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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Call to arms in the Kingdom of Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Call_to_arms_in_the_Kingdom_of_Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uprising_spreads_to_Lithuania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uprising_spreads_to_Lithuania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Uprising spreads to Lithuania</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uprising_spreads_to_Lithuania-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uprising spreads to Lithuania subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uprising_spreads_to_Lithuania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Secret_State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secret_State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Secret State</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secret_State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_repercussions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_repercussions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>International repercussions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_repercussions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outcome_on_the_ground" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outcome_on_the_ground"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Outcome on the ground</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Outcome_on_the_ground-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Outcome on the ground subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Outcome_on_the_ground-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_and_ethnic_divisions_laid_bare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_ethnic_divisions_laid_bare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Social and ethnic divisions laid bare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_and_ethnic_divisions_laid_bare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution_of_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution_of_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Evolution of events</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolution_of_events-sublist" class="cdx-button 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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_insurgents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_insurgents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notable insurgents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_insurgents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_art_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_art_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Influence on art and literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_art_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> 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<div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">January Uprising</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A9_%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="انتفاضة يناير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انتفاضة يناير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C5%9Fa_%C3%BCsyan%C4%B1_(1863)" title="Polşa üsyanı (1863) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Polşa üsyanı (1863)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_1863%E2%80%941864_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%9E" title="Паўстанне 1863—1864 гадоў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паўстанне 1863—1864 гадоў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5_1863%E2%80%941864_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%9E" title="Паўстаньне 1863—1864 гадоў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Паўстаньне 1863—1864 гадоў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_(1863_%E2%80%93_1864)" title="Полско въстание (1863 – 1864) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Полско въстание (1863 – 1864)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aixecament_de_gener" title="Aixecament de gener – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aixecament de gener" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lednov%C3%A9_povst%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Lednové povstání – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lednové povstání" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Januaropstanden_(1863)" title="Januaropstanden (1863) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Januaropstanden (1863)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Januaraufstand" title="Januaraufstand – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Januaraufstand" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaanuari%C3%BClest%C3%B5us_(1863)" title="Jaanuariülestõus (1863) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jaanuariülestõus (1863)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE_%CE%95%CE%BE%CE%AD%CE%B3%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Ιανουαριανή Εξέγερση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιανουαριανή Εξέγερση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levantamiento_de_Enero" title="Levantamiento de Enero – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Levantamiento de Enero" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Januara_Ribelo" title="Januara Ribelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Januara Ribelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urtarrileko_Altxamendua" title="Urtarrileko Altxamendua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Urtarrileko Altxamendua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%87" title="قیام ژانویه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قیام ژانویه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurrection_de_Janvier" title="Insurrection de Janvier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Insurrection de Janvier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%EC%9B%94_%EB%B4%89%EA%B8%B0" title="1월 봉기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1월 봉기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_(%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6)" title="Հունվարյան ապստամբություն (Լեհաստան) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հունվարյան ապստամբություն (Լեհաստան)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Januara_revolto" title="Januara revolto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Januara revolto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemberontakan_Januari" title="Pemberontakan Januari – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemberontakan Januari" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurrezione_di_gennaio" title="Insurrezione di gennaio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Insurrezione di gennaio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8" title="מרד ינואר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרד ינואר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A7%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="იანვრის აჯანყება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იანვრის აჯანყება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96_(1863)" title="Поляк көтерілісі (1863) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Поляк көтерілісі (1863)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janv%C4%81ra_sacel%C5%A1an%C4%81s" title="Janvāra sacelšanās – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Janvāra sacelšanās" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1863%E2%80%931864_m._sukilimas" title="1863–1864 m. sukilimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="1863–1864 m. sukilimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janu%C3%A1ri_felkel%C3%A9s" title="Januári felkelés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Januári felkelés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Januariopstand_(Rusland)" title="Januariopstand (Rusland) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Januariopstand (Rusland)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%E6%9C%88%E8%9C%82%E8%B5%B7" title="1月蜂起 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1月蜂起" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Januaroppstanden" title="Januaroppstanden – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Januaroppstanden" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Januaroppreisten" title="Januaroppreisten – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Januaroppreisten" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koschnerre-Tidd" title="Koschnerre-Tidd – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Koschnerre-Tidd" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powstanie_styczniowe" title="Powstanie styczniowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Powstanie styczniowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolta_de_Janeiro" title="Revolta de Janeiro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Revolta de Janeiro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurec%C8%9Bia_polonez%C4%83_din_Ianuarie" title="Insurecția poloneză din Ianuarie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Insurecția poloneză din Ianuarie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_(1863%E2%80%941864)" title="Польское восстание (1863—1864) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Польское восстание (1863—1864)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Јануарски устанак – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јануарски устанак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammikuun_kansannousu" title="Tammikuun kansannousu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tammikuun kansannousu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Januariupproret" title="Januariupproret – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Januariupproret" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocak_Ayaklanmas%C4%B1" title="Ocak Ayaklanması – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ocak Ayaklanması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the similarly named event, see <a href="/wiki/Kiev_Arsenal_January_Uprising" title="Kiev Arsenal January Uprising">Kiev Arsenal January Uprising</a>. For the United States insurrection, see <a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 United States Capitol attack</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/January_Uprising" title="Special:EditPage/January Uprising">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22January+Uprising%22">"January Uprising"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22January+Uprising%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22January+Uprising%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22January+Uprising%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22January+Uprising%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22January+Uprising%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">January Uprising</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Polish-Russian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Russian wars">Polish-Russian wars</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_Matejko_-_Polonia_1863_(Poland_Enchained)_-_MNK_XII-453_-_National_Museum_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Jan_Matejko_-_Polonia_1863_%28Poland_Enchained%29_-_MNK_XII-453_-_National_Museum_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg/260px-Jan_Matejko_-_Polonia_1863_%28Poland_Enchained%29_-_MNK_XII-453_-_National_Museum_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Jan_Matejko_-_Polonia_1863_%28Poland_Enchained%29_-_MNK_XII-453_-_National_Museum_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg/390px-Jan_Matejko_-_Polonia_1863_%28Poland_Enchained%29_-_MNK_XII-453_-_National_Museum_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Jan_Matejko_-_Polonia_1863_%28Poland_Enchained%29_-_MNK_XII-453_-_National_Museum_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg/520px-Jan_Matejko_-_Polonia_1863_%28Poland_Enchained%29_-_MNK_XII-453_-_National_Museum_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2705" /></a></span><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Poland_-_The_Year_1863" title="Poland - The Year 1863">Poland - The Year 1863</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Matejko" title="Jan Matejko">Jan Matejko</a>, 1864, oil on canvas, 156 × 232 cm, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_(Krak%C3%B3w)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum (Kraków)">National Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>. Pictured is the aftermath of the failed January 1863 Uprising. Captives await transportation to <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>. Russian officers and soldiers supervise a blacksmith placing <a href="/wiki/Shackle" title="Shackle">shackles</a> on a woman (<a href="/wiki/Polonia_(personification)" title="Polonia (personification)">Polonia</a>). The blonde girl next to her represents <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>22 January 1863 – 18 June 1864<br />(1 year, 148 days) (last insurgent <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Brz%C3%B3ska" title="Stanisław Brzóska">Stanisław Brzóska</a> was he fought until the year 1865)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Russian_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Poland">part</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Russian victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> </p> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg/15px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg/23px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg/30px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="568" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Military_District_(Russian_Empire)" title="Warsaw Military District (Russian Empire)">Warsaw</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg/15px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg/23px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg/30px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="568" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Vilna_Military_District_(Russian_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilna Military District (Russian Empire)">Vilna</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg/15px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg/23px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg/30px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="568" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kiev_Military_District" title="Kiev Military District">Kiev</a></li></ul> <b>Supported by:</b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_the_Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian_Commonwealth_%28January_Uprising%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian_Commonwealth_%28January_Uprising%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_the_Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian_Commonwealth_%28January_Uprising%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian_Commonwealth_%28January_Uprising%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_the_Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian_Commonwealth_%28January_Uprising%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian_Commonwealth_%28January_Uprising%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1499" data-file-height="795" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Polish_National_Government_(January_Uprising)" title="Polish National Government (January Uprising)">Polish National Government</a><br /> </p> <ul><li>Rebels from the pre-partition lands of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth</li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Garibaldi_Legion_(Poland)" title="Garibaldi Legion (Poland)">Garibaldi Legion</a><br />Foreign volunteers:<br /> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> volunteers</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Britons" class="mw-redirect" title="Britons">British</a> volunteers</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%3B_angels%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%3B_angels%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%3B_angels%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%3B_angels%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%3B_angels%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%3B_angels%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarian</a> volunteers</li></ul> <b>Supported by:</b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Zemlya_i_volya.svg/19px-Zemlya_i_volya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Zemlya_i_volya.svg/28px-Zemlya_i_volya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Zemlya_i_volya.svg/37px-Zemlya_i_volya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="104" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Land_and_Liberty_(Russia)" title="Land and Liberty (Russia)">Land and Liberty</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Posen_%281815%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Posen_%281815%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Posen_%281815%29.svg/35px-Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Posen_%281815%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Posen_%281815%29.svg/45px-Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Posen_%281815%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Polish_nationalism" title="Polish nationalism">Dzyalynsky Committee</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Imperial_Standard_of_the_Emperor_of_Russia_%281858%E2%80%931917%29.svg/23px-Imperial_Standard_of_the_Emperor_of_Russia_%281858%E2%80%931917%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Imperial_Standard_of_the_Emperor_of_Russia_%281858%E2%80%931917%29.svg/35px-Imperial_Standard_of_the_Emperor_of_Russia_%281858%E2%80%931917%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Imperial_Standard_of_the_Emperor_of_Russia_%281858%E2%80%931917%29.svg/45px-Imperial_Standard_of_the_Emperor_of_Russia_%281858%E2%80%931917%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Rembert_von_Berg" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Rembert von Berg">Friedrich von Berg</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Muravyov-Vilensky" title="Mikhail Muravyov-Vilensky">Mikhail Muravyov</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_the_Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian_Commonwealth_%28January_Uprising%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian_Commonwealth_%28January_Uprising%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_the_Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian_Commonwealth_%28January_Uprising%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian_Commonwealth_%28January_Uprising%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_the_Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian_Commonwealth_%28January_Uprising%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian_Commonwealth_%28January_Uprising%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1499" data-file-height="795" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Bobrowski" title="Stefan Bobrowski">Stefan Bobrowski</a>  <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_the_Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian_Commonwealth_%28January_Uprising%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian_Commonwealth_%28January_Uprising%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_the_Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian_Commonwealth_%28January_Uprising%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian_Commonwealth_%28January_Uprising%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_the_Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian_Commonwealth_%28January_Uprising%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian_Commonwealth_%28January_Uprising%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1499" data-file-height="795" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Romuald_Traugutt" title="Romuald Traugutt">Romuald Traugutt</a>  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_the_Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian_Commonwealth_%28January_Uprising%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian_Commonwealth_%28January_Uprising%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_the_Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian_Commonwealth_%28January_Uprising%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian_Commonwealth_%28January_Uprising%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_the_Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian_Commonwealth_%28January_Uprising%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian_Commonwealth_%28January_Uprising%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1499" data-file-height="795" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Konstanty_Kalinowski" title="Konstanty Kalinowski">Konstanty Kalinowski</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_the_Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian_Commonwealth_%28January_Uprising%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian_Commonwealth_%28January_Uprising%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_the_Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian_Commonwealth_%28January_Uprising%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian_Commonwealth_%28January_Uprising%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_the_Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian_Commonwealth_%28January_Uprising%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian_Commonwealth_%28January_Uprising%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1499" data-file-height="795" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ludwik_Mieros%C5%82awski" title="Ludwik Mierosławski">Ludwik Mierosławski</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_the_Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian_Commonwealth_%28January_Uprising%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian_Commonwealth_%28January_Uprising%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_the_Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian_Commonwealth_%28January_Uprising%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian_Commonwealth_%28January_Uprising%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_the_Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian_Commonwealth_%28January_Uprising%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian_Commonwealth_%28January_Uprising%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1499" data-file-height="795" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Marian_Langiewicz" title="Marian Langiewicz">Marian Langiewicz</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> At least 220,000 by June 1864.