CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Paris Commune - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"57a5b6c6-1888-4ba7-8d57-27a12fb31fab","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Paris_Commune","wgTitle":"Paris Commune","wgCurRevisionId":1259082454,"wgRevisionId":1259082454,"wgArticleId":59134,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Articles containing French-language text","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from March 2015","Pages with French IPA", "Articles containing Polish-language text","Articles containing Russian-language text","Articles containing Norwegian-language text","Articles containing German-language text","Articles containing Italian-language text","Articles with German-language sources (de)","Commons link is on Wikidata","Articles with excerpts","Paris Commune","1870s in Paris","1871 establishments in France","1871 disestablishments in France","1871 riots","19th-century revolutions","Anarchism in France","Anarchist uprisings","Communism in France","Communist revolutions","Anti-clericalism","Far-left politics in France","Left-wing populism in France","May 1871 events","Riots and civil disorder in France","Sieges involving France","Socialism in France","States and territories established in 1871","States and territories disestablished in 1871","Rebellions in France","Revolutionary communes"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Paris_Commune", "wgRelevantArticleId":59134,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q133132","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform", "platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher", "ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Barricade18March1871.jpg/1200px-Barricade18March1871.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="918"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Barricade18March1871.jpg/800px-Barricade18March1871.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="612"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Barricade18March1871.jpg/640px-Barricade18March1871.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="490"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Paris Commune - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Commune"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Commune"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Paris_Commune rootpage-Paris_Commune skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Paris+Commune" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Paris+Commune" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Paris+Commune" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Paris+Commune" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Prelude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prelude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Prelude</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prelude subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radicalisation_of_the_Paris_workers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radicalisation_of_the_Paris_workers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Radicalisation of the Paris workers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radicalisation_of_the_Paris_workers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radicals_and_revolutionaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radicals_and_revolutionaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Radicals and revolutionaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radicals_and_revolutionaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defenders_of_Paris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defenders_of_Paris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Defenders of Paris</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defenders_of_Paris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siege_of_Paris;_first_demonstrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_of_Paris;_first_demonstrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Siege of Paris; first demonstrations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_of_Paris;_first_demonstrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uprising_of_31_October" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uprising_of_31_October"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Uprising of 31 October</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uprising_of_31_October-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negotiations_with_the_Germans;_continued_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negotiations_with_the_Germans;_continued_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Negotiations with the Germans; continued war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negotiations_with_the_Germans;_continued_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uprising_and_armistice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uprising_and_armistice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Uprising and armistice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uprising_and_armistice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adolphe_Thiers;_parliamentary_elections_of_1871" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adolphe_Thiers;_parliamentary_elections_of_1871"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Adolphe Thiers; parliamentary elections of 1871</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adolphe_Thiers;_parliamentary_elections_of_1871-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Establishment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Establishment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Establishment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Establishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dispute_over_cannons_of_Paris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dispute_over_cannons_of_Paris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Dispute over cannons of Paris</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dispute_over_cannons_of_Paris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Failed_seizure_attempt_and_government_retreat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Failed_seizure_attempt_and_government_retreat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Failed seizure attempt and government retreat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Failed_seizure_attempt_and_government_retreat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Guard_takes_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Guard_takes_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>National Guard takes power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Guard_takes_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Council_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Council_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Council elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Council_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organisation_and_early_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisation_and_early_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Organisation and early work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organisation_and_early_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration_and_actions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration_and_actions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Administration and actions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administration_and_actions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Administration and actions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Administration_and_actions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Programme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Programme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Programme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Programme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feminist_initiatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feminist_initiatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Feminist initiatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feminist_initiatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bank_of_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bank_of_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Bank of France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bank_of_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Press" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Press"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Press</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Press-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-clericalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-clericalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Anti-clericalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-clericalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Destruction_of_the_Vendôme_Column" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destruction_of_the_Vendôme_Column"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Destruction of the Vendôme Column</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Destruction_of_the_Vendôme_Column-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_with_the_national_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_with_the_national_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>War with the national government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-War_with_the_national_government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle War with the national government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-War_with_the_national_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mobilization_of_both_sides_and_attack_by_the_government_army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobilization_of_both_sides_and_attack_by_the_government_army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Mobilization of both sides and attack by the government army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobilization_of_both_sides_and_attack_by_the_government_army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Failure_of_the_march_on_Versailles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Failure_of_the_march_on_Versailles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Failure of the march on Versailles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Failure_of_the_march_on_Versailles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decree_on_Hostages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decree_on_Hostages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Decree on Hostages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decree_on_Hostages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radicalisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radicalisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Radicalisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radicalisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition_of_the_National_Guard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition_of_the_National_Guard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Composition of the National Guard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition_of_the_National_Guard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capture_of_Fort_Issy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capture_of_Fort_Issy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Capture of Fort Issy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capture_of_Fort_Issy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Bloody_Week"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Bloody_Week""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>"Bloody Week"</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-"Bloody_Week"-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle "Bloody Week" subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-"Bloody_Week"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-21_May:_Army_enters_Paris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21_May:_Army_enters_Paris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>21 May: Army enters Paris</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21_May:_Army_enters_Paris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-22_May:_Barricades,_first_street_battles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#22_May:_Barricades,_first_street_battles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>22 May: Barricades, first street battles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-22_May:_Barricades,_first_street_battles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-23_May:_Battle_for_Montmartre;_burning_of_Tuileries_Palace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#23_May:_Battle_for_Montmartre;_burning_of_Tuileries_Palace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>23 May: Battle for Montmartre; burning of Tuileries Palace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-23_May:_Battle_for_Montmartre;_burning_of_Tuileries_Palace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-24_May:_Burning_of_Hotel_de_Ville;_executions_of_Communards,_the_archbishop_and_hostages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#24_May:_Burning_of_Hotel_de_Ville;_executions_of_Communards,_the_archbishop_and_hostages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>24 May: Burning of Hotel de Ville; executions of Communards, the archbishop and hostages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-24_May:_Burning_of_Hotel_de_Ville;_executions_of_Communards,_the_archbishop_and_hostages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-25_May:_Death_of_Delescluze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#25_May:_Death_of_Delescluze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>25 May: Death of Delescluze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-25_May:_Death_of_Delescluze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-26_May:_Capture_of_Place_de_la_Bastille;_more_executions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#26_May:_Capture_of_Place_de_la_Bastille;_more_executions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>26 May: Capture of Place de la Bastille; more executions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-26_May:_Capture_of_Place_de_la_Bastille;_more_executions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-27–28_May:_Final_battles;_executions_at_Père-Lachaise_Cemetery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#27–28_May:_Final_battles;_executions_at_Père-Lachaise_Cemetery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>27–28 May: Final battles; executions at Père-Lachaise Cemetery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-27–28_May:_Final_battles;_executions_at_Père-Lachaise_Cemetery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communard_prisoners_and_casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communard_prisoners_and_casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Communard prisoners and casualties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Communard_prisoners_and_casualties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Communard prisoners and casualties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Communard_prisoners_and_casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prisoners_and_exiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prisoners_and_exiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Prisoners and exiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prisoners_and_exiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Casualties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Critique</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Critique-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Critique subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Critique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contemporary_artists_and_writers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_artists_and_writers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Contemporary artists and writers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_artists_and_writers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anarchists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anarchists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Anarchists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anarchists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marxism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marxism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Marxism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marxism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_commentary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_commentary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Other commentary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_commentary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_dispute_over_Thiers'_handling_of_the_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_dispute_over_Thiers'_handling_of_the_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Academic dispute over Thiers' handling of the crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_dispute_over_Thiers'_handling_of_the_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Influence and legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Influence and legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Influence_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_communes_of_1871" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_communes_of_1871"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Other communes of 1871</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_communes_of_1871-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>In fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3.1</span> <span>Poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Novels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3.2</span> <span>Novels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3.3</span> <span>Theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3.4</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3.5</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Paris Commune</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paryse_Kommune" title="Paryse Kommune – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Paryse Kommune" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariser_Kommune" title="Pariser Kommune – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pariser Kommune" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="كومونة باريس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كومونة باريس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comu%C3%B1a_de_Par%C3%ADs" title="Comuña de París – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Comuña de París" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_kommunas%C4%B1" title="Paris kommunası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Paris kommunası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="پاریس کوموناسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پاریس کوموناسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF" title="কমিউন দ্যু পারি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কমিউন দ্যু পারি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Парыжская камуна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Парыжская камуна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Парижка комуна – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Парижка комуна" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%95%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8D_(%E0%BC%A1%E0%BC%A8%E0%BC%A7%E0%BC%A1)" title="ཕ་རིའི་ཀོ་མུ་ནེ། (༡༨༧༡) – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཕ་རིའི་ཀོ་མུ་ནེ། (༡༨༧༡)" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariska_komuna" title="Pariska komuna – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pariska komuna" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumun_Pariz" title="Kumun Pariz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kumun Pariz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comuna_de_Par%C3%ADs" title="Comuna de París – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Comuna de París" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%BEsk%C3%A1_komuna" title="Pařížská komuna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pařížská komuna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comiwn_Paris" title="Comiwn Paris – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Comiwn Paris" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariserkommunen" title="Pariserkommunen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pariserkommunen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariser_Kommune" title="Pariser Kommune – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pariser Kommune" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariisi_kommuun" title="Pariisi kommuun – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pariisi kommuun" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AE_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Παρισινή Κομμούνα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παρισινή Κομμούνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comuna_de_Par%C3%ADs" title="Comuna de París – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Comuna de París" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariza_Komunumo_(1871)" title="Pariza Komunumo (1871) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pariza Komunumo (1871)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parisko_Komuna" title="Parisko Komuna – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Parisko Komuna" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3_(%DB%B1%DB%B8%DB%B7%DB%B1)" title="کمون پاریس (۱۸۷۱) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کمون پاریس (۱۸۷۱)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_de_Paris" title="Commune de Paris – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Commune de Paris" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Com%C3%BAn_Ph%C3%A1ras" title="Común Pháras – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Común Pháras" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1871_Comann_Pharis" title="1871 Comann Pharis – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="1871 Comann Pharis" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comuna_de_Par%C3%ADs" title="Comuna de París – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Comuna de París" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%9A_%DA%A9%D9%9A%D9%85%DB%8A%D9%86" title="پاريس ٚ کٚمۊن – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="پاريس ٚ کٚمۊن" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EB%A6%AC_%EC%BD%94%EB%AE%8C" title="파리 코뮌 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파리 코뮌" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A1_(1871)" title="Փարիզի կոմունա (1871) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փարիզի կոմունա (1871)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8" title="पेरिस कम्यून – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पेरिस कम्यून" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pari%C5%A1ka_komuna" title="Pariška komuna – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pariška komuna" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris-komono" title="Paris-komono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Paris-komono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komune_Paris" title="Komune Paris – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Komune Paris" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%ADsarkomm%C3%BAnan" title="Parísarkommúnan – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Parísarkommúnan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune_di_Parigi" title="Comune di Parigi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Comune di Parigi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%96%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הקומונה הפריזאית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הקומונה הפריזאית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komune_Paris" title="Komune Paris – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Komune Paris" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="პარიზის კომუნა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პარიზის კომუნა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Париж коммунасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Париж коммунасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B_(1871)" title="Париж коммунасы (1871) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Париж коммунасы (1871)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_Parisiorum_anni_1871" title="Commune Parisiorum anni 1871 – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Commune Parisiorum anni 1871" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C4%ABzes_Kom%C5%ABna" title="Parīzes Komūna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Parīzes Komūna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pary%C5%BEiaus_komuna" title="Paryžiaus komuna – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Paryžiaus komuna" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1rizsi_Komm%C3%BCn" title="Párizsi Kommün – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Párizsi Kommün" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Париска комуна – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Париска комуна" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="პარიზიშ კომუნა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პარიზიშ კომუნა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="كومونة باريس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كومونة باريس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quemuna_de_Paris" title="Quemuna de Paris – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Quemuna de Paris" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Парисын коммун – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Парисын коммун" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_van_Parijs_(1871)" title="Commune van Parijs (1871) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Commune van Parijs (1871)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8" title="पेरिस कम्युन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पेरिस कम्युन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3" title="パリ・コミューン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パリ・コミューン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariskommunen" title="Pariskommunen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pariskommunen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariskommunen" title="Pariskommunen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pariskommunen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comuna_de_Par%C3%ADs_(1871)" title="Comuna de París (1871) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Comuna de París (1871)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parij_kommunasi" title="Parij kommunasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Parij kommunasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%A8" title="ਪੈਰਿਸ ਕਮਿਊਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੈਰਿਸ ਕਮਿਊਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komuna_Paryska" title="Komuna Paryska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Komuna Paryska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comuna_de_Paris" title="Comuna de Paris – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Comuna de Paris" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comuna_din_Paris" title="Comuna din Paris – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Comuna din Paris" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Парижская коммуна – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Парижская коммуна" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komuna_e_Parisit_(ngjarje_historike)" title="Komuna e Parisit (ngjarje historike) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Komuna e Parisit (ngjarje historike)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Paris Commune" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%AD%C5%BEska_kom%C3%BAna_(1871)" title="Parížska komúna (1871) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Parížska komúna (1871)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pari%C5%A1ka_komuna" title="Pariška komuna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pariška komuna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariska_komuna" title="Pariska komuna – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Pariska komuna" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pari%C5%A1ka_komuna" title="Pariška komuna – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pariška komuna" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariisin_kommuuni" title="Pariisin kommuuni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pariisin kommuuni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariskommunen" title="Pariskommunen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pariskommunen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komuna_ng_Paris" title="Komuna ng Paris – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Komuna ng Paris" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA" title="คอมมูนปารีส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คอมมูนปารีส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Kom%C3%BCn%C3%BC" title="Paris Komünü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Paris Komünü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0_(1871)" title="Паризька комуна (1871) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Паризька комуна (1871)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="پیرس کمیون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پیرس کمیون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_x%C3%A3_Paris" title="Công xã Paris – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Công xã Paris" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E5%85%AC%E7%A4%BE" title="巴黎公社 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="巴黎公社" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E5%85%AC%E7%A4%BE" title="巴黎公社 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="巴黎公社" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E5%85%AC%E7%A4%BE" title="巴黎公社 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴黎公社" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q133132#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Paris_Commune" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Paris_Commune" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Paris_Commune" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&oldid=1259082454" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Paris_Commune&id=1259082454&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FParis_Commune"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FParis_Commune"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Paris_Commune&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commune_de_Paris" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q133132" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Revolutionary city council of Paris of 1871</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Paris Commune during the French Revolution, see <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune_(1789%E2%80%931795)" title="Paris Commune (1789–1795)">Paris Commune (1789–1795)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Paris Commune</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(1870%E2%80%931871)" title="Siege of Paris (1870–1871)">Siege of Paris</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Barricade18March1871.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Barricade18March1871.jpg/220px-Barricade18March1871.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Barricade18March1871.jpg/330px-Barricade18March1871.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Barricade18March1871.jpg/440px-Barricade18March1871.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1359" data-file-height="1040" /></a></span><br />A barricade thrown up by <a href="/wiki/Communard" class="mw-redirect" title="Communard">Communard</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(France)" title="National Guard (France)">National Guard</a> on 18 March 1871.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>18 March – 28 May 1871<br />(2 months, 1 week and 3 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Paris, France</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>Revolt suppressed </p> <ul><li>Disbanding of the second National Guard by the French government</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Republic</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/23px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/35px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/45px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Communards" title="Communards">Communards</a><br /><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(France)" title="National Guard (France)">National Guard</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Patrice_de_MacMahon" title="Patrice de MacMahon">Patrice de MacMahon</a></span></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/23px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/35px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/45px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Charles_Delescluze" title="Louis Charles Delescluze">Louis C. Delescluze</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/23px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/35px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/45px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_D%C4%85browski" title="Jarosław Dąbrowski">Jarosław Dąbrowski</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 170,000<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 25,000–50,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a319_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a319-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 877 killed, 6,454 wounded, and 183 missing<sup id="cite_ref-Versailles1875_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Versailles1875-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 6,667 confirmed killed and buried;<sup id="cite_ref-RTombs_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RTombs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unconfirmed estimates from 10 to 15,000<sup id="cite_ref-Audin,_Michele_1871_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Audin,_Michele_1871-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERougerie2014118_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERougerie2014118-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to as high as 20,000 dead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELissagaray2000383_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELissagaray2000383-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 43,000 were taken prisoner, and 6,500 to 7,500 self-exiled abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a431–432_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a431–432-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Paris_Commune" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Paris_Commune" title="Template:Campaignbox Paris Commune"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Paris_Commune" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Paris Commune"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Paris_Commune" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Paris Commune"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paris_Commune" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paris Commune</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Courbevoie" title="Battle of Courbevoie">Courbevoie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rueil" title="Battle of Rueil">Rueil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Meudon" title="Battle of Meudon">Meudon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_d%27Issy" title="Battle of Fort d'Issy">Fort d'Issy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaine_sanglante" title="Semaine sanglante">Semaine sanglante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_in_the_Rue_Haxo" title="Massacre in the Rue Haxo">Rue Haxo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Butte-aux-Cailles" title="Battle of Butte-aux-Cailles">Butte-aux-Cailles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Paris Commune</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Commune de Paris</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[kɔ.myn<span class="wrap"> </span>də<span class="wrap"> </span>pa.ʁi]</a></span>) was a French revolutionary government that seized power in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> on 18 March 1871 and controlled parts of the city until 28 May 1871. During the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> of 1870–71, the French <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(France)" title="National Guard (France)">National Guard</a> had defended Paris, and <a href="/wiki/Working-class" class="mw-redirect" title="Working-class">working-class</a> radicalism grew among its soldiers. Following the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a> in September 1870 (under French chief-executive <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Adolphe Thiers</a> from February 1871) and the complete defeat of the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a> by the Germans by March 1871, soldiers of the National Guard seized control of the city on March 18. The Communards killed two French army generals and refused to accept the authority of the Third Republic; instead, the radicals set about establishing their own independent government. </p><p>The Commune governed Paris for two months, promoting policies that tended toward a <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism"> anti-religious</a> system of their own self-styled <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, which was an eclectic mix of many 19th-century schools of thought. These policies included the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">self-policing</a>, the remission of rent, the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Child_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor">child labor</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">right of employees to take over an enterprise</a> deserted by its owner. The Commune closed all <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> churches and schools in Paris. <a href="/wiki/Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">Feminist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a>, old-style <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a> (a mix of reformism and revolutionism), and <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchist</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhonist</a> currents, among other socialist types, played important roles in the Commune. </p><p>The various <a href="/wiki/Communards" title="Communards">Communards</a> had little more than two months to achieve their respective goals before the national French Army suppressed the Commune during the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Semaine_sanglante" title="Semaine sanglante">semaine sanglante</a></i></span> ("bloody week") beginning on 21 May 1871. The national forces still loyal to the Third Republic government either killed in battle or executed an estimated 10,000 to 15,000 Communards, though one unconfirmed estimate from 1876 put the toll as high as 20,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Audin,_Michele_1871_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Audin,_Michele_1871-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its final days, the Commune executed the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Paris" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Paris">Archbishop of Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Darboy" title="Georges Darboy">Georges Darboy</a>, and about one hundred hostages, mostly <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gendarmerie (France)"> gendarmes</a> and priests. </p><p>National army forces took 43,522 Communards as prisoners, including <a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Paris_Commune" title="Women in the Paris Commune">1,054 women</a>. More than half of the prisoners had not fought, and were released immediately. The Third Republic tried around 15,000 in court, 13,500 of whom were found guilty, 95 were sentenced to death, 251 to forced labor, and 1,169 to deportation (mostly to <a href="/wiki/Penal_colony_of_New_Caledonia" title="Penal colony of New Caledonia"> New Caledonia</a>). Many other Commune supporters, including several of the <a href="/wiki/Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader">leaders</a>, fled abroad, mostly to England, Belgium or Switzerland. All the surviving prisoners and exiles received pardons in 1880 and could return home, where some resumed political careers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a431–432_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a431–432-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Debates over the policies and outcome of the Commune had significant influence on the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>, who described the régime in Paris as the first example of the <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">dictatorship of the proletariat</a>. Engels wrote: "Of late, the Social-Democratic philistine has once more been filled with wholesome terror at the words: <i>Dictatorship of the Proletariat</i>. Well and good, gentlemen, do you want to know what this dictatorship looks like? Look at the Paris Commune. That was the Dictatorship of the Proletariat."