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id="toc-Edit_source_pages_with_caution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Costs_and_benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costs_and_benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Costs and benefits</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Costs_and_benefits-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Costs and benefits subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Costs_and_benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Social</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Comparison</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Double_transclusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Double_transclusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Double transclusion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Double_transclusion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Double transclusion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Double_transclusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geometric_effect_of_multiple_transclusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geometric_effect_of_multiple_transclusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Geometric effect of multiple transclusion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geometric_effect_of_multiple_transclusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-How_substitution_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#How_substitution_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>How substitution works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-How_substitution_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tagging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tagging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tagging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tagging-sublist" 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.mw-parser-output table.ombox img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Essay.svg/30px-Essay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Essay.svg/45px-Essay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Essay.svg/60px-Essay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="35" data-file-height="42"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div style="padding-top: 6px; padding-bottom: 5px;"><b>This is an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Essays" title="Wikipedia:Essays">essay</a>.</b><br/><div style="font-size: 90%;">It contains the advice or opinions of one or more Wikipedia contributors. This page is not an encyclopedia article, nor is it one of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Wikipedia's policies or guidelines</a>, as it has not been <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus#Levels_of_consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">thoroughly vetted by the community</a>. Some essays represent widespread norms; others only represent minority viewpoints.</div></div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1252059228">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:TCB"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:TCB&redirect=no">WP:TCB</a></span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are some concerns that the <a href="/wiki/Help:Template" title="Help:Template">template</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transclusion</a> feature of the <a href="/wiki/MediaWiki" title="MediaWiki">MediaWiki</a> software may not always be used wisely. Transclusion is a simple idea, but all of its consequences may not be immediately apparent to users with a less technical background. Although templates make many tasks easier, there are risks associated with their use—as there are with any tool. Therefore there is a cost that is paid for the benefits of templates. This includes a direct cost in terms of increased machine resources; because of this, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_limits" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Template limits">template limits</a> are imposed by the software. Even within those limits, there are some additional costs. This article is an explanation of these costs and benefits. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"/> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Transclusion_background" data-mw-thread-id="h-Transclusion_background"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Transclusion_background"></span>Transclusion background<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Transclusion_background"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Transclusion_costs_and_benefits&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Transclusion background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To transclude content from a <i>source</i> page (within a single MediaWiki project, such as English Wikipedia) onto a <i>target</i> page, use <code>{{SOURCEPAGE}}</code> in the <i>target</i> page's code. </p><p>Any time the code <code>{{SOURCEPAGE}}</code> is included on a target page, Wikipedia software places the entire content of <code>SOURCEPAGE</code> into that spot on the target page. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Example" data-mw-thread-id="h-Example-Transclusion_background"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Example-Transclusion_background"></span><b>Example</b><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Example-Transclusion_background"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Transclusion/How_Transclusion_Works&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: Example"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Consider an example, complemented by the illustration below, with target pages <b>A</b>, <b>P</b>, and <b>Q</b>, and source page <b>B</b>. </p><p> If source page <b>B</b> is transcluded into <b>A</b>, the content from <b>B</b> (for instance, the word "foo") will appear in place of the <code>{{B}}</code> code in page <b>A</b>. When transcluded, this content is not highlighted or boxed on the target page – it is integrated directly into the page's text (highlighted here only for illustration).