</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Around 200,000 over the course of the uprising. Around 20 men of the Garibaldi Legion.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b>Russian estimates</b>: 4,500 killed, wounded and missing<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b>Polish estimates</b>: 10,000 killed, wounded and missing</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b>Polish estimates</b>: 10,000 to 20,000<br /><b>Russian estimates</b>: 30,000<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (22,000 killed and wounded, 7,000 captured<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span 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<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sosnowiec" title="Battle of Sosnowiec">Sosnowiec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Siemiatycze" title="Battle of Siemiatycze">Siemiatycze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_S%C5%82upcza" title="Battle of Słupcza">Słupcza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Miech%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Miechów">Miechów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stasz%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Staszów">Staszów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krzywos%C4%85dz" title="Battle of Krzywosądz">Krzywosądz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Nowa_Wie%C5%9B_(1863)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Nowa Wieś (1863)">1st Nowa Wieś</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dobra_(1863)" title="Battle of Dobra (1863)">Dobra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ma%C5%82ogoszcz" title="Battle of Małogoszcz">1st Małogoszcz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mrzyg%C5%82%C3%B3d" title="Battle of Mrzygłód">Mrzygłód</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pieskowa_Ska%C5%82a" title="Battle of Pieskowa Skała">Pieskowa Skała</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ska%C5%82a" title="Battle of Skała">Skała</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chroberz" title="Battle of Chroberz">Chroberz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grochowiska" title="Battle of Grochowiska">Grochowiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Igo%C5%82omia" title="Battle of Igołomia">Igołomia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krasnobr%C3%B3d_(1863)" title="Battle of Krasnobród (1863)">Krasnobród</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Praszka" title="Battle of Praszka">Praszka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buda_Zaborowska" title="Battle of Buda Zaborowska">Buda Zaborowska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borowe_M%C5%82yny" title="Battle of Borowe Młyny">Borowe Młyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gen%C4%97tiniai" title="Battle of Genėtiniai">Genėtiniai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Nowa_Wie%C5%9B_(1863)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Nowa Wieś (1863)">2nd Nowa Wieś</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pyzdry_(1863)" title="Battle of Pyzdry (1863)">Pyzdry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pobiednik_Ma%C5%82y&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Pobiednik Mały (page does not exist)">Pobiednik Mały</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stok" title="Battle of Stok">Stok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kobylanka" title="Battle of Kobylanka">Kobylanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krzykawka" title="Battle of Krzykawka">Krzykawka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bir%C5%BEai" title="Battle of Biržai">Biržai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ignacewo" title="First Battle of Ignacewo">1st Ignacewo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Huta_Krzeszowska" title="Battle of Huta Krzeszowska">Huta Krzeszowska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Miropol" title="Battle of Miropol">Miropol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Horki" title="Battle of Horki">Horki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salicha" title="Battle of Salicha">Salicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Chru%C5%9Blina" title="First Battle of Chruślina">1st Chruślina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nagoszewo" title="Battle of Nagoszewo">Nagoszewo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Ignacewo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Battle of Ignacewo (page does not exist)">2nd Ignacewo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lutut%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Lututów">Lututów</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_G%C3%B3ry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Góry (page does not exist)">Góry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Komor%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Komorów">Komorów</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_%C5%9Awier%C5%BCe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Świerże (page does not exist)">Świerże</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ossa" title="Battle of Ossa">Ossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Co%C8%99tangalia" title="Battle of Coștangalia">Coștangalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Chru%C5%9Blina" title="Second Battle of Chruślina">2nd Chruślina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Depu%C5%82tycze" title="Battle of Depułtycze">Depułtycze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%BByrzyn" title="Battle of Żyrzyn">Żyrzyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Z%C5%82oczew" title="Battle of Złoczew">Złoczew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fajs%C5%82awice" title="Battle of Fajsławice">Fajsławice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_S%C4%99dziejowice" title="Battle of Sędziejowice">Sędziejowice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Panas%C3%B3wka" title="Battle of Panasówka">Panasówka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sowia_G%C3%B3ra" title="Battle of Sowia Góra">Batorz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Ma%C5%82ogoszcz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Battle of Małogoszcz (page does not exist)">2nd Małogoszcz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Me%C5%82ch%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Mełchów">Mełchów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rybnica" title="Battle of Rybnica">Rybnica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_%C5%81%C4%85%C5%BCek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Łążek (page does not exist)">Łążek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Opat%C3%B3w_(1863)" title="Battle of Opatów (1863)">1st Opatów</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Brody_(1863)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Brody (1863) (page does not exist)">Brody</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Sprowa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Sprowa (page does not exist)">Sprowa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Mierzwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Mierzwin (page does not exist)">Mierzwin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Huta_Szczece%C5%84ska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Huta Szczeceńska (page does not exist)">Huta Szczeceńska</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Janik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Janik (page does not exist)">Janik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_I%C5%82%C5%BCa_(1864)" title="Battle of Iłża (1864)">Iłża</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Opat%C3%B3w_(1864)" title="Battle of Opatów (1864)">2nd Opatów</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_%C5%BBele%C5%BAnica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Żeleźnica (page does not exist)">Żeleźnica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Polish–Russian_Wars2337" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Polish%E2%80%93Russian_Wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Polish–Russian Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Polish%E2%80%93Russian_Wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox 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href="/wiki/Lithuanian%E2%80%93Muscovite_War_(1487%E2%80%931494)" title="Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1487–1494)">1487–1494</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glinski_rebellion" title="Glinski rebellion">1508</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian%E2%80%93Muscovite_War_(1512-1522)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1512-1522)">1512–1522</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">1558–1583</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Muscovite_War_(1605%E2%80%931618)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)">1605–1618</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_War" title="Smolensk War">1632–1634</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Polish_War_(1654%E2%80%931667)" title="Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)">1654–1667</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Russian Empire</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">1733–1735</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Bar_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Bar Confederation">1768–1772</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Russian_War_of_1792" title="Polish–Russian War of 1792">1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising" title="Kościuszko Uprising">1794</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">1806–1807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">1830–1831</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1863–1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">1914–1918</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Soviet Union</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_westward_offensive_of_1918%E2%80%931919" title="Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919">1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish-Soviet_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Soviet War">1919–1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">1939</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Podzia%C5%82_terytorialny_Rzeczypospolitej_1863.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Podzia%C5%82_terytorialny_Rzeczypospolitej_1863.png/266px-Podzia%C5%82_terytorialny_Rzeczypospolitej_1863.png" decoding="async" width="266" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Podzia%C5%82_terytorialny_Rzeczypospolitej_1863.png/399px-Podzia%C5%82_terytorialny_Rzeczypospolitej_1863.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Podzia%C5%82_terytorialny_Rzeczypospolitej_1863.png/532px-Podzia%C5%82_terytorialny_Rzeczypospolitej_1863.png 2x" data-file-width="2347" data-file-height="2104" /></a><figcaption>Administrative divisions of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> within the partition borders of 1772 that were introduced by the National Government during the January Uprising in 1863</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Cockade_of_Poland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/National_Cockade_of_Poland.svg/159px-National_Cockade_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="159" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/National_Cockade_of_Poland.svg/239px-National_Cockade_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/National_Cockade_of_Poland.svg/318px-National_Cockade_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>On 7 February 1831 it adopted white and red, the <a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)" title="Tincture (heraldry)">tinctures</a> (colours) of the Polish and Lithuanian coats of arms, as the national cockade of Poland. The white-and-red cockade was henceforth worn by Polish soldiers in the November Uprising... and Polish insurgents during the January Uprising of 1863–1864.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>January Uprising</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an insurrection principally in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a> that was aimed at putting an end to Russian occupation of part of Poland and regaining independence. It began on 22 January 1863 and continued until the last <a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">insurgents</a> were captured by the Russian forces in 1864. </p><p>It was the longest-lasting insurgency in partitioned Poland. The conflict engaged all levels of society and arguably had profound repercussions on contemporary international relations and ultimately transformed Polish society.<sup id="cite_ref-Zdrada_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zdrada-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A confluence of factors rendered the uprising inevitable in early 1863. The Polish nobility and urban bourgeois circles longed for the semi-autonomous status they had enjoyed in <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a> before the previous <a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">insurgency</a>, a generation earlier in 1830, and youth encouraged by the success of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Italian independence movement</a> urgently desired the same outcome. Russia had been weakened by its <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean adventure</a> and had introduced a more liberal attitude in its internal politics which encouraged Poland's underground National Government to plan an organised strike against their Russian occupiers no earlier than the spring of 1863.<sup id="cite_ref-Zdrada_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zdrada-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had not reckoned with <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Wielopolski" title="Aleksander Wielopolski">Aleksander Wielopolski</a>, the pro-Russian archconservative head of the civil administration in the Russian partition. In an attempt to derail the Polish national movement, he brought forward to January the <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> of young Polish activists into the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a> for 20-year service. That decision is what triggered the January Uprising of 1863, the very outcome that Wielopolski had wanted to avoid.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rebellion by young Polish conscripts was soon joined by high-ranking Polish-Lithuanian officers and members of the political class. The insurrectionists, as yet ill-organised, were severely outnumbered and lacking sufficient foreign support and forced into hazardous <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla tactics</a>. Reprisals were swift and ruthless. Public executions and <a href="/wiki/Deportations" class="mw-redirect" title="Deportations">deportations</a> to <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> eventually persuaded many Poles to abandon armed struggle. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Tsar_Alexander_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsar Alexander II">Tsar Alexander II</a> hit the landed gentry hard and, as a result, the whole economy, with a sudden decision in 1864 for finally abolishing <a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Poland" title="Serfdom in Poland">serfdom in Poland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ensuing breakup of estates and destitution of many peasants convinced educated Poles to turn instead to the idea of "<a href="/wiki/Organic_work" title="Organic work">organic work</a>", economic and cultural self-improvement.<sup id="cite_ref-Janowski_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janowski-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=January_Uprising&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K_Beyer_-_Plac_Zamkowy_z_namiotami_wojska_rosyjskiego_(1861).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/K_Beyer_-_Plac_Zamkowy_z_namiotami_wojska_rosyjskiego_%281861%29.jpg/200px-K_Beyer_-_Plac_Zamkowy_z_namiotami_wojska_rosyjskiego_%281861%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/K_Beyer_-_Plac_Zamkowy_z_namiotami_wojska_rosyjskiego_%281861%29.jpg/300px-K_Beyer_-_Plac_Zamkowy_z_namiotami_wojska_rosyjskiego_%281861%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/K_Beyer_-_Plac_Zamkowy_z_namiotami_wojska_rosyjskiego_%281861%29.jpg/400px-K_Beyer_-_Plac_Zamkowy_z_namiotami_wojska_rosyjskiego_%281861%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1004" data-file-height="855" /></a><figcaption>Russian army in Warsaw during martial law 1861</figcaption></figure><p> Despite the Russian Empire's loss of the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> and weakened economic and political state, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a> warned in 1856 against further concessions with the words "forget any dreams". There were two prevailing streams of thought among the population of the Kingdom of Poland. One had patriotic stirrings within liberal-conservative usually landed and intellectual circles, centered around <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Artur_Zamoyski" title="Andrzej Artur Zamoyski">Andrzej Zamoyski</a> and hoped for an orderly return to the constitutional status before 1830; they became characterized as the <i><a href="/wiki/Whites_(January_Uprising)" title="Whites (January Uprising)">Whites</a></i>. The alternative tendency, characterized as the <i><a href="/wiki/Reds_(January_Uprising)" title="Reds (January Uprising)">Reds</a></i>, represented a democratic movement uniting peasants, workers and some clergy. For both streams central to their dilemma was the <i>peasant question</i>. However, estate owners tended to favour the abolition of serfdom in exchange for compensation, but the democratic movement saw the overthrow of the Russian yoke as entirely dependent on an unconditional liberation of the peasantry.<sup id="cite_ref-Zdrada_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zdrada-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polonia_Bitwa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Polonia_Bitwa.jpg/330px-Polonia_Bitwa.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Polonia_Bitwa.jpg/495px-Polonia_Bitwa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Polonia_Bitwa.jpg/660px-Polonia_Bitwa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="617" /></a><figcaption>"The Battle" from the cycle of paintings "Polonia" dedicated to January Uprising of 1863 – <a href="/wiki/Artur_Grottger" title="Artur Grottger">Artur Grottger</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Just as the democrats organized the first religious and patriotic demonstrations in 1860, covert resistance groups began to form among educated youth. Blood was first to shed in Warsaw in February 1861, when the Russian Army attacked a demonstration in <a href="/wiki/Castle_Square,_Warsaw" title="Castle Square, Warsaw">Castle Square</a> on the anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Groch%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Grochów">Battle of Grochów</a>. There were five fatalities. Fearing the spread of spontaneous unrest, Alexander II reluctantly agreed to accept a petition for a change in the system of governance. Ultimately, he agreed to the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Wielopolski" title="Aleksander Wielopolski">Aleksander Wielopolski</a> to head a commission to look into Religious Observance and Public Education and announced the formation of a State Council and <a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">self-governance</a> for towns and <a href="/wiki/Powiats" class="mw-redirect" title="Powiats">powiats</a>. The concessions did not prevent further demonstrations. On 8 April, there were 200 killed and 500 wounded by Russian fire. <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">Martial law</a> was imposed in Warsaw, and brutally-repressive measures were taken against the organisers in Warsaw and <a href="/wiki/Vilna" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilna">Vilna</a> by deporting them deep into Russia. </p><p>In Vilna alone, 116 demonstrations were held in 1861. That autumn, Russians had introduced a state of emergency in <a href="/wiki/Vilna_Governorate" title="Vilna Governorate">Vilna Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kovno_Governorate" title="Kovno Governorate">Kovno Governorate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grodno_Governorate" title="Grodno Governorate">Grodno Governorate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The events led to a speedier consolidation of the resistance. Future leaders of the uprising gathered secretly in <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, Vilna, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. Two bodies emerged from those consultations. By October 1861, the urban "Movement Committee" (Komitet Ruchu Miejski) had been formed, followed in June 1862, by the <a href="/wiki/Central_National_Committee" title="Central National Committee">Central National Committee</a> (<i>CNC</i>). Its leadership included <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Bobrowski" title="Stefan Bobrowski">Stefan Bobrowski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_D%C4%85browski" title="Jarosław Dąbrowski">Jarosław Dąbrowski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Padlewski" title="Zygmunt Padlewski">Zygmunt Padlewski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agaton_Giller" title="Agaton Giller">Agaton Giller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Szwarce" title="Bronisław Szwarce">Bronisław Szwarce</a>. The body directed the creation of national structures that were intended to become a new secret Polish state. The CNC had not planned an uprising before the spring of 1863 at the earliest. However, Wielopolski's move to start conscription to the Russian Army in mid-January forced its hand to call the uprising prematurely on the night of 22–23 January 1863. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Call_to_arms_in_the_Kingdom_of_Poland">Call to arms in the Kingdom of Poland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=January_Uprising&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Call to arms in the Kingdom of Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marian_Langiewicz_1863_(338183)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Marian_Langiewicz_1863_%28338183%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Marian_Langiewicz_1863_%28338183%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Marian_Langiewicz_1863_%28338183%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-Marian_Langiewicz_1863_%28338183%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Marian_Langiewicz_1863_%28338183%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Marian_Langiewicz_1863_%28338183%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1446" data-file-height="2252" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marian_Langiewicz" title="Marian Langiewicz">Marian Langiewicz</a>, military commander</figcaption></figure> <p>The uprising broke out at a moment when general peace prevailed in Europe, and although there was vociferous support for the Poles, powers such as France, Britain and Austria were unwilling to disturb the international calm. The revolutionary leaders did not have sufficient means to arm and equip the groups of young men hiding in forests to escape Alexander Wielopolski's order of conscription into the Russian Army. Initially, about 10,000 men rallied around the revolutionary banner. The volunteers came chiefly from city working classes and minor clerks, but there was also a significant number of the younger sons of the poorer <i><a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">szlachta</a></i> (nobility) and a number of priests of lower rank. Initially, the Russian government had at its disposal an army of 90,000 men, under Russian General <a href="/wiki/Anders_Edvard_Ramsay" title="Anders Edvard Ramsay">Anders Edvard Ramsay</a>, in Poland. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battles_of_January_Uprising_in_Congress_Poland_1863-1864.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Battles_of_January_Uprising_in_Congress_Poland_1863-1864.JPG/200px-Battles_of_January_Uprising_in_Congress_Poland_1863-1864.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Battles_of_January_Uprising_in_Congress_Poland_1863-1864.JPG/300px-Battles_of_January_Uprising_in_Congress_Poland_1863-1864.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Battles_of_January_Uprising_in_Congress_Poland_1863-1864.JPG/400px-Battles_of_January_Uprising_in_Congress_Poland_1863-1864.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5225" data-file-height="6859" /></a><figcaption>Battles of January Uprising in Congress <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> 1863–1864</figcaption></figure> <p>It looked as if the rebellion might be crushed quickly. Undeterred, the CNC's provisional government issued a manifesto in which it declared "all sons of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> are free and equal citizens without distinction of creed, condition or rank". It decreed that land cultivated by the peasants, whether on the basis of rent or service, should become their unconditional property, and compensation for it would be given to the landlords out of State general funds. The provisional government did its best to send supplies to the unarmed and scattered volunteers, who, in February, had fought in eighty bloody skirmishes with the Russians. Meanwhile, the CNC issued an appeal for assistance to the nations of Western Europe that was received everywhere with supportive sentiments from <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> to <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a> sympathized with the Polish-Lithuanian rebels and viewed their struggles analogous.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italian, French and Hungarian officers answered the call. Pope <a href="/wiki/Pius_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius IX">Pius IX</a> was against the 1863 uprising of which he informed Wsyslaw Czartoryski.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Zdrada" title="Jerzy Zdrada">Jerzy Zdrada</a> records that by the late spring and the early summer of 1863, there were 35,000 Poles under arms facing a Russian Army of 145,000 in the Polish Kingdom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uprising_spreads_to_Lithuania">Uprising spreads to Lithuania</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=January_Uprising&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Uprising spreads to Lithuania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battles_of_January_Uprising_in_Lithuania,_Belarus_and_Ukraine.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Battles_of_January_Uprising_in_Lithuania%2C_Belarus_and_Ukraine.JPG/200px-Battles_of_January_Uprising_in_Lithuania%2C_Belarus_and_Ukraine.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Battles_of_January_Uprising_in_Lithuania%2C_Belarus_and_Ukraine.JPG/300px-Battles_of_January_Uprising_in_Lithuania%2C_Belarus_and_Ukraine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Battles_of_January_Uprising_in_Lithuania%2C_Belarus_and_Ukraine.JPG/400px-Battles_of_January_Uprising_in_Lithuania%2C_Belarus_and_Ukraine.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5020" data-file-height="6902" /></a><figcaption>Battles of January Uprising in <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_January_Uprising.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_the_January_Uprising.svg/166px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_January_Uprising.svg.png" decoding="async" width="166" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_the_January_Uprising.svg/249px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_January_Uprising.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_the_January_Uprising.svg/332px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_January_Uprising.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>January Uprising's coat of arms, of a proposed <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian%E2%80%93Ruthenian_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth</a>: <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Poland" title="Coat of arms of Poland">White Eagle</a> (Poland), <span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Lithuania" title="Coat of arms of Lithuania">Vytis</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Archangel Michael</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ruthenia" title="Ruthenia">Ruthenia</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>On 1 February 1863, the uprising erupted in the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In April and May, it had spread to <a href="/wiki/Dinaburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinaburg">Dinaburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Witebsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Witebsk">Witebsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Kiev_Governorate" title="Kiev Governorate">Kiev Governorate</a>, northern Ukraine, and to the <a href="/wiki/Volhynian_Voivodeship_(1569%E2%80%931795)" title="Volhynian Voivodeship (1569–1795)">Wolynian Voivodship</a>. Volunteers, weapons and supplies began to flow in over the borders from <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Partition" title="Austrian Partition">Austrian Partition</a>, and from the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Partition" title="Prussian Partition">Prussian Partition</a>. Volunteers also arrived from <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and Russia itself. The greatest setback was that in spite of the liberation manifesto from the KCN, without prior ideological agitation, the peasantry could not be mobilized to participate in the struggle except in those regions that were dominated by Polish units, which saw a gradual enrollment into the uprising of agricultural workers. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Powstanie_Styczniowe_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Powstanie_Styczniowe_flag.svg/220px-Powstanie_Styczniowe_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Powstanie_Styczniowe_flag.svg/330px-Powstanie_Styczniowe_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Powstanie_Styczniowe_flag.svg/440px-Powstanie_Styczniowe_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="216" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the uprising</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secret_State">Secret State</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=January_Uprising&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Secret State"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The secret Polish state was directed by the Rada Narodowa (RN, National Council) to which the civil and military structures on the ground were accountable. It was a "virtual coalition government" formed of the <i>Reds</i> and the <i>Whites</i> and was led by <a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Sierakowski" title="Zygmunt Sierakowski">Zygmunt Sierakowski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antanas_Mackevi%C4%8Dius" title="Antanas Mackevičius">Antanas Mackevičius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Konstanty_Kalinowski" title="Konstanty Kalinowski">Konstanty Kalinowski</a>. The latter two supported their counterparts in Poland and adhered to common policies. </p><p>Its diplomatic corps was centered on Paris under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Wladyslaw_Czartoryski" class="mw-redirect" title="Wladyslaw Czartoryski">Wladyslaw Czartoryski</a>. The eruption of armed conflict in the former <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Two_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth of Two Nations">Commonwealth of Two Nations</a> had surprised western European capitals, even if public opinion responded with sympathy for the rebel cause. It had dawned on Paris, London, <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> that the crisis could plausibly turn into an international war. For their part, Russian diplomats considered the uprising an internal matter, and European stability was generally predicated on the fate of Poland's aspiration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_repercussions">International repercussions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=January_Uprising&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: International repercussions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Czartoryski.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Czartoryski.JPG/150px-W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Czartoryski.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Czartoryski.JPG/225px-W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Czartoryski.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Czartoryski.JPG/300px-W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Czartoryski.JPG 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="918" /></a><figcaption>Władysław Czartoryski</figcaption></figure><p> The uncovering of the existence of the <a href="/wiki/Alvensleben_Convention" title="Alvensleben Convention">Alvensleben Convention</a>, signed on 8 February 1863 by Prussia and Russia in St. Petersburg, to suppress the Poles jointly, internationalized the uprising. It enabled Western powers to take the diplomatic initiative for their own ends. <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> of France, already a sympathizer with Poland, was concerned to protect his border on the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> and turned his political guns on Prussia with a view to provoking a war with it. He was simultaneously seeking an alliance with Austria. The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, on the other hand, sought to prevent a Franco-Prussian war and to block an Austrian alliance with France and so looked to scupper any <a href="/wiki/Rapprochement" title="Rapprochement">rapprochement</a> between France and Russia. Austria was competing with Prussia for the leadership of the German territories but rejected French approaches for an alliance and spurned any support of Napoleon III as acting against German interests. There was no discussion of military intervention on behalf of the Poles, despite Napoleon's support for the continuation of the insurgency.</p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Napoleon_III,_1865.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Napoleon_III%2C_1865.jpg/200px-Napoleon_III%2C_1865.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Napoleon_III%2C_1865.jpg/300px-Napoleon_III%2C_1865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Napoleon_III%2C_1865.jpg/400px-Napoleon_III%2C_1865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="893" /></a><figcaption>Napoléon III, 1865</figcaption></figure><p>France, the United Kingdom and Austria agreed to a diplomatic intervention in defense of Polish rights and in April issued diplomatic notes that were intended to be no more than persuasive in tone.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Polish RN hoped that the evolution of the insurgency would ultimately push western powers to adopt an armed intervention, which was the flavour of Polish diplomatic talks with those powers. The Polish line was that the establishment of continued peace in Europe was conditional on the return of an independent Polish state.<sup id="cite_ref-Zdrada_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zdrada-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the threat of war averted, St. Petersburg left the door open for negotiations but was adamant in its rejection of any western rights to armed conflict. In June 1863, western powers iterated the conditions: an amnesty for the insurgents, the creation of a national representative structure, the development of autonomous concessions across the Kingdom, a recall of a conference of <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> (1815) signatories and a ceasefire for its duration. That fell well below the expectations of the leadership of the uprising. While concerned by the threat of war, Alexander II felt secure enough with the support of his people to reject the proposals. Although France and Britain were insulted, they did not proceed with further interventions, which enabled Russia to extend and finally to break off negotiations in September 1863. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outcome_on_the_ground">Outcome on the ground</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=January_Uprising&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Outcome on the ground"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andriolli.Ludwik_Narbutt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Andriolli.Ludwik_Narbutt.jpg/220px-Andriolli.Ludwik_Narbutt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Andriolli.Ludwik_Narbutt.jpg/330px-Andriolli.Ludwik_Narbutt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Andriolli.Ludwik_Narbutt.jpg/440px-Andriolli.Ludwik_Narbutt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="994" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Elwiro_Andriolli" title="Michał Elwiro Andriolli">Michał Elwiro Andriolli</a>: the death of <a href="/wiki/Ludwik_Narbutt" title="Ludwik Narbutt">Ludwik Narbutt</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Apart from the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, diplomatic intervention by foreign powers on behalf of Poland was on the balance unhelpful in drawing attention away from the aim of Polish national unity towards its social divisions. It alienated Austria, which had maintained friendly neutrality towards Poland and not interfered with Polish activities in Galicia. It prejudiced public opinion among radical groups in Russia that until then had been friendly because they regarded the uprising as a social, rather than a national, insurgency. It also stirred the Russian government to ever more brutal suppression of hostilities and repression against its Polish participants, who had grown in strength. </p><p>In addition to the thousands who fell in battle, 128 men were hanged under the personal supervision of <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Nikolayevich_Muravyov-Vilensky" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikhail Nikolayevich Muravyov-Vilensky">Mikhail Muravyov</a> 'Muravyov the Hangman', and 9,423 men and women were exiled to Siberia, 2,500 men according to Russia's own estimates. The historian <a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a> gives the number as 80,000 and noted it was the single largest deportation in Russian history.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies1996_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies1996-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whole villages and towns were burned down.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (November 2020)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> All economic and social activities were suspended, and the <i>szlachta</i> was ruined through the confiscation of property and exorbitant taxes. Such was the brutality of Russian troops that their actions were condemned throughout Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Ulam1977_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ulam1977-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Count <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Berg" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyodor Berg">Fyodor Berg</a>, the newly appointed governor, <a href="/wiki/Namiestnik_of_Poland" title="Namiestnik of Poland">Namiestnik of Poland</a>, and the successor to Muravyov, employed harsh measures against the population and intensified systematic <a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Poles_during_the_Partitions" title="Russification of Poles during the Partitions">Russification</a> in an effort to eradicate Polish traditions and culture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_and_ethnic_divisions_laid_bare">Social and ethnic divisions laid bare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=January_Uprising&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Social and ethnic divisions laid bare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Insurgents of landed background constituted 60% of the uprising's participants (in Lithuania and Belarus around 50%, in Ukraine some 75%).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Records indicate that 95% of those punished for participation in the uprising were Catholic, which corresponded to the general proportion of participants.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite outreach to Rus (Ruthenian) peasants by the Polish gentry (szlachta), comparatively few partook in the January Uprising. In some cases they assisted the Russian forces in catching rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has been cited as one of the primary reasons for the failure of the uprising. </p><p>During the first 24 hours of the uprising, <a href="/wiki/Armoury" class="mw-redirect" title="Armoury">armouries</a> across the country were looted, and many Russian officials were executed on sight. On 2 February 1863, was the start of the first major military engagement of the uprising between Lithuanian peasants armed mostly with <a href="/wiki/Scythe" title="Scythe">scythes</a> and a squadron of Russian hussars outside Čysta Būda, near <a href="/wiki/Marijampol%C4%97" title="Marijampolė">Marijampolė</a>. It ended with the massacre of the unprepared peasants. While there was still hope of a short war, insurgent groups merged into larger formations and recruited new volunteers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution_of_events">Evolution of events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=January_Uprising&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Evolution of events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/January_Uprising" title="Special:EditPage/January Uprising">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22January+Uprising%22">"January Uprising"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22January+Uprising%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22January+Uprising%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22January+Uprising%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22January+Uprising%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22January+Uprising%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zuawi_smierci.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Zuawi_smierci.jpg/220px-Zuawi_smierci.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Zuawi_smierci.jpg/330px-Zuawi_smierci.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Zuawi_smierci.jpg/440px-Zuawi_smierci.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="773" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zouaves_of_Death#Polish_Zouaves_of_Death" title="Zouaves of Death">Zouaves of Death</a> (<i>żuawi śmierci</i>), an 1863 Uprising unit organized by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rochebrune" title="François Rochebrune">François Rochebrune</a>. Drawing (published 1909) by K. Sariusz-Wolski, from a photograph. From left: Count Wojciech Komorowski, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rochebrune" title="François Rochebrune">François Rochebrune</a>, Lieutenant Tenente Bella</figcaption></figure> <p>The provisional government had counted on an insurgency erupting in Russia, where wide discontent with the autocratic regime then seemed to be brewing. It also counted on the active support of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>, particularly after <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>, expecting the inevitable armed conflict with France, had made overtures to Russia sealed in the <a href="/wiki/Alvensleben_Convention" title="Alvensleben Convention">Alvensleben Convention</a> and offered assistance in suppressing the Polish uprising. Arrangements had already been completed on 14 February and the British Ambassador to <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Alexander_Malet,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir Alexander Malet, 2nd Baronet">Sir Alexander Malet</a>, informed his government that a Prussian military envoy </p> <blockquote><p>has concluded a military convention with the Russian Government, according to which the two governments will reciprocally afford facilities to each other for the suppression of the insurrectionary movements which have lately taken place in Poland and Lithuania. The Prussian railways are also to be placed at the disposal of the Russian military authorities for the transportation of troops through Prussian territory from one part of the former Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth to another.