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B. S. Haldane (Amer. Nat. 71, 337-349, 1937) argued that, in equilibrium populations, the effect of deleterious mutation on average fitness depends primarily on the mutation rate and is independent of the severity of the mutations. Specifically, the equilibrium population fitness is e-p\", where pn is the haploid genomic mutation rate. Here we extend Haldane's result to a variety of reproductive systems. Using an analysis based on the frequency of classes of individuals with a specified number of mutations, we show that Haldane's principle holds exactly for haploid sex, haploid apomixis, and facultative haploid sex. In the cases of diploid automixis with terminal fusion, diploid automixis with central fusion, and diploid selling, Haldane's principle holds exactly for recessive mutations and approximately for mutations with some heterozygous effect. In the cases of K-plaid apomixis, diploid endomitosis, and haplodiploidy, we show that Haldane's principle holds exactly for recessive lethal mutations. In addition we extend Haldane's result to various mixtures of the above-mentioned reproductive systems. In the case of diploid outcrossing sexuals, we do not obtain an exact analytic result, but present arguments and computer simulations which show that Haldane's result extends to this case as well in the limit as the number of loci becomes large. Although diverse reproductive systems are equally tit at equilibrium, different reproductive systems harbor vastly different numbers of recessive genes at equilibrium and we provide estimates of these numbers. These different numbers of mutations may create transient selective pressures on individuals with reproductive systems different from that of the equilibrium population.","publication_date":"1988,,","publication_name":"Theoretical Population Biology - THEOR POP BIOL","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"49910815"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"The effect of the reproductive system on mutation load","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [33935606]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" 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translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">The effect of the reproductive system on mutation load</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33935606" href="https://universityofarizona.academia.edu/RichardEMichod"><img alt="Profile image of Richard E Michod" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/33935606/14678552/17242135/s65_richard.michod.jpg" />Richard E Michod</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">1988, Theoretical Population Biology - THEOR POP BIOL</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button 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data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="13440514" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13440514/Mutational_Meltdowns_in_Sexual_Populations">Mutational Meltdowns in Sexual Populations</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32663232" href="https://univie.academia.edu/ReinhardB%C3%BCrger">Reinhard Bürger</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Evolution, 1995</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Mutational Meltdowns in Sexual Populations","attachmentId":45340415,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13440514/Mutational_Meltdowns_in_Sexual_Populations","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/13440514/Mutational_Meltdowns_in_Sexual_Populations"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="29511307" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29511307/Deleterious_Mutations_and_Selection_for_Sex_in_Finite_Diploid_Populations">Deleterious Mutations and Selection for Sex in Finite Diploid Populations</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33935606" href="https://universityofarizona.academia.edu/RichardEMichod">Richard E Michod</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Genetics, 2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Deleterious Mutations and Selection for Sex in Finite Diploid Populations","attachmentId":49948827,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/29511307/Deleterious_Mutations_and_Selection_for_Sex_in_Finite_Diploid_Populations","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/29511307/Deleterious_Mutations_and_Selection_for_Sex_in_Finite_Diploid_Populations"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="2808854" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2808854/Selection_for_increased_mutation_rates_with_fertility_differences_between_matings">Selection for increased mutation rates with fertility differences between matings</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6374" href="https://uconn.academia.edu/KentHolsinger">Kent Holsinger</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">1986</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">ABSTRACT Previous studies of mutation modification have considered models in which selection is a result of viability differences that are sex symmetric. The results of a numerical study of a model in which selection is a result of fertility differences between mated pairs demonstrate that the type of selection to which a population is subject can have a significant impact on the evolution of various parameters of the genetic system.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Selection for increased mutation rates with fertility differences between matings","attachmentId":30763232,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2808854/Selection_for_increased_mutation_rates_with_fertility_differences_between_matings","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2808854/Selection_for_increased_mutation_rates_with_fertility_differences_between_matings"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="125804355" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/125804355/Imperfect_Genes_Fisherian_Mutation_and_the_Evolution_of_Sex">Imperfect Genes, Fisherian Mutation and the Evolution of Sex</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="267223627" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JoelPeck2">Joel Peck</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Genetics, 1997</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In this paper we present a mathematical model of mutation and selection that allows for the coexistence of multiple alleles at a locus with very small selective differences between alleles. The model also allows for the determination of fitness by multiple loci. Models of this sort are biologically plausible. However, some previous attempts to construct similar models have assumed that all mutations produce a decrease in fitness, and this has led to a tendency for the average fitness of population members to decline when population numbers are finite. In our model we incorporate some of the ideas of R. A. Fisher, so that both deleterious and beneficial mutations are possible. As a result, average fitness tends to approach a stationary distribution. We have used computer simulation methods to apply the Fisherian mutation model to the problem of the evolution of sex and recombination. The results suggest that sex and recombination can provide very large benefits in terms of average fi...