</p><div style="margipadding: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Transclusion-multiple-foo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Transclusion-multiple-foo.svg/540px-Transclusion-multiple-foo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="540" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Transclusion-multiple-foo.svg/810px-Transclusion-multiple-foo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Transclusion-multiple-foo.svg/1080px-Transclusion-multiple-foo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="227"/></a></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="How_it_works" data-mw-thread-id="h-How_it_works-Transclusion_background"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-How_it_works-Transclusion_background"></span>How it works<span data-mw-comment-end="h-How_it_works-Transclusion_background"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Transclusion/How_Transclusion_Works&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: How it works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Transclusion creates a 'live' link between a source page and all target pages where its content is transcluded to and used. Editing the source page automatically updates its content on all target pages that include it. </p><p>For example, if you create a source page with details about a Wikimedia event and transclude it onto the talk pages of 50 editors you wish to invite, any updates you make to the source page (such as changing the event location) will immediately reflect on all 50 talk pages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edit_source_pages_with_caution" data-mw-thread-id="h-Edit_source_pages_with_caution-Transclusion_background"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Edit_source_pages_with_caution-Transclusion_background"></span>Edit source pages with caution<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Edit_source_pages_with_caution-Transclusion_background"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Transclusion/How_Transclusion_Works&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Edit source pages with caution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Edits to a source page can impact all target pages using it. If a source page <i>also</i> contains its own transclusions from other source pages, avoid changes that may break these links, as this would affect the source page you are editing and all target pages that transclude it. This is known as 'breakage', and it is best to ensure any updates maintain the integrity of transcluded content across all pages. For example, <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Main Page">Main Page</a> is a large page that transcludes its content from multiple embed source pages such as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Today%27s_featured_list" title="Wikipedia:Today's featured list">Wikipedia:Today's featured list</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Costs_and_benefits" data-mw-thread-id="h-Costs_and_benefits"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Costs_and_benefits"></span>Costs and benefits<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Costs_and_benefits"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Transclusion_costs_and_benefits&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Costs and benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/H:TRANSDRAWBACKS" class="mw-redirect" title="H:TRANSDRAWBACKS">H:TRANSDRAWBACKS</a></div> <p>Transclusion is a tool, and like any tool, provides benefits and incurs costs. The exact values of these costs and benefits vary according to wise or foolish design and use, and is the subject of debate. It is not possible to pretend that anyone can give a perfectly neutral statement of these costs and benefits; both are largely subjective and extremely difficult to measure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social" data-mw-thread-id="h-Social-Costs_and_benefits"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Social-Costs_and_benefits"></span>Social<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Social-Costs_and_benefits"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Transclusion_costs_and_benefits&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Social"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a social cost of transclusion, the total expectation over time of the risk that a transcluded template page may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vandalism" title="Wikipedia:Vandalism">vandalized</a>. If a popular template's content is replaced by gibberish, that same gibberish may momentarily appear on every page in which the template is transcluded—just as would any edit. This also adds to the burden borne by the engine—as does any edit. Most very heavily used templates are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PP" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PP">protected</a> to prevent vandalism usually with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PINKLOCK" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PINKLOCK">this</a>. </p><p>Offsetting this cost is the fact that template vandalism is as easy to revert as to commit. The offending material is removed and the former content restored. There is, again, another imposition on the engine. </p><p>If a great deal of text, appearing on many pages, is kept in a template and transcluded in all of the targets, then there are some savings in storage, but generally there is little, if any, benefit <i>to the machine</i> granted by transclusion. </p><p>Users, however, may find transclusion very useful, and in many ways, some of them quite unexpected. Almost any type of text, markup, HTML or CSS code can be transcluded; if that text or code is used in several places, templates make manual labor much easier. Not only that, but by reducing errors in otherwise repetitive typing, templates help to lower <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikistress" class="extiw" title="m:Wikistress">Wikistress</a> and reduce the amount of janitorial work. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison" data-mw-thread-id="h-Comparison-Costs_and_benefits"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Comparison-Costs_and_benefits"></span>Comparison<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Comparison-Costs_and_benefits"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Transclusion_costs_and_benefits&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Comparison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A basic principle of graphic design—of almost any design—is to standardize presentation. For example, if on several pages it is thought to be desirable to present a certain list of items, then <i>all</i> such lists should look alike. Even if the items vary somewhat from page to page, there is often a clear advantage to making them appear similarly. </p><p>There is no technical reason to do this, as the engine will function just as well if every list is a little bit different from the last. But a standard appearance contributes greatly to a professional impression on human readers. Changes to the mere layout of the lists are easy to implement across all occurrences of the list by simply changing the layout as opposed to changing every list. </p><p>The same Wikipedia logo and other basic site navigation elements, for example, are all transcluded onto every page in order to create a consistent look and feel across millions of pages. Changes to the logo, navigational, or other language elements of the site can be performed from a central location and take effect on every page at the cost of rendering time for every page. However, this social functionality outweighs the resource costs of maintaining the uniform look. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Double_transclusion" data-mw-thread-id="h-Double_transclusion"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Double_transclusion"></span>Double transclusion<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Double_transclusion"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Transclusion_costs_and_benefits&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Double transclusion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-left"><div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TC-dbl.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/TC-dbl.PNG" decoding="async" width="398" height="218" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="218"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TC-dbl-twit.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/TC-dbl-twit.PNG" decoding="async" width="398" height="218" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="218"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div> <p>Since almost <b>any</b> page can be transcluded, why can't we transclude one page in another, and then transclude <b>that</b> page in a third? The answer is, <b>we can.</b> </p><p>Some <b>master templates</b> are <i>designed</i> to be used with other <b>subtemplates</b>. When master template <b>B</b> is transcluded within target page <b>A</b>, the subtemplate <b>C</b> is transcluded, too. </p><p>Since both links are "live", if the subtemplate is edited, the target page is also changed. This <i>could</i> be carried even further; page <b>C</b> could transclude some page <b>D</b>, and the content on page A would be an instance of <b>triple transclusion</b>. When page <b>D</b> is edited, page <b>C</b> changes, so page <b>B</b> changes, so page <b>A</b> changes—right on down the line. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geometric_effect_of_multiple_transclusion" data-mw-thread-id="h-Geometric_effect_of_multiple_transclusion-Double_transclusion"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Geometric_effect_of_multiple_transclusion-Double_transclusion"></span>Geometric effect of multiple transclusion<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Geometric_effect_of_multiple_transclusion-Double_transclusion"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Transclusion_costs_and_benefits&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Geometric effect of multiple transclusion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Costs and benefits of double transclusion increase geometrically (in a loose sense of the term). Say a template <b>X</b> is transcluded on 5 other templates; and say each of those templates is itself transcluded on 5 target pages. The template <b>X</b> is doubly transcluded onto 25 pages. An edit to <b>X</b> appears on a total of 31 pages: <b>X</b>, the 5 templates, and the 25 targets. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TC-dbl-graph.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e4/TC-dbl-graph.PNG/240px-TC-dbl-graph.PNG" decoding="async" width="240" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e4/TC-dbl-graph.PNG/360px-TC-dbl-graph.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e4/TC-dbl-graph.PNG 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="202"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>There is no limit to the number of targets for a given template, nor to levels of transclusion, so it is possible that <b>X</b> be doubly or triply transcluded over hundreds, thousands or even millions of pages. Thus double transclusion is extremely powerful and the technique in itself has become an <i>object of dispute</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="How_substitution_works" data-mw-thread-id="h-How_substitution_works"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-How_substitution_works"></span>How substitution works<span data-mw-comment-end="h-How_substitution_works"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Transclusion_costs_and_benefits&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: How substitution works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1034237262"><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TC-subst.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/TC-subst.PNG" decoding="async" width="398" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="227"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TC-subst-twit.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/TC-subst-twit.PNG" decoding="async" width="398" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="227"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div> <p>MediaWiki provides the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Subst" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Subst"><code>subst:</code></a> command, which simply <b>substitutes</b> one page within another. This is very different from transclusion, although the difference will usually be invisible on the first edit. </p><p>To substitute a page, use this code instead: </p><p><code>{{subst:SOMEPAGE}}</code> </p><p>(The same syntax applies as in the case of transcluded pages.) </p><p>When you preview a page containing a substitution, you will still see the code in the edit box; you can change it if you like. But when you save the target page, the engine substitutes, or replaces, the code with whatever is on the source page. If you edit the target <i>again</i>, then you will see that the substitution code is gone; the content of the source page has replaced it directly. </p><p>The link from the target to the source is not merely broken; it does not exist at all. Now, if the source page changes, the target page <b>will not change</b>. The substituted content is <i>frozen in time</i>, in the form it had at the moment the page was saved. </p><p><b>Substitution and transclusion</b> can be used together, and often this is a <a href="/wiki/Good_Thing" class="mw-disambig" title="Good Thing">good idea</a>. Instead of using double transclusion, you might substitute one page in another, <i>then</i> transclude that page in a target page. Or, you might find that a page transcludes another; you choose to substitute the transcluding page in a target, rather than force a double transclusion. </p><p>On the other hand, double transclusion can be very useful, and may be justified or even demanded in certain contexts. Each case is different, and can only be decided after careful, informed consideration of the technical and social situation. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Tagging" data-mw-thread-id="h-Tagging"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Tagging"></span>Tagging<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Tagging"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Transclusion_costs_and_benefits&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tagging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A very common use of templates is to "tag" a page—to insert on it some snippet of text, often boxed, often seen at the very top or bottom of a page. A tag does not contain content, but metacontent: information about the page itself. An example is <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:FAC" title="Template:FAC">FAC</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>. </p><p>There are hundreds of tags, each with a different function, many transcluded onto hundreds of pages. Thus tags represent a non-negligible fraction of server resources devoted to transclusion (conversely, tags are, by design pretty lightweight - offsetting the number of transclusions). Many tags include category references, which automatically include pages on which they are transcluded within a category. </p><p>Article pages are rarely transcluded, so tagging them presents few problems—the same goes for Talk pages, Wikipedia namespace pages, and indeed most pages. When a page is so tagged, the tag appears only in that one place; if it refers to <b>"this page"</b>, it is clear what is meant. </p><p>However, Template namespace pages are <i>intended</i> to be transcluded and substituted, so tagging them—<i>for any reason</i>—is problematic. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xiong-pfd.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/8b/Xiong-pfd.PNG" decoding="async" width="378" height="108" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="108"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Whatever tag is applied to a template page is applied to every target where the template is used. If the tagged template is substituted, then the transclusion code of the tag will "fall out loose" into the markup of the target page—including any category reference. This results in such inanity as <b>users being nominated for deletion</b>. Note that modern template design has largely obviated this problem.</li> <li>No matter whether the tagged template is transcluded or substituted, it may be visible on the target for all to see. This may be embarrassing, destructive, annoying, or merely appear childish. Depending on the text of the template so tagged, it may be quite impossible to see, when looking at the target, <i>what</i> has been tagged. In general, the casual reader will have no idea what is meant.</li> <li><i>Any</i> text or markup may be transcluded, within very broad bounds; and some templates are highly technical, especially those intended as sub- or master templates, with nested parameter calls, or used to manage other templates. Altering even a single character within such a template may not only cause it to break, but cause a cascade of broken templates and damaged pages. Tagging such a template almost guarantees it will no longer function as intended.</li> <li>Tagging templates is a class of double transclusion, at the least; if either tag or template are already involved in double transclusion, the result—as seen on a target page—may be <i>triple</i> or <i>quadruple</i> transclusion. All the costs of double transclusion apply in these cases, and may be intensified.</li></ul> <p>There are cases in which tagging a template may be less destructive; however, it is very difficult to isolate them—to <i>ensure</i> that a tag will cause no problems. </p><p>Therefore: <b>Most tags should not be placed on most Template namespace page bodies.</b> If a certain tag seems to apply to a template, there are various options: sometimes the tag can be placed on its associated Talk page or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_doc_page_pattern" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Template doc page pattern">/doc page (if any)</a>, or it can be <noinclude>d onto the template. Some tags, such as {{<a href="/wiki/Template:Tfd" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Tfd">tfd</a>}}, are specifically designed to be visibly included on templates in order to draw editorial attention. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Other_kinds_of_inclusion" data-mw-thread-id="h-Other_kinds_of_inclusion"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Other_kinds_of_inclusion"></span>Other kinds of inclusion<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Other_kinds_of_inclusion"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Transclusion_costs_and_benefits&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other kinds of inclusion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other types of markup and engine function also cause content to be included in a rendered page, similar in effect to transclusion or substitution: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/bc/Wiki.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="135" data-file-height="155"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Images are transcluded in rendered pages.</li> <li>Signatures and datestamps (generated with multiple <a href="/wiki/Template:Tilde" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Tilde">tildes</a>) are substituted in pages when saved. <dl><dd>If the signature markup contains a template call, the template call is substituted and the template contents transcluded on each appearance of the sig. If the signature markup contains an image call, the image is transcluded on each appearance. Template calls are currently (2011) prevented from being included in signatures by the software configuration.</dd></dl></li> <li>The main site logo <a href="/wiki/File:Wiki.png" title="File:Wiki.png">Image:Wiki.png</a> is on every page rendered with some skins. All pages transclude some standard links and text.</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Transclusion_costs_and_benefits&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">Help:Transclusion</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:User_transclusion" title="Template:User transclusion">User transclusion</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> and <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:User_copy_and_paste" title="Template:User copy and paste">User copy and 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technical help</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div><b>Get personal technical help at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Teahouse" title="Wikipedia:Teahouse">the Teahouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Help_desk" title="Wikipedia:Help desk">help desk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump_(technical)" title="Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)">village pump (technical)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_talk_pages/1" title="Help:Introduction to talk pages/1">talk pages</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC" title="Wikipedia:IRC">IRC</a>.