</p></blockquote> <p>That step by <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> led to protests from several governments and incensed the several constituent nations of the former Commonwealth. The result was the transformation of a relatively insignificant uprising into another "national war" against Russia. Encouraged by promises made by Napoleon III, all provinces of the erstwhile Commonwealth, acting on the advice of Władysław Czartoryski, had taken to arms. Moreover, to Indicate their solidarity, all Commonwealth citizens holding office under the Russian government, including the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Warsaw">Archbishop of Warsaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Szczesny_Felinski" class="mw-redirect" title="Zygmunt Szczesny Felinski">Zymunt Feliński</a>, resigned their positions and signed their allegiance to the newly constituted Government, which was composed of the five most prominent representatives of the <i>Whites</i>. The <i>Reds</i>, meanwhile, criticised the <a href="/wiki/Polish_National_Government_(January_Uprising)" title="Polish National Government (January Uprising)">Polish National Government</a> for being reactionary with its policy to incentivise Polish peasants to fight in the uprising. The government justified its inaction on the back of hopes of foreign military intervention promised by Napoleon III that never materialised. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romuald_Traugutt">Romuald Traugutt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=January_Uprising&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Romuald Traugutt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was only after Polish General <a href="/wiki/Romuald_Traugutt" title="Romuald Traugutt">Romuald Traugutt</a> had taken matters into his own hands on 17 October 1863 to unite all classes under a single national banner that the struggle could be upheld. His restructuring in preparation for an offensive in spring 1864 was banking on a European-wide war.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 27 December 1863, he enacted a decree of the former provisional government by granting peasants the land they worked. The land was to be provided by compensating the owners through state funds after the successful conclusion of the uprising. Traugutt called upon all Polish classes to rise against Russian oppression for the creation of a new Polish state. The response was moderate since the policy came too late. The Russian government had already begun working among peasants to grant them generous parcels of land for the asking. The peasants who had been bought off did not engage with Polish revolutionaries to any extent or provide them with support. </p><p>Fighting continued intermittently during the winter of 1863–1864 on the southern edge of the Kingdom, near the Galician border, from where assistance was still forthcoming. In late December in the <a href="/wiki/Lublin_Voivodeship" title="Lublin Voivodeship">Lublin Voivodeship</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Heydenreich" title="Michał Heydenreich">Michał Heydenreich</a>'s unit was overwhelmed. The most determined resistance continued in the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyskie_Mountains" title="Świętokrzyskie Mountains">Świętokrzyskie Mountains</a>, where General <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Hauke-Bosak" title="Józef Hauke-Bosak">Józef Hauke-Bosak</a> distinguished himself by taking several cities from the vastly superior Russian forces. However, he too succumbed to a crushing defeat on 21 February 1864 which presaged the end of the armed struggle. On 29 February, Austria imposed martial law, and on 2 March, the tsarist authorities brought in the <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_serfdom_in_Poland" title="Abolition of serfdom in Poland">abolition of serfdom</a> in the Polish Kingdom. Both events neutralised Traugutt's concept of developing the uprising with a <a href="/wiki/General_mobilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="General mobilisation">general mobilisation</a> of the population in the Russian partition and reliance on assistance from Galicia. In April 1864, Napoleon III abandoned the Polish cause. Władysław Czartoryski wrote to Traugutt: "We are alone, and alone we shall remain". </p><p>Arrests eliminated key positions in the secret Polish state, and those who felt threatened sought refuge abroad. Traugutt was taken on the night of 10 April. After he and the last four members of the National Council, Antoni Jezioranski, Rafał Krajewski, Józef Toczyski and <a href="/wiki/Roman_%C5%BBuli%C5%84ski" title="Roman Żuliński">Roman Żuliński</a>, had been apprehended by Russian troops, they were imprisoned and executed by hanging on 5 August at the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Citadel" title="Warsaw Citadel">Warsaw Citadel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That marked the symbolic closure of the Uprising. Only Aleksander Waszkowski, the head of the Warsaw insurgency eluded the police till December 1864, but he too joined the list of "the lost" in February 1865. The war consisting of 650 battles and skirmishes with 25,000 Polish and other insurgents killed, had lasted 18 months. The insurgency persisted in <a href="/wiki/Samogitia" title="Samogitia">Samogitia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Podlasie" class="mw-redirect" title="Podlasie">Podlasie</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Catholic">Greek Catholic</a> population, outraged and persecuted for their religious observance, "<i>Kryaki</i><span style="padding-left:.15em;">"</span> (those baptised into the Greek Orthodox Church), and others like the commander and priest <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Brz%C3%B3ska" title="Stanisław Brzóska">Stanisław Brzóska</a>, clung the longest to the revolutionary banner until the spring of 1865. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zygmunt_Szcz%C4%99sny_Feli%C5%84ski_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Archbishop of Warsaw Feliński"><img alt="Archbishop of Warsaw Feliński" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Zygmunt_Szcz%C4%99sny_Feli%C5%84ski_06.jpg/150px-Zygmunt_Szcz%C4%99sny_Feli%C5%84ski_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Zygmunt_Szcz%C4%99sny_Feli%C5%84ski_06.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Archbishop of Warsaw <a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Szcz%C4%99sny_Feli%C5%84ski" title="Zygmunt Szczęsny Feliński">Feliński</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Romuald_Traugutt_111.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Romuald Traugutt"><img alt="Romuald Traugutt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Romuald_Traugutt_111.PNG/142px-Romuald_Traugutt_111.PNG" decoding="async" width="142" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Romuald_Traugutt_111.PNG/214px-Romuald_Traugutt_111.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Romuald_Traugutt_111.PNG/285px-Romuald_Traugutt_111.PNG 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="678" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Romuald Traugutt</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanis%C5%82aw_Brz%C3%B3ska_(original_photo_portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fr. Stanisław Brzóska (original photo portrait)"><img alt="Fr. Stanisław Brzóska (original photo portrait)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Stanis%C5%82aw_Brz%C3%B3ska_%28original_photo_portrait%29.jpg/137px-Stanis%C5%82aw_Brz%C3%B3ska_%28original_photo_portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Stanis%C5%82aw_Brz%C3%B3ska_%28original_photo_portrait%29.jpg/205px-Stanis%C5%82aw_Brz%C3%B3ska_%28original_photo_portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Stanis%C5%82aw_Brz%C3%B3ska_%28original_photo_portrait%29.jpg/273px-Stanis%C5%82aw_Brz%C3%B3ska_%28original_photo_portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="954" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fr. Stanisław Brzóska (original photo portrait)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decades_of_reprisals">Decades of reprisals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=January_Uprising&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Decades of reprisals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malczewski_wigilia_na_syberii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Malczewski_wigilia_na_syberii.jpg/200px-Malczewski_wigilia_na_syberii.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Malczewski_wigilia_na_syberii.jpg/300px-Malczewski_wigilia_na_syberii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Malczewski_wigilia_na_syberii.jpg/400px-Malczewski_wigilia_na_syberii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2486" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jacek_Malczewski" title="Jacek Malczewski">Jacek Malczewski</a>: <i>Christmas Eve in Siberia</i></figcaption></figure> <p>After the collapse of the uprising, harsh reprisals followed. According to official Russian information, 396 persons were executed and 18,672 were exiled to Siberia. Large numbers of men and women were sent to the interior of Russia and to the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Urals</a> and other remote areas. Altogether over 60,000 persons were imprisoned and subsequently exiled from Poland and consigned to distant regions of Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The abolition of serfdom in early 1864 was deliberately enacted in a move designed specifically to ruin the <i>szlachta</i>. The Russian government confiscated 1,660 estates in Poland and 1,794 in Lithuania. A 10% income tax was imposed on all estates as a <a href="/wiki/War_indemnity" class="mw-redirect" title="War indemnity">war indemnity</a>. Only in 1869 was the tax reduced to 5% on all incomes. It was the only time that peasants paid the market price for the redemption of the land (the average for the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> was 34% above the market price). All land taken from Polish peasants since 1864 was to be returned without rights of compensation. Former serfs could sell land only to other peasants, not to <i>szlachta</i>. Ninety percent of the ex-serfs in the empire who actually gained land after 1861 were confined to the eight western provinces. Along with <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Polish landless or domestic serfs were the only people who were eligible for land grants after serfdom had been abolished. </p><p>All of that was to punish the <i>szlachta</i> for its role in the uprisings of 1830 and 1863. In addition to the land granted to the peasants, the Russian government gave them a forest, pasture and other privileges, known under the name of <i>servitutes</i>, which proved to be a source of incessant irritation between the landowners and peasants over the ensuing decades and impeded economic development.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The government took over all church estates and funds and abolished monasteries and convents. With the exception of religious instruction, all teaching in schools was ordered to be in <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>. That also became the official language of the country, to be used exclusively in all offices of central and local government. All traces of former Polish autonomy were removed, and the Kingdom was divided into ten provinces, each with an appointed Russian military governor under the control of the Governor-General in Warsaw. All former Polish government functionaries were deprived of their positions and replaced by Russian officials. According to <a href="/wiki/George_Kennan_(explorer)" title="George Kennan (explorer)">George Kennan</a>, "thousands of Polish insurgents" were transported to the "<a href="/wiki/Nerchinsk" title="Nerchinsk">Nerchinsk</a> silver-mining district... after the unsuccessful insurrection of 1863".<sup id="cite_ref-Kennan_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennan-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Farewell_Europe!.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Farewell_Europe%21.jpg/400px-Farewell_Europe%21.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Farewell_Europe%21.jpg/600px-Farewell_Europe%21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Farewell_Europe%21.jpg/800px-Farewell_Europe%21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="502" /></a><figcaption><i>Farewell to <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Sochaczewski" title="Aleksander Sochaczewski">Aleksander Sochaczewski</a>. The artist himself is among the exiled here, near the <a href="/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk">obelisk</a>, on the right.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=January_Uprising&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These measures of cultural eradication proved to be only partially effective. In 1905, 41 years after Russia crushed the uprising, the next generation of Poles rose once again in the <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_insurrection" title="Łódź insurrection">Łódź insurrection</a>, which too failed. </p><p>The January Uprising was one in a centuries-long series of <a href="/wiki/Polish_uprisings" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish uprisings">Polish uprisings</a>. In its aftermath, two new movements began to evolve that set the political agenda for the next century. One, led by the descendant of Lithuanians, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski">Józef Piłsudski</a> emerged as the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party" title="Polish Socialist Party">Polish Socialist Party</a>. The other, led by <a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Roman Dmowski</a>, became the <a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Poland)" title="National Democracy (Poland)">National Democracy</a> movement; sometimes referred to as <i>Endecja</i>, its roots lay in Catholic conservatism that sought national sovereignty, along with the reversal of forced Russification and <a href="/wiki/Germanisation_of_Poles_during_the_Partitions" title="Germanisation of Poles during the Partitions">Germanisation</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Polonization" title="Polonization">Polonisation</a> of the partitioned territories in the former Commonwealth.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_insurgents">Notable insurgents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=January_Uprising&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notable insurgents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anna_Pustowojt%C3%B3wna.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Anna_Pustowojt%C3%B3wna.png/150px-Anna_Pustowojt%C3%B3wna.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Anna_Pustowojt%C3%B3wna.png/225px-Anna_Pustowojt%C3%B3wna.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Anna_Pustowojt%C3%B3wna.png/300px-Anna_Pustowojt%C3%B3wna.png 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="995" /></a><figcaption>Anna Pustowojtówna, alias "Michał Smok"</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weterani_powstania_styczniowego_przed_frontem_warty_w_Belwederze.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Weterani_powstania_styczniowego_przed_frontem_warty_w_Belwederze.jpg/200px-Weterani_powstania_styczniowego_przed_frontem_warty_w_Belwederze.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Weterani_powstania_styczniowego_przed_frontem_warty_w_Belwederze.jpg/300px-Weterani_powstania_styczniowego_przed_frontem_warty_w_Belwederze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Weterani_powstania_styczniowego_przed_frontem_warty_w_Belwederze.jpg/400px-Weterani_powstania_styczniowego_przed_frontem_warty_w_Belwederze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption>Last veterans of the January Uprising, photographed in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>, c. 1930</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franci%C5%A1ak_Bahu%C5%A1evi%C4%8D" title="Francišak Bahuševič">Francišak Bahuševič</a> (1840–1900), Belarusian poet and writer, one of the founders of modern <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_literature" title="Belarusian literature">Belarusian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Brz%C3%B3ska" title="Stanisław Brzóska">Stanisław Brzóska</a> (1832–1865), Polish priest and commander at the end of the insurrection.</li> <li>Saint <a href="/wiki/Albert_Chmielowski" title="Albert Chmielowski">Albert Chmielowski</a> (1845–1916), founder of the Albertine Brothers and Sisters.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_D%C4%85browski" title="Jarosław Dąbrowski">Jarosław Dąbrowski</a> (1836–1871), officer in the Russian Army, left-wing member of the "secret committee" of officers in St. Petersburg. He took over its leadership from Sierakowski. He died in Paris fighting for the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstanty_Kalinowski" title="Konstanty Kalinowski">Wincenty Kalinowski</a> (also known as Kastus) (1838–1864), was one of the leaders of <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> national revival, a founder of <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_nationalism" title="Belarusian nationalism">Belarusian nationalism</a>, and the leader of the January Uprising in the lands of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania.</li> <li>Saint <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Kalinowski" title="Raphael Kalinowski">Raphael Kalinowski</a> (1835–1907), born Joseph Kalinowski in Lithuania, resigned as a Captain from the Russian Army to become Minister of War for the Polish insurgents. He was arrested and sentenced to death by firing squad, but the sentence was then changed to 10 years in Siberia, including a grueling nine-month overland trek to get there.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Korzeniowski" title="Apollo Korzeniowski">Apollo Korzeniowski</a> (1820–1869), Polish playwright and father of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Joseph Conrad</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Langiewicz" title="Marian Langiewicz">Marian Langiewicz</a> (1827–1887), Military Commander of the uprising. He had an English wife, Suzanne, next to whom he was buried in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antanas_Mackevi%C4%8Dius" title="Antanas Mackevičius">Antanas Mackevičius</a> (1828–1863), Lithuanian priest who organized some two hundred and fifty men, armed with hunting rifles and straightened scythes. After a defeat near Vilkija, he was captured and taken to the prison in Kaunas. After Mackevičius refused to betray other leaders of the uprising, he was hanged on 28 December 1863.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Matejko" title="Edmund Matejko">Edmund Matejko</a> (1829–1907), teacher, older brother of the painter <a href="/wiki/Jan_Matejko" title="Jan Matejko">Jan Matejko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwik_Mieros%C5%82awski" title="Ludwik Mierosławski">Ludwik Mierosławski</a> (1814–1878), veteran of the <a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1846)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Poland uprising (1846)">Greater Poland uprising (1846)</a>, general, strategist, writer and emigrant with wide foreign contacts.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Niegolewski" title="Władysław Niegolewski">Władysław Niegolewski</a> (1819–1885), was a liberal Polish politician and member of parliament, an insurgent in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_Uprising_(1846)" title="Greater Poland Uprising (1846)">Greater Poland Uprising of 1846</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_Uprising_1848" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Poland Uprising 1848">1848</a> and of the January 1863 Uprising, and a co-founder (1861) of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Economic_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Economic Society">Central Economic Society</a> and (1880) the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Libraries_Society" title="People's Libraries Society">People's Libraries Society</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Nullo" title="Francesco Nullo">Francesco Nullo</a> (1826–1863), Italian general who headed the <a href="/wiki/Garibaldi_Legion_(Poland)" title="Garibaldi Legion (Poland)">Garibaldi Legion</a>, and that carried huge symbolic value. Nullo died at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krzykawka" title="Battle of Krzykawka">Battle of Krzykawka</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Prus" title="Bolesław Prus">Bolesław Prus</a> (1847–1912), leading Polish writer of historical novels.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Henryka_Pustow%C3%B3jt%C3%B3wna" title="Anna Henryka Pustowójtówna">Anna Henryka Pustowójtówna</a> (1838–1881), alias "Michał Smok", adjutant to Marian Langiewicz. She was of Russian-Polish descent and an activist from 1861. She later took part in the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>. Having had four children, she later died in Paris.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rochebrune" title="François Rochebrune">François Rochebrune</a>, (1830–1870), one of several French officers in the Uprising, he formed and led a Polish rebel unit called the <a href="/wiki/Zouaves_of_Death" title="Zouaves of Death">Zouaves of Death</a> and was promoted to General.