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERougerie2004264–270_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERougerie2004264–270-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 2 September 1870, France was defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sedan" title="Battle of Sedan">Battle of Sedan</a>, and Emperor <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> was captured. When the news reached Paris the next day, shocked and angry crowds came out into the streets. Empress <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_de_Montijo" title="Eugénie de Montijo">Eugénie</a>, the acting Regent, fled the city, and the government of the <a href="/wiki/French_Second_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="French Second Empire">Second Empire</a> swiftly collapsed. Republican and radical deputies of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a> proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">new French Republic</a>, and formed a <a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Defense" title="Government of National Defense">Government of National Defence</a> with the intention of continuing the war. The Prussian army marched swiftly toward Paris. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographics">Demographics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1871, France was deeply divided between the large rural, Catholic, and conservative population of the French countryside and the more republican and radical cities of Paris, Marseille, Lyon and a few others. In the first round of the <a href="/wiki/1869_French_legislative_election" title="1869 French legislative election">1869 parliamentary elections</a> held under the French Empire, 4,438,000 had voted for the <a href="/wiki/Bonapartist" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonapartist">Bonapartist</a> candidates supporting Napoleon III, while 3,350,000 had voted for the republicans or the <a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">legitimists</a>. In Paris, however, the republican candidates dominated, winning 234,000 votes against 77,000 for the Bonapartists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a65_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a65-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the two million people in Paris in 1869, according to the official census, there were about 500,000 industrial workers, or fifteen percent of all the industrial workers in France, plus another 300,000–400,000 workers in other enterprises. Only about 40,000 were employed in factories and large enterprises; most were employed in small industries in textiles, furniture and construction. There were also 115,000 servants and 45,000 concierges. In addition to the native French population, there were about 100,000 immigrant workers and political refugees, the largest number being from Italy and Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a65_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a65-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the war and the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(1870%E2%80%9371)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Paris (1870–71)">Siege of Paris</a>, various members of the middle and upper classes departed the city. At the same time, there was an influx of refugees from parts of France occupied by the Germans. The working class and immigrants suffered the most from the lack of industrial activity due to the war and the siege; they formed the bedrock of the Commune's popular support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a65_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a65-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radicalisation_of_the_Paris_workers">Radicalisation of the Paris workers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Radicalisation of the Paris workers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Commune resulted in part from growing discontent among the Paris workers.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This discontent can be traced to the first worker uprisings, the <a href="/wiki/Canut_revolts" title="Canut revolts">Canut revolts</a> (a <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Canut" title="Canut">canut</a></i></span> was a Lyonnais silk worker, often working on <a href="/wiki/Jacquard_loom" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacquard loom">Jacquard looms</a>), in Lyon and Paris in the 1830s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards19711_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards19711-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Parisians, especially workers and the lower-middle classes, supported a democratic republic. A specific demand was that Paris should be self-governing with its own elected council, something enjoyed by smaller French towns but denied to Paris by a national government wary of the capital's unruly populace. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_French_Empire_(1852-1870)_(A10).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Second_French_Empire_%281852-1870%29_%28A10%29.jpg/220px-Second_French_Empire_%281852-1870%29_%28A10%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Second_French_Empire_%281852-1870%29_%28A10%29.jpg/330px-Second_French_Empire_%281852-1870%29_%28A10%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Second_French_Empire_%281852-1870%29_%28A10%29.jpg/440px-Second_French_Empire_%281852-1870%29_%28A10%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1507" data-file-height="1074" /></a><figcaption>Children in factory at the forge under the Second French Empire</figcaption></figure> <p>Socialist movements, such as the <a href="/wiki/First_International" class="mw-redirect" title="First International">First International</a>, had been growing in influence with hundreds of societies affiliated to it across France. In early 1867, Parisian employers of bronze-workers attempted to de-unionise their workers. This was defeated by a strike organised by the International. Later in 1867, a public demonstration in Paris was answered by the dissolution of its executive committee and the leadership being fined. Tensions escalated: Internationalists elected a new committee and put forth a more radical programme, the authorities imprisoned their leaders, and a more revolutionary perspective was taken to the International's <a href="/wiki/First_International#The_Brussels_Congress,_1868" class="mw-redirect" title="First International">1868 Brussels Congress</a>. The International had considerable influence even among unaffiliated French workers, particularly in Paris and the large cities.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The killing of journalist <a href="/wiki/Victor_Noir" title="Victor Noir">Victor Noir</a> incensed Parisians, and the arrests of journalists critical of the Emperor did nothing to quiet the city. The German military attaché, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_von_Waldersee" title="Alfred von Waldersee">Alfred von Waldersee</a>, wrote in his diary in February: "Every night isolated barricades were thrown up, constructed for the most part out of disused conveyances, especially omnibuses, a few shots were fired at random, and scenes of disorder were taken part in by a few hundreds of persons, mostly quite young". He noted, however, that "working-men, as a class, took no part in the proceedings."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A coup was attempted in early 1870, but tensions eased significantly after the <a href="/wiki/1870_French_constitutional_referendum" title="1870 French constitutional referendum">plebiscite in May</a>. The war with Prussia, initiated by Napoleon III in July, was initially met with patriotic fervour.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radicals_and_revolutionaries">Radicals and revolutionaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Radicals and revolutionaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Auguste_Blanqui.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Louis_Auguste_Blanqui.JPG/170px-Louis_Auguste_Blanqui.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Louis_Auguste_Blanqui.JPG/255px-Louis_Auguste_Blanqui.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Louis_Auguste_Blanqui.JPG/340px-Louis_Auguste_Blanqui.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3127" data-file-height="4587" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Blanqui" title="Louis Auguste Blanqui">Louis Auguste Blanqui</a>, leader of the Commune's far-left faction, was imprisoned for the entire time of the Commune.</figcaption></figure> <p>Paris was the traditional home of French radical movements. Revolutionaries had gone into the streets and overthrown their governments during the popular uprisings of <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July 1830</a> and the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">French Revolution of 1848</a>, as well as subsequent failed attempts such as the 1832 <a href="/wiki/June_Rebellion" title="June Rebellion">June Rebellion</a> and the uprising of <a href="/wiki/June_Days_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="June Days Uprising">June 1848</a>. </p><p>Of the radical and revolutionary groups in Paris at the time of the Commune, the most conservative were the "radical republicans". This group included the young doctor and future prime minister <a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Georges Clemenceau</a>, who was a member of the National Assembly and Mayor of the <a href="/wiki/18th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="18th arrondissement of Paris">18th arrondissement</a>. Clemenceau tried to negotiate a compromise between the Commune and the government, but neither side trusted him; he was considered extremely radical by the provincial deputies of rural France, but too moderate by the leaders of the Commune. </p><p>The most extreme revolutionaries in Paris were the followers of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Blanqui" title="Louis Auguste Blanqui">Louis Auguste Blanqui</a>, a charismatic professional revolutionary who had spent most of his adult life in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had about a thousand followers, many of them armed and organized into <a href="/wiki/Clandestine_cell_system" title="Clandestine cell system">cells</a> of ten persons each. Each cell operated independently and was unaware of the members of the other groups, communicating only with their leaders by code. Blanqui had written a manual on revolution, <i><a href="/wiki/Instructions_for_an_Armed_Uprising" title="Instructions for an Armed Uprising">Instructions for an Armed Uprising</a></i>, to give guidance to his followers. Though their numbers were small, the <a href="/wiki/Blanquists" class="mw-redirect" title="Blanquists">Blanquists</a> provided many of the most disciplined soldiers and several of the senior leaders of the Commune. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defenders_of_Paris">Defenders of Paris</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Defenders of Paris"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_Garde_Nationale_soldier_with_Tabatiere_rifle_1870.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/French_Garde_Nationale_soldier_with_Tabatiere_rifle_1870.jpg/170px-French_Garde_Nationale_soldier_with_Tabatiere_rifle_1870.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/French_Garde_Nationale_soldier_with_Tabatiere_rifle_1870.jpg/255px-French_Garde_Nationale_soldier_with_Tabatiere_rifle_1870.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/French_Garde_Nationale_soldier_with_Tabatiere_rifle_1870.jpg 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>French <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(France)" title="National Guard (France)">National Guard</a> soldier, 1870</figcaption></figure> <p>By 20 September 1870, the German army had surrounded Paris and was camped just 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) from the French front lines. The regular <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a> in Paris, under <a href="/wiki/Louis-Jules_Trochu" title="Louis-Jules Trochu">General Trochu</a>'s command, had only 50,000 professional soldiers of the line; the majority of the French first-line soldiers were prisoners of war, or trapped in <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a>, surrounded by the Germans. The regulars were thus supported by around 5,000 firemen, 3,000 <a href="/wiki/National_Gendarmerie" title="National Gendarmerie">gendarmes</a>, and 15,000 sailors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009b143–145_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009b143–145-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The regulars were also supported by the <a href="/wiki/Garde_Mobile" title="Garde Mobile">Garde Mobile</a>, new recruits with little training or experience. 17,000 of them were Parisian, and 73,000 from the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_France" title="Provinces of France">provinces</a>. These included twenty battalions of men from <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, who spoke little French.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009b143–145_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009b143–145-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest armed force in Paris was the <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(France)" title="National Guard (France)">National Guard</a>, numbering about 300,000 men. They also had very little training or experience. They were organised by neighbourhoods; those from the upper- and middle-class <a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_France" title="Arrondissements of France">arrondissements</a> tended to support the national government, while those from the working-class neighbourhoods were far more radical and politicised. Guardsmen from many units were known for their lack of discipline; some units refused to wear uniforms, often refused to obey orders without discussing them, and demanded the right to elect their own officers. The members of the National Guard from working-class neighbourhoods became the main armed force of the Commune.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009b143–145_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009b143–145-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siege_of_Paris;_first_demonstrations"><span id="Siege_of_Paris.3B_first_demonstrations"></span>Siege of Paris; first demonstrations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Siege of Paris; first demonstrations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Varlin-eugene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Varlin-eugene.jpg/170px-Varlin-eugene.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Varlin-eugene.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="171" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Varlin" title="Eugène Varlin">Eugène Varlin</a> led several thousand National Guard soldiers to march to the Hôtel de Ville chanting "Long Live the Commune!"</figcaption></figure> <p>As the Germans surrounded the city, radical groups saw that the Government of National Defence had few soldiers to defend itself, and launched the first demonstrations against it. On 19 September, National Guard units from the main working-class neighbourhoods—<a href="/wiki/Belleville,_Paris" title="Belleville, Paris">Belleville</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9nilmontant" title="Ménilmontant">Ménilmontant</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Villette,_Seine" title="La Villette, Seine">La Villette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montrouge" title="Montrouge">Montrouge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Faubourg_Saint-Antoine" title="Faubourg Saint-Antoine">Faubourg Saint-Antoine</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Square_du_Temple" title="Square du Temple">Faubourg du Temple</a>—marched to the centre of the city and demanded that a new government, a Commune, be elected. They were met by regular army units loyal to the Government of National Defence, and the demonstrators eventually dispersed peacefully. On 5 October, 5,000 protesters marched from Belleville to the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville,_Paris" title="Hôtel de Ville, Paris">Hôtel de Ville</a>, demanding immediate municipal elections and rifles. On 8 October, several thousand soldiers from the National Guard, led by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Varlin" title="Eugène Varlin">Eugène Varlin</a> of the First International, marched to the centre chanting 'Long Live the Commune!", but they also dispersed without incident. </p><p>Later in October, General <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jules_Trochu" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Jules Trochu">Louis Jules Trochu</a> launched a series of armed attacks to break the German siege, with heavy losses and no success. The <a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph" title="Electrical telegraph">telegraph</a> line connecting Paris with the rest of France had been cut by the Germans on 27 September. On 6 October, Defense Minister <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gambetta" title="Léon Gambetta">Léon Gambetta</a> departed the city by <a href="/wiki/Hot-air_balloon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-air balloon">balloon</a> to try to organise national resistance against the Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009b143–165_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009b143–165-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uprising_of_31_October">Uprising of 31 October</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Uprising of 31 October"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_31_octobre_1870.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Le_31_octobre_1870.jpg/170px-Le_31_octobre_1870.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Le_31_octobre_1870.jpg/255px-Le_31_octobre_1870.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Le_31_octobre_1870.jpg/340px-Le_31_octobre_1870.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Revolutionary units of the National Guard briefly seized the Hôtel de Ville on 31 October 1870, but the uprising failed.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1870_Paris_uprising" title="1870 Paris uprising">1870 Paris uprising</a></div> <p>On 28 October, the news arrived in Paris that the 160,000 soldiers of the French army at Metz, which had been <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Metz_(1870)" title="Siege of Metz (1870)">surrounded by the Germans</a> since August, had surrendered. The news arrived the same day of the failure of another attempt by the French army to break the siege of Paris at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Le_Bourget" title="Battle of Le Bourget">Le Bourget</a>, with heavy losses. On 31 October, the leaders of the main revolutionary groups in Paris, including Blanqui, <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Pyat" title="Félix Pyat">Félix Pyat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Charles_Delescluze" title="Louis Charles Delescluze">Louis Charles Delescluze</a>, called new demonstrations at the Hôtel de Ville against General Trochu and the government. Fifteen thousand demonstrators, some of them armed, gathered in front of the Hôtel de Ville in pouring rain, calling for the resignation of Trochu and the proclamation of a commune. Shots were fired from the Hôtel de Ville, one narrowly missing Trochu, and the demonstrators crowded into the building, demanding the creation of a new government, and making lists of its proposed members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009b206–213_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009b206–213-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blanqui, the leader of the most radical faction, established his own headquarters at the nearby <a href="/wiki/Seine_(department)" title="Seine (department)">Prefecture of the Seine</a>, issuing orders and decrees to his followers, intent upon establishing his own government. While the formation of the new government was taking place inside the Hôtel de Ville, however, units of the National Guard and the Garde Mobile loyal to General Trochu arrived and recaptured the building without violence. By three o'clock, the demonstrators had been given safe passage and left, and the brief uprising was over.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009b206–213_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009b206–213-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 3 November, city authorities organized a plebiscite of Parisian voters, asking if they had confidence in the Government of National Defence. "Yes" votes totalled 557,996, while 62,638 voted "no". Two days later, municipal councils in each of the twenty <a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_Paris" title="Arrondissements of Paris">arrondissements of Paris</a> voted to elect mayors; five councils elected radical opposition candidates, including Delescluze and a young <a href="/wiki/Montmartre" title="Montmartre">Montmartrean</a> doctor, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Georges Clemenceau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009b212–213_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009b212–213-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negotiations_with_the_Germans;_continued_war"><span id="Negotiations_with_the_Germans.3B_continued_war"></span>Negotiations with the Germans; continued war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Negotiations with the Germans; continued war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September and October, <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Adolphe Thiers</a>, the leader of the National Assembly conservatives, had toured Europe, consulting with the foreign ministers of <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, and found that none of them were willing to support France against the Germans. He reported to the government that there was no alternative to negotiating an armistice. He travelled to German-occupied <a href="/wiki/Tours" title="Tours">Tours</a> and met with <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> on 1 November. The <a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">German</a> Chancellor demanded the cession of all of <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>, parts of <a href="/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine">Lorraine</a>, and enormous reparations. The Government of National Defence decided to continue the war and raise a new army to fight the Germans. The newly organized French armies won a single victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Coulmiers" title="Battle of Coulmiers">Coulmiers</a> on 10 November, but an attempt by General <a href="/wiki/Auguste-Alexandre_Ducrot" title="Auguste-Alexandre Ducrot">Auguste-Alexandre Ducrot</a> on 29 November at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villiers" title="Battle of Villiers">Villiers</a> to break out of Paris was defeated with a loss of 4,000 soldiers, compared with 1,700 German casualties. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bombardement_de_Paris_en_1871.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bombardement_de_Paris_en_1871.jpg/220px-Bombardement_de_Paris_en_1871.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bombardement_de_Paris_en_1871.jpg/330px-Bombardement_de_Paris_en_1871.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bombardement_de_Paris_en_1871.jpg/440px-Bombardement_de_Paris_en_1871.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="811" /></a><figcaption>Bombardment of Paris by German artillery during the siege of Paris in 1870-1871</figcaption></figure> <p>Everyday life for Parisians became increasingly difficult during the siege. In December, temperatures dropped to −15 °C (5 °F), and the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a> froze for three weeks. Parisians suffered shortages of food, firewood, coal and medicine. The city was almost completely dark at night. The only communication with the outside world was by balloon, <a href="/wiki/Homing_pigeon" title="Homing pigeon">carrier pigeon</a>, or letters packed in iron balls floated down the Seine. Rumours and conspiracy theories abounded. Because supplies of ordinary food ran out, starving denizens ate most of the city <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9nagerie_du_Jardin_des_plantes" title="Ménagerie du Jardin des plantes">zoo</a>'s animals, then resorted to feeding on rats. </p><p>By early January 1871, Bismarck and the Germans themselves were tired of the prolonged siege. They installed seventy-two 120- and 150-mm artillery pieces in the forts around Paris and on 5 January began to bombard the city day and night. Between 300 and 600 shells hit the centre of the city every day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009b257–259_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009b257–259-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uprising_and_armistice">Uprising and armistice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Uprising and armistice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/January_1871_Paris_uprising" title="January 1871 Paris uprising">January 1871 Paris uprising</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Versailles" title="Armistice of Versailles">Armistice of Versailles</a></div> <p>Between 11 and 19 January 1871, the French armies had been defeated on four fronts and Paris was facing a famine. General Trochu received reports from the prefect of Paris that agitation against the government and military leaders was increasing in the political clubs and in the National Guard of the working-class neighbourhoods of Belleville, <a href="/wiki/Quartier_de_La_Chapelle" title="Quartier de La Chapelle">La Chapelle</a>, Montmartre, and Gros-Caillou.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a420–425_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a420–425-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soul%C3%A8vement_du_22_janvier_1871.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Soul%C3%A8vement_du_22_janvier_1871.jpg/220px-Soul%C3%A8vement_du_22_janvier_1871.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Soul%C3%A8vement_du_22_janvier_1871.jpg/330px-Soul%C3%A8vement_du_22_janvier_1871.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Soul%C3%A8vement_du_22_janvier_1871.jpg/440px-Soul%C3%A8vement_du_22_janvier_1871.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption>Uprising of January 22, 1871 at the Hôtel de Ville</figcaption></figure> <p>At midday on 22 January, three or four hundred National Guards and members of radical groups—mostly Blanquists—gathered outside the Hôtel de Ville. A battalion of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Gardes Mobiles</i></span> from Brittany was inside the building to defend it in case of an assault. The demonstrators presented their demands that the military be placed under civil control, and that there be an immediate election of a commune. The atmosphere was tense, and in the middle of the afternoon, gunfire broke out between the two sides; each side blamed the other for firing first. Six demonstrators were killed, and the army cleared the square. The government quickly banned two publications, <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le Reveil</i></span></i> of Delescluze and <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le Combat</i></span></i> of Pyat, and arrested 83 revolutionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERougerie201439_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERougerie201439-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time as the demonstration in Paris, the leaders of the Government of National Defence in Bordeaux had concluded that the war could not continue. On 26 January, they signed a ceasefire and armistice, with special conditions for Paris. The city would not be occupied by the Germans. Regular soldiers would give up their arms, but would not be taken into captivity. Paris would pay an indemnity of 200 million francs. At <a href="/wiki/Jules_Favre" title="Jules Favre">Jules Favre</a>'s request, Bismarck agreed not to disarm the National Guard, so that order could be maintained in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERougerie201440–41_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERougerie201440–41-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adolphe_Thiers;_parliamentary_elections_of_1871"><span id="Adolphe_Thiers.3B_parliamentary_elections_of_1871"></span>Adolphe Thiers; parliamentary elections of 1871</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Adolphe Thiers; parliamentary elections of 1871"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/French_legislative_election,_February_1871" class="mw-redirect" title="French legislative election, February 1871">French legislative election, February 1871</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adolphe_Thiers_Nadar_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Adolphe_Thiers_Nadar_2.JPG/170px-Adolphe_Thiers_Nadar_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Adolphe_Thiers_Nadar_2.JPG/255px-Adolphe_Thiers_Nadar_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Adolphe_Thiers_Nadar_2.JPG/340px-Adolphe_Thiers_Nadar_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Adolphe Thiers</a>, the chief executive of the French Government during the Commune</figcaption></figure> <p>The national government in Bordeaux called for national elections at the end of January, held just ten days later on 8 February. Most electors in France were rural, Catholic and conservative, and this was reflected in the results; of the 645 deputies assembled in <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a> on February, about 400 favoured a constitutional monarchy under either <a href="/wiki/Henri,_Count_of_Chambord" title="Henri, Count of Chambord">Henri, Count of Chambord</a> (grandson of <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philippe,_Count_of_Paris" title="Prince Philippe, Count of Paris">Prince Philippe, Count of Paris</a> (grandson of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Philippe">Louis Philippe</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009b420–421_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009b420–421-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the 200 republicans in the new parliament, 80 were former <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anists" class="mw-redirect" title="Orléanists">Orléanists</a> (Philippe's supporters) and moderately conservative. They were led by Adolphe Thiers, who was elected in 26 departments, the most of any candidate. There were an equal number of more radical republicans, including Jules Favre and <a href="/wiki/Jules_Ferry" title="Jules Ferry">Jules Ferry</a>, who wanted a republic without a monarch, and who felt that signing the peace treaty was unavoidable. Finally, on the extreme left, there were the radical republicans and socialists, a group that included <a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Louis Blanc</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gambetta" title="Léon Gambetta">Léon Gambetta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Georges Clemenceau</a>. This group was dominant in Paris, where they won 37 of the 42 seats.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009b421_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009b421-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 17 February the new parliament elected the 74-year-old Thiers as chief executive of the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a>. He was considered to be the candidate most likely to bring peace and to restore order. Long an opponent of the Prussian war, Thiers persuaded parliament that peace was necessary. He travelled to <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Versailles</a>, where Bismarck and the <a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">German Emperor</a> were waiting, and on 24 February the armistice was signed. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Triumphal_entry_into_Paris.,_by_the_German_army_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Triumphal_entry_into_Paris.%2C_by_the_German_army_2.jpg/300px-Triumphal_entry_into_Paris.%2C_by_the_German_army_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Triumphal_entry_into_Paris.%2C_by_the_German_army_2.jpg/450px-Triumphal_entry_into_Paris.%2C_by_the_German_army_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Triumphal_entry_into_Paris.%2C_by_the_German_army_2.jpg/600px-Triumphal_entry_into_Paris.%2C_by_the_German_army_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7313" data-file-height="5861" /></a><figcaption>Triumphal entry of German troops into Paris on March 1, 1871, after the signing of the armistice</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Establishment">Establishment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Establishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dispute_over_cannons_of_Paris">Dispute over cannons of Paris</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Dispute over cannons of Paris"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battery_of_the_Montmartre_Hills_WDL1246.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Battery_of_the_Montmartre_Hills_WDL1246.png/220px-Battery_of_the_Montmartre_Hills_WDL1246.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Battery_of_the_Montmartre_Hills_WDL1246.png/330px-Battery_of_the_Montmartre_Hills_WDL1246.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Battery_of_the_Montmartre_Hills_WDL1246.png/440px-Battery_of_the_Montmartre_Hills_WDL1246.png 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A Battery in the Montmartre Hill, paid for by the Parisian via a subscription</figcaption></figure> <p>At the end of the war, 400 obsolete muzzle-loading bronze <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannons</a>, paid for by the Paris public via a subscription, remained in the city. The new Central Committee of the National Guard, now dominated by radicals, decided to put the cannons in parks in the working-class neighborhoods of <a href="/wiki/Belleville,_Paris" title="Belleville, Paris">Belleville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buttes-Chaumont" class="mw-redirect" title="Buttes-Chaumont">Buttes-Chaumont</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montmartre" title="Montmartre">Montmartre</a>, to keep them away from the regular army and to defend the city against any attack by the national government. Thiers was equally determined to bring the cannons under national-government control. </p><p>Clemenceau, a friend of several revolutionaries, tried to negotiate a compromise; some cannons would remain in Paris and the rest go to the army. However, neither Thiers nor the National Assembly accepted his proposals. The chief executive wanted to restore order and national authority in Paris as quickly as possible, and the cannons became a symbol of that authority. The Assembly also refused to prolong the moratorium on debt collections imposed during the war; and suspended two radical newspapers, <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Jules_Vall%C3%A8s#Le_Cri_du_Peuple" title="Jules Vallès">Le Cri du Peuple</a></i></span></i> of <a href="/wiki/Jules_Valles" class="mw-redirect" title="Jules Valles">Jules Valles</a> and <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le Mot d'Ordre</i></span></i> of <a href="/wiki/Victor_Henri_Rochefort,_Marquis_de_Rochefort-Lu%C3%A7ay" title="Victor Henri Rochefort, Marquis de Rochefort-Luçay">Henri Rochefort</a>, which further inflamed Parisian radical opinion. Thiers also decided to move the National Assembly and government from Bordeaux to Versailles, rather than to Paris, to be farther away from the pressure of demonstrations, which further enraged the National Guard and the radical political clubs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a8–9_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a8–9-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 17 March 1871, there was a meeting of Thiers and his cabinet, who were joined by Paris mayor Jules Ferry, National Guard commander General <a href="/wiki/Louis_d%27Aurelle_de_Paladines" title="Louis d'Aurelle de Paladines">Louis d'Aurelle de Paladines</a> and General <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Vinoy" title="Joseph Vinoy">Joseph Vinoy</a>, commander of the regular army units in Paris. Thiers announced a plan to send the army the next day to take charge of the cannons. The plan was initially opposed by War Minister <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Le_Fl%C3%B4" title="Adolphe Le Flô">Adolphe Le Flô</a>, d'Aurelle de Paladines, and Vinoy, who argued that the move was premature, because the army had too few soldiers, was undisciplined and demoralized, and that many units had become politicized and were unreliable. Vinoy urged that they wait until Germany had released the French prisoners of war, and the army returned to full strength. Thiers insisted that the planned operation must go ahead as quickly as possible, to have the element of surprise. If the seizure of the cannon was not successful, the government would withdraw from the centre of Paris, build up its forces, and then attack with overwhelming force, as they had done during the uprising of June 1848. The Council accepted his decision, and Vinoy gave orders for the operation to begin the next day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a9–11_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a9–11-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Failed_seizure_attempt_and_government_retreat">Failed seizure attempt and government retreat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Failed seizure attempt and government retreat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Les_pi%C3%A8ces_de_Montmartre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Les_pi%C3%A8ces_de_Montmartre.jpg/220px-Les_pi%C3%A8ces_de_Montmartre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Les_pi%C3%A8ces_de_Montmartre.jpg/330px-Les_pi%C3%A8ces_de_Montmartre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Les_pi%C3%A8ces_de_Montmartre.jpg/440px-Les_pi%C3%A8ces_de_Montmartre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2486" data-file-height="1887" /></a><figcaption>Troops sent by Adolphe Thiers seizing the cannons of Montmartre, paid for by the Parisian via a subscription. These were later taken back by the National Guards during the uprising of March 18, 1871, the starting point of the Paris Commune</figcaption></figure> <p>Early in the morning of 18 March, two brigades of soldiers climbed the <a href="/wiki/Butte" title="Butte">butte</a> of <a href="/wiki/Montmartre" title="Montmartre">Montmartre</a>, where the largest collection of cannons, 170 in number, were located. A small group of revolutionary national guardsmen were already there, and there was a brief confrontation between the brigade led by General <a href="/wiki/Claude_Lecomte" title="Claude Lecomte">Claude Lecomte</a>, and the National Guard; one guardsman, named Turpin, was shot, later dying. Word of the shooting spread quickly, and members of the National Guard from all over the neighbourhood, along with others including Clemenceau, hurried to the site to confront the soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne2012Chapter_17_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne2012Chapter_17-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commune_de_Paris_Les_canons_18_mars_1871.