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Imperfect Genes, Fisherian Mutation and the Evolution of Sex","attachmentId":119780862,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/125804355/Imperfect_Genes_Fisherian_Mutation_and_the_Evolution_of_Sex","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/125804355/Imperfect_Genes_Fisherian_Mutation_and_the_Evolution_of_Sex"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="44556156" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44556156/Coalescence_and_genetic_diversity_in_sexual_populations_under_selection">Coalescence and genetic diversity in sexual populations under selection</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34504350" href="https://upenn.academia.edu/TaylorKessinger">Taylor Kessinger</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Coalescence and genetic diversity in sexual populations under selection","attachmentId":65007603,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/44556156/Coalescence_and_genetic_diversity_in_sexual_populations_under_selection","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/44556156/Coalescence_and_genetic_diversity_in_sexual_populations_under_selection"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="26891594" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26891594/Adaptive_Evolution_of_Asexual_Populations_Under_Mullers_Ratchet">Adaptive Evolution of Asexual Populations Under Muller's Ratchet</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="50895848" href="https://gulbenkian.academia.edu/IGordo">Isabel Gordo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Evolution, 2004</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Adaptive Evolution of Asexual Populations Under Muller's Ratchet","attachmentId":47156025,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/26891594/Adaptive_Evolution_of_Asexual_Populations_Under_Mullers_Ratchet","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/26891594/Adaptive_Evolution_of_Asexual_Populations_Under_Mullers_Ratchet"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="125804356" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/125804356/Limited_Dispersal_Deleterious_Mutations_and_the_Evolution_of_Sex">Limited Dispersal, Deleterious Mutations and the Evolution of Sex</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="267223627" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JoelPeck2">Joel Peck</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Genetics, 1996</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This study presents a mathematical model that allows for some offspring to be dispersed at random, while others stay close to their mothers. A single genetic locus is assumed to control fertility, and this locus is subject to the occurrence of deleterious mutations. It is shown that, at equilibrium, the frequency of deleterious mutations in the population is inversely related to the rate of dispersal. This is because dispersal of offspring leads to enhanced competition among adults. The results also show that sexual reproduction can lead to a decrease in the equilibrium frequency of deleterious mutations. The reason for this relationship is that sex involves the dispersal of genetic material, and thus, like the dispersal of offspring, sex enhances competition among adults. The model is described using the example of a hermaphroditic plant population. However, the results should apply to animal populations as well.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Limited Dispersal, Deleterious Mutations and the Evolution of Sex","attachmentId":119780822,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/125804356/Limited_Dispersal_Deleterious_Mutations_and_the_Evolution_of_Sex","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/125804356/Limited_Dispersal_Deleterious_Mutations_and_the_Evolution_of_Sex"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="102452321" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/102452321/Genetic_Draft_and_Quasi_Neutrality_in_Large_Facultatively_Sexual_Populations">Genetic Draft and Quasi-Neutrality in Large Facultatively Sexual Populations</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="49581400" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BorisShraiman">Boris Shraiman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Genetics, 2011</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Large populations may contain numerous simultaneously segregating polymorphisms subject to natural selection. Since selection acts on individuals whose fitness depends on many loci, different loci affect each other’s dynamics. This leads to stochastic fluctuations of allele frequencies above and beyond genetic drift—an effect known as genetic draft. Since recombination disrupts associations between alleles, draft is strong when recombination is rare. Here, we study a facultatively outcrossing population in a regime where the frequency of outcrossing and recombination, r, is small compared to the characteristic scale of fitness differences σ. In this regime, fit genotypes expand clonally, leading to large fluctuations in the number of recombinant offspring genotypes. The power law tail in the distribution of the latter makes it impossible to capture the dynamics of draft by an effective neutral model. Instead, we find that the fixation time of a neutral allele increases only slowly w...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Genetic Draft and Quasi-Neutrality in Large Facultatively Sexual Populations","attachmentId":102719182,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/102452321/Genetic_Draft_and_Quasi_Neutrality_in_Large_Facultatively_Sexual_Populations","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/102452321/Genetic_Draft_and_Quasi_Neutrality_in_Large_Facultatively_Sexual_Populations"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="74728995" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/74728995/Distribution_of_fixed_beneficial_mutations_and_the_rate_of_adaptation_in_asexual_populations">Distribution of fixed beneficial mutations and the rate of adaptation in asexual populations</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="194511207" href="https://independent.academia.edu/IgorRouzine">Igor Rouzine</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">When large asexual populations adapt, competition between simultaneously segregating mutations slows the rate of adaptation and restricts the set of mutations that eventually fix. This phenomenon of interference arises from competition between mutations of different strengths as well as competition between mutations that arise on different fitness backgrounds. Previous work has explored each of these effects in isolation, but the way they combine to influence the dynamics of adaptation remains largely unknown. Here, we describe a theoretical model to treat both aspects of interference in large populations. We calculate the rate of adaptation and the distribution of fixed mutational effects accumulated by the population. We focus particular attention on the case when the effects of beneficial mutations are exponentially distributed, as well as on a more general class of exponential-like distributions. In both cases, we show that the rate of adaptation and the influence of genetic bac...