</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Technical" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Technical">General<br/>technical help</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Browser_notes" title="Wikipedia:Browser notes">Browser notes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bypass_your_cache" title="Wikipedia:Bypass your cache">Bypass cache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Keyboard_shortcuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Keyboard shortcuts">Keyboard shortcuts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:CharInsert" title="Help:CharInsert">CharInsert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_conflict" title="Help:Edit conflict">Edit conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_toolbar" title="Help:Edit toolbar">Edit toolbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Reverting" title="Help:Reverting">Reverting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_create_a_page" title="Wikipedia:How to create a page">How to create a page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC" title="Wikipedia:IRC">IRC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC/Tutorial" title="Wikipedia:IRC/Tutorial">Tutorial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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title="Help:Entering special characters">Entering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_access_levels" title="Wikipedia:User access levels">User access levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VisualEditor" title="Wikipedia:VisualEditor">VisualEditor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:VisualEditor" title="Help:VisualEditor">Help</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="Special:SpecialPages">Special<br/>page</a>-related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Special_page" title="Help:Special page">Special page help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:AllPages" title="Help:AllPages">AllPages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Edit_filter" title="Wikipedia:Edit filter">Edit filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Emailing_users" title="Wikipedia:Emailing users">Emailing users</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Logging_in" title="Help:Logging in">Logging in</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Reset_password" title="Help:Reset password">Reset passwords</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Log" title="Help:Log">Logs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Moving_a_page" title="Wikipedia:Moving a page">Moving a page</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:History_merging" title="Wikipedia:History merging">History merging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:When_to_place_technical_requests_in_%22Administrator_needed%22" title="Help:When to place technical requests in "Administrator needed"">Non-admin and admin-only page moves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Notifications" title="Help:Notifications">Notifications/Echo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Notifications/FAQ" title="Help:Notifications/FAQ">FAQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Page_Curation/Help" title="Wikipedia:Page Curation/Help">Page Curation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Import" title="Help:Import">Page import</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">Pending changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Random" title="Wikipedia:Random">Random pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Recent_changes" title="Help:Recent changes">Recent changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Related_changes" title="Help:Related changes">Related changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Searching" title="Help:Searching">Searching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Linksearch" title="Help:Linksearch">Linksearch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tags" title="Wikipedia:Tags">Tags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:User_contributions" title="Help:User contributions">User contributions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Watchlist" title="Help:Watchlist">Watchlist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:What_links_here" title="Help:What links here">What links here</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Wikitext" title="Help:Wikitext">Wikitext</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Wikitext" title="Help:Wikitext">Wikitext</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet" title="Help:Cheatsheet">Cheatsheet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Columns" title="Help:Columns">Columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Line-break_handling" title="Help:Line-break handling">Line-break handling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:List" title="Help:List">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Magic_words" title="Help:Magic words">Magic words</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Magic_words_for_beginners" title="Help:Magic words for beginners">For beginners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Conditional_expressions" title="Help:Conditional expressions">Conditional 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tables">Conditional tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Sortable_tables" title="Help:Sortable tables">Sortable tables</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Using_colours" title="Help:Using colours">Using colours</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Link" title="Help:Link">Links</a> and <a href="/wiki/Help:Diff" title="Help:Diff">diffs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Link" title="Help:Link">Links</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">Interlanguage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Interwiki_linking" title="Help:Interwiki linking">Interwiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Permanent_link" title="Help:Permanent link">Permanent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Diff" title="Help:Diff">Diffs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simplest_diff_guide" title="Wikipedia:Simplest diff guide">Simplest diff guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_diff_and_link_guide" title="Wikipedia:Simple diff and link guide">Simple diff and link guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Complete_diff_and_link_guide" title="Wikipedia:Complete diff and link guide">Complete diff and link guide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Colon_trick" title="Help:Colon trick">Colon trick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Link_color" title="Help:Link color">Link color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Pipe_trick" title="Help:Pipe trick">Pipe trick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:URL" title="Help:URL">URLs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media" class="mw-disambig" title="Wikipedia:Media">Media</a> files: images,<br/>videos and sounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">Media help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Files" title="Help:Files">Files</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Creation_and_usage_of_media_files" title="Help:Creation and usage of media files">Creation and usage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Moving_files_to_Commons" title="Wikipedia:Moving files to Commons">Moving files to Commons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Images" title="Wikipedia:Images">Images</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_images_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to