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Commune_de_Paris_Les_canons_18_mars_1871.jpg/220px-Commune_de_Paris_Les_canons_18_mars_1871.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Commune_de_Paris_Les_canons_18_mars_1871.jpg/330px-Commune_de_Paris_Les_canons_18_mars_1871.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Commune_de_Paris_Les_canons_18_mars_1871.jpg/440px-Commune_de_Paris_Les_canons_18_mars_1871.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2022" data-file-height="1560" /></a><figcaption>Cannons taken back from the army by the national guards</figcaption></figure> <p>While the Army had succeeded in securing the cannons at <a href="/wiki/Belleville,_Paris" title="Belleville, Paris">Belleville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parc_des_Buttes-Chaumont" class="mw-redirect" title="Parc des Buttes-Chaumont">Buttes-Chaumont</a> and other strategic points, at Montmartre a crowd gathered and continued to grow, and the situation grew increasingly tense. The horses that were needed to take the cannon away did not arrive, and the army units were immobilized. As the soldiers were surrounded, they began to break ranks and join the crowd. General Lecomte tried to withdraw, and then ordered his soldiers to load their weapons and fix bayonets. He thrice ordered them to fire, but the soldiers refused. Some of the officers were disarmed and taken to the city hall of Montmartre, under the protection of Clemenceau. General Lecomte and his staff officers were seized by the guardsmen and his mutinous soldiers and taken to the local headquarters of the National Guard under the command of captain <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simon_Charles_Mayer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simon Charles Mayer (page does not exist)">Simon Charles Mayer</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the ballroom of the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Rouge_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Château Rouge (Paris Métro)">Chateau-Rouge</a>. The officers were pelted with rocks, struck, threatened, and insulted by the crowd. In the middle of the afternoon, Lecomte and the other officers were taken to 6 rue des Rosiers by members of a group calling themselves the Committee of Vigilance of the 18th <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">arrondissement</i></span>, who demanded that they be tried and executed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a16–18_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a16–18-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacques_L%C3%A9on_Cl%C3%A9ment-Thomas_(1809-1871).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Jacques_L%C3%A9on_Cl%C3%A9ment-Thomas_%281809-1871%29.jpg/170px-Jacques_L%C3%A9on_Cl%C3%A9ment-Thomas_%281809-1871%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Jacques_L%C3%A9on_Cl%C3%A9ment-Thomas_%281809-1871%29.jpg/255px-Jacques_L%C3%A9on_Cl%C3%A9ment-Thomas_%281809-1871%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Jacques_L%C3%A9on_Cl%C3%A9ment-Thomas_%281809-1871%29.jpg/340px-Jacques_L%C3%A9on_Cl%C3%A9ment-Thomas_%281809-1871%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="648" /></a><figcaption>General Clément-Thomas, executed by the National Guards for trying to seize their cannons</figcaption></figure> <p>At 5:00 in the afternoon, the National Guard had captured another important prisoner: General <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Leon_Cl%C3%A9ment-Thomas" title="Jacques Leon Clément-Thomas">Jacques Leon Clément-Thomas</a>. An ardent republican and fierce disciplinarian, he had helped suppress the armed uprising of June 1848 against the Second Republic. Because of his republican beliefs, he had been arrested by Napoleon III and exiled, and had only returned to France after the downfall of the Empire. He was particularly hated by the national guardsmen of Montmartre and Belleville because of the severe discipline he imposed during the siege of Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a18–19_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a18–19-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earlier that day, dressed in civilian clothes, he had been trying to find out what was going on, when he was recognized by a soldier and arrested, and brought to the building at rue des Rosiers. At about 5:30 on 18 March, the angry crowd of national guardsmen and deserters from Lecomte's regiment at rue des Rosiers seized Clément-Thomas, beat him with rifle butts, pushed him into the garden, and shot him repeatedly. A few minutes later, they did the same to General Lecomte. Doctor <a href="/wiki/Jean_Casimir_F%C3%A9lix_Guyon" title="Jean Casimir Félix Guyon">Jean Casimir Félix Guyon</a>, who examined the bodies shortly afterwards, found forty bullets in Clément-Thomas's body and nine in Lecomte's back.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a19_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a19-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGluckstein2006231_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluckstein2006231-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By late morning, the operation to recapture the cannons had failed, and crowds and barricades were appearing in all the working-class neighborhoods of Paris. General Vinoy ordered the army to pull back to the Seine, and Thiers began to organise a withdrawal to Versailles, where he could gather enough troops to take back Paris. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sainte_Famille_(d%27apr%C3%A8s_Murillo)La_fuite.%C3%A0_Versailles._Paris_Mus%C3%A9es_20231104143226.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sainte_Famille_%28d%27apr%C3%A8s_Murillo%29La_fuite.%C3%A0_Versailles._Paris_Mus%C3%A9es_20231104143226.jpg/170px-Sainte_Famille_%28d%27apr%C3%A8s_Murillo%29La_fuite.%C3%A0_Versailles._Paris_Mus%C3%A9es_20231104143226.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sainte_Famille_%28d%27apr%C3%A8s_Murillo%29La_fuite.%C3%A0_Versailles._Paris_Mus%C3%A9es_20231104143226.jpg/255px-Sainte_Famille_%28d%27apr%C3%A8s_Murillo%29La_fuite.%C3%A0_Versailles._Paris_Mus%C3%A9es_20231104143226.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sainte_Famille_%28d%27apr%C3%A8s_Murillo%29La_fuite.%C3%A0_Versailles._Paris_Mus%C3%A9es_20231104143226.jpg/340px-Sainte_Famille_%28d%27apr%C3%A8s_Murillo%29La_fuite.%C3%A0_Versailles._Paris_Mus%C3%A9es_20231104143226.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2953" data-file-height="3644" /></a><figcaption>"The Holy Family": Thiers, Favre and Philippe d'Orléans, Count of Paris and pretender to the throne, fleeing to Versailles, caricature by Charles de Frondat</figcaption></figure> <p>On the afternoon of 18 March, following the government's failed attempt to seize the cannons at Montmartre, the Central Committee of the National Guard ordered the three battalions to seize the Hôtel de Ville, where they believed the government was located. They were not aware that Thiers, the government, and the military commanders were at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, where the gates were open and there were few guards. They were also unaware that Marshal <a href="/wiki/Patrice_MacMahon" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrice MacMahon">Patrice MacMahon</a>, the future commander of the forces against the Commune, had just arrived at his home in Paris, having just been released from imprisonment in Germany. As soon as he heard the news of the uprising, he made his way to the railway station, where national guardsmen were already stopping and checking the identity of departing passengers. A sympathetic station manager hid him in his office and helped him board a train, and he escaped the city. While he was at the railway station, national guardsmen sent by the Central Committee arrived at his house looking for him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a76_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a76-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGluckstein20064_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluckstein20064-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the advice of General Vinoy, Thiers ordered the evacuation to Versailles of all the regular forces in Paris, some 40,000 soldiers, including those in the fortresses around the city; the regrouping of all the army units in Versailles; and the departure of all government ministries from the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Guard_takes_power">National Guard takes power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: National Guard takes power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barricade18March1871.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Barricade18March1871.jpg/220px-Barricade18March1871.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Barricade18March1871.jpg/330px-Barricade18March1871.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Barricade18March1871.jpg/440px-Barricade18March1871.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1359" data-file-height="1040" /></a><figcaption>A barricade thrown up by <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(France)" title="National Guard (France)">national guards</a> on 18 March 1871.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barricades_pres_de_Ministere_de_la_Marine_et_l%27H%C3%B6tel_Crillon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Barricades_pres_de_Ministere_de_la_Marine_et_l%27H%C3%B6tel_Crillon.jpg/220px-Barricades_pres_de_Ministere_de_la_Marine_et_l%27H%C3%B6tel_Crillon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Barricades_pres_de_Ministere_de_la_Marine_et_l%27H%C3%B6tel_Crillon.jpg/330px-Barricades_pres_de_Ministere_de_la_Marine_et_l%27H%C3%B6tel_Crillon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Barricades_pres_de_Ministere_de_la_Marine_et_l%27H%C3%B6tel_Crillon.jpg/440px-Barricades_pres_de_Ministere_de_la_Marine_et_l%27H%C3%B6tel_Crillon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3836" data-file-height="2686" /></a><figcaption>Barricades during the Paris Commune, near the <a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_Concorde" title="Place de la Concorde">Place de la Concorde</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In February, while the national government had been organising in Bordeaux, a new rival government had been organised in Paris. The National Guard had not been disarmed as per the armistice, and had on paper 260 battalions of 1,500 men each, a total of 390,000 men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a35_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a35-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 15 and 24 February, some 500 delegates elected by the National Guard began meeting in Paris. On 15 March, just before the confrontation between the National Guard and the regular army over the cannons, 1,325 delegates of the federation of organisations created by the National Guard elected a leader, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a> (who was in Italy and respectfully declined the title), and created a Central Committee of 38 members, which made its headquarters in a school on the rue Basfroi, between <a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_Bastille" title="Place de la Bastille">Place de la Bastille</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rue_de_la_Roquette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rue de la Roquette (page does not exist)">Rue de la Roquette</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rue_de_la_Roquette" class="extiw" title="fr:Rue de la Roquette">fr</a>]</span>. The first vote of the new Central Committee was to refuse to recognise the authority of General D'Aurelle de Paladines, the official commander of the National Guard appointed by Thiers, or of General Vinoy, the Military Governor of Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a45_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a45-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Late on 18 March, when they learned that the regular army was leaving Paris, units of the National Guard moved quickly to take control of the city. The first to take action were the followers of Blanqui, who went quickly to the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Quarter" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Quarter">Latin Quarter</a> and took charge of the gunpowder stored in the <a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a>, and to the <a href="/wiki/Gare_d%27Austerlitz" title="Gare d'Austerlitz">Orléans railway station</a>. Four battalions crossed the Seine and captured the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Police_Prefecture" title="Paris Police Prefecture">prefecture of police</a>, while other units occupied the former headquarters of the National Guard at the <a href="/wiki/Place_Vend%C3%B4me" title="Place Vendôme">Place Vendôme</a>, as well as the Ministry of Justice. That night, the National Guard occupied the offices vacated by the government; they quickly took over the Ministries of Finance, the Interior, and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(France)" title="Ministry of War (France)">War</a>. At eight in the morning the next day, the Central Committee was meeting in the Hôtel de Ville. By the end of the day, 20,000 national guardsmen camped in triumph in the square in front of the Hôtel de Ville, with several dozen cannons. A red flag was hoisted over the building.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a77_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a77-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The extreme-left members of the Central Committee, led by the Blanquists, demanded an immediate march on Versailles to disperse the Thiers government and to impose their authority on all of France; but the majority first wanted to establish a more solid base of legal authority in Paris. The Committee officially lifted the state of siege, named commissions to administer the government, and called elections for 23 March. They also sent a delegation of mayors of the Paris <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">arrondissements</i></span>, led by Clemenceau, to negotiate with Thiers in Versailles to obtain a special independent status for Paris. </p><p>On 22 March 1871, demonstrators holding banners declaring them to be "Friends of Peace" were blocked from entering the Place Vendôme by guardsmen who, after being fired on, opened fire on the crowd. At least 12 people were killed and many wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The event was labeled the Massacre in the <a href="/wiki/Rue_de_la_Paix" class="mw-redirect" title="Rue de la Paix">Rue de la Paix</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne2012Chapter_18_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne2012Chapter_18-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Council_elections">Council elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Council elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Commune_Council_(Paris)" title="Commune Council (Paris)">Commune Council (Paris)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commune_28_mars.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Commune_28_mars.jpeg/220px-Commune_28_mars.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Commune_28_mars.jpeg/330px-Commune_28_mars.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Commune_28_mars.jpeg/440px-Commune_28_mars.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption>The celebration of the election of the Commune, 28 March 1871</figcaption></figure> <p>In Paris, hostility was growing between the elected republican mayors, including Clemenceau, who believed that they were legitimate leaders of Paris, and the Central Committee of the National Guard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a97_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a97-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 22 March, the day before the elections, the Central Committee declared that it, not the mayors, was the legitimate government of Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a103_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a103-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It declared that Clemenceau was no longer the Mayor of Montmartre, and seized the city hall there, as well as the city halls of the 1st and 2nd <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">arrondissements</i></span>, which were occupied by more radical national guardsmen. "We are caught between two bands of crazy people," Clemenceau complained, "those sitting in Versailles and those in Paris." </p><p>The elections of 26 March elected a Commune council of 92 members, one for every 20,000 residents. Ahead of the elections, the Central Committee and the leaders of the International gave out their lists of candidates, mostly belonging to the extreme left. The candidates had only a few days to campaign. Thiers' government in Versailles urged Parisians to abstain from voting. When the voting was finished, 233,000 Parisians had voted, out of 485,000 registered voters, or forty-eight percent. In upper-class neighborhoods many abstained from voting: 77 percent of voters in the 7th and 8th arrondissements; 68 percent in the 15th, 66 percent in the 16th, and 62 percent in the 6th and 9th. But in the working-class neighborhoods, turnout was high: 76 percent in the 20th arrondissement, 65 percent in the 19th, and 55 to 60 percent in the 10th, 11th, and 12th.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERougerie201458–60_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERougerie201458–60-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few candidates, including Blanqui (who had been arrested when outside Paris, and was in prison in Brittany), won in several <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">arrondissements</i></span>. Other candidates who were elected, including about twenty moderate republicans and five radicals, refused to take their seats. In the end, the council had just 60 members. Nine of the winners were Blanquists (some of whom were also from the International); twenty-five, including Delescluze and Pyat, classified themselves as "Independent Revolutionaries"; about fifteen were from the International; the rest were from a variety of radical groups. One of the best-known candidates, Clemenceau, received only 752 votes. The professions represented in the council were 33 workers; five small businessmen; 19 clerks, accountants and other office staff; twelve journalists; and a selection of workers in the liberal arts. 20 members were <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All were men; women were not allowed to vote.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a109–113_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a109–113-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The winners were announced on 27 March, and a large ceremony and parade by the National Guard was held the next day in front of the Hôtel de Ville, decorated with red flags. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organisation_and_early_work">Organisation and early work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Organisation and early work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The new Commune held its first meeting on 28 March in a euphoric mood. The members adopted a dozen proposals, including an honorary presidency for Blanqui; the abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty">death penalty</a>; the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Military_conscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Military conscription">military conscription</a>; a proposal to send delegates to other cities to help launch communes there; and a resolution declaring that membership in the Paris Commune was incompatible with being a member of the National Assembly. This was aimed particularly at <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Tirard" title="Pierre Tirard">Pierre Tirard</a>, the republican mayor of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="2nd arrondissement of Paris">2nd arrondissement</a>, who had been elected to both Commune and National Assembly. Seeing the more radical political direction of the new Commune, Tirard and some twenty republicans decided it was wisest to resign from the Commune. A resolution was also passed, after a long debate, that the deliberations of the council were to be secret, since the Commune was effectively at war with the government in Versailles and should not make its intentions known to the enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a118–119_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a118–119-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the model proposed by the more radical members, the new government had no president, no mayor, and no commander in chief. The Commune began by establishing nine commissions, similar to those of the National Assembly, to manage the affairs of Paris. The commissions in turn reported to an Executive Commission. One of the first measures passed declared that military conscription was abolished, that no military force other than the National Guard could be formed or introduced into the capital, and that all healthy male citizens were members of the National Guard. The new system had one important weakness: the National Guard now had two different commanders. They reported to both the Central Committee of the National Guard and to the Executive Commission, and it was not clear which one was in charge of the inevitable war with Thiers' government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a129_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a129-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration_and_actions">Administration and actions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Administration and actions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Programme">Programme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Programme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Communepawnshop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Communepawnshop.jpg/220px-Communepawnshop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Communepawnshop.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="226" /></a><figcaption>The Commune returns workmen's tools pawned during the siege.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Commune adopted the discarded <a href="/wiki/French_Republican_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="French Republican Calendar">French Republican Calendar</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during its brief existence and used the socialist <a href="/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)" title="Red flag (politics)">red flag</a> rather than the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">republican tricolor</a>. Despite internal differences, the council began to organise public services for the city which at the time consisted of two million residents. It also reached a consensus on certain policies that tended towards a progressive, secular, and <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a>. Because the Commune met on fewer than sixty days before it was suppressed, only a few decrees were actually implemented. The decrees included: </p> <ul><li>remission of rents owed for the entire period of the siege (during which payment had been suspended);</li> <li>abolition of <a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">child labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Night_working" class="mw-redirect" title="Night working">night work</a> in bakeries;</li> <li>granting of pensions to the unmarried companions and children of national guardsmen killed in active service;</li> <li>free return by pawnshops of all workmen's tools and household items, valued up to 20 francs, pledged during the siege;</li> <li>postponement of commercial debt obligations, and the abolition of interest on the debts;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">right of employees to take over and run an enterprise</a> if it were deserted by its owner; the Commune, nonetheless, recognised the previous owner's right to compensation;</li> <li>prohibition of fines imposed by employers on their workmen.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feminist_initiatives">Feminist initiatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Feminist initiatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louise_Michel2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Louise_Michel2.jpg/170px-Louise_Michel2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Louise_Michel2.jpg/255px-Louise_Michel2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Louise_Michel2.jpg/340px-Louise_Michel2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1792" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Louise Michel</a>, anarchist and famed "Red Virgin of Montmartre", became an important part of the legend of the Commune.</figcaption></figure> <p>Women played an important role in both the initiation and the governance of the Commune, though women could not vote in the Commune elections and there were no elected women members of the Commune itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a109–113_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a109–113-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their participation included building barricades and caring for wounded fighters.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_Marchais" title="Joséphine Marchais">Joséphine Marchais</a>, a washer woman, picked up a gun during the battles of May 22–23rd and said, "You cowardly crew! Go and Fight! If I'm killed it will be because I've done some killing first!" She was arrested as an incendiary, but there is no documentation that she was a <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9troleuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Pétroleuse">pétroleuse</a></i></span> (female arsonist). She worked as a <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Vivandi%C3%A8re" title="Vivandière">vivandière</a></i></span> with the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Forlorn_hope" title="Forlorn hope">Enfants perdus</a></i></span>. While carrying back the laundry she was given by the guardsmen, she carried away the body of her lover, Jean Guy, who was a butcher's apprentice.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were reports in various newspapers of female arsonists, but evidence remains weak. The <i>Paris Journal</i> reported that soldiers arrested 13 women who allegedly threw petrol into houses. There were rumours that <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">pétroleuses</i></span> were paid 10 francs per house. While it was clear that communard arsonists burned the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Palace" title="Tuileries Palace">Tuileries Palace</a>, the Hotel de Ville and other landmarks, the reports of women participating were exaggerated at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some women organised a <a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_France" title="Feminism in France">feminist movement</a>, following earlier attempts in 1789 and 1848. Thus, <a href="/wiki/Nathalie_Lemel" title="Nathalie Lemel">Nathalie Lemel</a>, a socialist bookbinder, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Dmitrieff" class="mw-redirect" title="Élisabeth Dmitrieff">Élisabeth Dmitrieff</a>, a young Russian exile and member of the Russian section of the First International, created the <a href="/wiki/Union_des_femmes_pour_la_d%C3%A9fense_de_Paris_et_les_soins_aux_bless%C3%A9s" title="Union des femmes pour la défense de Paris et les soins aux blessés">Women's Union for the Defence of Paris and Care of the Wounded</a> on 11 April 1871. The feminist writer <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_L%C3%A9o" class="mw-redirect" title="André Léo">André Léo</a>, a friend of <a href="/wiki/Paule_Minck" class="mw-redirect" title="Paule Minck">Paule Minck</a>, was also active in the Women's Union. Believing that the situation of women could only be improved through a global struggle against capitalism, the association demanded <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender</a> and <a href="/wiki/Equal_pay_for_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Equal pay for women">wage equality</a>, the right of divorce for women, the right to secular education, and professional education for girls. They also demanded suppression of the distinction between married women and concubines, and between legitimate and illegitimate children. They advocated the <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_law" title="Prostitution law">abolition of prostitution</a> (obtaining the closing of the <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_France" title="Prostitution in France">maisons de tolérance</a>, or legal brothels). The Women's Union also participated in several municipal commissions and organised cooperative workshops.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Varlin" title="Eugène Varlin">Eugène Varlin</a>, Nathalie Lemel created the cooperative restaurant <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">La Marmite</i></span>, which served free food for indigents, and then fought during the Bloody Week on the barricades.<sup id="cite_ref-Bodinaux_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bodinaux-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paule Minck opened a free school in the Church of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_de_Montmartre" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Pierre de Montmartre">Saint Pierre de Montmartre</a> and ran the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Club de la Victoire</i></span> in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint-Sulpice" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Saint-Sulpice">Church of Saint-Sulpice</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Rive_Gauche" title="Rive Gauche">Left Bank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bodinaux_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bodinaux-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian <a href="/wiki/Anne_Jaclard" title="Anne Jaclard">Anne Jaclard</a>, who declined to marry <a href="/wiki/Dostoyevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Dostoyevsky">Dostoyevsky</a> and finally became the wife of Blanquist activist <a href="/wiki/Victor_Jaclard" title="Victor Jaclard">Victor Jaclard</a>, founded the newspaper <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">La Sociale</i></span> with André Léo. She was also a member of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_de_vigilance_de_Montmartre" title="Comité de vigilance de Montmartre">Comité de vigilance de Montmartre</a></i></span>, along with <a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Louise Michel</a> and Paule Minck, as well as of the Russian section of the First International. <a href="/wiki/Victorine_Brocher" title="Victorine Brocher">Victorine Brocher</a>, close to the IWA activists, and founder of a cooperative bakery in 1867, also fought during the Commune and the Bloody Week.<sup id="cite_ref-Bodinaux_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bodinaux-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Louise Michel</a>, the famed "Red Virgin of Montmartre" (see photo), who would later be deported to <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>, was one of those who symbolised the active participation of a small number of women in the insurrectionary events. A women's battalion of the National Guard defended the <a href="/wiki/Place_Blanche" title="Place Blanche">Place Blanche</a> during the repression. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bank_of_France">Bank of France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bank of France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Commune named <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Jourde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Jourde (page does not exist)">François Jourde</a> as the head of the Commission of Finance. A former clerk of a notary, accountant in a bank and employee of the city's bridges and roads department, Jourde maintained the Commune's accounts with prudence. Paris's tax receipts amounted to 20 million francs, with another six million seized at the Hôtel de Ville. The expenses of the Commune were 42 million, the largest part going to pay the daily salary of the National Guard. Jourde first obtained a loan from the <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_%26_Co" title="Rothschild & Co">Rothschild Bank</a>, then paid the bills from the city account, which was soon exhausted. </p><p>The gold reserves of the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_France" title="Bank of France">Bank of France</a> had been moved out of Paris for safety in August 1870, in addition to 88 million francs in gold coins and 166 million francs in banknotes. When the Thiers government left Paris in March, they did not have the time or the reliable soldiers to take the money with them. The reserves were guarded by 500 national guardsmen who were themselves Bank of France employees. Some Communards wanted to appropriate the bank's reserves to fund social projects, but Jourde resisted, explaining that without the gold reserves the currency would collapse and all the money of the Commune would be worthless. The Commune appointed <a href="/wiki/Charles_Beslay" title="Charles Beslay">Charles Beslay</a> as the Commissioner of the Bank of France, and he arranged for the Bank to loan the Commune 400,000 francs a day. This was approved by Thiers, who felt that to negotiate a future peace treaty the Germans were demanding war reparations of five billion francs; the gold reserves would be needed to keep the franc stable and pay the indemnity. Jourde's actions were later condemned by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and other Marxists, who felt the Commune should have confiscated the bank's reserves.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Press">Press</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Press"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PereDuchesneIllustre1_1_0.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/PereDuchesneIllustre1_1_0.png/170px-PereDuchesneIllustre1_1_0.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/PereDuchesneIllustre1_1_0.png/255px-PereDuchesneIllustre1_1_0.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/PereDuchesneIllustre1_1_0.png/340px-PereDuchesneIllustre1_1_0.png 2x" data-file-width="1485" data-file-height="2202" /></a><figcaption><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Le_P%C3%A8re_Duchesne_(19th_century)" title="Le Père Duchesne (19th century)">Le Père Duchêne</a></i></span> looks at the statue of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> on top of the <a href="/wiki/Place_Vend%C3%B4me#The_Vendôme_Column" title="Place Vendôme">Vendôme column</a>, about to be torn down by the Communards.</figcaption></figure> <p>From 21 March, the Central Committee of the National Guard banned the major pro-Versailles newspapers, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Le_Gaulois" title="Le Gaulois">Le Gaulois</a></i></span> and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a></i></span>. Their offices were invaded and closed by crowds of the Commune's supporters. After 18 April other newspapers sympathetic to Versailles were also closed. The Versailles government, in turn, imposed strict censorship and prohibited any publication in favour of the Commune. </p><p>At the same time, the number of pro-Commune newspapers and magazines published in Paris during the Commune expanded exponentially. The most popular of the pro-Commune newspapers was <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le Cri du Peuple</i></span></i>, published by <a href="/wiki/Jules_Vall%C3%A8s" title="Jules Vallès">Jules Vallès</a>, which was published from 22 February until 23 May. Another highly popular publication was <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Le_P%C3%A8re_Duchesne_(19th_century)" title="Le Père Duchesne (19th century)">Le Père Duchêne</a></i></span></i>, inspired by a <a href="/wiki/Le_P%C3%A8re_Duchesne" title="Le Père Duchesne">similar paper of the same name</a> published from 1790 until 1794; after its first issue on 6 March, it was briefly closed by General Vinoy, but it reappeared until 23 May. It specialised in humour, vulgarity and extreme abuse against the opponents of the Commune.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a250_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a250-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A republican press also flourished, including such papers as <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le Mot d'Ordre</i></span></i> of <a href="/wiki/Victor_Henri_Rochefort,_Marquis_de_Rochefort-Lu%C3%A7ay" title="Victor Henri Rochefort, Marquis de Rochefort-Luçay">Henri Rochefort</a>, which was both violently anti-Versailles and critical of the faults and excesses of the Commune. The most popular republican paper was <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Le_Rappel" title="Le Rappel">Le Rappel</a></i></span></i>, which condemned both Thiers and the killing of generals Lecomte and Clement-Thomas by the Communards. Its editor <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Vacquerie" title="Auguste Vacquerie">Auguste Vacquerie</a> was close to <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>, whose son <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Victor_Hugo" title="François-Victor Hugo">François-Victor Hugo</a> wrote for the paper. The editors wrote, "We are against the National Assembly, but we are not for the Commune. That which we defend, that which we love, that which we admire, is Paris."