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Przanowski" title="Leon Przanowski">Leon Przanowski</a> (1844-1924), a member of the National Government who held the equivalent office to <a href="/wiki/Adjutant_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjutant General">Adjutant General</a> during the January Uprising. He served under General <a href="/wiki/Dionizy_Czachowski" title="Dionizy Czachowski">Dionizy Czachowski</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Sochaczewski" title="Aleksander Sochaczewski">Aleksander Sochaczewski</a> (1843–1923), Polish painter.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuald_Traugutt" title="Romuald Traugutt">Romuald Traugutt</a> (1826–1864), a <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel" title="Lieutenant colonel">Lieutenant colonel</a> of German descent in the Russian Army, he was promoted general in the insurrection, was its leader for a spell and held the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a> portfolio in the underground government. He was tortured and hanged by the Russians with several of his colleagues.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_art_and_literature">Influence on art and literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=January_Uprising&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Influence on art and literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Falling into the late <a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland" title="Romanticism in Poland">romantic period</a>, the events and figures of the uprising inspired many Polish painters, including <a href="/wiki/Artur_Grottger" title="Artur Grottger">Artur Grottger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juliusz_Kossak" title="Juliusz Kossak">Juliusz Kossak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Elwiro_Andriolli" title="Michał Elwiro Andriolli">Michał Elwiro Andriolli</a>, and marked the delineation with the <a href="/wiki/Positivism_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Positivism in Poland">positivism</a> that followed. </p> <ul><li>The Polish poet <a href="/wiki/Cyprian_Norwid" title="Cyprian Norwid">Cyprian Norwid</a> wrote a famous poem, "<a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin#Education" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a>'s Piano," describing the <a href="/wiki/Defenestration" title="Defenestration">defenestration</a> of the composer's <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a> during the January 1863 Uprising, when Russian soldiers maliciously threw the instrument out of a second-floor <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> apartment. Chopin had left Warsaw and Poland forever shortly before the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November 1830 Uprising</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliza_Orzeszkowa" title="Eliza Orzeszkowa">Eliza Orzeszkowa</a>, a leading Polish <a href="/wiki/Polish_positivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish positivism">positivist</a> writer and nominee for the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Nad_Niemnem" title="Nad Niemnem">Nad Niemnem</a></i> a novel set in and around the city of <a href="/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno">Grodno</a> after the 1863 January Uprising.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Jarz%C4%99bowski" title="Józef Jarzębowski">Józef Jarzębowski</a> has put together material from unknown people who lived through the uprising in his <i>Mówią Ludzie Roku <a href="/wiki/1863" title="1863">1863</a>: Antologia nieznanych i małoznanych Głosów Ludzi współczesnych</i>. London: Veritas, 1963. ("Voices from 1863: An Anthology of unknown and little known contemporary Perspectives").</li> <li>In the initial draft of <i><a href="/wiki/Twenty_Thousand_Leagues_Under_the_Seas" title="Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas">Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a> but not in the published version, <a href="/wiki/Captain_Nemo" title="Captain Nemo">Captain Nemo</a> was a Polish nobleman whose family had been brutally murdered by the Russians during the January 1863 Uprising. Since France had only recently signed an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, for the novel's final version, Verne's editor, <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Jules_Hetzel" title="Pierre-Jules Hetzel">Pierre-Jules Hetzel</a>, made him obscure Nemo's motives.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Guy_de_Maupassant" title="Guy de Maupassant">Guy de Maupassant</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Pierre_et_Jean" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre et Jean">Pierre et Jean</a></i>, the protagonist Pierre has a friend, an old Polish chemist who is said to have come to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> after the bloody events in his motherland. The story is believed to refer to the January Uprising.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=January_Uprising&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Wielopolski.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aleksander Wielopolski"><img alt="Aleksander Wielopolski" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/A_Wielopolski.jpg/151px-A_Wielopolski.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/A_Wielopolski.jpg/227px-A_Wielopolski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/A_Wielopolski.jpg/302px-A_Wielopolski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Wielopolski" title="Aleksander Wielopolski">Aleksander Wielopolski</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexandre_2_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alexander II of Russia"><img alt="Alexander II of Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Alexandre_2_photo.jpg/130px-Alexandre_2_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Alexandre_2_photo.jpg/195px-Alexandre_2_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Alexandre_2_photo.jpg/259px-Alexandre_2_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1298" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II of Russia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Z_Sierakowski_1863.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Z. Sierakowski 1863"><img alt="Z. Sierakowski 1863" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Z_Sierakowski_1863.jpg/159px-Z_Sierakowski_1863.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Z_Sierakowski_1863.jpg/239px-Z_Sierakowski_1863.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Z_Sierakowski_1863.jpg/319px-Z_Sierakowski_1863.jpg 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="771" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Z. Sierakowski 1863</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8C%D1%91%D0%B2-%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mikhail Muravyov-Vilensky"><img alt="Mikhail Muravyov-Vilensky" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8C%D1%91%D0%B2-%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg/159px-%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8C%D1%91%D0%B2-%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8C%D1%91%D0%B2-%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg/238px-%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8C%D1%91%D0%B2-%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8C%D1%91%D0%B2-%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg/317px-%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8C%D1%91%D0%B2-%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="912" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Muravyov-Vilensky" title="Mikhail Muravyov-Vilensky">Mikhail Muravyov-Vilensky</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ludwik_Mieroslawski._ca_1863_(77158556)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ludwik Mierosławski"><img alt="Ludwik Mierosławski" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ludwik_Mieroslawski._ca_1863_%2877158556%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/135px-Ludwik_Mieroslawski._ca_1863_%2877158556%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ludwik_Mieroslawski._ca_1863_%2877158556%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/202px-Ludwik_Mieroslawski._ca_1863_%2877158556%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ludwik_Mieroslawski._ca_1863_%2877158556%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/269px-Ludwik_Mieroslawski._ca_1863_%2877158556%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1663" data-file-height="2469" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ludwik_Mieros%C5%82awski" title="Ludwik Mierosławski">Ludwik Mierosławski</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Polish_partisans_from_1863.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Juliusz Kossak, Polish partisans of 1863"><img alt="Juliusz Kossak, Polish partisans of 1863" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Polish_partisans_from_1863.PNG/174px-Polish_partisans_from_1863.PNG" decoding="async" width="174" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Polish_partisans_from_1863.PNG/261px-Polish_partisans_from_1863.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Polish_partisans_from_1863.PNG/348px-Polish_partisans_from_1863.PNG 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Juliusz_Kossak" title="Juliusz Kossak">Juliusz Kossak</a>, Polish partisans of 1863</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wegrow.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Battle of Węgrów 1863"><img alt="Battle of Węgrów 1863" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Wegrow.jpg/200px-Wegrow.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Wegrow.jpg/300px-Wegrow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Wegrow.jpg/400px-Wegrow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="418" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W%C4%99gr%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Węgrów">Battle of Węgrów</a> 1863</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:January_Uprising_Russian_revision.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Russian soldiers looting a Polish manor"><img alt="Russian soldiers looting a Polish manor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/January_Uprising_Russian_revision.PNG/200px-January_Uprising_Russian_revision.PNG" decoding="async" width="200" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/January_Uprising_Russian_revision.PNG/300px-January_Uprising_Russian_revision.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/January_Uprising_Russian_revision.PNG/400px-January_Uprising_Russian_revision.PNG 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="554" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Russian soldiers <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">looting</a> a Polish <a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">manor</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilno_kaplica.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chapel in Vilnius, erected to commemorate the crushing of the 1863 January Uprising against Russia, picture taken Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii"><img alt="Chapel in Vilnius, erected to commemorate the crushing of the 1863 January Uprising against Russia, picture taken Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Wilno_kaplica.jpg/200px-Wilno_kaplica.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Wilno_kaplica.jpg/300px-Wilno_kaplica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Wilno_kaplica.jpg/400px-Wilno_kaplica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="787" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chapel in Vilnius, erected to commemorate the crushing of the 1863 January Uprising against Russia, picture taken <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Mikhailovich_Prokudin-Gorskii" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii">Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Graves_of_January_Uprising_veterans.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Graves of January Uprising veterans at Warsaw's Powązki Cemetery"><img alt="Graves of January Uprising veterans at Warsaw's Powązki Cemetery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7e/Graves_of_January_Uprising_veterans.jpg/200px-Graves_of_January_Uprising_veterans.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7e/Graves_of_January_Uprising_veterans.jpg/300px-Graves_of_January_Uprising_veterans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7e/Graves_of_January_Uprising_veterans.jpg/400px-Graves_of_January_Uprising_veterans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Graves of January Uprising veterans at Warsaw's <a href="/wiki/Powazki_Cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Powazki Cemetery">Powązki Cemetery</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross_commemorating_70th_Anniversary_of_January_Uprising.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Cross commemorating 70th Anniversary of January Uprising"><img alt="Cross commemorating 70th Anniversary of January Uprising" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Cross_commemorating_70th_Anniversary_of_January_Uprising.JPG/84px-Cross_commemorating_70th_Anniversary_of_January_Uprising.JPG" decoding="async" width="84" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Cross_commemorating_70th_Anniversary_of_January_Uprising.JPG/127px-Cross_commemorating_70th_Anniversary_of_January_Uprising.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Cross_commemorating_70th_Anniversary_of_January_Uprising.JPG/169px-Cross_commemorating_70th_Anniversary_of_January_Uprising.JPG 2x" data-file-width="868" data-file-height="2051" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cross commemorating 70th Anniversary of January Uprising</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=January_Uprising&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Brykczy%C5%84ski" title="Stefan Brykczyński">Stefan Brykczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menotti_Garibaldi" title="Menotti Garibaldi">Menotti Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zouaves_of_Death" title="Zouaves of Death">Zouaves of Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgence" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgence">Insurgence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_uprisings" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Polish uprisings">Polish uprisings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybirak" title="Sybirak">Sybirak</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prisoners_(painting)" title="The Prisoners (painting)">The Prisoners</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">International Workingmen's Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapinski_expedition" title="Lapinski expedition">Lapinski expedition</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=January_Uprising&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">powstanie styczniowe</i>; <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>: <i lang="lt">1863 metų sukilimas</i>; <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">Січневе повстання</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">Sichneve povstannya</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Польское восстание</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Pol'skoe vosstanie</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>: <span lang="be">Паўстанне 1863–1864 гадоў</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Belarusian" title="Romanization of Belarusian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Belarusian-language romanization"><i lang="be-Latn">Pawstannie 1863-1864 hadow</i></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=January_Uprising&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Польское восстание 1863 // Большая российская энциклопедия : [в 35 т.] / гл. ред. Ю. С. Осипов. — М. : Большая российская энциклопедия, 2004—2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Айрапетов О. Р.</i> Польское восстание 1863 года. Русский сборник, Том XV, стр. 132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Znamierowski</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zdrada-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zdrada_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zdrada_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zdrada_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zdrada_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZdrada" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Zdrada" title="Jerzy Zdrada">Zdrada, Jerzy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201123163809/http://muzhp.pl/pl/c/983/powstanie-styczniowe">"Powstanie styczniowe"</a>. Muzeum Historii Polskiej. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muzhp.pl/pl/c/983/powstanie-styczniowe">the original</a> on 23 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Powstanie+styczniowe&rft.pub=Muzeum+Historii+Polskiej&rft.aulast=Zdrada&rft.aufirst=Jerzy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuzhp.pl%2Fpl%2Fc%2F983%2Fpowstanie-styczniowe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanuary+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Wielopolski, Aleksander". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 622.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBardachLesnodorskiPietrzak1987" class="citation book cs1">Bardach, Juliusz; Lesnodorski, Bogusław; Pietrzak, Michał (1987). <i>Historia państwa i prawa polskiego</i>. Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. pp. <span class="nowrap">389–</span>394. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-01-07919-3" title="Special:BookSources/83-01-07919-3"><bdi>83-01-07919-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+pa%C5%84stwa+i+prawa+polskiego&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E389-%3C%2Fspan%3E394&rft.pub=Pa%C5%84stwowe+Wydawnictwo+Naukowe&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=83-01-07919-3&rft.aulast=Bardach&rft.aufirst=Juliusz&rft.au=Lesnodorski%2C+Bogus%C5%82aw&rft.au=Pietrzak%2C+Micha%C5%82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanuary+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Janowski-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Janowski_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaciej_Janowski2004" class="citation book cs1">Maciej Janowski (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ieF7NYaEqQYC&pg=PA166">"The Rise of Positivism"</a>. <i>Polish Liberal Thought Before 1918</i>. Central European University Press. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9639241180" title="Special:BookSources/9639241180"><bdi>9639241180</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 7,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+Positivism&rft.btitle=Polish+Liberal+Thought+Before+1918&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9639241180&rft.au=Maciej+Janowski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DieF7NYaEqQYC%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanuary+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWandycz1974" class="citation book cs1">Wandycz, Piotr S. (1974). <i>The lands of partitioned Poland, 1795–1918</i>. University of Washington Press. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-95351-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-295-95351-9"><bdi>0-295-95351-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+lands+of+partitioned+Poland%2C+1795%E2%80%931918&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-295-95351-9&rft.aulast=Wandycz&rft.aufirst=Piotr+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanuary+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFR._Jurgėla1970" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">R. Jurgėla, Kostas (1970). "7. JUNGTINĖS AMERIKOS VALSTYBĖS". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.partizanai.org/lietuvos-sukilimas-1862-1864-metais"><i>Lietuvos sukilimas 1862–1864 metais</i></a> (in Lithuanian). LIETUVIŲ ENCIKLOPEDIJOS LEIDYKLA. p. 166.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7.+JUNGTIN%C4%96S+AMERIKOS+VALSTYB%C4%96S&rft.btitle=Lietuvos+sukilimas+1862%E2%80%931864+metais&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=LIETUVI%C5%B2+ENCIKLOPEDIJOS+LEIDYKLA&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=R.+Jurg%C4%97la&rft.aufirst=Kostas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.partizanai.org%2Flietuvos-sukilimas-1862-1864-metais&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanuary+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bazhum.muzhp.pl/media/files/Saeculum_Christianum_pismo_historyczne/Saeculum_Christianum_pismo_historyczne-r2001-t8-n1/Saeculum_Christianum_pismo_historyczne-r2001-t8-n1-s101-125/Saeculum_Christianum_pismo_historyczne-r2001-t8-n1-s101-125.pdf">Sprawy polskie w pontyfikacie Piusa IX (1846-1878)</a> (in Polish) Retrieved 11 March 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJasiakiewicz1983" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Jasiakiewicz, Wojciech (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repozytorium.ukw.edu.pl/bitstream/handle/item/2591/Jasiakiewicz%20The%20British%20political%20standpoint%20concerning%20the%20january%20uprising%20until%20April%201863.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"The British Political Standpoint concerning the January Uprising until April 1863"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Pedagogicznej w Bydgoszczy: Studia Filologiczne; Filologia Angielska</i>. z 21/6/<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeszyty+Naukowe+Wy%C5%BCszej+Szko%C5%82y+Pedagogicznej+w+Bydgoszczy%3A+Studia+Filologiczne%3B+Filologia+Angielska&rft.atitle=The+British+Political+Standpoint+concerning+the+January+Uprising+until+April+1863&rft.volume=z+21%2F6%2F&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Jasiakiewicz&rft.aufirst=Wojciech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepozytorium.ukw.edu.pl%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2Fitem%2F2591%2FJasiakiewicz%2520The%2520British%2520political%2520standpoint%2520concerning%2520the%2520january%2520uprising%2520until%2520April%25201863.