images with Wiki Markup/1">Introduction to images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Pictures" title="Help:Pictures">Picture tutorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Preparing_images_for_upload" title="Wikipedia:Preparing images for upload">Preparing images for upload</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Uploading_images" title="Wikipedia:Uploading images">Uploading images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Options_to_hide_an_image" title="Help:Options to hide an image">Options to hide an image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_image_syntax" title="Wikipedia:Extended image syntax">Extended image syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SVG_help" title="Wikipedia:SVG help">SVG help</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Gallery_tag" title="Help:Gallery tag">Gallery tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Graphics_tutorials" title="Wikipedia:Graphics tutorials">Graphics tutorials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Basic_bitmap_image_editing" title="Wikipedia:Basic bitmap image editing">Basic bitmap image editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_improve_image_quality" title="Wikipedia:How to improve image quality">How to improve image quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Graphics_Lab/Resources" title="Wikipedia:Graphics Lab/Resources">Graphics Lab resources</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Sound_file_markup" title="Help:Sound file markup">Sound file markup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Visual_file_markup" title="Help:Visual file markup">Visual file markup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Other graphics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Family_trees" title="Help:Family trees">Family trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Graphs_and_charts" title="Wikipedia:Graphs and charts">Graphs and charts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_create_charts_for_Wikipedia_articles" title="Wikipedia:How to create charts for Wikipedia articles">How to create</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Barchart" title="Help:Barchart">Barcharts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:To_scale_charts" title="Wikipedia:To scale charts">To scale charts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula" title="Help:Displaying a formula">Math formulas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula#Use_of_HTML_templates" title="Help:Displaying a formula">Math symbols</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Score" title="Help:Score">Musical scores</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Musical_symbols" title="Help:Musical symbols">Musical symbols</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Timeline" title="Wikipedia:Timeline">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:EasyTimeline_syntax" title="Help:EasyTimeline syntax">EasyTimeline syntax</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:WikiHiero_syntax" title="Help:WikiHiero syntax">WikiHiero syntax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:A_quick_guide_to_templates" title="Help:A quick guide to templates">Templates</a> and<br/><a href="/wiki/Lua_(programming_language)" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a> modules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Template" title="Help:Template">Templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Advanced_template_coding" title="Wikipedia:Advanced template coding">Advanced template coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_documentation" title="Wikipedia:Template documentation">Template documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_index" title="Wikipedia:Template index">Template index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Template_limits" title="Help:Template limits">Template limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_sandbox_and_test_cases" title="Wikipedia:Template sandbox and test cases">Template sandbox and test cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Citation templates">Citation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Lua" title="Help:Lua">Lua help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Lua" title="Wikipedia:Lua">Lua project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Lua/Resources" title="Wikipedia:Lua/Resources">Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Lua/To_do" title="Wikipedia:Lua/To do">To do</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Substitution" title="Help:Substitution">Substitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Purge" title="Help:Purge">Purge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Job_queue" title="Help:Job queue">Job queue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">Transclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Labeled_section_transclusion" title="Help:Labeled section transclusion">Labeled section</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Costs and benefits</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_Scribbling" title="Wikipedia:Guide to Scribbling">Guide to Scribbling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Administration#Data_structure_and_development" title="Wikipedia:Administration">Data structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Namespace" title="Wikipedia:Namespace">Namespaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_is_an_article%3F" title="Wikipedia:What is an article?">Main/Article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Drafts" title="Wikipedia:Drafts">Draft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Files" title="Help:Files">File</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:File_description_page" title="Help:File description page">File description page</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Help_namespace" title="Wikipedia:Help namespace">Help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Portal" title="Wikipedia:Portal">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Project_namespace" title="Wikipedia:Project namespace">Project/Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Talk_pages" title="Help:Talk pages">Talk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Archiving_a_talk_page" title="Help:Archiving a talk page">Archiving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Archiving_(plain_and_simple)" title="Help:Archiving (plain and simple)">Simple</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_namespace" title="Wikipedia:Template namespace">Template</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_pages" title="Wikipedia:User pages">User</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_page_design_guide" title="Wikipedia:User page design guide">User page design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:MediaWiki_namespace" title="Help:MediaWiki