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a253_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a253-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Anti-clericalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commune_de_Paris_r%C3%A9union_de_femmes_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Commune_de_Paris_r%C3%A9union_de_femmes_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Commune_de_Paris_r%C3%A9union_de_femmes_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Commune_de_Paris_r%C3%A9union_de_femmes_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Commune_de_Paris_r%C3%A9union_de_femmes_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Commune_de_Paris_r%C3%A9union_de_femmes_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Commune_de_Paris_r%C3%A9union_de_femmes_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The Church of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Germain-l%27Auxerrois" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois">Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois</a> was briefly turned into a Socialist women's club</figcaption></figure> <p>From the beginning, the Commune had a hostile relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_France" title="Catholic Church in France">Catholic Church</a>. On 2 April, soon after the Commune was established, it voted a decree accusing the Catholic Church of "complicity in the crimes of the monarchy." The decree declared the separation of church and state, confiscated the state funds allotted to the Church, seized the property of religious congregations, and ordered that <a href="/wiki/Catholic_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic schools">Catholic schools</a> cease religious education and become secular. Over the next seven weeks, some two hundred priests, nuns and monks were arrested, and twenty-six churches were closed to the public. At the urging of the more radical newspapers, National Guard units searched the basements of churches, looking for evidence of alleged sadism and criminal practices. More extreme elements of the National Guard carried out mock religious processions and parodies of religious services. Some churches, like <a href="/wiki/Saint-Germain-l%27Auxerrois" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois">Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois</a>, were turned into socialist meeting clubs. </p><p>Early in May, some of the political clubs began to demand the immediate execution of Archbishop Darboy and the other priests in the prison. The Archbishop and a number of priests were executed during Bloody Week, in retaliation for the execution of Commune soldiers by the regular army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a350–354_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a350–354-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Destruction_of_the_Vendôme_Column"><span id="Destruction_of_the_Vend.C3.B4me_Column"></span>Destruction of the Vendôme Column</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Destruction of the Vendôme Column"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Souvenirs_de_la_Commune_de_Paris,_renversement_de_la_colonne_Vend%C3%B4me,_1871.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Souvenirs_de_la_Commune_de_Paris%2C_renversement_de_la_colonne_Vend%C3%B4me%2C_1871.jpg/220px-Souvenirs_de_la_Commune_de_Paris%2C_renversement_de_la_colonne_Vend%C3%B4me%2C_1871.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Souvenirs_de_la_Commune_de_Paris%2C_renversement_de_la_colonne_Vend%C3%B4me%2C_1871.jpg/330px-Souvenirs_de_la_Commune_de_Paris%2C_renversement_de_la_colonne_Vend%C3%B4me%2C_1871.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Souvenirs_de_la_Commune_de_Paris%2C_renversement_de_la_colonne_Vend%C3%B4me%2C_1871.jpg/440px-Souvenirs_de_la_Commune_de_Paris%2C_renversement_de_la_colonne_Vend%C3%B4me%2C_1871.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5680" data-file-height="3666" /></a><figcaption>Toppling of the <a href="/wiki/Vend%C3%B4me_Column" class="mw-redirect" title="Vendôme Column">Vendôme Column</a> on May 16, 1871. The column's destruction fulfilled an official proposition made the previous September by painter <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Courbet" title="Gustave Courbet">Gustave Courbet</a>. After the end of the Commune, Courbet was sentenced to six months in prison and later ordered to pay for putting the column back up. He could never pay, and died soon after in exile</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colonne_Vend%C3%B4me_%C3%A0_terre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Colonne_Vend%C3%B4me_%C3%A0_terre.jpg/220px-Colonne_Vend%C3%B4me_%C3%A0_terre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Colonne_Vend%C3%B4me_%C3%A0_terre.jpg/330px-Colonne_Vend%C3%B4me_%C3%A0_terre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Colonne_Vend%C3%B4me_%C3%A0_terre.jpg/440px-Colonne_Vend%C3%B4me_%C3%A0_terre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1943" /></a><figcaption>Statue on the ground of Emperor Napoleon I, considered the symbol of imperial despotism</figcaption></figure> <p>The destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Vend%C3%B4me_Column" class="mw-redirect" title="Vendôme Column">Vendôme Column</a> honouring the victories of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I">Napoleon I</a>, topped by a statue of the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_the_French" title="Emperor of the French">Emperor</a>, was one of the most prominent civic events during the Commune. It was voted on 12 April by the executive committee of the Commune, which declared that the column was "a monument of barbarism" and a "symbol of brute force and false pride." The idea had originally come from the painter <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Courbet" title="Gustave Courbet">Gustave Courbet</a>, who had written to the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of National Defence">Government of National Defence</a> on 4 September calling for the demolition of the column. In October, he had called for a new column, made of melted-down German cannons, "the column of peoples, the column of Germany and France, forever federated." Courbet was elected to the Council of the Commune on 16 April, after the decision to tear down the column had already been made. The ceremonial destruction took place on 16 May. In the presence of two battalions of the National Guard and the leaders of the Commune, a band played "<a href="/wiki/La_Marseillaise" title="La Marseillaise">La Marseillaise</a>" and the "<a href="/wiki/Chant_du_D%C3%A9part" class="mw-redirect" title="Chant du Départ">Chant du Départ</a>". The first effort to pull down the column failed, but at 5:30 in the afternoon the column broke from its base and shattered into three pieces. The pedestal was draped with red flags, and pieces of the statue were taken to be melted down and made into coins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a294–296_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a294–296-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 12 May a crowd organised by the Commune destroyed the residence of Adolphe Thiers, the leader of the Third Republic, on Place Saint-Georges. Proposed by Henri Rochefort, editor of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le Mot d'Ordre</i></span>, on 6 April, it was not voted upon by the Commune until 10 May.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a296–298_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a296–298-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_with_the_national_government">War with the national government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: War with the national government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mobilization_of_both_sides_and_attack_by_the_government_army">Mobilization of both sides and attack by the government army</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Mobilization of both sides and attack by the government army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Versailles, Thiers had estimated that he needed 150,000 men to recapture Paris, and that he had only about 20,000 reliable first-line soldiers, plus about 5,000 gendarmes. He worked rapidly to assemble a new and reliable regular army. Most of the soldiers were prisoners of war who had just been released by the Germans, following the terms of the armistice. Others were sent from military units in all of the provinces. To command the new army, Thiers chose <a href="/wiki/Patrice_MacMahon" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrice MacMahon">Patrice MacMahon</a>, who had won fame <a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">fighting the Austrians</a> in Italy under Napoleon III, and who had been seriously wounded at the Battle of Sedan. He was highly popular both within the army and in the country. By 30 March, less than two weeks after the Army's Montmartre rout, it began skirmishing with the National Guard on the outskirts of Paris. </p><p>The Versailles Army was the first to attack. On March 21, they occupied the fort of Mont-Valérien where the Commune's fédérés had neglected to settle: this position which dominated the entire near western suburbs of Paris gave them a considerable advantage. On March 30, General de Gallifet occupied the Courbevoie roundabout and on April 2, the Versaillais seized Courbevoie and Puteaux, the fédérés retreating towards Neuilly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Failure_of_the_march_on_Versailles">Failure of the march on Versailles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Failure of the march on Versailles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ROUQUETTE(1871)_p237_Affaire_du_Mont-Valerien.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/ROUQUETTE%281871%29_p237_Affaire_du_Mont-Valerien.jpg/220px-ROUQUETTE%281871%29_p237_Affaire_du_Mont-Valerien.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/ROUQUETTE%281871%29_p237_Affaire_du_Mont-Valerien.jpg/330px-ROUQUETTE%281871%29_p237_Affaire_du_Mont-Valerien.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/ROUQUETTE%281871%29_p237_Affaire_du_Mont-Valerien.jpg/440px-ROUQUETTE%281871%29_p237_Affaire_du_Mont-Valerien.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1523" data-file-height="1371" /></a><figcaption>On April 3, the Federates were pushed back to the Nanterre plain by artillery fire from the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Mont-Val%C3%A9rien" title="Fort Mont-Valérien">Fort Mont-Valérien</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In Paris, members of the Military Commission and the executive committee of the Commune, as well as the Central Committee of the National Guard, met on 1 April. They decided to launch an offensive against the Army in Versailles within five days. The attack was first launched on the morning of 2 April by five battalions who crossed the Seine at the <a href="/wiki/Pont_de_Neuilly" title="Pont de Neuilly">Pont de Neuilly</a>. The National Guard troops were quickly repulsed by the Army, with a loss of about twelve soldiers. One officer of the Versailles army, a surgeon from the medical corps, was killed; the National Guardsmen had mistaken his uniform for that of a gendarme. Five national guardsmen were captured by the regulars; two were Army deserters and two were caught with their weapons in their hands. General Vinoy, the commander of the Paris Military District, had ordered any prisoners who were deserters from the Army to be shot. The commander of the regular forces, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Georges_Ernest_Boulanger" title="Georges Ernest Boulanger">Georges Ernest Boulanger</a>, went further and ordered that all four prisoners be summarily shot. The practice of shooting prisoners captured with weapons became common in the bitter fighting in the weeks ahead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a138–139_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a138–139-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite this first failure, Commune leaders were still convinced that, as at Montmartre, French army soldiers would refuse to fire on national guardsmen. They prepared a massive offensive of 27,000 national guardsmen who would advance in three columns. They were expected to converge at the end of 24 hours at the gates of the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a>. They advanced on the morning of 3 April—without cavalry to protect the flanks, without artillery, without stores of food and ammunition, and without ambulances—confident of rapid success. They passed by the line of forts outside the city, believing them to be occupied by national guardsmen. In fact the army had re-occupied the abandoned forts on 28 March. The National Guard soon came under heavy artillery and rifle fire; they broke ranks and fled back to Paris. Once again national guardsmen captured with weapons were routinely shot by army units.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a141–152_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a141–152-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decree_on_Hostages">Decree on Hostages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Decree on Hostages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commune leaders responded to the execution of prisoners by the Army by passing a new order on 5 April—the Decree on Hostages, which will only be implemented when the insurrection is crushed (Bloody Week). Under the decree, any person accused of complicity with the Versailles government could be immediately arrested, imprisoned and tried by a special jury of accusation. Those convicted by the jury would become "hostages of the people of Paris." Article 5 stated, "Every execution of a prisoner of war or of a partisan of the government of the Commune of Paris will be immediately followed by the execution of a triple number of hostages held by virtue of article four." Prisoners of war would be brought before a jury, which would decide if they would be released or held as hostages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a153_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a153-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The National Assembly in Versailles responded to the decree the next day; it passed a law allowing military tribunals to judge and punish suspects within 24 hours. <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Émile Zola</a> wrote, "Thus we citizens of Paris are placed between two terrible laws; the law of suspects brought back by the Commune and the law on rapid executions which will certainly be approved by the Assembly. They are not fighting with cannon shots, they are slaughtering each other with decrees."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About one hundred hostages, including the Archbishop, were shot by the Commune before its end.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a153_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a153-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In total, during the Bloody Week, 47 hostages were shot, the majority of whom were Versailles soldiers, but also a number of religious figures, including the Abbé Deguerry, the <a href="/wiki/Cur%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Curé">curé</a> of the <a href="/wiki/La_Madeleine,_Paris" title="La Madeleine, Paris">Madeleine church</a>, and the archbishop of Paris <a href="/wiki/Georges_Darboy" title="Georges Darboy">Georges Darboy</a>, who was confined at the <a href="/wiki/Mazas_Prison" title="Mazas Prison">Mazas Prison</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radicalisation">Radicalisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Radicalisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edwin_Buckman_-_A_Republican_Procession_in_London_Sunday_Morning_-_manifestation_de_soutien_%C3%A0_la_Commune_de_Paris_le_16_avril_1871.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Edwin_Buckman_-_A_Republican_Procession_in_London_Sunday_Morning_-_manifestation_de_soutien_%C3%A0_la_Commune_de_Paris_le_16_avril_1871.jpg/220px-Edwin_Buckman_-_A_Republican_Procession_in_London_Sunday_Morning_-_manifestation_de_soutien_%C3%A0_la_Commune_de_Paris_le_16_avril_1871.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Edwin_Buckman_-_A_Republican_Procession_in_London_Sunday_Morning_-_manifestation_de_soutien_%C3%A0_la_Commune_de_Paris_le_16_avril_1871.jpg/330px-Edwin_Buckman_-_A_Republican_Procession_in_London_Sunday_Morning_-_manifestation_de_soutien_%C3%A0_la_Commune_de_Paris_le_16_avril_1871.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Edwin_Buckman_-_A_Republican_Procession_in_London_Sunday_Morning_-_manifestation_de_soutien_%C3%A0_la_Commune_de_Paris_le_16_avril_1871.jpg/440px-Edwin_Buckman_-_A_Republican_Procession_in_London_Sunday_Morning_-_manifestation_de_soutien_%C3%A0_la_Commune_de_Paris_le_16_avril_1871.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1238" data-file-height="965" /></a><figcaption>Demonstration of seven thousand London workers on Sunday, April 16, 1871, between Clerkenwell Green and Hyde Park, in support of the Paris Commune</figcaption></figure> <p>By April, as MacMahon's forces steadily approached Paris, divisions arose within the Commune about whether to give absolute priority to military defence, or to political and social freedoms and reforms. The majority, including the Blanquists and the more radical revolutionaries, supported by <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le Vengeur</i></span> of Pyat and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le Père Duchesne</i></span> of Vermersch, supported giving the military priority. The publications <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">La Commune</i></span>, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">La Justice</i></span> and Valles' <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le Cri du Peuple</i></span> feared that a more authoritarian government would destroy the kind of social republic they wanted to achieve. Soon, the Council of the Commune voted, with strong opposition, for the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Public_Safety_(1871)" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee of Public Safety (1871)">Committee of Public Safety</a>, modelled on and named after the committee that carried out the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a> (1793–94). Because of the implications carried by its name, many members of the Commune opposed the Committee of Public Safety's creation. </p><p>The committee was given extensive powers to hunt down and imprison enemies of the Commune. Led by <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Rigault" title="Raoul Rigault">Raoul Rigault</a>, it began to make several arrests, usually on suspicion of treason, intelligence with the enemy, or insults to the Commune. Those arrested included General <a href="/wiki/Edmond-Charles_de_Martimprey" title="Edmond-Charles de Martimprey">Edmond-Charles de Martimprey</a>, the governor of <a href="/wiki/Les_Invalides" title="Les Invalides">Les Invalides</a>, alleged to have caused the assassination of revolutionaries in December 1851—as well as more recent commanders of the National Guard, including <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Cluseret" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustave Cluseret">Gustave Cluseret</a>. High religious officials had been arrested: Archbishop Darboy, the Vicar General Abbé Lagarde, and the Curé of the Madeleine Abbé Deguerry. The policy of holding hostages for possible reprisals was denounced by some defenders of the Commune, including Victor Hugo, in a poem entitled "No Reprisals" published in Brussels on 21 April.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a346–347_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a346–347-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 April, Rigault proposed to exchange Archbishop Darboy and several other priests for the imprisoned Blanqui. Thiers refused the proposal. On 14 May, Rigault proposed to exchange 70 hostages for the extreme-left leader, and Thiers again refused.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a345–350_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a345–350-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composition_of_the_National_Guard">Composition of the National Guard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Composition of the National Guard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barricade_Paris_1871_by_Pierre-Ambrose_Richebourg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Barricade_Paris_1871_by_Pierre-Ambrose_Richebourg.jpg/220px-Barricade_Paris_1871_by_Pierre-Ambrose_Richebourg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Barricade_Paris_1871_by_Pierre-Ambrose_Richebourg.jpg/330px-Barricade_Paris_1871_by_Pierre-Ambrose_Richebourg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Barricade_Paris_1871_by_Pierre-Ambrose_Richebourg.jpg/440px-Barricade_Paris_1871_by_Pierre-Ambrose_Richebourg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3485" data-file-height="3702" /></a><figcaption>A barricade constructed by the Commune in April 1871 on the Rue de Rivoli near the Hotel de Ville. The figures are blurred due to the camera's lengthy exposure time, an effect commonly seen in early photographs.</figcaption></figure> <p>Since every able-bodied man in Paris was obliged to be a member of the National Guard, the Commune on paper had an army of about 200,000 men on 6 May; the actual number was much lower, probably between 25,000 and 50,000 men. At the beginning of May, 20 percent of the National Guard was reported absent without leave.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a319_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a319-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the Commune, 43,522 prisoners were captured, 7,000 to 8,000 Communards had gone into exile abroad, and an estimated 10 to 15,000 Communards were killed, giving a total Commune force of about 65,000 men. </p><p>The National Guard had hundreds of cannons and thousands of rifles in its arsenal, but only half of the cannons and two-thirds of the rifles were ever used. There were heavy naval cannons mounted on the <a href="/wiki/Thiers_wall" title="Thiers wall">ramparts of Paris</a>, but few national guardsmen were trained to use them. Between the end of April and 20 May, the number of trained artillerymen fell from 5,445 to 2,340.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a319_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a319-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The officers of the National Guard were elected by the soldiers, and their leadership qualities and military skills varied widely. Gustave Cluseret, the commander of the National Guard until his dismissal on 1 May, had tried to impose more discipline in the force, disbanding many unreliable units and making soldiers live in barracks instead of at home. He recruited officers with military experience, particularly <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> who had fled to France in 1863, after the Russians quelled the <a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January Uprising</a>; they played a prominent role in the last days of the Commune.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a317_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a317-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of these officers was General <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Dombrowski" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaroslav Dombrowski">Jaroslav Dombrowski</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Jarosław Żądło-Dąbrowski</i>), a Polish noble and a former <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a> officer, who was appointed commander of the Commune forces on the right bank of the Seine. On 5 May, he was appointed commander of the Commune's whole army. Dombrowski held this position until 23 May, when he was killed while defending the city barricades.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capture_of_Fort_Issy">Capture of Fort Issy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Capture of Fort Issy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the key strategic points around Paris was <a href="/wiki/Fort_Issy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Issy">Fort Issy</a>, south of the city near the Porte de Versailles, which blocked the route of the Army into Paris. The fort's garrison was commanded by Leon Megy, a former mechanic and a militant Blanquist, who had been sentenced to 20 years of hard labour for killing a policeman. After being freed he had led the takeover of the prefecture of Marseille by militant revolutionaries. When he came back to Paris, he was given the rank of colonel by the Central Committee of the National Guard, and the command of Fort Issy on 13 April. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Commune_de_Paris_-_Les_francs-ma%C3%A7ons_plantant_leurs_banni%C3%A8res_sur_les_fortifications_%C3%A0_Porte_Maillot_(1871).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/La_Commune_de_Paris_-_Les_francs-ma%C3%A7ons_plantant_leurs_banni%C3%A8res_sur_les_fortifications_%C3%A0_Porte_Maillot_%281871%29.jpg/220px-La_Commune_de_Paris_-_Les_francs-ma%C3%A7ons_plantant_leurs_banni%C3%A8res_sur_les_fortifications_%C3%A0_Porte_Maillot_%281871%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/La_Commune_de_Paris_-_Les_francs-ma%C3%A7ons_plantant_leurs_banni%C3%A8res_sur_les_fortifications_%C3%A0_Porte_Maillot_%281871%29.jpg/330px-La_Commune_de_Paris_-_Les_francs-ma%C3%A7ons_plantant_leurs_banni%C3%A8res_sur_les_fortifications_%C3%A0_Porte_Maillot_%281871%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/La_Commune_de_Paris_-_Les_francs-ma%C3%A7ons_plantant_leurs_banni%C3%A8res_sur_les_fortifications_%C3%A0_Porte_Maillot_%281871%29.jpg/440px-La_Commune_de_Paris_-_Les_francs-ma%C3%A7ons_plantant_leurs_banni%C3%A8res_sur_les_fortifications_%C3%A0_Porte_Maillot_%281871%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="782" /></a><figcaption>On April 29, 1871, the <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_France" title="Freemasonry in France">Freemasons</a> demonstrated peacefully and planted their banners on the fortifications at Porte Maillot, in order to ask the Versailles troops to stop the bombardments and to negotiate</figcaption></figure> <p>The army commander, General <a href="/wiki/Ernest_de_Cissey" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest de Cissey">Ernest de Cissey</a>, began a systematic siege and a heavy bombardment of the fort that lasted three days and three nights. At the same time Cissey sent a message to Colonel Megy, with the permission of Marshal MacMahon, offering to spare the lives of the fort's defenders, and let them return to Paris with their belongings and weapons, if they surrendered the fort. Colonel Megy gave the order, and during the night of 29–30 April, most of the soldiers evacuated the fort and returned to Paris. But news of the evacuation reached the Central Committee of the National Guard and the Commune. Before General Cissey and the Versailles army could occupy the fort, the National Guard rushed reinforcements there and re-occupied all the positions. General Cluseret, commander of the National Guard, was dismissed and put in prison. General Cissey resumed the intense bombardment of the fort. The defenders resisted until the night of 7–8 May, when the remaining national guardsmen in the fort, unable to withstand further attacks, decided to withdraw. The new commander of the National Guard, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Rossel" title="Louis Rossel">Louis Rossel</a>, issued a terse bulletin: "The tricolor flag flies over the fort of Issy, abandoned yesterday by the garrison." The abandonment of the fort led the Commune to dismiss Rossel, and replace him with Delescluze, a fervent Communard but a journalist with no military experience.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a327–330_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a327–330-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bitter fighting followed, as MacMahon's army worked their way systematically forward to the <a href="/wiki/Thiers_wall" title="Thiers wall">walls of Paris</a>. On 20 May, MacMahon's artillery batteries at <a href="/wiki/Montretout" title="Montretout">Montretout</a>, Mont-Valerian, <a href="/wiki/Boulogne-Billancourt" title="Boulogne-Billancourt">Boulogne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Issy-les-Moulineaux" title="Issy-les-Moulineaux">Issy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vanves" title="Vanves">Vanves</a> opened fire on the western neighbourhoods of the city—<a href="/wiki/Auteuil,_Paris" title="Auteuil, Paris">Auteuil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Passy" title="Passy">Passy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trocad%C3%A9ro,_Paris" title="Trocadéro, Paris">Trocadéro</a>—with shells falling close to <a href="/wiki/Place_Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Place Charles de Gaulle">l'Étoile</a>. Dombrowski reported that the soldiers he had sent to defend the ramparts of the city between Point du Jour and Porte d'Auteuil had retreated to the city; he had only 4,000 soldiers left at la Muette, 2,000 at <a href="/wiki/Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Neuilly-sur-Seine">Neuilly</a>, and 200 at <a href="/wiki/Asni%C3%A8res-sur-Seine" title="Asnières-sur-Seine">Asnières</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine" title="Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine">Saint Ouen</a>. "I lack artillerymen and workers to hold off the catastrophe."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a337_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a337-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 19 May, while the Commune executive committee was meeting to judge the former military commander Cluseret for the loss of the Issy fortress, it received word that the forces of Marshal MacMahon were within the fortifications of Paris. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id=""Bloody_Week""><span id=".22Bloody_Week.22"></span>"Bloody Week" <span class="anchor" id="bloody_week"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: "Bloody Week""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Semaine_sanglante" title="Semaine sanglante">Semaine sanglante</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Versaillais(--)Communards.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Versaillais%28--%29Communards.jpg/220px-Versaillais%28--%29Communards.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Versaillais%28--%29Communards.jpg/330px-Versaillais%28--%29Communards.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Versaillais%28--%29Communards.jpg/440px-Versaillais%28--%29Communards.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3896" data-file-height="2732" /></a><figcaption>Map of Paris Commune and the ″bloody week″, drawn according with Michèle Audin, (fr) <i>La Semaine sanglante, mai 1871, légendes et comptes</i>, Libertalia publ., Montreuil 2021, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-37729-176-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-37729-176-2">978-2-37729-176-2</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21_May:_Army_enters_Paris">21 May: Army enters Paris</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: 21 May: Army enters Paris"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JAROS%C5%81AW_%C5%BB%C4%84D%C5%81O_D%C4%84BROWSKI_herbu_(coat_of_arms)_RADWAN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/JAROS%C5%81AW_%C5%BB%C4%84D%C5%81O_D%C4%84BROWSKI_herbu_%28coat_of_arms%29_RADWAN.jpg/170px-JAROS%C5%81AW_%C5%BB%C4%84D%C5%81O_D%C4%84BROWSKI_herbu_%28coat_of_arms%29_RADWAN.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/JAROS%C5%81AW_%C5%BB%C4%84D%C5%81O_D%C4%84BROWSKI_herbu_%28coat_of_arms%29_RADWAN.jpg/255px-JAROS%C5%81AW_%C5%BB%C4%84D%C5%81O_D%C4%84BROWSKI_herbu_%28coat_of_arms%29_RADWAN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/JAROS%C5%81AW_%C5%BB%C4%84D%C5%81O_D%C4%84BROWSKI_herbu_%28coat_of_arms%29_RADWAN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Dombrowski" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaroslav Dombrowski">Jaroslav Dombrowski</a>, a Polish exile and former military officer, was one of the few capable commanders of the National Guard. He was killed early in the Bloody Week.</figcaption></figure> <p>The final offensive on Paris by MacMahon's army began on Sunday, 21 May. On the front line in the southwest, soldiers camped just outside the city learned from an agent inside the walls that the National Guard had withdrawn from one section of the city wall at Point-du-Jour, and the fortifications were undefended. An army engineer crossed the moat and inspected the empty fortifications, and immediately telegraphed the news to Marshal MacMahon, who was with Thiers at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Mont-Val%C3%A9rien" title="Fort Mont-Valérien">Fort Mont-Valérien</a>. MacMahon promptly gave orders, and two battalions passed through the fortifications without meeting resistance. The Versailles forces were able to swiftly capture the <a href="/wiki/City_gates_of_Paris" title="City gates of Paris">city gates</a> of the Porte de Saint-Cloud, La Muette and the Porte de Versailles from inside. By four o'clock in the morning, fifty thousand soldiers had passed into the city, and advanced as far as the <a href="/wiki/Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es" title="Champs-Élysées">Champs-Élysées</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a379–380_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a379–380-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tombs_2009_p._320-321_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tombs_2009_p._320-321-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When he received the news from Dombrowski that the army was inside Paris, the Commune leader Delescluze refused to believe it, and refused to ring the bells to warn the city until the following morning.<sup id="cite_ref-Tombs_2009_p._320-321_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tombs_2009_p._320-321-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trial of Gustave Cluseret, the former commander, was still going on at the Commune when they received the message from General Dombrowski that the army was inside the city. He asked for reinforcements and proposed an immediate counterattack. "Remain calm," he wrote, "and everything will be saved. We must not be defeated!".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a381_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a381-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When they had received this news, the members of the Commune executive returned to their deliberations on the fate of Cluseret, which continued until eight o'clock that evening. </p><p>The first reaction of many of the National Guard was to find someone to blame, and Dombrowski was the first to be accused. Rumours circulated that he had accepted a million francs to give up the city. He was deeply offended by the rumours. They stopped when Dombrowski died two days later from wounds received on the barricades. His last reported words were: "Do they still say I was a traitor?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a394_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a394-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="22_May:_Barricades,_first_street_battles"><span id="22_May:_Barricades.2C_first_street_battles"></span>22 May: Barricades, first street battles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: 22 May: Barricades, first street battles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commune_de_Paris_barricade_Place_Blanche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Commune_de_Paris_barricade_Place_Blanche.jpg/220px-Commune_de_Paris_barricade_Place_Blanche.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Commune_de_Paris_barricade_Place_Blanche.jpg/330px-Commune_de_Paris_barricade_Place_Blanche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Commune_de_Paris_barricade_Place_Blanche.jpg/440px-Commune_de_Paris_barricade_Place_Blanche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3040" /></a><figcaption>A barricade on <a href="/wiki/Place_Blanche" title="Place Blanche">Place Blanche</a> during Bloody Week, whose defenders included <a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Louise Michel</a> and a unit of 30 women</figcaption></figure> <p>On the morning of 22 May, bells finally were rung around the city, and Delescluze, as delegate for war of the Commune, issued a proclamation, posted all over Paris: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the name of this glorious France, mother of all the popular revolutions, permanent home of the ideas of justice and solidarity which should be and will be the laws of the world, march at the enemy, and may your revolutionary energy show him that someone can sell Paris, but no one can give it up, or conquer it! The Commune counts on you, count on the Commune!<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Committee of Public Safety issued its own decree: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>TO ARMS! That Paris be bristling with barricades, and that, behind these improvised ramparts, it will hurl again its cry of war, its cry of pride, its cry of defiance, but its cry of victory; because Paris, with its barricades, is undefeatable ...That revolutionary Paris, that Paris of great days, does its duty; the Commune and the Committee of Public Safety will do theirs!<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a386_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a386-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maximilien_Luce_-_A_Street_in_Paris_in_May_1871_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Maximilien_Luce_-_A_Street_in_Paris_in_May_1871_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Maximilien_Luce_-_A_Street_in_Paris_in_May_1871_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Maximilien_Luce_-_A_Street_in_Paris_in_May_1871_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Maximilien_Luce_-_A_Street_in_Paris_in_May_1871_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Maximilien_Luce_-_A_Street_in_Paris_in_May_1871_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Maximilien_Luce_-_A_Street_in_Paris_in_May_1871_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7022" data-file-height="4622" /></a><figcaption><i>A street in Paris in May 1871</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Luce" title="Maximilien Luce">Maximilien Luce</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Despite the appeals, only fifteen to twenty thousand persons, including many women and children, responded. The forces of the Commune were outnumbered five-to-one by the army of Marshal MacMahon.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once the fighting began inside Paris, the strong neighborhood loyalties that had been an advantage of the Commune became something of a disadvantage: instead of an overall planned defence, each "quartier" fought desperately for its survival, and each was overcome in turn. The webs of narrow streets that made entire districts nearly impregnable in earlier Parisian revolutions had in the centre been replaced by wide <a href="/wiki/Boulevard" title="Boulevard">boulevards</a> during <a href="/wiki/Haussmann%27s_renovation_of_Paris" title="Haussmann's renovation of Paris">Haussmann's renovation of Paris</a>. The Versailles forces enjoyed a centralised command and had superior numbers. Equally important, they had learned the tactics of street fighting from 1848 and earlier uprisings. They avoided making frontal attacks on Commune barricades. They tunnelled through walls of neighbouring houses to establish positions above the barricades, and gradually worked their way around and behind them, usually forcing the Communards to withdraw without a fight. The majority of the barricades in Paris were abandoned without combat.