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanuary+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies1996-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies1996_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNorman_Davies1996" class="citation book cs1">Norman Davies (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europehistory00davi_0"><i>Europe: a history</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europehistory00davi_0/page/828">828</a>–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820171-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820171-7"><bdi>978-0-19-820171-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%3A+a+history&rft.pages=828-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820171-7&rft.au=Norman+Davies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feuropehistory00davi_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanuary+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ulam1977-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ulam1977_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdam_Bruno_Ulam1977" class="citation book cs1">Adam Bruno Ulam (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HpL2GkQmQEAC&pg=PA8"><i>Prophets and conspirators in prerevolutionary Russia</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. pp. 8–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0443-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0443-3"><bdi>978-0-7658-0443-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prophets+and+conspirators+in+prerevolutionary+Russia&rft.pages=8-&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-7658-0443-3&rft.au=Adam+Bruno+Ulam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHpL2GkQmQEAC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanuary+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSikorska-Kulesza1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jolanta_Sikorska-Kulesza" title="Jolanta Sikorska-Kulesza">Sikorska-Kulesza, Jolanta</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QVAsAAAAMAAJ"><i>Deklasacja drobnej szlachty na Litwie i Białorusi w XIX wieku</i></a>. Pruszków, PL: Ajaks. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788385621379" title="Special:BookSources/9788385621379"><bdi>9788385621379</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deklasacja+drobnej+szlachty+na+Litwie+i+Bia%C5%82orusi+w+XIX+wieku&rft.place=Pruszk%C3%B3w%2C+PL&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Ajaks&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9788385621379&rft.aulast=Sikorska-Kulesza&rft.aufirst=Jolanta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQVAsAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanuary+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFЗайцев1973" class="citation book cs1">Зайцев, В. М. (1973). <i>Социально-сословный состав участников восстания 1863 г. (Опыт статистического анализа) / В. М. Зайцев — М.: Наука</i>. p. 264.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2+%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+1863+%D0%B3.+%28%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%82+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%29+%2F+%D0%92.+%D0%9C.+%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2+%E2%80%94+%D0%9C.%3A+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.pages=264&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%92.+%D0%9C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanuary+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFКропоткин1988" class="citation book cs1">Кропоткин, П. А. (1988). <i>Записки революционера.- М.: Моек. рабочий</i>. p. 190.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0.-+%D0%9C.%3A+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA.+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9&rft.pages=190&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD&rft.aufirst=%D0%9F.+%D0%90.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanuary+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Jarz%C4%99bowski" title="Józef Jarzębowski">Józef Jarzębowski</a>. <i>Węgierska polityka Traugutta: na podstawie znanych i nieznanych dokumentów</i>. Warszawa 1939. ("Traugutt's <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungarian</a> policies").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jarzębowski, Józef. <i>Traugutt</i>, nakładem Archidiecezjalnego Instytutu Akcji Katolickiej, Warszawa, 1938.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jarzębowski, Józef. <i>Traugutt: dokumenty, listy, wspomnienia, wypisy</i>. Londyn: Veritas, 1970.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Database of Polish exiles after the January Uprising through <i>Genealogia Okiem</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.genealogia.okiem.pl/powstanies/index.php?sybir=on">http://www.genealogia.okiem.pl/powstanies/index.php?sybir=on</a> Retrieved 21 June 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kennan-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kennan_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKennan1891" class="citation book cs1">Kennan, George (1891). <i>Siberia and the Exile System</i>. London: James R. Osgood, McIlvaine & Co. p. 280.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Siberia+and+the+Exile+System&rft.place=London&rft.pages=280&rft.pub=James+R.+Osgood%2C+McIlvaine+%26+Co.&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Kennan&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanuary+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Biskupski, M. B. B. Pula, James S.Wróbel, Piotr J. Eds. <i>The Origins of Modern Polish Democracy</i> "Polish and Polish-American Studies", Ohio University Press, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978%2B0821443095" title="Special:BookSources/978+0821443095">978 0821443095</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=January_Uprising&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKutolowski1969" class="citation journal cs1">Kutolowski, John F. (1969). "Mid-Victorian Public Opinion, Polish Propaganda, and the Uprising of 1863". <i>Journal of British Studies</i>. <b>8</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">86–</span>110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F385572">10.1086/385572</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/175218">175218</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146409495">146409495</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+British+Studies&rft.atitle=Mid-Victorian+Public+Opinion%2C+Polish+Propaganda%2C+and+the+Uprising+of+1863&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E86-%3C%2Fspan%3E110&rft.date=1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146409495%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F175218%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F385572&rft.aulast=Kutolowski&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanuary+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeslie1969" class="citation book cs1">Leslie, Robert Frank (1969). <i>Reform and insurrection in Russian Poland, 1856–1865</i>. Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8371-2415-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8371-2415-8"><bdi>0-8371-2415-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reform+and+insurrection+in+Russian+Poland%2C+1856%E2%80%931865&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-8371-2415-8&rft.aulast=Leslie&rft.aufirst=Robert+Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanuary+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLincoln1970" class="citation journal cs1">Lincoln, W. Bruce (1970). "The Makings of a New Polish Policy: N. A. Milyutin and the Polish Question, 1861–1863". <i>Polish Review</i>. <b>15</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">54–</span>66. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25776889">25776889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polish+Review&rft.atitle=The+Makings+of+a+New+Polish+Policy%3A+N.+A.+Milyutin+and+the+Polish+Question%2C+1861%E2%80%931863&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E54-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25776889%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lincoln&rft.aufirst=W.+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanuary+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZyzniewski1966" class="citation journal cs1">Zyzniewski, Stanley J. (1966). "The Russo-Polish Crucible of the 1860s: A Review of Some Recent Literature". <i>Polish Review</i>. <b>11</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">23–</span>46. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25776655">25776655</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polish+Review&rft.atitle=The+Russo-Polish+Crucible+of+the+1860s%3A+A+Review+of+Some+Recent+Literature&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25776655%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Zyzniewski&rft.aufirst=Stanley+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanuary+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=January_Uprising&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Polish <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="pl" style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/pl:Kategoria:Powstanie_styczniowe" class="extiw" title="s:pl:Kategoria:Powstanie styczniowe">January Uprising</a></b> </div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://powstanie.okiem.pl">Database of January insurgents</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/petersburgwarsaw00obriiala">Augustin O'Brien Petersburg and Warsaw: scenes witnessed during a residence in Poland and Russia in 1863–1864 (1864)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russiangovernmen00daywuoft">William Ansell Day. The Russian government in Poland: with a narrative of the Polish Insurrection of 1863 (1867)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Z6eEM2axVE">Pictures and paintings dedicated January Uprising</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0108273/"><i>Szwadron</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4473305#P345" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span>—Polish movie about the uprising (1992)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dictators_of_the_January_Uprising33" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dictators_of_the_January_Uprising" title="Template:Dictators of the January Uprising"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dictators_of_the_January_Uprising" title="Template talk:Dictators of the January Uprising"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dictators_of_the_January_Uprising" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dictators of the January Uprising"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dictators_of_the_January_Uprising33" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Dictators of the January Uprising</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwik_Mieros%C5%82awski" title="Ludwik Mierosławski">Ludwik Mierosławski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Langiewicz" title="Marian Langiewicz">Marian Langiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuald_Traugutt" title="Romuald Traugutt">Romuald Traugutt</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_January_Uprising.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_the_January_Uprising.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_January_Uprising.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_the_January_Uprising.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_January_Uprising.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_the_January_Uprising.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_January_Uprising.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="612" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="24px&#124;Coat_of_arms_of_January_Uprising_Heads_of_the_Polish_National_Government_(January_Uprising)147" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_the_Polish_National_Government_(January_Uprising)" title="Template:Heads of the Polish National Government (January Uprising)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_the_Polish_National_Government_(January_Uprising)" title="Template talk:Heads of the Polish National Government (January Uprising)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_the_Polish_National_Government_(January_Uprising)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of the Polish National Government (January Uprising)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="24px&#124;Coat_of_arms_of_January_Uprising_Heads_of_the_Polish_National_Government_(January_Uprising)147" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_January_Uprising.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of January Uprising"><img alt="Coat of arms of January Uprising" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_the_January_Uprising.svg/24px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_January_Uprising.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_the_January_Uprising.svg/36px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_January_Uprising.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_the_January_Uprising.svg/48px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_January_Uprising.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="612" /></a></span> Heads of the Polish National Government (January Uprising)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Bobrowski" title="Stefan Bobrowski">Stefan Bobrowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agaton_Giller" title="Agaton Giller">Agaton Giller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Dobrowolski" title="Franciszek Dobrowolski">Franciszek Dobrowolski</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piotr_Kobyla%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piotr Kobylański (page does not exist)">Piotr Kobylański</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karol_Majewski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karol Majewski (page does not exist)">Karol Majewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuald_Traugutt" title="Romuald Traugutt">Romuald Traugutt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronis%C5%82aw_Brzezi%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bronisław Brzeziński (page does not exist)">Bronisław Brzeziński</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_January_Uprising.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_the_January_Uprising.svg/66px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_January_Uprising.svg.png" decoding="async" width="66" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_the_January_Uprising.svg/99px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_January_Uprising.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_the_January_Uprising.svg/132px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_January_Uprising.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="612" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lithuanian_wars_and_conflicts9943" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lithuanian_wars_and_conflicts" title="Template:Lithuanian wars and conflicts"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lithuanian_wars_and_conflicts" title="Template talk:Lithuanian wars and conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lithuanian_wars_and_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lithuanian wars and conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lithuanian_wars_and_conflicts9943" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Lithuania" title="List of wars involving Lithuania">Lithuanian wars and conflicts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand<br />Duchy of<br />Lithuania</a><br />(to 1795)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania_(1219%E2%80%9395)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lithuania (1219–95)">13th<br />century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Lithuania" title="Mongol invasions of Lithuania">Mongol invasions of Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Crusade" title="Lithuanian Crusade">Lithuanian Crusade</a> (1283–1422)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia_Wars" title="Galicia–Volhynia Wars">Galicia–Volhynia Wars</a> (1340–1392)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian%E2%80%93Muscovite_War_(1368%E2%80%931372)" title="Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1368–1372)">Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1368–1372)</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lithuanian_Civil_Wars21" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lithuanian Civil Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Civil_War_(1381%E2%80%931384)" title="Lithuanian Civil War (1381–1384)">1381–1384</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Civil_War_(1389%E2%80%931392)" title="Lithuanian Civil War (1389–1392)">1389–1392</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Vikhra_River" title="Battle of the Vikhra River">Vikhra River (1386)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lithuanian_Crusade22" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Crusade" title="Lithuanian Crusade">Lithuanian Crusade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samogitian_uprisings" title="Samogitian uprisings">Samogitian anti-Teutonic uprisings (1401–1409)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian%E2%80%93Teutonic_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War">Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War</a> (1409–1411) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grunwald" title="Battle of Grunwald">Grunwald (1410)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_War" title="Hunger War">Hunger War</a> (1414)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gollub_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Gollub War">Gollub War</a> (1422)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Civil_War_(1432%E2%80%931438)" title="Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438)">Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ashmyany" title="Battle of Ashmyany">Ašmena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wi%C5%82komierz" title="Battle of Wiłkomierz">Pabaiskas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Teutonic_War_(1431%E2%80%931435)" title="Polish–Teutonic War (1431–1435)">Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War</a> (1431–1435)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Varna" title="Crusade of Varna">Crusade of Varna</a> (1443–1444) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Varna" title="Battle of Varna">Varna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Years%27_War_(1454%E2%80%931466)" title="Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466)">Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Muscovite–Lithuanian_Wars27" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscovite%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Wars#First_border_war_(1492–1494)" title="Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars">1492–1494</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscovite%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Wars#Second_war_(1500–1503)" title="Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars">1500–1503</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscovite%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Wars#Third_war_(1507–1508)" title="Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars">1507–1508</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glinski_rebellion" title="Glinski rebellion">Glinski rebellion</a> (1508)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscovite%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Wars#Fourth_war_(1512–1522)" title="Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars">1512–1522</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscovite%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Wars#Fifth_or_Starodub_war_(1534–1537)" title="Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars">1534–1537</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">Livonian War</a> (1558–1583) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_campaign_of_Stephen_B%C3%A1thory" title="Livonian campaign of Stephen Báthory">Livonian campaign of Stephen Báthory</a> (1577–1582)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Northern Seven Years' War">Northern Seven Years' War</a> (1563–1570)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession_(1587%E2%80%931588)" title="War of the Polish Succession (1587–1588)">War of the Polish–Lithuanian Succession</a> (1587–1588)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uprisings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosi%C5%84ski_uprising" title="Kosiński uprising">Kosiński (1591–1593)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalyvaiko_Uprising" title="Nalyvaiko Uprising">Nalyvaiko (1594–1596)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Wars_with_Sweden42" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Swedish wars">Wars with Sweden</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_against_Sigismund" title="War against Sigismund">War against Sigismund</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St%C3%A5ngebro" title="Battle of Stångebro">Stångebro (1598)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1600%E2%80%931611)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611)">1600–1611</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kircholm" title="Battle of Kircholm">Kircholm (1605)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1617%E2%80%931618)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1617–1618)">1617–1618</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1621%E2%80%931625)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1621–1625)">1621–1625</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1626%E2%80%931629)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629)">1626–1629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_War_of_1655%E2%80%931660" title="Northern War of 1655–1660">Swedish Deluge</a> (1655–1660)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rebellions &<br />uprisings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zebrzydowski_rebellion" title="Zebrzydowski rebellion">Zebrzydowski (1606)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhmaylo_uprising" title="Zhmaylo uprising">Zhmaylo (1625)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedorovych_uprising" title="Fedorovych uprising">Fedorovych (1630)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlyuk_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavlyuk uprising"> Pavlyuk (1637)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostryanyn_uprising" title="Ostryanyn uprising">Ostryanyn (1638)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising"> Khmelnytsky (1648–1657)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berestechko" title="Battle of Berestechko">Berestechko</a> (1651)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tsardom of<br />Muscovy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Muscovite_War_(1605%E2%80%931618)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)">1605–1618</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Klushino" title="Battle of Klushino">Klushino (1610)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_War" title="Smolensk War">1632–1634</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Smolensk_(1632%E2%80%931633)" title="Siege of Smolensk (1632–1633)">Smolensk (1632–1633)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Polish_War_(1654%E2%80%931667)" title="Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)">Russian Deluge</a> (1654–1667)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ottomans &<br />Tatars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1620%E2%80%931621)" title="Polish–Ottoman War (1620–1621)">1620–1621</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khotyn_(1621)" title="Battle of Khotyn (1621)">Khotyn (1621)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1633%E2%80%931634)" title="Polish–Ottoman War (1633–1634)">1633–1634</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Cossack%E2%80%93Tatar_War_(1666%E2%80%931671)" title="Polish–Cossack–Tatar War (1666–1671)">1666–1671</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1672%E2%80%931676)" title="Polish–Ottoman War (1672–1676)">1672–1676</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khotyn_(1673)" title="Battle of Khotyn (1673)">Khotyn (1673)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1683%E2%80%931699)" title="Polish–Ottoman War (1683–1699)">1683–1699</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Magnate_Wars" title="Moldavian Magnate Wars">Moldavian Magnate Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> (1618–1648) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Humenn%C3%A9" title="Battle of Humenné">Humenné (1619)</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Early5" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Civil_War_(1697%E2%80%931702)" title="Lithuanian Civil War (1697–1702)">Lithuanian Civil War (1697–1702)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a> (1700–1721)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish–Lithuanian Succession</a> (1733–1735)</li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Confederation" title="Bar Confederation">Bar Confederation</a> (1768–1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1792" class="mw-redirect" title="War of 1792">War of 1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising" title="Kościuszko Uprising">Kościuszko Uprising</a> (1794)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Armed_Forces_(obverse).