namespace">MediaWiki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bug_reports_and_feature_requests" title="Wikipedia:Bug reports and feature requests">Bug reports and feature requests</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:TimedMediaHandler" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:TimedMediaHandler">TimedMediaHandler extension</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Lua" title="Wikipedia:Lua">Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Special_page" title="Help:Special page">Special</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> and <a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS">CSS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cascading_Style_Sheets" title="Help:Cascading Style Sheets">Cascading Style Sheets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:HTML_in_wikitext" title="Help:HTML in wikitext">HTML in wikitext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Catalogue_of_CSS_classes" title="Wikipedia:Catalogue of CSS classes">Catalogue of CSS classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Common.js_and_common.css" title="Wikipedia:Common.js and common.css">Common.js and common.css</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Mxt/User_CSS_for_a_monospaced_coding_font" title="Template:Mxt/User CSS for a monospaced coding font">User CSS for monospaced coding font</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Microformats/classes" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Microformats/classes">Classes in microformats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Markup_validation" title="Help:Markup validation">Markup validation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Span_tags" title="Wikipedia:Span tags">Span tags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Useful_styles" title="Help:Useful styles">Useful styles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Customisation" title="Wikipedia:Customisation">Customisation</a><br/>and tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Preferences" title="Help:Preferences">Preferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gadget" title="Wikipedia:Gadget">Gadgets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Skin" title="Wikipedia:Skin">Skins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_tools" title="Help:Citation tools">Citation tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleaning_up_vandalism/Tools" title="Wikipedia:Cleaning up vandalism/Tools">Cleaning up vandalism tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Customizing_watchlists" title="Wikipedia:Customizing watchlists">Customizing watchlists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Hide_Pages_in_Watchlist" title="Help:Hide Pages in Watchlist">Hide pages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Scripts" title="Wikipedia:Scripts">IRC Scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_scripts" title="Wikipedia:User scripts">User scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_scripts/Guide" title="Wikipedia:User scripts/Guide">Guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_scripts/List" title="Wikipedia:User scripts/List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_scripts/Techniques" title="Wikipedia:User scripts/Techniques">Techniques</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:User_style" title="Help:User style">User style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tools" title="Wikipedia:Tools">Tools</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tools/Alternative_browsing" title="Wikipedia:Tools/Alternative browsing">Alternative browsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tools/Browser_tools" title="Wikipedia:Tools/Browser tools">Browser tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tools/Editing_tools" title="Wikipedia:Tools/Editing tools">Editing tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tools/Navigation_shortcuts" title="Wikipedia:Tools/Navigation shortcuts">Navigation shortcuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tools/Optimum_tool_set" title="Wikipedia:Tools/Optimum tool set">Optimum tool set</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_Cloud_Services" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia Cloud Services">Wikimedia Cloud Services</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Beta_Features" class="extiw" title="mw:Beta Features">Beta Features at MediaWiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Automated editing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Articles_for_creation/Helper_script" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Articles for creation/Helper script">AfC helper script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AntiVandal" title="Wikipedia:AntiVandal">AntiVandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser" title="Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser">AutoWikiBrowser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bots" title="Wikipedia:Bots">Bots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Creating_a_bot" title="Help:Creating a bot">Creating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:History_of_Wikipedia_bots" title="Wikipedia:History of Wikipedia bots">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:HotCat" title="Wikipedia:HotCat">HotCat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Huggle" title="Wikipedia:Huggle">Huggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tools/Navigation_popups" title="Wikipedia:Tools/Navigation popups">Navigation popups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RedWarn" title="Wikipedia:RedWarn">RedWarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Twinkle" title="Wikipedia:Twinkle">Twinkle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ultraviolet" title="Wikipedia:Ultraviolet">Ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WPCleaner" title="Wikipedia:WPCleaner">WPCleaner</a></li> <li>Inactive <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Igloo" title="Wikipedia:Igloo">igloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:STiki" title="Wikipedia:STiki">STiki</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li>See also: <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_how-to" title="Category:Wikipedia how-to">Category:Wikipedia how-to</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_information_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia information pages">Category:Wikipedia information pages</a></b><br/>Further navigation at: <a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_help_pages" title="Template:Wikipedia help pages">Help pages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Administrators%27_guide" title="Template:Administrators' guide">Administrators</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Accessibility/Navigation_menu" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Accessibility/Navigation menu">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_accounts" title="Template:Wikipedia accounts">Accounts</a></li> <li><a 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