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the morning of 22 May, the regular army occupied a large area from the Porte Dauphine; to the <a href="/wiki/Champ_de_Mars" title="Champ de Mars">Champ de Mars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Militaire" class="mw-redirect" title="École Militaire">École Militaire</a>, where General Cissey established his headquarters; to the Porte de Vanves. In a short time the 5th corps of the army advanced toward <a href="/wiki/Parc_Monceau" title="Parc Monceau">Parc Monceau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Place_Clichy" class="mw-redirect" title="Place Clichy">Place Clichy</a>, while General <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Douay" title="Félix Douay">Félix Douay</a> occupied the <a href="/wiki/Place_de_l%27%C3%89toile" class="mw-redirect" title="Place de l'Étoile">Place de l'Étoile</a> and General Clichant occupied the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gare_Saint-Lazaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gare Saint-Lazaire (page does not exist)">Gare Saint-Lazaire</a>. Little resistance was encountered in the west of Paris, but the army moved forward slowly and cautiously, in no hurry. </p><p>No one had expected the army to enter the city, so only a few large barricades were already in place, on the <a href="/wiki/Rue_Saint-Florentin,_Paris" title="Rue Saint-Florentin, Paris">rue Saint-Florentin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avenue_de_l%27Op%C3%A9ra" title="Avenue de l'Opéra">Avenue de l'Opéra</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Rue_de_Rivoli" title="Rue de Rivoli">rue de Rivoli</a>. Barricades had not been prepared in advance; some nine hundred barricades were built hurriedly out of paving stones and sacks of earth. Many other people prepared shelters in the cellars. The first serious fighting took place on the afternoon of the 22nd, an artillery duel between regular army batteries on the <a href="/wiki/Quai_d%27Orsay" title="Quai d'Orsay">Quai d'Orsay</a> and the Madeleine, and National Guard batteries on the terrace of the Tuileries Palace. On the same day, the first executions of National Guard soldiers by the regular army inside Paris took place; some sixteen prisoners captured on the <a href="/wiki/Rue_du_Bac,_Paris" title="Rue du Bac, Paris">rue du Bac</a> were given a summary hearing, and then shot.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="23_May:_Battle_for_Montmartre;_burning_of_Tuileries_Palace"><span id="23_May:_Battle_for_Montmartre.3B_burning_of_Tuileries_Palace"></span>23 May: Battle for Montmartre; burning of Tuileries Palace</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: 23 May: Battle for Montmartre; burning of Tuileries Palace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Combats_dans_la_rue_Rivoli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Combats_dans_la_rue_Rivoli.jpg/220px-Combats_dans_la_rue_Rivoli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Combats_dans_la_rue_Rivoli.jpg/330px-Combats_dans_la_rue_Rivoli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Combats_dans_la_rue_Rivoli.jpg/440px-Combats_dans_la_rue_Rivoli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1198" data-file-height="917" /></a><figcaption>Communards defending a barricade on the <a href="/wiki/Rue_de_Rivoli" title="Rue de Rivoli">rue de Rivoli</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commune_de_Paris_nuit_du_23_au_24_mai_incendies_dans_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Commune_de_Paris_nuit_du_23_au_24_mai_incendies_dans_Paris.jpg/220px-Commune_de_Paris_nuit_du_23_au_24_mai_incendies_dans_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Commune_de_Paris_nuit_du_23_au_24_mai_incendies_dans_Paris.jpg/330px-Commune_de_Paris_nuit_du_23_au_24_mai_incendies_dans_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Commune_de_Paris_nuit_du_23_au_24_mai_incendies_dans_Paris.jpg/440px-Commune_de_Paris_nuit_du_23_au_24_mai_incendies_dans_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5413" data-file-height="4076" /></a><figcaption>Fires lit by the Commune during the night of May 23–24</figcaption></figure> <p>On 23 May the next objective of the army was the <a href="/wiki/Butte" title="Butte">butte</a> <a href="/wiki/Montmartre" title="Montmartre">Montmartre</a>, where the uprising had begun. The National Guard had built and manned a circle of barricades and makeshift forts around the base of the butte. The eighty-five cannon and twenty rapid-firing guns captured from the army at the beginning of the Commune were still there, but no one had expected an attack and they had no ammunition, powder cartridges or trained gunners.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The garrison of one barricade, at Chaussee Clignancourt, was defended in part by a battalion of about thirty women, including <a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Louise Michel</a>, the celebrated "Red Virgin of Montmartre", who had already participated in many battles outside the city. She was seized by regular soldiers and thrown into the trench in front of the barricade and left for dead. She escaped and soon afterwards surrendered to the army, to prevent the arrest of her mother. The battalions of the National Guard were no match for the army; by midday on the 23rd the regular soldiers were at the top of Montmartre, and the tricolor flag was raised over the Solferino tower. The soldiers captured 42 guardsmen and several women, took them to the same house on rue des Rosier where generals Clement-Thomas and Lecomte had been executed, and shot them. On the <a href="/wiki/Rue_Royale,_Paris" title="Rue Royale, Paris">rue Royale</a>, soldiers seized the formidable barricade around the <a href="/wiki/La_Madeleine,_Paris" title="La Madeleine, Paris">Madeleine church</a>; 300 prisoners captured with their weapons were shot there, the largest of the mass executions of the rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a394_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a394-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the same day, having had little success fighting the army, units of national guardsmen began to take revenge by <a href="/wiki/Fires_in_the_Paris_Commune" title="Fires in the Paris Commune">burning public buildings</a> symbolising the government. The guardsmen led by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Brunel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Brunel (page does not exist)">Paul Brunel</a>, one of the original leaders of the Commune, took cans of oil and set fire to buildings near the rue Royale and the <a href="/wiki/Rue_du_Faubourg_Saint-Honor%C3%A9" title="Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré">rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré</a>. Following the example set by Brunel, guardsmen set fire to dozens of other buildings on <a href="/wiki/Rue_Saint-Florentin,_Paris" title="Rue Saint-Florentin, Paris">rue Saint-Florentin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rue_de_Rivoli" title="Rue de Rivoli">rue de Rivoli</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rude_du_Bac,_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rude du Bac, Paris (page does not exist)">rue du Bac</a>, rue de Lille, and other streets. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Palace" title="Tuileries Palace">Tuileries Palace</a>, which had been the residence of most of the monarchs of France from <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a> to Napoleon III, was defended by a garrison of some three hundred National Guard with thirty cannon placed in the garden. They had been engaged in a day-long artillery duel with the regular army. At about seven in the evening, the commander of the garrison, Jules Bergeret, gave the order to burn the palace. The walls, floors, curtains and woodwork were soaked with oil and turpentine, and barrels of gunpowder were placed at the foot of the grand staircase and in the courtyard, then the fires were set. The fire lasted 48 hours and gutted the palace, except for the southernmost part, the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Pavillon de Flore</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bergeret sent a message to the Hotel de Ville: "The last vestiges of royalty have just disappeared. I wish that the same will happen to all the monuments of Paris."<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Richelieu library of the <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Palace" title="Louvre Palace">Louvre</a>, connected to the Tuileries, was also set on fire and entirely destroyed. The rest of the Louvre was saved by the efforts of the museum curators and fire brigades.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The consensus of later historians is that most of the major fires were started by the National Guard and several organised Communard groups; but that few if any fires were started by women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a396–397_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a396–397-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to public buildings, the National Guard also started fires at the homes of a number of residents associated with the regime of Napoleon III, such as that of historian and playwright <a href="/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Prosper Mérimée">Prosper Mérimée</a>, author of <a href="/wiki/Carmen_(novella)" title="Carmen (novella)"><i>Carmen</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a396–397_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a396–397-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="24_May:_Burning_of_Hotel_de_Ville;_executions_of_Communards,_the_archbishop_and_hostages"><span id="24_May:_Burning_of_Hotel_de_Ville.3B_executions_of_Communards.2C_the_archbishop_and_hostages"></span>24 May: Burning of Hotel de Ville; executions of Communards, the archbishop and hostages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: 24 May: Burning of Hotel de Ville; executions of Communards, the archbishop and hostages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commune_de_Paris_24_mai_incendie_de_l%27H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Commune_de_Paris_24_mai_incendie_de_l%27H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville.jpg/220px-Commune_de_Paris_24_mai_incendie_de_l%27H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Commune_de_Paris_24_mai_incendie_de_l%27H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville.jpg/330px-Commune_de_Paris_24_mai_incendie_de_l%27H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Commune_de_Paris_24_mai_incendie_de_l%27H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville.jpg/440px-Commune_de_Paris_24_mai_incendie_de_l%27H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5844" data-file-height="4482" /></a><figcaption>Fire at The <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville,_Paris" title="Hôtel de Ville, Paris">Hôtel de Ville</a>, the headquarters of the Commune, attacked by the Versailles Army and burned by the National Guard</figcaption></figure> <p>At two in the morning on 24 May, Brunel and his men went to the Hôtel de Ville, which was still the headquarters of the Commune and of its chief executive, Delescluze. Wounded men were being tended in the halls, and some of the National Guard officers and Commune members were changing from their uniforms into civilian clothes and shaving their beards, preparing to escape from the city. Delescluze ordered everyone to leave the building, and Brunel's men set it on fire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a397–398_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a397–398-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The battles resumed at daylight on 24 May, under a sky black with smoke from the burning palaces and ministries. There was no co-ordination or central direction on the Commune side; each neighborhood fought on its own. The National Guard disintegrated, with many soldiers changing into civilian clothes and fleeing the city, leaving between 10,000 and 15,000 Communards to defend the barricades. Delescluze moved his headquarters from the Hôtel de Ville to the city hall of the <a href="/wiki/11th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="11th arrondissement of Paris">11th arrondissement</a>. More public buildings were set afire, including the <a href="/wiki/Palais_de_Justice,_Paris" title="Palais de Justice, Paris">Palais de Justice</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Police_Prefecture" title="Paris Police Prefecture">Prefecture de Police</a>, the theatres of <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_du_Ch%C3%A2telet" title="Théâtre du Châtelet">Châtelet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_Porte_Saint-Martin" title="Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin">Porte-Saint-Martin</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Saint-Eustache,_Paris" title="Saint-Eustache, Paris">Church of Saint-Eustache</a>. Most of the Palais de Justice was destroyed, but the <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle" title="Sainte-Chapelle">Sainte-Chapelle</a> survived. Fires set at the <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Palace" title="Louvre Palace">Louvre Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palais-Royal" title="Palais-Royal">Palais-Royal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame</a> were extinguished without causing significant damage.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ex%C3%A9cution_de_communards_parisiens_par_les_troupes_versaillaises.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ex%C3%A9cution_de_communards_parisiens_par_les_troupes_versaillaises.jpg/220px-Ex%C3%A9cution_de_communards_parisiens_par_les_troupes_versaillaises.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ex%C3%A9cution_de_communards_parisiens_par_les_troupes_versaillaises.jpg/330px-Ex%C3%A9cution_de_communards_parisiens_par_les_troupes_versaillaises.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ex%C3%A9cution_de_communards_parisiens_par_les_troupes_versaillaises.jpg/440px-Ex%C3%A9cution_de_communards_parisiens_par_les_troupes_versaillaises.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2889" data-file-height="2038" /></a><figcaption>Execution of Communards by Versailles troops</figcaption></figure> <p>As the army continued its methodical advance, the <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary executions</a> of captured Communard soldiers by the army continued. Informal <a href="/wiki/Military_court" class="mw-redirect" title="Military court">military courts</a> were established at the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique" class="mw-redirect" title="École Polytechnique">École Polytechnique</a></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Place_du_Ch%C3%A2telet" title="Place du Châtelet">Châtelet</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Palace" title="Luxembourg Palace">Luxembourg Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parc_Monceau" title="Parc Monceau">Parc Monceau</a>, and other locations around Paris. The hands of captured prisoners were examined to see if they had fired weapons. The prisoners gave their identity, sentence was pronounced by a court of two or three gendarme officers, the prisoners were taken out and sentences immediately carried out.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a401_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a401-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amid the news of the growing number of executions carried out by the army in different parts of the city, the Communards carried out their own executions as a desperate and futile attempt at retaliation. Raoul Rigaut, the chairman of the Committee of Public Safety, without getting the authorisation of the Commune, executed one group of four prisoners, before he himself was captured and shot by an army patrol. On 24 May, a delegation of national guardsmen and Gustave Genton, a member of the Committee of Public Safety, came to the new headquarters of the Commune at the city hall of the 11th arrondissement and demanded the immediate execution of the hostages held at the prison of <a href="/wiki/La_Roquette_Prisons" title="La Roquette Prisons">La Roquette</a>. The new prosecutor of the Commune, <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Ferr%C3%A9" title="Théophile Ferré">Théophile Ferré</a>, hesitated and then wrote a note: "Order to the Citizen Director of La Roquette to execute six hostages." Genton asked for volunteers to serve as a firing squad, and went to the La Roquette prison, where many of the hostages were being held. Genton was given a list of hostages and selected six names, including <a href="/wiki/Georges_Darboy" title="Georges Darboy">Georges Darboy</a>, the Archbishop of Paris, and three priests. The governor of the prison, M. François, refused to give up the Archbishop without a specific order from the Commune. Genton sent a deputy back to the Prosecutor, who wrote "and especially the archbishop" on the bottom of his note. Archbishop Darboy and five other hostages were promptly taken out into the courtyard of the prison, lined up against the wall, and shot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a403–404_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a403–404-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="25_May:_Death_of_Delescluze">25 May: Death of Delescluze</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: 25 May: Death of Delescluze"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Charles_Delescluze.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Louis_Charles_Delescluze.jpg/170px-Louis_Charles_Delescluze.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Louis_Charles_Delescluze.jpg/255px-Louis_Charles_Delescluze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Louis_Charles_Delescluze.jpg/340px-Louis_Charles_Delescluze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Louis_Charles_Delescluze" title="Louis Charles Delescluze">Louis Charles Delescluze</a>, last military leader of the Commune, was shot dead after he stood atop a barricade, unarmed.</figcaption></figure> <p>By the end of 24 May, the regular army had cleared most of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Quarter,_Paris" title="Latin Quarter, Paris">Latin Quarter</a> barricades, and held three-fifths of Paris. MacMahon had his headquarters at the Quai d'Orsay. The insurgents held only the <a href="/wiki/11th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="11th arrondissement of Paris">11th</a>, <a href="/wiki/12th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="12th arrondissement of Paris">12th</a>, <a href="/wiki/19th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="19th arrondissement of Paris">19th</a> and <a href="/wiki/20th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="20th arrondissement of Paris">20th arrondissements</a>, and parts of the <a href="/wiki/3rd_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="3rd arrondissement of Paris">3rd</a>, <a href="/wiki/5th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="5th arrondissement of Paris">5th</a>, and <a href="/wiki/13th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="13th arrondissement of Paris">13th</a>. Delescluze and the remaining leaders of the Commune, about 20 in all, were at the city hall of the 13th arrondissement on Place Voltaire. A bitter battle took place between about 1,500 national guardsmen from the 13th arrondissement and the Mouffetard district, commanded by <a href="/wiki/Walery_Antoni_Wr%C3%B3blewski" title="Walery Antoni Wróblewski">Walery Antoni Wróblewski</a>, a Polish exile who had participated in the uprising against the Russians, against three brigades commanded by General de Cissey.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a404–407_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a404–407-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the course of the 25th, the insurgents lost the city hall of the 13th arrondissement and moved to a barricade on Place Jeanne-d'Arc, where 700 were taken prisoner. Wroblewski and some of his men escaped to the city hall of the 11th arrondissement, where he met Delescluze, the chief executive of the Commune. Several of the other Commune leaders, including Brunel, were wounded, and Pyat had disappeared. Delescluze offered Wroblewski the command of the Commune forces, which he declined, saying that he preferred to fight as a private soldier. At about seven-thirty, Delescluze put on his red sash of office, walked unarmed to the barricade on the <a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_R%C3%A9publique" title="Place de la République">Place du Château-d'Eau</a>, climbed to the top and showed himself to the soldiers, and was promptly shot dead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELissagaray2000355–356_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELissagaray2000355–356-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="26_May:_Capture_of_Place_de_la_Bastille;_more_executions"><span id="26_May:_Capture_of_Place_de_la_Bastille.3B_more_executions"></span>26 May: Capture of Place de la Bastille; more executions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: 26 May: Capture of Place de la Bastille; more executions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the afternoon of 26 May, after six hours of heavy fighting, the regular army captured the <a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_Bastille" title="Place de la Bastille">Place de la Bastille</a>. The National Guard still held parts of the 3rd Arrondissement, from the <a href="/wiki/Carreau_du_Temple" title="Carreau du Temple">Carreau du Temple</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Arts_et_M%C3%A9tiers_ParisTech" title="Arts et Métiers ParisTech">Arts-et-Metiers</a>, and the National Guard still had artillery at their <a href="/wiki/Strongpoint" title="Strongpoint">strongpoints</a> at the Buttes-Chaumont and Père-Lachaise, from which they continued to bombard the regular army forces along the <a href="/wiki/Canal_Saint-Martin" title="Canal Saint-Martin">Canal Saint-Martin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a410_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a410-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A contingent of several dozen national guardsmen led by Antoine Clavier, a commissaire, and Emile Gois, a colonel of the National Guard, arrived at La Roquette prison and demanded, at gunpoint, the remaining hostages there: ten priests, thirty-five policemen and gendarmes, and two civilians. They took them first to the city hall of the 20th arrondissement; the Commune leader of that district refused to allow his city hall to be used as a place of execution. Clavier and Gois took them instead to Rue Haxo. The procession of hostages was joined by a large and furious crowd of national guardsmen and civilians who insulted, spat upon, and struck the hostages. Arriving at an open yard, they were lined up against a wall and <a href="/wiki/Massacre_in_the_Rue_Haxo" title="Massacre in the Rue Haxo">shot in groups of ten</a>. National guardsmen in the crowd opened fire along with the firing squad. The hostages were shot from all directions, then beaten with rifle butts and stabbed with bayonets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a411–412_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a411–412-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Prosper-Olivier_Lissagaray" title="Prosper-Olivier Lissagaray">Prosper-Olivier Lissagaray</a>, a defender of the Commune, a total of 63 people were executed by the Commune during the bloody week.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELissagaray2000383_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELissagaray2000383-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="27–28_May:_Final_battles;_executions_at_Père-Lachaise_Cemetery"><span id="27.E2.80.9328_May:_Final_battles.3B_executions_at_P.C3.A8re-Lachaise_Cemetery"></span>27–28 May: Final battles; executions at Père-Lachaise Cemetery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: 27–28 May: Final battles; executions at Père-Lachaise Cemetery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_monde_illustr%C3%A9_-_24_juin_1871_-_Derniers_combats_au_P%C3%A8re-Lachaise.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Le_monde_illustr%C3%A9_-_24_juin_1871_-_Derniers_combats_au_P%C3%A8re-Lachaise.jpg/220px-Le_monde_illustr%C3%A9_-_24_juin_1871_-_Derniers_combats_au_P%C3%A8re-Lachaise.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Le_monde_illustr%C3%A9_-_24_juin_1871_-_Derniers_combats_au_P%C3%A8re-Lachaise.jpg/330px-Le_monde_illustr%C3%A9_-_24_juin_1871_-_Derniers_combats_au_P%C3%A8re-Lachaise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Le_monde_illustr%C3%A9_-_24_juin_1871_-_Derniers_combats_au_P%C3%A8re-Lachaise.jpg/440px-Le_monde_illustr%C3%A9_-_24_juin_1871_-_Derniers_combats_au_P%C3%A8re-Lachaise.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1816" data-file-height="1228" /></a><figcaption>Last battles at <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemetery" title="Père Lachaise Cemetery">Père-Lachaise</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darjou_-_P%C3%A8re-Lachaise_-_Mur_des_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9r%C3%A9s_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Darjou_-_P%C3%A8re-Lachaise_-_Mur_des_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9r%C3%A9s_03.jpg/220px-Darjou_-_P%C3%A8re-Lachaise_-_Mur_des_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9r%C3%A9s_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Darjou_-_P%C3%A8re-Lachaise_-_Mur_des_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9r%C3%A9s_03.jpg/330px-Darjou_-_P%C3%A8re-Lachaise_-_Mur_des_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9r%C3%A9s_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Darjou_-_P%C3%A8re-Lachaise_-_Mur_des_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9r%C3%A9s_03.jpg/440px-Darjou_-_P%C3%A8re-Lachaise_-_Mur_des_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9r%C3%A9s_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4860" data-file-height="3350" /></a><figcaption>Execution of Communards at Père-Lachaise (<a href="/wiki/Communards%27_Wall" title="Communards' Wall">Communards' Wall</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>On the morning of 27 May, the regular army soldiers of Generals Grenier, <a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Ladmirault" title="Paul de Ladmirault">Paul de Ladmirault</a> and Jean-Baptiste Montaudon launched an attack on the National Guard artillery on the heights of the Buttes-Chaumont. The heights were captured at the end of the afternoon by the first regiment of the <a href="/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion" title="French Foreign Legion">French Foreign Legion</a>. One of the last remaining strongpoints of the National Guard was the <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemetery" title="Père Lachaise Cemetery">Père Lachaise Cemetery</a>, defended by about 200 men. At 6:00 in the evening, the army used cannon to demolish the gates and the First Regiment of <a href="/wiki/Troupes_de_marine" title="Troupes de marine">naval infantry</a> stormed the cemetery. Savage fighting followed around the tombs until nightfall, when the last Communards were taken prisoner. The captured guardsmen were taken to the wall of the cemetery and shot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a413–414_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a413–414-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another group of prisoners, consisting of officers of the National guard, was collected at <a href="/wiki/Mazas_Prison" title="Mazas Prison">Mazas Prison</a> and La Roquette prison. They were given brief trials before the military tribunal, sentenced to death, and then delivered to Père Lachaise. There they were lined up in front of the same wall and executed in groups, and then buried with them in a common grave. This group include one woman, the only recorded execution of a woman by the army during the Bloody Week. The wall is now called the <a href="/wiki/Communards%27_Wall" title="Communards' Wall">Communards' Wall</a>, and is the site of annual commemorations of the Commune.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs2009360_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs2009360-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maximilien_Luce-The_Execution_of_Varlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Maximilien_Luce-The_Execution_of_Varlin.jpg/220px-Maximilien_Luce-The_Execution_of_Varlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Maximilien_Luce-The_Execution_of_Varlin.jpg/330px-Maximilien_Luce-The_Execution_of_Varlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Maximilien_Luce-The_Execution_of_Varlin.jpg/440px-Maximilien_Luce-The_Execution_of_Varlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="935" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Varlin" title="Eugène Varlin">Eugène Varlin</a>, one of the leaders of the Commune, was captured and shot by soldiers at Montmartre on 28 May, the last day of the uprising.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 28 May, the regular army captured the remaining positions of the Commune, which offered little resistance. In the morning, the regular army captured La Roquette prison and freed the remaining 170 hostages. The army took 1,500 prisoners at the National Guard position on Rue Haxo, and 2,000 more at Derroja, near Père Lachaise. A handful of barricades at rue Ramponneau and Avenue de Tourville held out into the middle of the afternoon, when all resistance ceased.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a414_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a414-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communard_prisoners_and_casualties">Communard prisoners and casualties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Communard prisoners and casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prisoners_and_exiles">Prisoners and exiles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Prisoners and exiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commune_de_Paris_Prisonniers_%C3%A0_Satory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Commune_de_Paris_Prisonniers_%C3%A0_Satory.jpg/450px-Commune_de_Paris_Prisonniers_%C3%A0_Satory.jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Commune_de_Paris_Prisonniers_%C3%A0_Satory.jpg/675px-Commune_de_Paris_Prisonniers_%C3%A0_Satory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Commune_de_Paris_Prisonniers_%C3%A0_Satory.jpg/900px-Commune_de_Paris_Prisonniers_%C3%A0_Satory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2562" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Communard prisoners at <a href="/wiki/Satory" title="Satory">Satory</a> camp</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commune_de_Paris_%C3%A9x%C3%A9cution_de_communards_caserne_Lobau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Commune_de_Paris_%C3%A9x%C3%A9cution_de_communards_caserne_Lobau.jpg/220px-Commune_de_Paris_%C3%A9x%C3%A9cution_de_communards_caserne_Lobau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Commune_de_Paris_%C3%A9x%C3%A9cution_de_communards_caserne_Lobau.jpg/330px-Commune_de_Paris_%C3%A9x%C3%A9cution_de_communards_caserne_Lobau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Commune_de_Paris_%C3%A9x%C3%A9cution_de_communards_caserne_Lobau.jpg/440px-Commune_de_Paris_%C3%A9x%C3%A9cution_de_communards_caserne_Lobau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1886" data-file-height="1339" /></a><figcaption>Mass execution of Communard prisoners in the Lobau barracks, engraving by Frédéric Lix</figcaption></figure> <p>The French Army officially recorded the capture of 43,522 prisoners during and immediately after Bloody Week. Of these, 1,054 were women, and 615 were under the age of 16. They were marched in groups of 150 or 200, escorted by cavalrymen, to Versailles or the Camp de <a href="/wiki/Satory" title="Satory">Satory</a>, where they were held in extremely crowded and unsanitary conditions until they could be tried. More than half of the prisoners, 22,727, were released before trial for extenuating circumstances or on humanitarian grounds. Since Paris had been officially under a state of siege during the Commune, the prisoners were tried by military tribunals. Trials were held for 15,895 prisoners, of whom 13,500 were found guilty. Ninety-five were sentenced to death; 251 to forced labour; 1,169 to deportation, usually to New Caledonia; 3,147 to simple deportation; 1,257 to solitary confinement; 1,305 to prison for more than a year; and 2,054 to prison for less than a year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a431–432_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a431–432-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Th%C3%A9ophile_Ferr%C3%A9_by_Appert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Th%C3%A9ophile_Ferr%C3%A9_by_Appert.jpg/170px-Th%C3%A9ophile_Ferr%C3%A9_by_Appert.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Th%C3%A9ophile_Ferr%C3%A9_by_Appert.jpg/255px-Th%C3%A9ophile_Ferr%C3%A9_by_Appert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Th%C3%A9ophile_Ferr%C3%A9_by_Appert.jpg/340px-Th%C3%A9ophile_Ferr%C3%A9_by_Appert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1524" data-file-height="2689" /></a><figcaption>The Commune's deputy prosecutor <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Ferr%C3%A9" title="Théophile Ferré">Théophile Ferré</a>, who handed over six hostages for execution, was executed in November 1871.</figcaption></figure> <p>A separate and more formal trial was held beginning 7 August for the Commune leaders who survived and had been captured, including Théophile Ferré, who had signed the death warrant for the hostages, and the painter <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Courbet" title="Gustave Courbet">Gustave Courbet</a>, who had proposed the destruction of the column in Place Vendôme. They were tried by a panel of seven senior army officers. Ferré was sentenced to death, and Courbet was sentenced to six months in prison, and later ordered to pay the cost of rebuilding the column. Serving part of his sentence in the <a href="/wiki/Sainte-P%C3%A9lagie_Prison" title="Sainte-Pélagie Prison">Sainte-Pélagie Prison</a> in Paris, he was allowed an easel and paints, but he could not have models pose for him. He did a famous series of still-life paintings of flowers and fruit.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was released, but was unable to pay for the rebuilding of the column. He went into exile in Switzerland and died before making a payment. </p><p>In October 1871 a commission of the National Assembly reviewed the sentences; 310 of those convicted were pardoned, 286 had their sentences reduced, and 1,295 commuted. Of the 270 condemned to death—175 <a href="/wiki/Trial_in_absentia" title="Trial in absentia">in absentia</a>—25 were shot, including Ferré and Gustave Genton, who had selected the hostages for execution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a436–437_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a436–437-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thousands of Communards, including leaders such as <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Pyat" title="Félix Pyat">Félix Pyat</a>, succeeded in slipping out of Paris before the end of the battle, and went into exile; some 3,500 going to England, 2,000–3,000 to Belgium, and 1,000 to Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a440_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a440-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A partial amnesty was granted on 3 March 1879, allowing 400 of the 600 deportees sent to New Caledonia to return, and 2,000 of the 2,400 prisoners sentenced in absentia. A general amnesty was granted on 11 July 1880, allowing the remaining 543 condemned prisoners, and 262 sentenced in absentia, to return to France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERougerie2014120_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERougerie2014120-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casualties">Casualties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commune_de_Paris_enl%C3%A8vement_des_cadavres_par_les_parisiens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Commune_de_Paris_enl%C3%A8vement_des_cadavres_par_les_parisiens.jpg/220px-Commune_de_Paris_enl%C3%A8vement_des_cadavres_par_les_parisiens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Commune_de_Paris_enl%C3%A8vement_des_cadavres_par_les_parisiens.jpg/330px-Commune_de_Paris_enl%C3%A8vement_des_cadavres_par_les_parisiens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Commune_de_Paris_enl%C3%A8vement_des_cadavres_par_les_parisiens.jpg/440px-Commune_de_Paris_enl%C3%A8vement_des_cadavres_par_les_parisiens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2221" data-file-height="1606" /></a><figcaption>When the battle was over, Parisians buried the bodies of the Communards in temporary mass graves. They were quickly moved to the public cemeteries, where between 6,000 and 7,000 Communards were buried.</figcaption></figure> <p>Historians have long debated the number of Communards killed during <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Week" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloody Week">Bloody Week</a>. The official army report by General Félix Antoine Appert mentioned only Army casualties, which amounted, from April through May, to 877 killed, 6,454 wounded, and 183 missing. The report assessed information on Communard casualties only as "very incomplete".<sup id="cite_ref-Versailles1875_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Versailles1875-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The issue of casualties during the Bloody Week arose at a National Assembly hearing on 28 August 1871, when Marshal MacMahon testified. Deputy M. Vacherot told him, "A general has told me that the number killed in combat, on the barricades, or after the combat, was as many as 17,000 men." MacMahon responded, "I don't know what that estimate is based upon; it seems exaggerated to me. All I can say is that the insurgents lost a lot more people than we did." Vacherot continued, "Perhaps this number applies to all of the siege, and to the fighting at Forts d'Issy and Vanves." MacMahon replied, "the number is exaggerated." Vacherot persisted, "It was General Appert who gave me that information. Perhaps he meant both dead and wounded." MacMahon replied, "That's a different matter."<sup id="cite_ref-Mac-Mahon_1871_p._183_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mac-Mahon_1871_p._183-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exil%C3%A9s_communards_%C3%A0_Londres,_juin_1872.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Exil%C3%A9s_communards_%C3%A0_Londres%2C_juin_1872.jpg/220px-Exil%C3%A9s_communards_%C3%A0_Londres%2C_juin_1872.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Exil%C3%A9s_communards_%C3%A0_Londres%2C_juin_1872.jpg/330px-Exil%C3%A9s_communards_%C3%A0_Londres%2C_juin_1872.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Exil%C3%A9s_communards_%C3%A0_Londres%2C_juin_1872.jpg/440px-Exil%C3%A9s_communards_%C3%A0_Londres%2C_juin_1872.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="672" /></a><figcaption>Communard exiles in London, June 1872</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1876 <a href="/wiki/Prosper-Olivier_Lissagaray" title="Prosper-Olivier Lissagaray">Prosper-Olivier Lissagaray</a>, who had fought on the barricades during Bloody Week, and had gone into exile in London, wrote a highly popular and sympathetic history of the Commune. At the end, he wrote: "No one knows the exact number of victims of the Bloody Week. The chief of the military justice department claimed seventeen thousand shot." This was inaccurate; Appert made no such claim, he referred only to prisoners. "The municipal <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Paris" title="Council of Paris">council of Paris</a>," Lissagaray continued, "paid for the burial of seventeen thousand bodies; but a large number of persons were killed or cremated outside of Paris." Later historians, including <a href="/wiki/Robert_Tombs" title="Robert Tombs">Robert Tombs</a>, could not find the source Lissagaray cited for the city payment for seventeen thousand burials, and Lissagaray provided no evidence that thousands of Communards were cremated or buried outside Paris. "It is no exaggeration," Lissagaray concluded, "to say twenty thousand, a number admitted by the officers."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELissagaray2000383_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELissagaray2000383-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But neither MacMahon or Appert had "admitted" that twenty thousand were killed, they both said the number was exaggerated.