FAUDTAO-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaji2002" class="citation journal cs1">Haji, Ish (9 March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ndpr.nd.edu/news/the-architecture-of-reason-the-structure-and-substance-of-rationality/">"Review of The Architecture of Reason: The Structure and Substance of Rationality"</a>. <i>Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201023025553/https://ndpr.nd.edu/news/the-architecture-of-reason-the-structure-and-substance-of-rationality/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notre+Dame+Philosophical+Reviews&rft.atitle=Review+of+The+Architecture+of+Reason%3A+The+Structure+and+Substance+of+Rationality&rft.date=2002-03-09&rft.aulast=Haji&rft.aufirst=Ish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fndpr.nd.edu%2Fnews%2Fthe-architecture-of-reason-the-structure-and-substance-of-rationality%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Audi-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Audi_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Audi_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Audi_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Audi_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Audi_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Audi_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAudi1991" class="citation journal cs1">Audi, Robert (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/AUDARA">"Autonomy, Reason, and Desire"</a>. <i>Pacific Philosophical Quarterly</i>. <b>72</b> (4): 247–271. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0114.1991.tb00320.x">10.1111/j.1468-0114.1991.tb00320.x</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414111939/https://philpapers.org/rec/AUDARA">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Cambridge University Press, 2002. p. 3 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheather2011" class="citation journal cs1">Sheather, Julian (2011). "Patient Autonomy". <i>Student BMJ</i>. <b>19</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Student+BMJ&rft.atitle=Patient+Autonomy&rft.volume=19&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Sheather&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles2017" class="citation journal cs1">Charles, Sonya (2017). "The Moral Agency of Institutions: Effectively Using Expert Nurses to Support Patient Autonomy". <i>Journal of Medical Ethics</i>. <b>43</b> (8): 506–509. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fmedethics-2016-103448">10.1136/medethics-2016-103448</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27934774">27934774</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11731579">11731579</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medical+Ethics&rft.atitle=The+Moral+Agency+of+Institutions%3A+Effectively+Using+Expert+Nurses+to+Support+Patient+Autonomy&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=506-509&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11731579%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27934774&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fmedethics-2016-103448&rft.aulast=Charles&rft.aufirst=Sonya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphreys2005" class="citation journal cs1">Humphreys, Sally (January 2005). "Patient Autonomy". <i>British Journal of Perioperative Nursing</i>. <b>15</b> (1): 35–38, 40–41, 43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F175045890501500103">10.1177/175045890501500103</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15719905">15719905</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11528632">11528632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Perioperative+Nursing&rft.atitle=Patient+Autonomy&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=35-38%2C+40-41%2C+43&rft.date=2005-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11528632%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15719905&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F175045890501500103&rft.aulast=Humphreys&rft.aufirst=Sally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2009" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, Jill (2009). <i>Personal freedom through human rights law? : autonomy, identity and integrity under the European Convention on Human Rights</i>. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004170599" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004170599"><bdi>978-9004170599</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/567444414">567444414</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Personal+freedom+through+human+rights+law%3F+%3A+autonomy%2C+identity+and+integrity+under+the+European+Convention+on+Human+Rights&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F567444414&rft.isbn=978-9004170599&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Jill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/">"Universal Declaration of Human Rights"</a>. <i>www.un.org</i>. 2015-10-06. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224223959/https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-02-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.un.org&rft.atitle=Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights&rft.date=2015-10-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Funiversal-declaration-human-rights%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeoff1997" class="citation journal cs1">Geoff, G. (1997-02-01). "Religious Minorities and Their Rights: A Problem of Approach". <i>International Journal on Minority and Group Rights</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 97–134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15718119720907435">10.1163/15718119720907435</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1571-8115">1571-8115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+on+Minority+and+Group+Rights&rft.atitle=Religious+Minorities+and+Their+Rights%3A+A+Problem+of+Approach&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=97-134&rft.date=1997-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15718119720907435&rft.issn=1571-8115&rft.aulast=Geoff&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://undocs.org/A/RES/61/295">"A/RES/61/295 – E"</a>. <i>undocs.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190514221832/https://undocs.org/A/RES/61/295">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=undocs.org&rft.atitle=A%2FRES%2F61%2F295+%E2%80%93+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fundocs.org%2FA%2FRES%2F61%2F295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/ccpr.aspx">"OHCHR | International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights"</a>. <i>www.ohchr.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200512032053/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CCPR.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ohchr.org&rft.atitle=OHCHR+%7C+International+Covenant+on+Civil+and+Political+Rights&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2Fen%2Fprofessionalinterest%2Fpages%2Fccpr.