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Armed_Forces_%28obverse%29.png/50px-Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Armed_Forces_%28obverse%29.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Armed_Forces_%28obverse%29.png/75px-Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Armed_Forces_%28obverse%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Armed_Forces_%28obverse%29.png/100px-Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Armed_Forces_%28obverse%29.png 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Lithuania<br />partitioned<br />(1795–1918)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> (1803–1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a> (1812)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Uprisings9" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uprisings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_1831" class="mw-redirect" title="Uprising of 1831">1831</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_1863" class="mw-redirect" title="Uprising of 1863">1863</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1905" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolution of 1905">Revolution of 1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (1914–1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Interwar_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Interwar Lithuania">Interwar<br />Lithuania</a><br />(1918–1940)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Wars_of_Independence" title="Lithuanian Wars of Independence">Lithuanian Wars of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Lithuanian–Soviet War">Lithuanian–Soviet War</a> (1918–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian War">Polish–Lithuanian War</a> (1919–1920)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da_Revolt" title="Klaipėda Revolt">Klaipėda Revolt</a> (1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania#World_War_II_(1939–1945)" title="History of Lithuania">World War II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">June Uprising in Lithuania</a> (1941)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania#Soviet_period_(1944–1990)" title="History of Lithuania">Soviet<br />occupation</a><br />(1944–1990)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_partisans" title="Lithuanian partisans">Lithuanian partisans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania#Independence_restored_(1990–present)" title="History of Lithuania">Restored<br />Lithuania</a><br />(since 1990)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_OMON_assaults_on_Lithuanian_border_posts" title="Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts">Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> (2003–2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Polish_uprisings3359" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polish_uprisings" title="Template:Polish uprisings"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Polish_uprisings" title="Template talk:Polish uprisings"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polish_uprisings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polish uprisings"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Polish_uprisings3359" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Polish uprisings</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_reaction_in_Poland" title="Pagan reaction in Poland">Peasant reaction</a> (1038)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizard_Union_(medieval)" title="Lizard Union (medieval)">Lizard Union</a> (1397–1411)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_Confederation" title="Prussian Confederation">Prussian Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_War" title="Chicken War">Chicken War</a> (1537)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danzig_rebellion" title="Danzig rebellion">Danzig rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_January_Uprising.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="January Uprising of 1863"><img alt="January Uprising of 1863" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_the_January_Uprising.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_January_Uprising.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_the_January_Uprising.svg/105px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_January_Uprising.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_the_January_Uprising.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_January_Uprising.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="612" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flaga_PPP.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Warsaw Uprising of 1944"><img alt="Warsaw Uprising of 1944" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/70px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/105px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/140px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="627" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="17th-century12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th-century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zebrzydowski_rebellion" title="Zebrzydowski rebellion">Zebrzydowski</a> (1609)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">Khmelnytsky</a> (1648–1657)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kostka-Napierski_uprising" title="Kostka-Napierski uprising">Kostka-Napierski</a> (1651)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyszowce_Confederation" title="Tyszowce Confederation">Tyszowce Confederation</a> (1655)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubomirski%27s_rebellion" title="Lubomirski's rebellion">Lubomirski</a> (1665–1666)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th-century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82uck_Confederation" title="Słuck Confederation">Słuck Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radom_Confederation" title="Radom Confederation">Radom Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Confederation" title="Bar Confederation">Bar Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targowica_Confederation" title="Targowica Confederation">Targowica Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising" title="Kościuszko Uprising">Kościuszko Uprising</a> (1794) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_Uprising" title="Curonian Uprising">Curonian Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising_(1794)" title="Warsaw Uprising (1794)">Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1794)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Poland uprising (1794)">1794 Greater Poland uprising</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">After the <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">partitions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denisko_uprising" title="Denisko uprising">Denisko uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1806)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Poland uprising (1806)">1806 Greater Poland uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a> (1830–1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1846)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Poland uprising (1846)">1846 Greater Poland uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Kraków uprising">Kraków uprising</a> (1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Peasant_Uprising_of_1846" title="Galician Peasant Uprising of 1846">1846 Galician slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1848)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Poland uprising (1848)">1848 Greater Poland uprising</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">January Uprising</a> (1863–1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Polish_political_exiles_in_Siberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Uprising of Polish political exiles in Siberia">Baikal insurrection 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_in_the_Kingdom_of_Poland_(1905%E2%80%931907)" title="Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905–1907)">Revolution of 1905</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_insurrection" title="Łódź insurrection">Łódź insurrection</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lemberg_(1918)" title="Battle of Lemberg (1918)">Battle of Lemberg (1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)">Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejny_Uprising" title="Sejny Uprising">Sejny Uprising</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Uprisings" title="Silesian Uprisings">Silesian Uprisings</a> (1919–1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ghetto_uprisings16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ghetto uprisings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto_uprising" title="Białystok Ghetto uprising">Białystok</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_Ghetto_uprising" title="Częstochowa Ghetto uprising">Częstochowa</a> (1943)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czortk%C3%B3w_uprising" title="Czortków uprising">Czortków</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87_uprising" title="Zamość uprising">Zamość</a> (1942–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Uprising_(1944)" title="Kraków Uprising (1944)">Kraków</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Uprising" title="Lwów Uprising">Lwów</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ostra_Brama" title="Operation Ostra Brama">Operation Ostra Brama</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Operation Tempest</a> (1944–1945)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Polish_wars_and_conflicts9210" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polish_wars_and_conflicts" title="Template:Polish wars and conflicts"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Polish_wars_and_conflicts" title="Template talk:Polish wars and conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polish_wars_and_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polish wars and conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Polish_wars_and_conflicts9210" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Poland" title="List of wars involving Poland">Polish wars and conflicts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">General and related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Polish_Army" title="History of the Polish Army">History of the Polish Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Polish_intelligence_services" title="History of Polish intelligence services">History of Polish intelligence services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Poland" title="List of wars involving Poland">List of wars involving Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Military of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Military of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces" title="Polish Armed Forces">Polish Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warfare_in_Medieval_Poland" title="Warfare in Medieval Poland">Warfare in Medieval Poland</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Wojska_L%C4%85dowe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/POL_Wojska_L%C4%85dowe.svg/50px-POL_Wojska_L%C4%85dowe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/POL_Wojska_L%C4%85dowe.svg/75px-POL_Wojska_L%C4%85dowe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/POL_Wojska_L%C4%85dowe.svg/100px-POL_Wojska_L%C4%85dowe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1061" /></a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Marynarka_Wojenna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/POL_Marynarka_Wojenna.svg/50px-POL_Marynarka_Wojenna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/POL_Marynarka_Wojenna.svg/75px-POL_Marynarka_Wojenna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/POL_Marynarka_Wojenna.svg/100px-POL_Marynarka_Wojenna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Wojska_Lotnicze.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/POL_Wojska_Lotnicze.svg/50px-POL_Wojska_Lotnicze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/POL_Wojska_Lotnicze.svg/75px-POL_Wojska_Lotnicze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/POL_Wojska_Lotnicze.svg/100px-POL_Wojska_Lotnicze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="939" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_the_Piast_dynasty" title="History of Poland during the Piast dynasty">Piast Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Veletian_War" title="Polish–Veletian War">Polish–Veletian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cedynia" title="Battle of Cedynia">Battle of Cedynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Polish_War_(1003%E2%80%931018)" title="German–Polish War (1003–1018)">German–Polish War (1003–1018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I%27s_intervention_in_the_Kievan_succession_crisis" title="Bolesław I's intervention in the Kievan succession crisis">Bolesław I's intervention in the Kievan succession crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Polish_War_(1028%E2%80%931031)" title="German–Polish War (1028–1031)">German–Polish War (1028–1031)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miec%C5%82aw%27s_Rebellion" title="Miecław's Rebellion">Miecław's Rebellion</a></li> <li>1072 war against <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_G%C5%82og%C3%B3w" title="Siege of Głogów">Siege of Głogów</a></li> <li>1146 war against Germany</li> <li>1156 war against Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia_Wars" title="Galicia–Volhynia Wars">Galicia–Volhynia Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mongol invasions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="First Mongol invasion of Poland">First Mongol invasion of Poland (1240/41)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="Second Mongol invasion of Poland">Second Mongol invasion of Poland (1259/60)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="Third Mongol invasion of Poland">Third Mongol invasion of Poland (1287/88)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Legnica" title="Battle of Legnica">Battle of Legnica</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_the_Jagiellonian_dynasty" title="History of Poland during the Jagiellonian dynasty">Jagiellon Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Teutonic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Teutonic War">Polish–Teutonic wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teutonic_takeover_of_Danzig_(Gda%C5%84sk)" title="Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk)">Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Teutonic_War_(1326%E2%80%931332)" title="Polish–Teutonic War (1326–1332)">Polish–Teutonic War (1326–1332)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_P%C5%82owce" title="Battle of Płowce">Battle of Płowce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian%E2%80%93Teutonic_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War">Great War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grunwald" title="Battle of Grunwald">Battle of Grunwald</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_War" title="Hunger War">Hunger War (1414)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gollub_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Gollub War">Gollub War (1422)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Teutonic_War_(1431%E2%80%931435)" title="Polish–Teutonic War (1431–1435)">Polish–Teutonic War (1431–1435)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Years%27_War_(1454%E2%80%931466)" title="Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466)">Thirteen Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Priests_(Poland)" title="War of the Priests (Poland)">War of the Priests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Teutonic_War_(1519%E2%80%931521)" title="Polish–Teutonic War (1519–1521)">Polish–Teutonic War (1519–1521)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_the_White%27s_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Władysław the White's rebellion">Władysław the White's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Civil_War_(1432%E2%80%931438)" title="Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438)">Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grotniki" title="Battle of Grotniki">Battle of Grotniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Varna" title="Crusade of Varna">1444 war against the Ottomans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Varna" title="Battle of Varna">Battle of Varna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_campaign_(1497%E2%80%931499)" title="Moldavian campaign (1497–1499)">Moldavian campaign (1497–1499)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscovite%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Wars" title="Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars">Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1512–1522)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Orsha" title="Battle of Orsha">Battle of Orsha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian%E2%80%93Muscovite_War_(1534%E2%80%931537)" title="Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1534–1537)">Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1534–1537)</a></li> <li>Ottoman–Tatar Invasion of Lithuania and Poland</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Swedish wars">Polish–Swedish wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">Livonian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_campaign_of_Stephen_B%C3%A1thory" title="Livonian campaign of Stephen Báthory">campaign of Stephen Báthory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Northern Seven Years' War">Northern Seven Years' War (1563–1570)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_against_Sigismund" title="War against Sigismund">War against Sigismund</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St%C3%A5ngebro" title="Battle of Stångebro">Battle of Stångebro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1600%E2%80%931629)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1600–1629)">Polish–Swedish War of 1600–1629</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1600%E2%80%931611)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611)">Polish–Swedish War of 1600–1611</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kircholm" title="Battle of Kircholm">Battle of Kircholm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1617%E2%80%931618)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1617–1618)">Polish–Swedish War of 1617–1618</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1621%E2%80%931625)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1621–1625)">Polish–Swedish War of 1621–1625</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1626%E2%80%931629)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629)">Polish–Swedish War of 1626–1629</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_War_of_1655%E2%80%931660" title="Northern War of 1655–1660">Northern War of 1655–1660</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deluge_(history)" title="Deluge (history)">The Deluge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danzig_rebellion" title="Danzig rebellion">Danzig rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lubiesz%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Lubieszów">Battle