<sup id="cite_ref-Mac-Mahon_1871_p._183_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mac-Mahon_1871_p._183-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a new 1896 edition, Lissagaray wrote that the twenty thousand estimate included those killed not only in Paris, but also in the other Communes that broke out in France at the same time, and those killed in fighting outside Paris before the Bloody Week. Several historians repeated versions of Lissagaray's estimate, among them <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Milza" title="Pierre Milza">Pierre Milza</a> ("...As many as twenty thousand"),<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Cobban" title="Alfred Cobban">Alfred Cobban</a><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Anderson" title="Benedict Anderson">Benedict Anderson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> said that Lissagaray's estimate demonstrated ruling-class brutality: "20,000 killed in the streets... Lessons: bourgeoisie will stop at <i>nothing</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_1871_-_communards.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Paris_1871_-_communards.jpg/220px-Paris_1871_-_communards.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Paris_1871_-_communards.jpg/330px-Paris_1871_-_communards.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Paris_1871_-_communards.jpg/440px-Paris_1871_-_communards.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2925" data-file-height="2162" /></a><figcaption>Communards killed in 1871</figcaption></figure> <p>Between 1878 and 1880, a French historian and member of the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie française">Académie française</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maxime_Du_Camp" title="Maxime Du Camp">Maxime Du Camp</a>, wrote a new history <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Les Convulsions de Paris</i></span>. Du Camp had witnessed the last days of the Commune, went inside the Tuileries Palace shortly after the fires were put out, witnessed the executions of Communards by soldiers, and the bodies in the streets. He studied the question of the number of dead, and studied the records of the office of inspection of the Paris cemeteries, which was in charge of burying the dead. Based on their records, he reported that between 20 and 30 May, 5,339 Communard corpses had been taken from the streets or Paris morgue to the city cemeteries for burial. Between 24 May and 6 September, the office of inspection of cemeteries reported that an additional 1,328 corpses were exhumed from temporary graves at 48 sites, including 754 corpses inside the old quarries near <a href="/wiki/Parc_des_Buttes-Chaumont" class="mw-redirect" title="Parc des Buttes-Chaumont">Parc des Buttes-Chaumont</a>, for a total of 6,667.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEdu_Camp1881303_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEdu_Camp1881303-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marxist critics attacked du Camp and his book; Collette Wilson called it "a key text in the construction and promulgation of the reactionary memory of the Commune" and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Lidsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Lidsky (page does not exist)">Paul Lidsky</a> called it "the bible of the anti-Communard literature."<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, however, supporting du Camp's research, historian <a href="/wiki/Robert_Tombs" title="Robert Tombs">Robert Tombs</a> made a new study of the Paris cemetery records and placed the total number killed between 6,000 and 7,000, estimating around 1,400 of those to have been executed and the rest being killed in combat or dying from wounds received during the fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-RTombs_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RTombs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jacques Rougerie, who had earlier accepted the 20,000 figure, wrote in 2014, "the number ten thousand victims seems today the most plausible; it remains an enormous number for the time."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERougerie2014118_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERougerie2014118-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The debate was still underway in 2021. A new book was published by mathematician <a href="/wiki/Michele_Audin" class="mw-redirect" title="Michele Audin">Michele Audin</a> in May, 2021, to commemorate the 150th anniversary of The Commune. Citing cemetery and police records which she said had not been consulted by Tombs and other earlier historians, she wrote that "more than ten thousand" and "certainly fifteen thousand" Communards had been killed in the "Bloody Week".<sup id="cite_ref-Audin,_Michele_1871_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Audin,_Michele_1871-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The number killed during the "Bloody Week", usually estimated at ten to fifteen thousand or possibly more, was extraordinarily high by historical standards. Eight years before the Bloody Week, during the three days of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a> in July 1863, the deadliest battle of the American Civil War, a total of 7,863 soldiers, both Confederate and Union, were killed, or about half as many as the estimated Commune casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number may have equalled or exceeded the number executed during the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a> during the French Revolution, when, following June 1793, 16,594 official death sentences were carried out throughout France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs2009421_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs2009421-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critique">Critique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Critique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_artists_and_writers">Contemporary artists and writers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Contemporary artists and writers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_Commune_rue_de_Rivoli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Paris_Commune_rue_de_Rivoli.jpg/220px-Paris_Commune_rue_de_Rivoli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Paris_Commune_rue_de_Rivoli.jpg/330px-Paris_Commune_rue_de_Rivoli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Paris_Commune_rue_de_Rivoli.jpg/440px-Paris_Commune_rue_de_Rivoli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4416" data-file-height="3312" /></a><figcaption>View of the Rue de Rivoli after Bloody Week</figcaption></figure> <p>French writers and artists had strong views about the Commune. <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Courbet" title="Gustave Courbet">Gustave Courbet</a> was the most prominent artist to take part in the Commune, and was an enthusiastic participant and supporter, though he criticised its executions of suspected enemies. On the other side, the young <a href="/wiki/Anatole_France" title="Anatole France">Anatole France</a> described the Commune as "A committee of assassins, a band of hooligans [<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">fripouillards</i></span>], a government of crime and madness."<sup id="cite_ref-Pivot,_Sylvain_2003_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pivot,_Sylvain_2003-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The diarist <a href="/wiki/Edmond_de_Goncourt" title="Edmond de Goncourt">Edmond de Goncourt</a> wrote, three days after <i>La Semaine Sanglante</i>, "...the bleeding has been done thoroughly, and a bleeding like that, by killing the rebellious part of a population, postpones the next revolution... The old society has twenty years of peace before it..."<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 23 April, <a href="/wiki/George_Sand" title="George Sand">George Sand</a>, an ardent republican who had taken part in the 1848 revolution, took the opposite view. She wrote "The horrible adventure continues. They ransom, they threaten, they arrest, they judge. They have taken over all the city halls, all the public establishments, they're pillaging the munitions and the food supplies."<sup id="cite_ref-Pivot,_Sylvain_2003_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pivot,_Sylvain_2003-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after the Commune began, <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert">Gustave Flaubert</a> wrote to Sand, "<a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a> did not go into Revolution after <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz" title="Battle of Königgrätz">Sadowa</a>, nor Italy after <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Novara_(1849)" title="Battle of Novara (1849)">Novara</a>, nor Russia after <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1854%E2%80%9355)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1854–55)">Sebastopol</a>! But our good Frenchmen hasten to pull down their house as soon as the chimney takes fire..." Near the end of the Commune, Flaubert <a href="/wiki/Flaubert%27s_letters" title="Flaubert's letters">wrote to her again</a>, "As for the Commune, which is about to die out, it is the last manifestation of the Middle Ages." On 10 June, when the Commune was finished, Flaubert wrote to Sand:<sup id="cite_ref-online-literature.com_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-online-literature.com-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I come from Paris, and I do not know whom to speak to. I am suffocated. I am quite upset, or rather out of heart. The sight of the ruins is nothing compared to the great Parisian insanity. With very rare exceptions, everybody seemed to me only fit for the strait-jacket. One half of the population longs to hang the other half, which returns the compliment. That is clearly to be read in the eyes of the passers-by.</p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a> blamed Thiers for his short-sightedness. At the news that the government had failed to have the cannons seized he wrote in his diary, "He touched off the fuse to the powder keg. Thiers is premeditated thoughtlessness."<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, he was critical of the Commune but sympathetic to the Communards. At the beginning of April, he moved to Brussels to take care of the family of his son, who had just died. On 9 April, he wrote, "In short, this Commune is as idiotic as the National Assembly is ferocious. From both sides, folly."<sup id="cite_ref-Pivot,_Sylvain_2003_112-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pivot,_Sylvain_2003-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote poems that criticized both the government and the Commune's policy of taking hostages for reprisals, and condemned the destruction of the Vendôme Column.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 25 May, during the Bloody Week, he wrote: "A monstrous act; they've set fire to Paris. They've been searching for firemen as far away as Brussels." But after the repression, he offered to give sanctuary to members of the Commune, which, he said, "was barely elected, and of which I never approved."<sup id="cite_ref-Pivot,_Sylvain_2003_112-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pivot,_Sylvain_2003-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became the most vocal advocate of an amnesty for exiled Communards, finally granted in the 1880s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a457–460_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a457–460-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Émile Zola</a>, as a journalist for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_S%C3%A9maphore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Sémaphore (page does not exist)">Le Sémaphore de Marseille</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_S%C3%A9maphore_(journal)" class="extiw" title="fr:Le Sémaphore (journal)">fr</a>]</span>, reported on the fall of the Commune, and was one of the first reporters to enter the city during Bloody Week. On 25 May he reported: "Never in civilised times has such a terrible crime ravaged a great city... The men of the Hôtel de Ville could not be other than assassins and arsonists. They were beaten and fled like robbers from the regular army, and took vengeance upon the monuments and houses.... The fires of Paris have pushed over the limit the exasperation of the army. ...Those who burn and who massacre merit no other justice than the gunshot of a soldier."<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But on 1 June, when the fighting was over, his tone had changed, "The court martials  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] are still meeting and the summary executions continue, less numerous, it's true. The sound of firing squads, which one still hears in the mournful city, atrociously prolongs the nightmare ... Paris is sick of executions. It seems to Paris that they're shooting everyone. Paris is not complaining about the shooting of the members of the Commune, but of innocent people. It believes that, among the pile, there are innocent people, and that it's time that each execution is preceded by at least an attempt at a serious inquiry ... When the echoes of the last shots have ceased, it will take a great deal of gentleness to heal the million people suffering nightmares, those who have emerged, shivering from the fire and massacre."<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anarchists">Anarchists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Anarchists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The anarchist philosopher <a href="/wiki/George_Woodcock" title="George Woodcock">George Woodcock</a> said that "a notable contribution to the activities of the Commune and particularly to the organization of public services was made by members of various anarchist factions, including the <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">mutualists</a> Courbet, Longuet, and Vermorel, the <a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">libertarian collectivists</a> Varlin, Malon, and Lefrangais, and the bakuninists Elie and <a href="/wiki/Elis%C3%A9e_Reclus" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisée Reclus">Elisée Reclus</a> and Louise Michel."<sup id="cite_ref-Anarchism_1962_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anarchism_1962-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anarchist <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a> was a strong supporter of the Commune. He saw the Commune as above all a "rebellion against the State," and commended the Communards for rejecting not only the State but also revolutionary dictatorship.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Louise Michel</a> was an important participant in the Paris Commune, though she was not formally introduced to anarchist doctrines until her exile after the Commune. Initially she worked as an ambulance woman, treating those injured on the barricades. During the Siege of Paris, she untiringly preached resistance to the Prussians. On the establishment of the Commune, she joined the National Guard. She offered to shoot Thiers, and suggested the destruction of Paris by way of vengeance for its surrender. In December 1871, she was brought before the 6th council of war and charged with offences including trying to overthrow the government, encouraging citizens to arm themselves, and herself using weapons and wearing a military uniform. Defiantly, she vowed to never renounce the Commune, and dared the judges to sentence her to death.<sup id="cite_ref-flag_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flag-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to court records, Michel told the court, "Since it seems that every heart that beats for freedom has no right to anything but a little slug of lead, I demand my share. If you let me live, I shall never cease to cry for vengeance."<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michel was sentenced to <a href="/wiki/Penal_transportation" title="Penal transportation">penal transportation</a>. Following the 1871 Paris Commune, the anarchist movement, as with the whole of the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers' movement">workers' movement</a>, was decapitated and severely crippled for years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marxism">Marxism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Marxism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Communists, left-wing socialists, anarchists, and others have seen the Commune as a model for, or a prefiguration of, a liberated society, with a political system based on <a href="/wiki/Participatory_democracy" title="Participatory democracy">participatory democracy</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">grassroots</a> up. <a href="/wiki/Marx" class="mw-redirect" title="Marx">Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin">Lenin</a>, tried to draw major theoretical lessons (in particular as regards the "<a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">dictatorship of the proletariat</a>" and the "<a href="/wiki/Withering_away_of_the_state" title="Withering away of the state">withering away of the state</a>") from the limited experience of the Commune. </p><p>Marx, in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Civil_War_in_France" title="The Civil War in France">The Civil War in France</a></i> (1871), written during the Commune, praised the Commune's achievements, and described it as the prototype for a revolutionary government of the future, "the form at last discovered" for the emancipation of the proletariat. Marx wrote that, "Working men's Paris, with its Commune, will be forever celebrated as the glorious harbinger of a new society. Its martyrs are enshrined in the great heart of the working class. Its exterminators, history has already nailed to that eternal pillory from which all of the prayers of their priest will not avail to redeem them."<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, however, in private, Marx expressed a different, more critical view of the Commune. In 1881, in a letter to a Dutch friend, Nieuwenhaus, he wrote: "The Commune was simply the rebellion of a city in exceptional circumstances, and furthermore, the majority of the Commune was in no way socialist, and could not have been. With a little bit of good sense, they might, however, have obtained a compromise with Versailles favourable to the mass of the people, which was in fact the only real possibility."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERougerie2004269_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERougerie2004269-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Engels echoed his partner, maintaining that the absence of a standing army, the self-policing of the "quarters", and other features meant that the Commune was no longer a "state" in the old, repressive sense of the term. It was a transitional form, moving towards the abolition of the state as such. He used the famous term later taken up by Lenin and the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a>: the Commune was, he said, the first "dictatorship of the proletariat", a state run by workers and in the interests of workers. But Marx and Engels also analyzed what they perceived to be the weaknesses or errors of the commune, including its inability to link up with the rest of the French people, its failure to completely re-organize state machinery, its Central Committee passing over power too soon to the representative assembly, its failure to immediately pursue the retreating bourgeois, and the failure to recognize the possibility that France and Prussia would unite against the commune.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The other point of disagreement was the <a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-authoritarian">anti-authoritarian</a> socialists' opposition to the Communist conception of conquest of power and of a temporary transitional state: the anarchists were in favour of general strike and immediate dismantlement of the state through the constitution of decentralised workers' councils, as those seen in the Commune. </p><p>Lenin, like Marx, considered the Commune a living example of the "dictatorship of the proletariat". But he criticised the Communards for not having done enough to secure their position, highlighting two errors in particular. The first was that the Communards "stopped half way ... led astray by dreams of ... establishing a higher [capitalist] justice in the country ... such institutions as the banks, for example, were not taken over". Secondly, he thought their "excessive magnanimity" had prevented them from "destroying" the <a href="/wiki/Class_enemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Class enemy">class enemy</a>. For Lenin, the Communards "underestimated the significance of direct military operations in civil war; and instead of launching a resolute offensive against Versailles that would have crowned its victory in Paris, it tarried and gave the Versailles government time to gather the dark forces and prepare for the blood-soaked week of May".<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1926, <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> published <i>The Importance of Commemorating the Paris Commune.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:2_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly to Lenin's analysis, Mao wrote that there were two reasons for the Commune's failure: (1) it lacked a united and disciplined party to lead it, and (2) it was too benevolent towards its enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_commentary">Other commentary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Other commentary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jules_Bergeret.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Jules_Bergeret.jpg/170px-Jules_Bergeret.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Jules_Bergeret.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>National Guard commander Jules Bergeret escaped Paris during the Bloody Week and went into exile in New York, where he died in 1905.</figcaption></figure> <p>The American Ambassador in Paris during the Commune, <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Washburne" class="mw-redirect" title="Elihu Washburne">Elihu Washburne</a>, writing in his personal diary which is quoted at length in noted historian <a href="/wiki/David_McCullough" title="David McCullough">David McCullough</a>'s book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Greater_Journey" title="The Greater Journey">The Greater Journey</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a> 2011), described the Communards as "brigands", "assassins", and "scoundrels"; "I have no time now to express my detestation ... [T]hey threaten to destroy Paris and bury everybody in its ruins before they will surrender." </p><p>Edwin Child, a young Londoner working in Paris, noted that during the Commune, "the women behaved like tigresses, throwing petroleum everywhere and distinguishing themselves by the fury with which they fought".<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it has been argued in recent research that these famous female arsonists of the Commune, or <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9troleuses" title="Pétroleuses">pétroleuses</a></i></span>, may have been exaggerated or a myth.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lissagaray claimed that because of this myth, hundreds of working-class women were murdered in Paris in late May, falsely accused of being <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9troleuses" title="Pétroleuses">pétroleuses</a></i></span>, but he offered no evidence to support his claim. Lissagaray also claimed that the artillery fire by the French army was responsible for probably half of the fires that consumed the city during the Bloody Week.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELissagaray2012277–278_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELissagaray2012277–278-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, photographs of the ruins of the Tuileries Palace, the Hotel de Ville, and other prominent government buildings that burned show that the exteriors were untouched by cannon fire, while the interiors were completely gutted by fire; and prominent Communards such as Jules Bergeret, who escaped to live in New York, proudly claimed credit for the most famous acts of arson.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a396–397_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a396–397-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_dispute_over_Thiers'_handling_of_the_crisis"><span id="Academic_dispute_over_Thiers.27_handling_of_the_crisis"></span>Academic dispute over Thiers' handling of the crisis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Academic dispute over Thiers' handling of the crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=J.P.T._Bury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J.P.T. Bury (page does not exist)">J.P.T. Bury</a> considers that Thiers tackled the crisis in a ruthless but successful way, thus giving a solid base to the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a>. As he put it, "the exile of so many extremists enabled the new Republic to [...] develop in a peaceful and orderly fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>" </p><p>This view is shared by French historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain_Plessis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alain Plessis (page does not exist)">Alain Plessis</a>, who writes that "the crushing of the communards [...] was ultimately to facilitate the advent of the Third Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>" </p><p>For <a href="/wiki/David_Thomson_(historian)" title="David Thomson (historian)">David Thomson</a>, Thiers had no other option to restore the unity of a country fractured by an overwhelming defeat and innumerable factions.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another French historian, Paul Lidsky, argues that Thiers felt urged by mainstream newspapers and leading intellectuals to take decisive action against 'the social and democratic vermin' (<a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a>), 'those abominable ruffians' (<a href="/wiki/Countess_of_S%C3%A9gur" title="Countess of Ségur">Countess of Ségur</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even a moderate daily newspaper like <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">le Drapeau tricolore</i></span></i> wrote, "even though we were to drown this uprising in blood, were we to bury it under the ruins of the burning city, there would be no room for compromise.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>" </p><p><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Zeldin" title="Theodore Zeldin">Theodore Zeldin</a> in <i>France 1848–1945, vol.I</i> goes so far as to say Thiers deliberately ordered Paris to be evacuated in order to incite part of the population to rise up and eventually have a pretext for crushing Paris as a rebellious force.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_and_legacy">Influence and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Influence and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_red_banner_from_the_Commune,_brought_to_Moscow_by_French_communists.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/The_red_banner_from_the_Commune%2C_brought_to_Moscow_by_French_communists.jpg/220px-The_red_banner_from_the_Commune%2C_brought_to_Moscow_by_French_communists.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/The_red_banner_from_the_Commune%2C_brought_to_Moscow_by_French_communists.jpg/330px-The_red_banner_from_the_Commune%2C_brought_to_Moscow_by_French_communists.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/The_red_banner_from_the_Commune%2C_brought_to_Moscow_by_French_communists.jpg/440px-The_red_banner_from_the_Commune%2C_brought_to_Moscow_by_French_communists.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2107" data-file-height="1591" /></a><figcaption>The red banner from the Commune brought to Moscow by French communists in June 1924.<br /> <a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Kliment Voroshilov</a> is at right, <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Grigory Zinoviev</a> third from right, <a href="/wiki/Avel_Enukidze" class="mw-redirect" title="Avel Enukidze">Avel Enukidze</a> fourth, and <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Antipov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Antipov">Nikolay Antipov</a> fifth.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Paris Commune inspired other uprisings named or called Communes: in <a href="/wiki/Moscow_uprising_of_1905" title="Moscow uprising of 1905">Moscow (December 1905)</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungary (March–July 1919)</a>; <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_Uprising" title="Guangzhou Uprising">Canton (December 1927)</a>, most famously, <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">Petrograd (1917)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Commune_of_1927" title="Shanghai Commune of 1927">Shanghai, 1927</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_People%27s_Commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai People's Commune">Shanghai, 1967</a>. The Commune was regarded with admiration and awe by later Communist and leftist leaders. Vladimir Lenin identified the Russian <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">soviets</a> as the contemporary forms of the Commune<sup id="cite_ref-cht_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cht-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and wrote: "We are only dwarves perched on the shoulders of those giants." He celebrated by dancing in the snow in Moscow on the day that his Bolshevik government was more than two months old, surpassing the Commune. The ministers and officials of the Bolshevik government were given the title <i><a href="/wiki/Commissar" title="Commissar">Commissar</a></i>, which was borrowed directly from the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Commissaires</i></span> of the Commune. <a href="/wiki/Lenin%27s_Mausoleum" title="Lenin's Mausoleum">Lenin's Mausoleum</a> in Moscow was (and still is) decorated with red banners from the Commune, brought to Moscow in 1924 by French communists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERougerie2004264_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERougerie2004264-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a> wrote: "In 1917 we thought that we would form a commune, an association of workers, and that we would put an end to bureaucracy...That is a goal that we are still far from reaching."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERougerie2004264_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERougerie2004264-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> renamed their <a href="/wiki/Russian_battleship_Sevastopol_(1911)" title="Russian battleship Sevastopol (1911)">dreadnought battleship <i>Sevastopol</i></a> to <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru">Parizhskaya Kommuna</i></span>. In the years of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, the spaceflight <a href="/wiki/Voskhod_1" title="Voskhod 1">Voskhod 1</a> carried part of a Communard banner. </p><p>The Communards inspired many anarchists, such as <a href="/wiki/Paul_Brousse" title="Paul Brousse">Paul Brousse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Errico Malatesta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Cafiero" title="Carlo Cafiero">Carlo Cafiero</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Costa" title="Andrea Costa">Andrea Costa</a>. By taking up arms, they spread their ideas faster and more forcefully than they would have with the written word. The historian Zoe Baker writes that "while a person must find, buy, and read a book or newspaper for it to radicalise them, an insurrection rapidly gains the attention of large numbers of people, including <a href="/wiki/Literacy#Industrialization" title="Literacy">those who cannot read</a>, and puts them in a position where they must take a side in the ongoing struggle."<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a> decreed a law on 24 July 1873 for the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur,_Paris" title="Sacré-Cœur, Paris">Basilica of Sacré-Cœur</a> on <a href="/wiki/Montmartre" title="Montmartre">Montmartre</a>, near the location of the cannon park and where General Clément-Thomas and General Lecomte were killed, specifying that it be erected to "expiate the crimes of the Commune".<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A plaque and a church, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Notre-Dame-des-Otages_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Notre-Dame-des-Otages Church (page does not exist)">Notre-Dame-des-Otages</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_Notre-Dame-des-Otages" class="extiw" title="fr:Église Notre-Dame-des-Otages">fr</a>]</span> (Our Lady of the Hostages) on Rue Haxo mark the place where fifty hostages, including priests, gendarmes and four civilians, were shot by a firing squad.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> A plaque also marks the wall in <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemetery" title="Père Lachaise Cemetery">Père Lachaise Cemetery</a> where 147 Communards were executed, commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/Communards%27_Wall" title="Communards' Wall">Communards' Wall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Memorial commemorations are held at the cemetery every year in May to remember the Commune. Another plaque behind the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville,_Paris" title="Hôtel de Ville, Paris">Hôtel de Ville</a> marks the site of a mass grave of Communards shot by the army. Their remains were later reburied in city cemeteries.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commune2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Commune2011.jpg/220px-Commune2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Commune2011.jpg/330px-Commune2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Commune2011.jpg/440px-Commune2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2529" data-file-height="2032" /></a><figcaption>A plaque honours the dead of the Commune in <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemetery" title="Père Lachaise Cemetery">Père Lachaise Cemetery</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are several locations named after the Paris Commune. Including the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Place_de_la_Commune-de-Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Place de la Commune-de-Paris (page does not exist)">Place de la Commune-de-Paris</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_de_la_Commune-de-Paris_(Paris)" class="extiw" title="fr:Place de la Commune-de-Paris (Paris)">fr</a>]</span> in Paris, the <a href="/wiki/Stra%C3%9Fe_der_Pariser_Kommune" title="Straße der Pariser Kommune">Straße der Pariser Kommune</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Komunard%C5%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Komunardů (page does not exist)">Komunardů</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_x%C3%A3_Paris_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Công xã Paris Square">Công xã Paris Square</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>. </p><p>The Paris Commune was a recurring theme during China's <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_128-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When students put up the first <a href="/wiki/Big-character_poster" title="Big-character poster">big character poster</a> following the <a href="/wiki/May_16_Notification" class="mw-redirect" title="May 16 Notification">May 16 Notification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> described it as the "declaration of China's twentieth-century Paris Commune."<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Cultural Revolution's early period, the spontaneity of everyday life and mass political participation during the Paris Commune became lessons to be learned.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the 8 August 1966 "Decision of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party</a> concerning the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Great Proletarian Revolution</a>" stated, "It is necessary to institute a system of general elections, like that of the Paris Commune, for electing members to the cultural revolutionary groups and committees and delegates to the cultural revolutionary congresses."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_146-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the phase of the Cultural Revolution where mass political mobilization was trending downward, the <a href="/wiki/Shengwulian" title="Shengwulian">Shengwulian</a> (an <a href="/wiki/Ultra-leftism" title="Ultra-leftism">ultraleft</a> group in Hunan province) modeled its ideology on the radically egalitarian nature of the Paris Commune.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a>, the leader of <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> was also inspired by Paris Commune and said the Commune had been overthrown because the proletariat had failed to exercise dictatorship over the bourgeoisie. He would not make the same mistake.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, Paris commemorated the 150th anniversary of the Commune with "a series of exhibitions, lectures and concerts, plays and poetry readings" lasting from March through May.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mayor of Paris, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Hidalgo" title="Anne Hidalgo">Anne Hidalgo</a>, planted a memorial <a href="/wiki/Araucaria" title="Araucaria">Araucaria</a> tree native to <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> in Montmartre; New Caledonia is where thousands of Communards were deported after the Commune was suppressed.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city's plans to commemorate the Commune proved controversial, evoking protest from right-wing members of the city council.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_149-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Commune continued to inspire strong emotions, even 150 years later. On May 29, 2021, a procession of Catholics honouring the memory of the Archbishop of Paris and the other hostages shot by the Commune in its final days was attacked and dispersed by participants from a far-left anti-fascist procession, also commemorating the Commune anniversary, outside the Père Lachaise Cemetery.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, as of 2021, supporters of the Paris Commune view it as "a springtime of hope bloodily repressed by the forces of conservatism", while members of the political right view the Commune as "a time of chaos and class vengeance. They remembered the killings of priests and the burning of landmarks like the Hôtel de Ville."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_151-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_communes_of_1871">Other communes of 1871</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Other communes of 1871"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soon after the Paris Commune took power in Paris, revolutionary and socialist groups in several other French cities tried to establish their own communes. The Paris Commune sent delegates to the large cities to encourage them. The longest-lasting commune outside Paris was that of <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, from 23 March to 4 April, which was suppressed with the loss of thirty soldiers and one hundred and fifty insurgents. None of the other Communes lasted more than a few days, and most ended with little or no bloodshed. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Derniers_combats_autour_de_la_mairie_de_la_Guilloti%C3%A8re,_pendant_le_soul%C3%A8vement_de_la_Commune_de_Lyon,_le_30_avril_1871.