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Distribution of fixed beneficial mutations and the rate of adaptation in asexual populations","attachmentId":82774193,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/74728995/Distribution_of_fixed_beneficial_mutations_and_the_rate_of_adaptation_in_asexual_populations","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/74728995/Distribution_of_fixed_beneficial_mutations_and_the_rate_of_adaptation_in_asexual_populations"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="85169247" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/85169247/The_population_genetics_of_mutations_good_bad_and_indifferent">The population genetics of mutations: good, bad and indifferent</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="127986434" href="https://wisc.academia.edu/LaurenceLoewe">Laurence Loewe</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2010</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Population genetics is fundamental to our understanding of evolution, and mutations are essential raw materials for evolution. In this introduction to more detailed papers that follow, we aim to provide an oversight of the field. We review current knowledge on mutation rates and their harmful and beneficial effects on fitness and then consider theories that predict the fate of individual mutations or the consequences of mutation accumulation for quantitative traits. Many advances in the past built on models that treat the evolution of mutations at each DNA site independently, neglecting linkage of sites on chromosomes and interactions of effects between sites (epistasis). We review work that addresses these limitations, to predict how mutations interfere with each other. An understanding of the population genetics of mutations of individual loci and of traits affected by many loci helps in addressing many fundamental and applied questions: for example, how do organisms adapt to chan...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The population genetics of mutations: good, bad and indifferent","attachmentId":89951463,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/85169247/The_population_genetics_of_mutations_good_bad_and_indifferent","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/85169247/The_population_genetics_of_mutations_good_bad_and_indifferent"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":49910815,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":49910815,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_49910815" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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linkage","attachmentId":117263619,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/122635992/Limitations_of_the_inference_of_the_distribution_of_fitness_effects_of_new_mutations_in_partially_selfing_populations_with_linkage","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/122635992/Limitations_of_the_inference_of_the_distribution_of_fitness_effects_of_new_mutations_in_partially_selfing_populations_with_linkage"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="8212629" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8212629/Sexual_selection_germline_mutation_rate_and_sperm_competition">Sexual selection, germline mutation rate and sperm competition</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="16132663" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JoseCuervo3">Jose Cuervo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">BMC Evolutionary Biology, 2003</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Sexual selection, germline mutation rate and sperm 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href="https://www.academia.edu/26891598/Sex_and_Deleterious_Mutations">Sex and Deleterious Mutations</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="50895848" href="https://gulbenkian.academia.edu/IGordo">Isabel Gordo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Genetics, 2008</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Sex and Deleterious Mutations","attachmentId":47156002,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/26891598/Sex_and_Deleterious_Mutations","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline 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data-entity-id="49378705" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49378705/Frequency_changes_of_new_inversions_in_populations_under_mutation_selection_equilibria">Frequency changes of new inversions in populations under mutation-selection equilibria</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33733467" href="https://ncsu.academia.edu/HenrySchaffer">Henry Schaffer</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Genetics, 1967</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Frequency changes of new inversions in populations under mutation-selection 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class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6374" href="https://uconn.academia.edu/KentHolsinger">Kent Holsinger</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Proceedings of the National …, 1983</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Modifiers of mutation rate: Evolutionary optimum with complete selfing","attachmentId":5691440,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/933563/Modifiers_of_mutation_rate_Evolutionary_optimum_with_complete_selfing","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" 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Bataillon</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Genetical Research, 2000</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Inbreeding depression due to mildly deleterious mutations in finite populations: size does matter","attachmentId":47125734,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/26854472/Inbreeding_depression_due_to_mildly_deleterious_mutations_in_finite_populations_size_does_matter","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/26854472/Inbreeding_depression_due_to_mildly_deleterious_mutations_in_finite_populations_size_does_matter"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="16" data-entity-id="58146940" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/58146940/Rare_sex_or_out_of_reach_equilibrium_The_dynamics_of_F_IS_in_partially_clonal_organisms">Rare sex or out of reach equilibrium? The dynamics of F IS in partially clonal organisms</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="117824816" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JeanPierreMasson">Jean-Pierre Masson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">BMC genetics, 2016</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Rare sex or out of reach equilibrium? 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ds2-5-body-xs">Genetics, 2009</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Fixation Probability of Rare Mutators in Finite Asexual Populations","attachmentId":51950472,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/31625249/The_Fixation_Probability_of_Rare_Mutators_in_Finite_Asexual_Populations","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/31625249/The_Fixation_Probability_of_Rare_Mutators_in_Finite_Asexual_Populations"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" 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