of Lubieszów</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Danzig_(1577)" title="Siege of Danzig (1577)">Siege of Danzig (1577)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession_(1587%E2%80%931588)" title="War of the Polish Succession (1587–1588)">War of the Polish Succession (1587–1588)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Byczyna" title="Battle of Byczyna">Battle of Byczyna</a></li></ul></li> <li>1589 Tatar Invasion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosi%C5%84ski_uprising" title="Kosiński uprising">Kosiński uprising</a></li> <li>1593 Tatar Invasion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalyvaiko_Uprising" title="Nalyvaiko Uprising">Nalyvaiko Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Magnate_Wars" title="Moldavian Magnate Wars">Moldavian Magnate Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Russian_War_(1609%E2%80%931618)" title="Polish–Russian War (1609–1618)">Polish–Russian War of 1609–1618</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Klushino" title="Battle of Klushino">Battle of Kłuszyn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebrzydowski_rebellion" title="Zebrzydowski rebellion">Zebrzydowski rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Humenn%C3%A9" title="Battle of Humenné">Battle of Humenné</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars" title="Polish–Ottoman Wars">Polish–Ottoman wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_campaign_(1497%E2%80%931499)" title="Moldavian campaign (1497–1499)">Moldavian campaign (1497–1499)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1620%E2%80%931621)" title="Polish–Ottoman War (1620–1621)">Polish–Ottoman War of 1620–1621</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khotyn_(1621)" title="Battle of Khotyn (1621)">Battle of Chocim (1621)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1633%E2%80%931634)" title="Polish–Ottoman War (1633–1634)">Polish–Ottoman War of 1633–1634</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Cossack%E2%80%93Tatar_War_(1666%E2%80%931671)" title="Polish–Cossack–Tatar War (1666–1671)">Polish–Cossack–Tatar War (1666–1671)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1672%E2%80%931676)" title="Polish–Ottoman War (1672–1676)">Polish–Ottoman War of 1672–1676</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khotyn_(1673)" title="Battle of Khotyn (1673)">Battle of Chocim (1673)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_War" title="Great Turkish War">Great Turkish War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1683%E2%80%931699)" title="Polish–Ottoman War (1683–1699)">War of the Holy League 1683–1699</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna" title="Battle of Vienna">Battle of Vienna</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1624 Tatar Invasion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhmaylo_uprising" title="Zhmaylo uprising">Zhmaylo uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedorovych_uprising" title="Fedorovych uprising">Fedorovych uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_War" title="Smolensk War">Smolensk War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Smolensk_(1632%E2%80%931633)" title="Siege of Smolensk (1632–1633)">Siege of Smolensk (1632–1633)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlyuk_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavlyuk uprising">Pavlyuk uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostryanyn_uprising" title="Ostryanyn uprising">Ostryanyn uprising</a></li> <li>1644 Tatar Invasion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">Khmelnytsky Uprising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berestechko" title="Battle of Berestechko">Battle of Berestechko</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Polish_War_(1654%E2%80%931667)" title="Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)">Russo–Polish War of 1654–1667</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Confederation" title="Bar Confederation">War of the Bar Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Russian_War_of_1792" title="Polish–Russian War of 1792">Polish–Russian War of 1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising" title="Kościuszko Uprising">Kościuszko Uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1795%E2%80%931918)" title="History of Poland (1795–1918)">Poland partitioned</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denisko_uprising" title="Denisko uprising">Denisko uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">War of the Fourth Coalition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">Prussian campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">War of the Fifth Coalition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Polish_War" title="Austro-Polish War">Austro-Polish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1848)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Poland uprising (1848)">Greater Poland uprising (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">January Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_World_War_I" title="History of Poland during World War I">fighting in Poland</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)">Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Czechoslovak_War" title="Polish–Czechoslovak War">Polish–Czechoslovak War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Silesian_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="First Silesian Uprising">First Silesian Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Warsaw_(1920)" title="Battle of Warsaw (1920)">Battle of Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiev_offensive_(1920)" title="Kiev offensive (1920)">Kiev offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Silesian_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Silesian Uprising">Second Silesian Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian War">Polish–Lithuanian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Silesian_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Silesian Uprising">Third Silesian Uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">World War II in Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li> <li>Polish <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II"> resistance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Poland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Poland during World War II">contributions</a> during World War II</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_uprisings" title="Ghetto uprisings">Ghetto uprisings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto_uprising" title="Białystok Ghetto uprising">Białystok Ghetto uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_Ghetto_uprising" title="Częstochowa Ghetto uprising">Częstochowa Ghetto uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italian Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Operation Tempest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ostra_Brama" title="Operation Ostra Brama">Operation Ostra Brama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Lwów uprising">Lwów uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1945%E2%80%931989)" title="History of Poland (1945–1989)">People's Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racib%C3%B3rz_Conflict" title="Racibórz Conflict">Racibórz Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1989%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Poland (1989–present)">Third Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Uphold_Democracy" title="Operation Uphold Democracy">Operation Uphold Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)">Occupation of Iraq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aid_to_Ukraine_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of military aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Military aid to Ukraine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armed_conflicts_involving_Russia_(including_Tsarist,_Imperial_and_Soviet_times)230" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_conflicts" title="Template:Russian conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_conflicts" title="Template talk:Russian conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armed_conflicts_involving_Russia_(including_Tsarist,_Imperial_and_Soviet_times)230" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Armed conflicts involving <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> times)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Russia" title="Military history of Russia">Military history of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Military history of the Russian Empire">Military history of the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military history of the Soviet Union">Military history of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Military history of the Russian Federation">Military history of the Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet conflicts">Post-Soviet conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russian Armed Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists by opponent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscovite%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Wars" title="Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars">Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Crimean_Wars" title="Russo-Crimean Wars">Russo-Crimean Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-Finnish_wars" title="Soviet-Finnish wars">Soviet-Finnish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Kazan_Wars" title="Russo-Kazan Wars">Russo-Kazan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_Wars" title="Russo-Persian Wars">Russo-Persian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_armed_conflicts_involving_Poland_against_Russia" title="List of armed conflicts involving Poland against Russia">Russo-Polish Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_between_Russia_and_Sweden" title="List of wars between Russia and Sweden">Russo-Swedish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russo-Turkish_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Russo-Turkish wars">Russo-Turkish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_between_Russia_and_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wars between Russia and Ukraine">Russo-Ukrainian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Russia" title="List of wars involving Russia">List of wars involving Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of wars involving the Soviet Union">List of wars involving the Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="List of battles involving the Russian Federation">List of battles involving the Russian Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Bolotnikov" title="Uprising of Bolotnikov">Uprising of Bolotnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razin%27s_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Razin's Rebellion">Razin's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulavin_Rebellion" title="Bulavin Rebellion">Bulavin Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pugachev%27s_Rebellion" title="Pugachev's Rebellion">Pugachev's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decembrist_revolt" title="Decembrist revolt">Decembrist revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Uprising" title="August Uprising">August Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">Coup attempt (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">1993 Russian constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Dagestan">War of Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Insurgency in the North Caucasus">Insurgency in the North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group_rebellion" title="Wagner Group rebellion">Wagner Group rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tsardom of<br />Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Crimean_Wars" title="Russo-Crimean Wars">Russo-Crimean Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Kazan_Wars" title="Russo-Kazan Wars">Russo-Kazan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1554%E2%80%931557)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)">Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">Livonian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Siberia" title="Russian conquest of Siberia">Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1568%E2%80%931570)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)">Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1590%E2%80%931595)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)">Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Muscovite_War_(1605%E2%80%931618)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)">Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Time_of_Troubles" title="Time of Troubles">Time of Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_War" title="Ingrian War">Ingrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_War" title="Smolensk War">Smolensk War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1651%E2%80%931653)" title="Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)">Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Polish_War_(1654%E2%80%931667)" title="Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)">Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deluge_(history)" title="Deluge (history)">Deluge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Northern War">Second Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1676%E2%80%931681)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)">Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1686%E2%80%931700)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)">Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th–19th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1710%E2%80%931711)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)">Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1722%E2%80%931723)" title="Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)">Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a> (1733–1738)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Russian%E2%80%93Turkish_War_(1735%E2%80%931739)" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)">Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a> (1740–1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1741%E2%80%931743)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)">Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%931774)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)">Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Confederation" title="Bar Confederation">Bar Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1787%E2%80%931792)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)">Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1788%E2%80%931790)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)">Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Russian_War_of_1792" title="Polish–Russian War of 1792">Russo-Polish War (1792)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_colonization_of_North_America" title="Russian colonization of North America">Russian colonization of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising" title="Kościuszko Uprising">Kościuszko Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Expedition_of_1796" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Expedition of 1796">Russo-Persian War (1796)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">War of the Second Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">War of the Third Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">War of the Fourth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_War_(1807%E2%80%931812)" title="Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)">Anglo-Russian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Finnish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">War of the Fifth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Seventh_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Seventh Coalition">War of the Seventh Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_the_Caucasus" title="Russian conquest of the Caucasus">Russian conquest of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_War" title="Caucasian War">Caucasian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Circassian_War" title="Russo-Circassian War">Russo-Circassian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murid_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Murid War">Murid War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)">Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1828%E2%80%931829)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)">Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_War" title="Åland War">Åland War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amur_Annexation" title="Amur Annexation">Amur Annexation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">January Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Central_Asia" title="Russian conquest of Central Asia">Russian conquest of Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Bukhara" title="Russian conquest of Bukhara">Russian conquest of Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khivan_campaign_of_1873" title="Khivan campaign of 1873">Khivan campaign of 1873</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Russian invasion of Manchuria">Russian invasion of Manchuria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Tabriz" title="Russian occupation of Tabriz">Russian occupation of Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919_Soviet_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine">1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alash_Autonomy" title="Alash Autonomy">Kazakhstan Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sochi_conflict" title="Sochi conflict">Sochi conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimosodat" title="Heimosodat">Heimosodat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_westward_offensive_of_1918%E2%80%931919" title="Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919">Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Lithuanian–Soviet War">Lithuanian–Soviet War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)">Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Azerbaijan" title="Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan">Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Armenia" title="Red Army invasion of Armenia">Red Army invasion of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_intervention_in_Mongolia" title="Soviet intervention in Mongolia">Red Army intervention in Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Karelian_uprising" title="East Karelian uprising">East Karelian uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmachi_movement" title="Basmachi movement">Central Asian Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Uprising" title="August Uprising">August Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urtatagai_conflict_(1925%E2%80%931926)" title="Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)">Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_conflict_(1929)" title="Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)">Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_intervention_in_Afghanistan_(1929)" title="Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)">Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_intervention_in_Afghanistan_(1930)" title="Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)">Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechen_uprising_of_1932&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chechen uprising of 1932 (page does not exist)">Chechen uprising of 1932</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_1932_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Восстание в Чечне 1932 года">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Xinjiang" title="Soviet invasion of Xinjiang">Soviet invasion of Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_rebellion_in_Xinjiang_(1937)" title="Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang (1937)">Xinjiang War (1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviet invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Latvia_in_1940" title="Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940">Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front (World War II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1944)" title="Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)">Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_Latvia_in_1944" title="Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944">Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army#Soviet_Union" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Guerrilla war in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931953)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)">Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Rebellion" title="Ili Rebellion">Ili Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_incident" title="Vlora incident">Vlora incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_OMON_assaults_on_Lithuanian_border_posts" title="Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts">Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia_war_(1991%E2%80%931992)" title="South Ossetia war (1991–1992)">South Ossetia war (1991–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War" title="Georgian Civil War">Georgian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">Tajikistani Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Dagestan">War of Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Annexation of Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas" title="War in Donbas">War in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 invasion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Intervention in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Libya_campaign" title="Western Libya campaign">Western Libya campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Kazakh_unrest" title="2022 Kazakh unrest">Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Winter" title="Russian Winter">Russian Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">Sphere of influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox680" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control 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