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Derniers_combats_autour_de_la_mairie_de_la_Guilloti%C3%A8re%2C_pendant_le_soul%C3%A8vement_de_la_Commune_de_Lyon%2C_le_30_avril_1871.jpg/220px-Derniers_combats_autour_de_la_mairie_de_la_Guilloti%C3%A8re%2C_pendant_le_soul%C3%A8vement_de_la_Commune_de_Lyon%2C_le_30_avril_1871.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Derniers_combats_autour_de_la_mairie_de_la_Guilloti%C3%A8re%2C_pendant_le_soul%C3%A8vement_de_la_Commune_de_Lyon%2C_le_30_avril_1871.jpg/330px-Derniers_combats_autour_de_la_mairie_de_la_Guilloti%C3%A8re%2C_pendant_le_soul%C3%A8vement_de_la_Commune_de_Lyon%2C_le_30_avril_1871.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Derniers_combats_autour_de_la_mairie_de_la_Guilloti%C3%A8re%2C_pendant_le_soul%C3%A8vement_de_la_Commune_de_Lyon%2C_le_30_avril_1871.jpg/440px-Derniers_combats_autour_de_la_mairie_de_la_Guilloti%C3%A8re%2C_pendant_le_soul%C3%A8vement_de_la_Commune_de_Lyon%2C_le_30_avril_1871.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="523" /></a><figcaption>Army attack on the insurgents entrenched around the town hall of La Guillotière, on April 30 and May 1, 1871, the last episode of the Lyon Commune</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Lyon</b>. <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> had a long history of worker's movements and uprisings. On 28 September 1870, even before the Paris Commune, the anarchist <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a> and socialist Paul Clusaret led an unsuccessful attempt to seize the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville,_Lyon" title="Hôtel de Ville, Lyon">Hôtel de Ville</a> (City Hall), but were stopped, arrested and expelled from the city by national guardsmen who supported the Republic. On 22 March, when the news of the seizure of power by the Paris Commune reached Lyon, socialist and revolutionary members of the National Guard met and heard a speech by a representative of the Paris Commune. They marched to the city hall, occupied it, and established a Commune of fifteen members, of whom eleven were militant revolutionaries. They arrested the mayor and the prefect of the city, hoisted a red flag over the city hall, and declared support for the Paris Commune. A delegate from the Paris Commune, Charles Amouroux, spoke to an enthusiastic crowd of several thousand people in front of the city hall. However, the following day the national guardsmen from other neighborhoods gathered at the city hall, held a meeting, and put out their own bulletin, declaring that the takeover was a "regrettable misunderstanding," and declared their support for the government of the Republic. On 24 March, the four major newspapers of Lyon also repudiated the Commune. On 25 March, the last members of the Commune resigned and left the city hall peacefully. The Commune had lasted only two days.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a158–160_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a158–160-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Saint-Étienne</b>. On 24 March, inspired by the news from Paris, a crowd of republican and revolutionary workers and national guardsmen invaded the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville,_Saint-%C3%89tienne" title="Hôtel de Ville, Saint-Étienne">Hôtel de Ville</a> (City Hall) of <a href="/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne" title="Saint-Étienne">Saint-Étienne</a>, and demanded a plebiscite for the establishment of a Commune. Revolutionary members of the National Guard and a unit of regular army soldiers supporting the Republic were both outside the city. The prefect, an engineer named de L'Espée, was meeting with a delegation from the National Guard in his office when a shot was fired outside, killing a worker. The national guardsmen stormed the city hall, capturing the prefect. In the resulting chaos, more shots were fired and the prefect was killed. The National Guard members quickly established an executive committee, sent soldiers to occupy the railway station and telegraph office, and proclaimed a Commune, with elections to be held on 29 March. However, on the 26th, the more moderate republican members of the National Guard disassociated themselves from the Commune. An army unit entered the city on the morning of 28 March and went to the city hall. The few hundred revolutionary national guardsmen still at the city hall dispersed quietly, without any shots being fired.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a160–162_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a160–162-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Marseille</b>. Even before the Commune, <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a> had a strongly republican mayor and a tradition of revolutionary and radical movements. On 22 March, socialist politician <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Cremieux" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaston Cremieux">Gaston Cremieux</a> addressed a meeting of workers in Marseille and called upon them to take up arms and to support the Paris Commune. Parades of radicals and socialists took to the street, chanting "Long live Paris! Long live the Commune!" On 23 March, the Prefect of the city called a mass meeting of the National Guard, expecting they would support the government; but, instead, the national guardsmen, as in Paris, stormed the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville,_Marseille" title="Hôtel de Ville, Marseille">Hôtel de Ville</a> (City Hall) and took the mayor and prefect prisoner. They declared a Commune, led by a commission of six members, later increased to twelve, composed of both revolutionaries and moderate socialists. The military commander of Marseille, General Henry Espivent de la Villeboisnet, withdrew his troops from the city, along with many city government officials, to <a href="/wiki/Aubagne" title="Aubagne">Aubagne</a>, to see what would happen. The revolutionary commission soon split into two factions, one in the city hall and the other in the prefecture, each claiming to be the legal government of the city. On 4 April, General Espivent, with six to seven thousand regular soldiers supported by sailors and National Guard units loyal to the Republic, entered Marseille, where the Commune was defended by about 2,000 national guardsmen. The regular army forces laid siege to the prefecture, defended by about 400 national guardsmen. The building was bombarded by artillery and then stormed by the soldiers and sailors. About 30 soldiers and 150 insurgents were killed. As in Paris, insurgents captured with weapons in hand were executed, and about 900 others were imprisoned. Gaston Cremieux was arrested, condemned to death in June 1871, and executed five months later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a165–170_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a165–170-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Besançon</b>. The <a href="/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on_Commune" title="Besançon Commune">Besançon Commune</a> originated from the emergence of unions, including a section of <a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">International Workingmen's Association</a>, in connection with the future <a href="/wiki/Jura_Federation" title="Jura Federation">Jura Federation</a>. An insurrection was planned for late May or early June 1871; the plan was abandoned following <a href="/wiki/Semaine_sanglante" title="Semaine sanglante">Semaine sanglante</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cordillot_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cordillot-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Other cities</b>. There were attempts to establish Communes in other cities. A radical government briefly took charge in the industrial town of <a href="/wiki/Le_Creusot" title="Le Creusot">Le Creusot</a>, from 24 to 27 March, but left without violence when confronted by the army. The <a href="/wiki/Capitole_de_Toulouse" title="Capitole de Toulouse">Capitole</a> (City Hall), prefecture and arsenal of <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a> were taken over by revolutionary national guardsmen on 24 March, but handed back to the army without fighting on 27 March. There was a similar short-lived takeover of the city hall in <a href="/wiki/Narbonne" title="Narbonne">Narbonne</a> (23–28 March). In <a href="/wiki/Limoges" title="Limoges">Limoges</a>, no Commune was declared, but from 3 to 5 April revolutionary National Guard soldiers blockaded the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville,_Limoges" title="Hôtel de Ville, Limoges">Hôtel de Ville</a> (City Hall), mortally wounded an army colonel, and briefly prevented a regular army unit from being sent to Paris to fight the Commune, before being themselves disarmed by the army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a173–176_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a173–176-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Adolphe Thiers</a> was formally elected the first President of the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a> on August 30, 1871. He was replaced by the more conservative Patrice MacMahon in 1873. In his final years, Thiers became an ally of the republicans against the constitutional monarchists in the Assembly. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_la_Croix_de_Castries1983422–461_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_la_Croix_de_Castries1983422–461-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he died in 1877, his funeral was a major political event. Historian <a href="/wiki/Jules_Ferry" title="Jules Ferry">Jules Ferry</a> reported that a million Parisians lined the streets; the funeral procession was led by republican deputies <a href="/wiki/Leon_Gambetta" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon Gambetta">Leon Gambetta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>. He was buried in <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemetery" title="Père Lachaise Cemetery">Père Lachaise Cemetery</a>, where one of the final battles of the Commune had been fought.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuiral1986366_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuiral1986366-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrice_MacMahon" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrice MacMahon">Patrice MacMahon</a>, leader of the regular army that crushed the Commune, served as the president of the Third Republic from 1873 to 1879. When he died in 1893, he was buried with the highest military honours at <a href="/wiki/Les_Invalides" title="Les Invalides">Les Invalides</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Georges Clemenceau</a>, the mayor of Montmartre at the beginning of the Commune, became the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_(France)" title="Radical Party (France)">Radical Party</a> in the National Assembly. He was <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister of France</a> during the pivotal years of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, and signed the <a href="/wiki/Versailles_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles Treaty">Versailles Treaty</a>, restoring <a href="/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a> to France.</li></ul> <p>Some leaders of the Commune, including Delescluze, died on the barricades, but most of the others survived and lived long afterwards, and some of them resumed political careers in France. Between 1873 and 1876, 4,200 political prisoners were sent to the <a href="/wiki/Penal_colony" title="Penal colony">penal colony</a> of New Caledonia.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The convicts included about one thousand Communards, including <a href="/wiki/Victor_Henri_Rochefort,_Marquis_de_Rochefort-Lu%C3%A7ay" title="Victor Henri Rochefort, Marquis de Rochefort-Luçay">Henri de Rochefort</a> and Louise Michel.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F%C3%A9lix_Pyat_1871.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/F%C3%A9lix_Pyat_1871.jpg/170px-F%C3%A9lix_Pyat_1871.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/F%C3%A9lix_Pyat_1871.jpg/255px-F%C3%A9lix_Pyat_1871.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/F%C3%A9lix_Pyat_1871.jpg 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption>The popular journalist <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Pyat" title="Félix Pyat">Félix Pyat</a> became one of the most influential members of the Commune and its Committee for Public Safety. He went into exile during the Bloody Week, was later amnestied and elected to the National Assembly.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The most remarkable comeback was that of Commune leader <a href="/wiki/Felix_Pyat" class="mw-redirect" title="Felix Pyat">Felix Pyat</a>, who had been a former military leader of the Commune, and member of the Committee of Public safety. On the Commune he organised the destruction of the column in <a href="/wiki/Place_Vend%C3%B4me" title="Place Vendôme">Place Vendome</a>, as well the demolition of the home of <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Adolphe Thiers</a> and the expiatory chapel to <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a>. He escaped Paris during <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Week" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloody Week">Bloody Week</a>, was condemned to death in absentia in 1873, and went into exile in England. After the general amnesty in 1881 he returned to Paris, and in March 1888 was elected to the National Assembly for the department of <a href="/wiki/Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Bouches-du-Rhône">Bouches-du-Rhône</a>. He took his seat on the extreme Left; he died at <a href="/wiki/Saint-Gratien,_Val-d%27Oise" title="Saint-Gratien, Val-d'Oise">Saint-Gratien</a> the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Blanqui" title="Louis Auguste Blanqui">Louis Auguste Blanqui</a> had been elected the honorary President of the Commune, but was in prison for its duration. He was given a sentence in a penal colony in 1872, but because of his health the sentence was changed to imprisonment. He was elected Deputy of Bordeaux in April 1879, but was disqualified. After he was released from prison, he continued his career as an agitator. He died after giving a speech in Paris in January 1881. Like Adolphe Thiers, he is buried in <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemetery" title="Père Lachaise Cemetery">Père Lachaise Cemetery</a>, where one of the last battles of the Commune was fought.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Louise Michel</a>, the famous "Red Virgin", was sentenced to transportation to a penal colony in New Caledonia, where she served as a schoolteacher. She received amnesty in 1880, and returned to Paris, where she resumed her career as an activist and anarchist. She was arrested in 1880 for leading a mob that pillaged a bakery, was imprisoned, then pardoned. She was arrested several more times, and once was freed with the intervention of Georges Clemenceau. She died in 1905, and was buried near her close friend and colleague during the Commune, Théophile Ferré, the man who had signed the death warrant for the archbishop of Paris and other hostages.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Lejeune" title="Adrien Lejeune">Adrien Lejeune</a>, the last surviving communard, settled in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in 1928 where he died in 1942.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: In fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poetry">Poetry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Among the first to write about the Commune was <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>, whose poem "Sur une barricade", written on 11 June 1871 and published in 1872 in a collection of poems under the name <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/L%27Ann%C3%A9e_terrible" title="L'Année terrible">L'Année terrible</a></i></span>, honours the bravery of a twelve-year-old Communard being led to the execution squad.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a>' sequence of poems, "The Pilgrims of Hope" (1885), features a climax set in the Commune.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Novels">Novels</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Novels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Vall%C3%A8s" title="Jules Vallès">Jules Vallès</a>, editor of <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Le_Cri_du_Peuple" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Cri du Peuple">Le Cri du Peuple</a></i></span></i>, wrote a trilogy <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Jacques Vingtras: L'Enfant, Le Bachelier, L'insurgé</i></span></i>, between 1878 and 1880, the complete novels being published only in 1886, after his death.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Émile Zola</a>'s 1892 novel <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/La_D%C3%A9b%C3%A2cle" title="La Débâcle">La Débâcle</a></i></span></i> is set against the background of the Franco-Prussian War, the Battle of Sedan and the Paris Commune.</li> <li>British writer <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Bennett" title="Arnold Bennett">Arnold Bennett</a>'s 1908 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Wives%27_Tale" title="The Old Wives' Tale">The Old Wives' Tale</a></i>, is in part set in Paris during the Commune.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Endore" title="Guy Endore">Guy Endore</a>'s 1933 horror novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Werewolf_of_Paris" title="The Werewolf of Paris">The Werewolf of Paris</a></i> is set during the Paris Commune and contrasts the savagery of the werewolf with the savagery of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">La <a href="/wiki/Semaine_Sanglante" class="mw-redirect" title="Semaine Sanglante">Semaine Sanglante</a></i></span>.</li> <li>French writer <a href="/wiki/Jean_Vautrin" title="Jean Vautrin">Jean Vautrin</a>'s 1998 novel <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le Cri du Peuple</i></span></i> deals with the rise and fall of the Commune. The <a href="/wiki/Prix_Goncourt" title="Prix Goncourt">Prix Goncourt</a>-winning novel is an account of the tumultuous events of 1871, told in <a href="/wiki/Free_indirect_speech" title="Free indirect speech">free indirect style</a> from the points of view of a police officer and a Communard whose lives are intertwined by the murder of a child and love for an Italian woman called Miss Pecci. The novel begins with the discovery of the corpse of a woman dumped in the Seine and the subsequent investigation in which the two main protagonists, Grondin and Tarpagnan, are involved. The title is drawn from the eponymous Communard newspaper, <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le Cri du Peuple</i></span></i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Jules_Vall%C3%A8s" title="Jules Vallès">Jules Vallès</a>. The book itself is supposedly his account. Painter Gustave Courbet also makes an appearance.</li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Prague_Cemetery" title="The Prague Cemetery">The Prague Cemetery</a></i>, Italian author <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Umberto Eco</a> sets chapter 17 against the background of the Paris Commune.</li> <li><i>The Queen of the Night</i> by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chee" title="Alexander Chee">Alexander Chee</a> (2016) depicts the survival of fictional opera singer Lilliet Berne during the siege of Paris. The novel's heroine also interacts with several notable figures of the day, including George Sand and the Empress Eugénie de Montijo.</li> <li>Several popular British and American novelists of the late 19th century depicted the Commune as a tyranny against which Anglo-Americans and their aristocratic French allies heroically pitted themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-ab_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ab-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the most well-known of these anti-Commune novels are <i>Woman of the Commune</i> (1895, AKA <i>A Girl of the Commune</i>) by <a href="/wiki/G._A._Henty" title="G. A. Henty">G. A. Henty</a> and in the same year, <i>The Red Republic: A Romance of the Commune</i> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Chambers" title="Robert W. Chambers">Robert W. Chambers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ab_164-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ab-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/Marx_Returns" title="Marx Returns">Marx Returns</a></i> by the British writer and filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Jason_Barker" title="Jason Barker">Jason Barker</a>, the Commune provides the historical context to Karl Marx's revolutionary struggles, and is depicted "as a symbol of an unfinished political project."<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Theatre">Theatre</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>At least three plays have been set in the Commune: <i><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Nederlaget</i></span></i> by <a href="/wiki/Nordahl_Grieg" title="Nordahl Grieg">Nordahl Grieg</a>, <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/The_Days_of_the_Commune" title="The Days of the Commune">Die Tage der Commune</a></i></span></i> by <a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a>, and <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le Printemps 71</i></span></i> by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Adamov" title="Arthur Adamov">Arthur Adamov</a>.</li> <li>Berlin performance group Showcase Beat le Mot created <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Paris 1871 Bonjour Commune</i></span></i> (first performed at Hebbel am Ufer in 2010), the final part of a tetralogy dealing with failed revolutions.</li> <li>New York theatre group <a href="/wiki/The_Civilians" title="The Civilians">The Civilians</a> performed <i><a href="/wiki/The_Civilians#Paris_Commune_(2004,_2008)" title="The Civilians">Paris Commune</a></i> in 2004 and 2008.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Film">Film</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Of the numerous films set in the Commune, particularly notable is <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/La_Commune_(Paris,_1871)" title="La Commune (Paris, 1871)">La Commune</a></i></span></i>, which runs for 5¾ hours and was directed by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Watkins" title="Peter Watkins">Peter Watkins</a>. It was made in <a href="/wiki/Montreuil,_Seine-Saint-Denis" title="Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis">Montreuil</a> in 2000, and as with most of Watkins' films uses ordinary people instead of actors to create a documentary effect. Some participants were the children of cast members from Watkin's masterpiece <i><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Munch_(film)" title="Edvard Munch (film)">Edvard Munch</a></i> (1974). <i>La Commune</i> was shot on film by Odd-Geir Saether, the Norwegian cameraman from the Munch film.</li> <li>Soviet filmmakers <a href="/wiki/Grigori_Kozintsev" title="Grigori Kozintsev">Grigori Kozintsev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Trauberg" title="Leonid Trauberg">Leonid Trauberg</a> wrote and directed, in 1929, the silent film <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Babylon" title="The New Babylon">The New Babylon</a></i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru">Novyy Vavilon</i></span>) about the Paris Commune. It features <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich" title="Dmitri Shostakovich">Dmitri Shostakovich</a>'s first film score.</li> <li>British filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Ken_McMullen_(film_director)" title="Ken McMullen (film director)">Ken McMullen</a> has made two films directly or indirectly influenced by the Commune: <i><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance_(film)" title="Ghost Dance (film)">Ghost Dance</a></i> (1983) and <i><a href="/wiki/1871_(film)" title="1871 (film)">1871</a></i> (1990). <i>Ghost Dance</i> includes an appearance by French philosopher <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a>.</li> <li>Moinak Biswas, Indian filmmaker and professor of <a href="/wiki/Film_studies" title="Film studies">film studies</a> at <a href="/wiki/Jadavpur_University" title="Jadavpur University">Jadavpur University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, showed a split-screen entry connecting the work of 1970s Left filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Ritwik_Ghatak" title="Ritwik Ghatak">Ritwik Ghatak</a> with contemporary shots of the Paris Commune at the 11th <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Biennale" title="Shanghai Biennale">Shanghai Biennale</a> (2016).<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other">Other</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Soviet_Union_1971_CPA_3991_stamp_(Fighting_at_the_Barricades)_cancelled.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/The_Soviet_Union_1971_CPA_3991_stamp_%28Fighting_at_the_Barricades%29_cancelled.jpg/220px-The_Soviet_Union_1971_CPA_3991_stamp_%28Fighting_at_the_Barricades%29_cancelled.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/The_Soviet_Union_1971_CPA_3991_stamp_%28Fighting_at_the_Barricades%29_cancelled.jpg/330px-The_Soviet_Union_1971_CPA_3991_stamp_%28Fighting_at_the_Barricades%29_cancelled.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/The_Soviet_Union_1971_CPA_3991_stamp_%28Fighting_at_the_Barricades%29_cancelled.jpg/440px-The_Soviet_Union_1971_CPA_3991_stamp_%28Fighting_at_the_Barricades%29_cancelled.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Soviet stamp of 1971 marking the Commune's centenary.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Italian composer <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Nono_(composer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luigi Nono (composer)">Luigi Nono</a> wrote the opera <i><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Al_gran_sole_carico_d%27amore" title="Al gran sole carico d'amore">Al gran sole carico d'amore</a></i></span></i> (<i>In the Bright Sunshine, Heavy with Love</i>), which is based on the Paris Commune.</li> <li>Comics artist <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Tardi" title="Jacques Tardi">Jacques Tardi</a> adapted Vautrin's novel (listed above) into a <a href="/wiki/Graphic_novel" title="Graphic novel">graphic novel</a>, also called <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le Cri du Peuple</i></span></i>.</li> <li>In the long-running British TV series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Onedin_Line" title="The Onedin Line">The Onedin Line</a></i> (episode 27, screened 10 December 1972), shipowner James Onedin is lured into the Commune in pursuit of a commercial debt and finds himself under heavy fire.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/28px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/42px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/56px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/28px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/42px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/56px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/48px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/64px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/48px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/64px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Cartagena" title="Canton of Cartagena">Canton of Cartagena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_de_la_commune" title="Crimes de la commune">Crimes de la commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(1849%E2%80%931850)" title="Roman Republic (1849–1850)">Roman Republic (1849–1850)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros" title="Revolt of the Comuneros">Castilian War of the Communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Paul_Cluseret" title="Gustave Paul Cluseret">Gustave Paul Cluseret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flourens" title="Gustave Flourens">Gustave Flourens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3_Frankel" title="Leó Frankel">Leó Frankel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gill" title="André Gill">André Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_Grousset" title="Paschal Grousset">Paschal Grousset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Paris_Commune" title="Historiography of the Paris Commune">Historiography of the Paris Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lafargue" title="Paul Lafargue">Paul Lafargue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Édouard Manet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_commune" title="Medieval commune">Medieval commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadar_(photographer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nadar (photographer)">Felix Nadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Edine_Pottier" title="Eugène Edine Pottier">Eugène Edine Pottier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclus" title="Élisée Reclus">Élisée Reclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rimbaud" title="Arthur Rimbaud">Arthur Rimbaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Rossel" title="Louis Rossel">Louis Rossel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Vall%C3%A8s" title="Jules Vallès">Jules Vallès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Verlaine" title="Paul Verlaine">Paul Verlaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Storm" title="January Storm">January Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strandzha_Commune" title="Strandzha Commune">Strandzha Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Tarnobrzeg" title="Republic of Tarnobrzeg">Republic of Tarnobrzeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_railroad_strike_of_1877" title="Pittsburgh railroad strike of 1877">Pittsburgh railroad strike of 1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamyat_Parizhskoy_Kommuny" title="Pamyat Parizhskoy Kommuny">Pamyat Parizhskoy Kommuny</a> a town in the <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Oblast" title="Nizhny Novgorod Oblast">Nizhny Novgorod Oblast</a> named after the Paris Commune.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fires_at_the_Paris_Commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Fires at the Paris Commune">Fires at the Paris Commune</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030335/http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html">"Les aspects militaires de la Commune par le colonel Rol-Tanguy"</a> [The military aspects of the Commune by Colonel Rol-Tanguy] (in French). Association des Amies et Amis de la Commune de Paris 1871. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Les+aspects+militaires+de+la+Commune+par+le+colonel+Rol-Tanguy&rft.pub=Association+des+Amies+et+Amis+de+la+Commune+de+Paris+1871&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.commune1871.org%2Fbulletins%2Fbase%2Fbulletin%252018%2FTextes%2Fcommune02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a319-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a319_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a319_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a319_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, p. 319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Versailles1875-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Versailles1875_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Versailles1875_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"annexe au procès verbal de la session du 20 juillet 1875" [appendix to the minutes of the session of July 20, 1875], <i>Rapport d'ensemble de M. le Général Appert sur les opérations de la justice militaire relatives à l'insurrection de 1871</i> [<i>Overall report by General Appert on the operations of military justice relating to the 1871 insurrection</i>] (in French), Versailles: Assemblée nationale, 1875</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=annexe+au+proc%C3%A8s+verbal+de+la+session+du+20+juillet+1875&rft.btitle=Rapport+d%27ensemble+de+M.+le+G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+Appert+sur+les+op%C3%A9rations+de+la+justice+militaire+relatives+%C3%A0+l%27insurrection+de+1871&rft.place=Versailles&rft.pub=Assembl%C3%A9e+nationale&rft.date=1875&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RTombs-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RTombs_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RTombs_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tombs, Robert, "How Bloody was la Semaine sanglante of 1871? A Revision". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Historical_Journal" title="The Historical Journal">The Historical Journal</a></i>, September 2012, vol. 55, issue 03, pp. 619–704.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Audin,_Michele_1871-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Audin,_Michele_1871_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Audin,_Michele_1871_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Audin,_Michele_1871_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAudin2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Audin, Michele (2021). <i>La Semaine Sanglante, Mai 1871, Legendes et Conmptes</i> (in French). Libertalia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Semaine+Sanglante%2C+Mai+1871%2C+Legendes+et+Conmptes&rft.pub=Libertalia&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Audin&rft.aufirst=Michele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERougerie2014118-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERougerie2014118_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERougerie2014118_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRougerie2014">Rougerie 2014</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELissagaray2000383-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELissagaray2000383_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELissagaray2000383_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELissagaray2000383_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLissagaray2000">Lissagaray 2000</a>, p. 383.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a431–432-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a431–432_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a431–432_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a431–432_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, pp. 431–432.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERougerie2004264–270-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERougerie2004264–270_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRougerie2004">Rougerie 2004</a>, pp. 264–270, citing remarks by Frederick Engels, London, on the 20th anniversary of the Paris Commune, March 18, 1891.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a65-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a65_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a65_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a65_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haupt/Hausen 1979, pp. 74–75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards19711-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards19711_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards1971">Edwards 1971</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarch1896" class="citation book cs1">March, Thomas (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofparisco00marcrich"><i>The history of the Paris Commune of 1871</i></a>. London, S. Sonnenschein & co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan & co. pp. 3–6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+the+Paris+Commune+of+1871&rft.pages=3-6&rft.pub=London%2C+S.+Sonnenschein+%26+co.%2C+ltd.%3B+New+York%2C+Macmillan+%26+co.&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=March&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofparisco00marcrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldersee2019" class="citation book cs1">Waldersee, Alfred von (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K5CkDwAAQBAJ&q=%22working-men+as+a+class%22%22waldersee%22&pg=PT33"><i>A Field Marshal's Memoirs: From the Diary, Correspondence and Reminiscences of Alfred, Count von Waldersee</i></a>. Borodino Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-163-18135-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-163-18135-5"><bdi>978-1-163-18135-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075136/https://books.google.com/books?id=K5CkDwAAQBAJ&q=%22working-men+as+a+class%22%22waldersee%22&pg=PT33">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Field+Marshal%27s+Memoirs%3A+From+the+Diary%2C+Correspondence+and+Reminiscences+of+Alfred%2C+Count+von+Waldersee&rft.pub=Borodino+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-163-18135-5&rft.aulast=Waldersee&rft.aufirst=Alfred+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK5CkDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522working-men%2Bas%2Ba%2Bclass%2522%2522waldersee%2522%26pg%3DPT33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarch1896" class="citation book cs1">March, Thomas (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofparisco00marcrich"><i>The history of the Paris Commune of 1871</i></a>. London, S. Sonnenschein & co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan & co. pp. 7–9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+the+Paris+Commune+of+1871&rft.pages=7-9&rft.pub=London%2C+S.+Sonnenschein+%26+co.%2C+ltd.%3B+New+York%2C+Macmillan+%26+co.&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=March&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofparisco00marcrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPilbeam2000" class="citation book cs1">Pilbeam, Pamela M. (2000). <i>French socialists before Marx: workers, women and the social question in France</i>. Montreal: <a href="/wiki/McGill-Queen%27s_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="McGill-Queen's University Press">McGill-Queen's University Press</a>. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773583856" title="Special:BookSources/9780773583856"><bdi>9780773583856</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/767669805">767669805</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+socialists+before+Marx%3A+workers%2C+women+and+the+social+question+in+France&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F767669805&rft.isbn=9780773583856&rft.aulast=Pilbeam&rft.aufirst=Pamela+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009b143–145-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009b143–145_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009b143–145_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009b143–145_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009b">Milza 2009b</a>, pp. 143–145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009b143–165-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009b143–165_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009b">Milza 2009b</a>, pp. 143–165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009b206–213-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009b206–213_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009b206–213_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009b">Milza 2009b</a>, pp. 206–213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009b212–213-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009b212–213_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009b">Milza 2009b</a>, pp. 212–213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009b257–259-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009b257–259_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009b">Milza 2009b</a>, pp. 257–259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a420–425-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a420–425_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, pp. 420–425.