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLõhmus2015" class="citation book cs1">Lõhmus, Katri (2015). <i>Caring autonomy : European human rights law and the challenge of individualism</i>. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107081772" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107081772"><bdi>978-1107081772</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/898273667">898273667</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caring+autonomy+%3A+European+human+rights+law+and+the+challenge+of+individualism&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F898273667&rft.isbn=978-1107081772&rft.aulast=L%C3%B5hmus&rft.aufirst=Katri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomy" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Yogyakarta Principles, Principle 3, The Right to Recognition before the Law</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities" title="Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities">Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</a> Article 3, (a)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilesMaltby2004" class="citation journal cs1">Giles, David C.; Maltby, John (2004). "The role of media figures in adolescent development: Relations between autonomy, attachment, and interest in celebrities". <i>Personality and Individual Differences</i>. <b>36</b> (4): 813–822. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0191-8869%2803%2900154-5">10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00154-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Personality+and+Individual+Differences&rft.atitle=The+role+of+media+figures+in+adolescent+development%3A+Relations+between+autonomy%2C+attachment%2C+and+interest+in+celebrities&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=813-822&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0191-8869%2803%2900154-5&rft.aulast=Giles&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rft.au=Maltby%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBieling2000" class="citation journal cs1">Bieling, Peter J. (2000). "The Sociotropy–Autonomy Scale: Structure and Implications". <i>Cognitive Therapy and Research</i>. <b>24</b> (6): 763–780. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1005599714224">10.1023/A:1005599714224</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38957013">38957013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cognitive+Therapy+and+Research&rft.atitle=The+Sociotropy%E2%80%93Autonomy+Scale%3A+Structure+and+Implications&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=763-780&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1005599714224&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38957013%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bieling&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Hare2018" class="citation journal cs1">O'Hare, Paul (March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/620226/1/Resisting%20the%20long%20arm%20of%20the%20state.pdf">"Resisting the 'Long-Arm' of the State? Spheres of Capture and Opportunities for Autonomy in Community Governance"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Journal of Urban and Regional Research</i>. <b>42</b> (2): 210–225. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-2427.12606">10.1111/1468-2427.12606</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200506073104/https://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/620226/1/Resisting%20the%20long%20arm%20of%20the%20state.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2020-05-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Urban+and+Regional+Research&rft.atitle=Resisting+the+%27Long-Arm%27+of+the+State%3F+Spheres+of+Capture+and+Opportunities+for+Autonomy+in+Community+Governance&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=210-225&rft.date=2018-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-2427.12606&rft.aulast=O%27Hare&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fe-space.mmu.ac.uk%2F620226%2F1%2FResisting%2520the%2520long%2520arm%2520of%2520the%2520state.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyendorff1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Meyendorff" title="John Meyendorff">Meyendorff, John</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6J_YAAAAMAAJ"><i>Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450–680 A.D.</i></a> The Church in history. Vol. 2. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0881410563" title="Special:BookSources/978-0881410563"><bdi>978-0881410563</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230112174712/https://books.google.com/books?id=6J_YAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+unity+and+Christian+divisions%3A+The+Church+450%E2%80%93680+A.D.&rft.place=Crestwood%2C+NY&rft.series=The+Church+in+history&rft.pub=St.+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0881410563&rft.aulast=Meyendorff&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6J_YAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/autonomy" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/autonomy">autonomy</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Autonomy" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Autonomy">Autonomy</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Kastner, Jens. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-bielefeld.de/cias/wiki/a_Autonomy.html">"Autonomy"</a> (2015). University Bielefeld – Center for InterAmerican Studies.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://interautonomy.org/en/what-is-self-sustainability/">"Self-sustainability strategies for Development Initiatives: What is self-sustainability and why is it so important?"</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output 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dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484105#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484105#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484105#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Autonomie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4003974-2">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Autonomy"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85010457">United States</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Autonomy (Philosophy)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh88007112">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Autonomie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb126493698">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Autonomie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb126493698">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="自治権"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00576662">Japan</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="אוטונומיה"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007295823605171">Israel</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10640457">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=42465">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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