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERougerie201439-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERougerie201439_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRougerie2014">Rougerie 2014</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERougerie201440–41-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERougerie201440–41_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRougerie2014">Rougerie 2014</a>, pp. 40–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009b420–421-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009b420–421_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009b">Milza 2009b</a>, pp. 420–421.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009b421-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009b421_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009b">Milza 2009b</a>, p. 421.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a8–9-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a8–9_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, pp. 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a9–11-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a9–11_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, pp. 9–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne2012Chapter_17-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne2012Chapter_17_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHorne2012">Horne 2012</a>, Chapter 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article209181">"Mayer Simon, Charles"</a> (in French). Aubervilliers: Le Maitron Dictionnaire Biographique. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221114001327/https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article209181">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mayer+Simon%2C+Charles&rft.place=Aubervilliers&rft.pub=Le+Maitron+Dictionnaire+Biographique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaitron.fr%2Fspip.php%3Farticle209181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a16–18-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a16–18_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, pp. 16–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a18–19-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a18–19_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, pp. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a19-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a19_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluckstein2006231-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGluckstein2006231_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGluckstein2006">Gluckstein 2006</a>, p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a76-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a76_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluckstein20064-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGluckstein20064_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGluckstein2006">Gluckstein 2006</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a35-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a35_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a45-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a45_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a77-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a77_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilner2000" class="citation book cs1">Milner, John (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_4h7VyVr4mgC&q=22+March+1871+paris+vendome&pg=PA143"><i>Art, War and Revolution in France, 1870–1871: Myth, Reportage and Reality</i></a>. New Haven and London: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. pp. 143–145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300084072" title="Special:BookSources/0300084072"><bdi>0300084072</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075758/https://books.google.com/books?id=_4h7VyVr4mgC&q=22+March+1871+paris+vendome&pg=PA143">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art%2C+War+and+Revolution+in+France%2C+1870%E2%80%931871%3A+Myth%2C+Reportage+and+Reality&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pages=143-145&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0300084072&rft.aulast=Milner&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_4h7VyVr4mgC%26q%3D22%2BMarch%2B1871%2Bparis%2Bvendome%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne2012Chapter_18-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne2012Chapter_18_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHorne2012">Horne 2012</a>, Chapter 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a97-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a97_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a103-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a103_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERougerie201458–60-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERougerie201458–60_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRougerie2014">Rougerie 2014</a>, pp. 58–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Jode2011" class="citation book cs1">de Jode, M.Cara (2011). <i>Dictionnaire universel de la franc-maçonnerie</i>. Paris: Larousse. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2035848406" title="Special:BookSources/978-2035848406"><bdi>978-2035848406</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+universel+de+la+franc-ma%C3%A7onnerie&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Larousse&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-2035848406&rft.aulast=de+Jode&rft.aufirst=M.Cara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a109–113-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a109–113_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a109–113_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, pp. 109–113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a118–119-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a118–119_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, pp. 118–119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a129-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a129_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobb2010" class="citation book cs1">Robb, Graham (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/parisiansadventu00robb/page/181"><i>Parisians: An Adventure History of Paris</i></a></span>. W. W. Norton. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/parisiansadventu00robb/page/181">181</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06724-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06724-8"><bdi>978-0-393-06724-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parisians%3A+An+Adventure+History+of+Paris&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06724-8&rft.aulast=Robb&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fparisiansadventu00robb%2Fpage%2F181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Marx and the Proletariat: A Study in Social Theory</i> by Timothy McCarthy</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerriman2014" class="citation book cs1">Merriman, John (2014). <i>Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune of 1871</i>. New Haven and London: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780465020171" title="Special:BookSources/9780465020171"><bdi>9780465020171</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Massacre%3A+The+Life+and+Death+of+the+Paris+Commune+of+1871&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780465020171&rft.aulast=Merriman&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerny1871" class="citation book cs1">Perny, Paul (1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5447194n"><i>Deux mois de prison sous la Commune; suivi de détails authentiques sur l'assassinat de Mgr l'archevêque de Paris (3e éd.) / par Paul Perny,...</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160411100658/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5447194n">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deux+mois+de+prison+sous+la+Commune%3B+suivi+de+d%C3%A9tails+authentiques+sur+l%27assassinat+de+Mgr+l%27archev%C3%AAque+de+Paris+%283e+%C3%A9d.%29+%2F+par+Paul+Perny%2C...&rft.date=1871&rft.aulast=Perny&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k5447194n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerriman2014" class="citation book cs1">Merriman, John (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-465-02017-1"><i>Nonfiction Book Review: Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune by John Merriman</i></a>. Basic Books. pp. 156–157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02017-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02017-1"><bdi>978-0-465-02017-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160315192926/http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-465-02017-1">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nonfiction+Book+Review%3A+Massacre%3A+The+Life+and+Death+of+the+Paris+Commune+by+John+Merriman&rft.pages=156-157&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-465-02017-1&rft.aulast=Merriman&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.publishersweekly.com%2F978-0-465-02017-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.humanite.fr/journal/2005-03-19/2005-03-19-458756">Women and the Commune</a>, in <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/L%27Humanit%C3%A9" title="L'Humanité">L'Humanité</a></i></span>, 19 March 2005 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070312190133/http://www.humanite.fr/journal/2005-03-19/2005-03-19-458756">Archived</a> 12 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bodinaux-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bodinaux_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bodinaux_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bodinaux_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">François Bodinaux, Dominique Plasman, Michèle Ribourdouille. "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.femmesprevoyantes.be/NR/rdonlyres/E9B8FF14-B989-404F-A844-DB71B8D98326/0/PETROLEUSESDEFVERSIONFPS.doc">On les disait 'pétroleuses'...</a></i>" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326175450/http://www.femmesprevoyantes.be/NR/rdonlyres/E9B8FF14-B989-404F-A844-DB71B8D98326/0/PETROLEUSESDEFVERSIONFPS.doc">Archived</a> 26 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEichner2022" class="citation book cs1">Eichner, Carolyn (2022). <i>The Paris Commune: A Brief History</i>. Camden: <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paris+Commune%3A+A+Brief+History&rft.place=Camden&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Eichner&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Marx: <i>Selected Writings</i> (ed. McLellan), pp. 592–594</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a250-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a250_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, p. 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a253-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a253_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, p. 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a350–354-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a350–354_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, pp. 350–354.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a294–296-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a294–296_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, pp. 294–296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a296–298-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a296–298_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, pp. 296–298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a138–139-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a138–139_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, pp. 138–139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a141–152-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a141–152_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, pp. 141–152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a153-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a153_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a153_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zola, Emile, <i>La Cloche</i>, 8 April 1871</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a346–347-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a346–347_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, pp. 346–347.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a345–350-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a345–350_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, pp. 345–350.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a317-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a317_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, p. 317.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZdrada1973" class="citation book cs1">Zdrada, Jerzy (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=144915&from=FBC"><i>Jarosław Dąbrowski 1836–1871</i></a>. Wydawnictwo Literackie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140220011704/http://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=144915&from=FBC">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jaros%C5%82aw+D%C4%85browski+1836%E2%80%931871&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Literackie&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Zdrada&rft.aufirst=Jerzy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjbc.bj.uj.edu.pl%2Fdlibra%2Fdoccontent%3Fid%3D144915%26from%3DFBC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a327–330-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a327–330_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, pp. 327–330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a337-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a337_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, p. 337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a379–380-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a379–380_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, pp. 379–380.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tombs_2009_p._320-321-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tombs_2009_p._320-321_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tombs_2009_p._320-321_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTombs2009">Tombs 2009</a>, pp. 320–321</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a381-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a381_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, p. 381.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a394-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a394_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a394_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, p. 394.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Proclamation de Delescluze. delegue a la Guerre, au peuple de Paris</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_officiel_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Journal officiel de la République française">Journal officiel</a>,</i> 22 May 1871</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a386-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a386_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, p. 386.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Da Costa, Gaston, <i>La Commune vecue</i>, 3 vol. Paris, Librairies-impremeries reunies, 1903–1905, III, p. 81. Serman, William, <i>La Commune de Paris</i>, p. 348</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lissagaray (1896) pp. 349–351</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milza, Pierre, "La Commune", p. 391</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lissagaray (1896), p. 318</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Paris". <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Vol. 17 (14th ed.). 1956. p. 293.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paris&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=293&rft.edition=14th&rft.date=1956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joanna Richardson, <i>Paris under Siege</i> Folio Society London 1982 p. 185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rene Heron de Villefosse, <i>Histoire de Paris</i>, Bernard Grasset (1959). The father of the author of this book was an assistant curator at the Louvre, and helped put out the fires</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a396–397-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a396–397_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a396–397_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a396–397_86-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, pp. 396–397.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a397–398-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a397–398_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, pp. 397–398.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pGTJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11"><i>The Paris Commune 1871</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200522201026/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pGTJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11">Archived</a> 22 May 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Robert Tombs, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a401-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a401_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, p. 401.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a403–404-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a403–404_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, pp. 403–404.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a404–407-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a404–407_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, pp. 404–407.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELissagaray2000355–356-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELissagaray2000355–356_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLissagaray2000">Lissagaray 2000</a>, pp. 355–356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a410-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a410_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, p. 410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a411–412-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a411–412_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, pp. 411–412.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a413–414-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a413–414_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, pp. 413–414.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs2009360-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs2009360_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTombs2009">Tombs 2009</a>, p. 360.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a414-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a414_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, p. 414.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiat1906">Riat 1906</a>, pp. 120–122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a436–437-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a436–437_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, pp. 436–437.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a440-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a440_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, p. 440.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERougerie2014120-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERougerie2014120_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRougerie2014">Rougerie 2014</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mac-Mahon_1871_p._183-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mac-Mahon_1871_p._183_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mac-Mahon_1871_p._183_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Deposition de M. le maréchal Mac-Mahon (28 August 1871) in Enquéte Parlementaire sur l'insurrection du 18 mars 1871 (Paris: Librarie Législative, 1872), p. 183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milza, Pierre, <i>La Commune</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A History of Modern France. Vol 2: 1799–1861</i>, Penguin Books, 1965. p. 215</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Anderson" title="Benedict Anderson">Anderson, Benedict</a> (July–August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newleftreview.org/II/28/benedict-anderson-in-the-world-shadow-of-bismarck-and-nobel">"In the World-Shadow of Bismarck and Nobel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Left_Review" title="New Left Review">New Left Review</a></i>. <b>II</b> (28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151219130121/http://newleftreview.org/II/28/benedict-anderson-in-the-world-shadow-of-bismarck-and-nobel">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Left+Review&rft.atitle=In+the+World-Shadow+of+Bismarck+and+Nobel&rft.volume=II&rft.issue=28&rft.date=2004-07%2F2004-08&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Benedict&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewleftreview.org%2FII%2F28%2Fbenedict-anderson-in-the-world-shadow-of-bismarck-and-nobel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">V.I. Lenin, <i>On the Paris Commune</i>, Moscow, <a href="/wiki/Progress_Publishers" title="Progress Publishers">Progress Publishers</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEdu_Camp1881303-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEdu_Camp1881303_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFdu_Camp1881">du Camp 1881</a>, p. 303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2007" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Colette (2007). <i>Paris and the Commune, 1871–1878: The Politics of Forgetting</i>. Manchester: <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. p. 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris+and+the+Commune%2C+1871%E2%80%931878%3A+The+Politics+of+Forgetting&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Colette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baker, A. R. (2021). The Personality of Paris: Landscape and Society in the Long-nineteenth Century. Bloomsbury Publishing, pg 421</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, Stephen W., <i>Gettysburg</i>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-86761-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-86761-4">0-395-86761-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs2009421-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs2009421_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTombs2009">Tombs 2009</a>, p. 421.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pivot,_Sylvain_2003-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pivot,_Sylvain_2003_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pivot,_Sylvain_2003_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pivot,_Sylvain_2003_112-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pivot,_Sylvain_2003_112-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pivot, Sylvain, "La Commune, les Communards, les ecrivains ou la haine et la gloire." December 2003. La revue des Anciens Élèves de l'École Nationale d'Administration"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Edmond_de_Goncourt" title="Edmond de Goncourt">Edmond de Goncourt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jules_de_Goncourt" title="Jules de Goncourt">Jules de Goncourt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Baldick" title="Robert Baldick">Robert Baldick</a>, <i>Pages from the Goncourt Journal</i> (Oxford, 1962), p. 194</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-online-literature.com-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-online-literature.com_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.online-literature.com/gustave-flaubert/sand-flaubert-letters/4/">Correspondence between Gustave Flaubert and George Sand</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140322001118/http://www.online-literature.com/gustave-flaubert/sand-flaubert-letters/4/">Archived</a> 22 March 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. online-literature.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hugo, Victor, Choses vues, 1870–1885. Paris. Gallimard (1972). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-07-036141-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-07-036141-1">2-07-036141-1</a>. p. 159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hugo, Victor, <i>L'Année Terrible</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a457–460-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a457–460_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, pp. 457–460.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deslettres.fr">4th letter of Émile Zola on the Commune</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220122180843/https://deslettres.fr/">Archived</a> 22 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 25 May 1871</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deslettres.fr">11th letter of Émile Zola on the Commune</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220122180843/https://deslettres.fr/">Archived</a> 22 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1 June 1871</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anarchism_1962-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anarchism_1962_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodcock1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Woodcock" title="George Woodcock">Woodcock, George</a> (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ditext.com/woodcock/6.html"><i>Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements</i></a>. The World Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140168211" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140168211"><bdi>978-0140168211</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140114065111/http://www.ditext.com/woodcock/6.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anarchism%3A+A+History+of+Libertarian+Ideas+and+Movements&rft.pub=The+World+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-0140168211&rft.aulast=Woodcock&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ditext.com%2Fwoodcock%2F6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/bakunin/works/1871/paris-commune.htm">The Paris Commune and the Idea of the State</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140203222328/http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/bakunin/works/1871/paris-commune.htm">Archived</a> 3 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Mikhail Bakunin, 1871</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-flag-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-flag_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws98/ws55_louise.html">Louise Michel, a French anarchist women who fought in the Paris commune</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090710222744/http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws98/ws55_louise.html">Archived</a> 10 July 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89dith_Thomas" title="Édith Thomas">Thomas, Édith</a> (2007) [1966]. <a href="/wiki/The_Women_Incendiaries" title="The Women Incendiaries"><i>The Women Incendiaries</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Haymarket_Books" title="Haymarket Books">Haymarket Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-931859-46-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-931859-46-2"><bdi>978-1-931859-46-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Women+Incendiaries&rft.pub=Haymarket+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-931859-46-2&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=%C3%89dith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Marx, <i>The Civil War in France</i>, English Edition of 1871</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERougerie2004269-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERougerie2004269_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRougerie2004">Rougerie 2004</a>, p. 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSison2020" class="citation book cs1">Sison, Jose Maria (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignlanguages.press/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/S20-Basic-Principles-of-ML-A-Primer.pdf"><i>Basic Principles of Marxism-Leninism: a Primer</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (6th ed.). Paris: Foreign Languages Press. p. 127. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221003193555/https://foreignlanguages.press/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/S20-Basic-Principles-of-ML-A-Primer.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 3 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+Principles+of+Marxism-Leninism%3A+a+Primer&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=127&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Sison&rft.aufirst=Jose+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignlanguages.press%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F08%2FS20-Basic-Principles-of-ML-A-Primer.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenin2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich</a> (2004) [Originally published 23 March 1908 from speech at Geneva]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1908/mar/23.htm">"Lessons of the Commune"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/cw/index.htm"><i>Lenin Collected Works</i></a>. Vol. 13. Translated by Isaacs, Bernard. Moscow: <a href="/wiki/Progress_Publishers" title="Progress Publishers">Progress Publishers</a> (published 1972). pp. 475–478. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180312200100/https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1908/mar/23.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2018</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a> and Lenin Internet Archive; originally published in <i>Zagranichnaya Gazeta</i> (<i>Foreign Gazette</i>), No. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lessons+of+the+Commune&rft.btitle=Lenin+Collected+Works&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=475-478&rft.pub=Progress+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Lenin&rft.aufirst=Vladimir+Ilyich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Flenin%2Fworks%2F1908%2Fmar%2F23.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_128-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_128-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_128-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCai蔡翔2016" class="citation book cs1">Cai, Xiang; 蔡翔 (2016). <i>Revolution and its narratives : China's socialist literary and cultural imaginaries (1949–1966)</i>. Rebecca E. Karl, Xueping Zhong, 钟雪萍. Durham. p. 423. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-7461-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-7461-9"><bdi>978-0-8223-7461-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/932368688">932368688</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+and+its+narratives+%3A+China%27s+socialist+literary+and+cultural+imaginaries+%281949%E2%80%931966%29&rft.place=Durham&rft.pages=423&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F932368688&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-7461-9&rft.aulast=Cai&rft.aufirst=Xiang&rft.au=%E8%94%A1%E7%BF%94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eye-witness accounts quoted in 'Paris under Siege' by Joanna Richardson p. 197 (see bibliography)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Tombs, <i>The War Against Paris: 1871</i>, Cambridge University Press, 1981, 272 pages <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28784-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28784-5">978-0-521-28784-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gay Gullickson, <i>Unruly Women of Paris</i>, Cornell Univ Press, 1996, 304 pages <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8318-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8318-9">978-0-8014-8318-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELissagaray2012277–278-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELissagaray2012277–278_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLissagaray2012">Lissagaray 2012</a>, pp. 277–278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBury2003" class="citation book cs1">Bury, J.P.T. (2003). <i>France, 1814–1940</i> (6th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415316002" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415316002"><bdi>978-0415316002</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France%2C+1814%E2%80%931940&rft.pages=108&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0415316002&rft.aulast=Bury&rft.aufirst=J.P.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlessis1985" class="citation book cs1">Plessis, Alain (1985). <i>The Rise and Fall of the Second Empire, 1852–1871</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521358569" title="Special:BookSources/9780521358569"><bdi>9780521358569</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Second+Empire%2C+1852%E2%80%931871&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780521358569&rft.aulast=Plessis&rft.aufirst=Alain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrisMurphy2000" class="citation book cs1">Morris, T.; Murphy, D. (2000). <i>Europe 1870–1991</i>. Collins Educational. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0003271331" title="Special:BookSources/0003271331"><bdi>0003271331</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+1870%E2%80%931991&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Collins+Educational&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0003271331&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Murphy%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLidsky1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lidsky, Paul (1982). <i>Les écrivains contre la Commune</i> [<i>Writers against the Commune</i>] (in French). Paris: François Maspéro. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782707113412" title="Special:BookSources/9782707113412"><bdi>9782707113412</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+%C3%A9crivains+contre+la+Commune&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Fran%C3%A7ois+Masp%C3%A9ro&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9782707113412&rft.aulast=Lidsky&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lvsl.fr/responsabilite-de-presse-repression-de-commune-de-paris/">"La responsabilité de la presse dans la répression de la Commune de Paris"</a> [The responsibility of the press in the repression of the Paris Commune]. <i>Le vent se lève</i> (in French). 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200522201025/https://lvsl.fr/responsabilite-de-presse-repression-de-commune-de-paris/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+vent+se+l%C3%A8ve&rft.atitle=La+responsabilit%C3%A9+de+la+presse+dans+la+r%C3%A9pression+de+la+Commune+de+Paris&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flvsl.fr%2Fresponsabilite-de-presse-repression-de-commune-de-paris%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrisMurphy2000" class="citation book cs1">Morris, T.; Murphy, D. (2000). <i>Europe, 1870–1991</i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">Collins</a>. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0003271331" title="Special:BookSources/0003271331"><bdi>0003271331</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%2C+1870%E2%80%931991&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0003271331&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Murphy%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cht-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cht_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding2006" class="citation book cs1">Harding, Neil (4 December 2006). <i>The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139053600" title="Special:BookSources/9781139053600"><bdi>9781139053600</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Twentieth-Century+Political+Thought&rft.pages=251&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006-12-04&rft.isbn=9781139053600&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERougerie2004264-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERougerie2004264_140-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERougerie2004264_140-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRougerie2004">Rougerie 2004</a>, p. 264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baker, Zoe. “Chapter Six: Insurrectionist Anarchism.” Means and Ends, AK Press, 2023, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/13/rap-info/i1262.asp">"No. 1262 – Rapport d'information de M. Bernard Accoyer fait au nom de la mission d'information sur les questions mémorielles"</a> [No. 1262 – Information report by Mr. Bernard Accoyer made on behalf of the information mission on memory issues]. <i>www.assemblee-nationale.fr</i> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719102901/http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/13/rap-info/i1262.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.assemblee-nationale.fr&rft.atitle=No.+1262+%E2%80%93+Rapport+d%27information+de+M.+Bernard+Accoyer+fait+au+nom+de+la+mission+d%27information+sur+les+questions+m%C3%A9morielles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.assemblee-nationale.fr%2F13%2Frap-info%2Fi1262.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregor Dallas, <i>An Exercise in Terror: the Paris Commune 1871</i>, <i>History Today</i>, Volume 39, Issue 2, 1989</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cobban, Alfred (1965), <i>A History of Modern France</i>, p. 215. Penguin Books</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRusso2020" class="citation book cs1">Russo, Alessandro (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1156439609"><i>Cultural Revolution and revolutionary culture</i></a>. Durham: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4780-1218-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4780-1218-4"><bdi>978-1-4780-1218-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1156439609">1156439609</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Revolution+and+revolutionary+culture&rft.place=Durham&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1156439609&rft.isbn=978-1-4780-1218-4&rft.aulast=Russo&rft.aufirst=Alessandro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1156439609&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_146-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_146-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2016" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Suzy (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/950929415"><i>Everyday life in the North Korean revolution, 1945–1950</i></a>. Ithaca: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-0568-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-0568-7"><bdi>978-1-5017-0568-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/950929415">950929415</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everyday+life+in+the+North+Korean+revolution%2C+1945%E2%80%931950&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F950929415&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-0568-7&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Suzy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F950929415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWu2014" class="citation book cs1">Wu, Yiching (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881183403"><i>The cultural revolution at the margins : Chinese socialism in crisis</i></a>. Cambridge, Mass.: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. pp. 145–146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-41985-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-41985-8"><bdi>978-0-674-41985-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/881183403">881183403</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240527074620/https://search.worldcat.org/title/881183403">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+cultural+revolution+at+the+margins+%3A+Chinese+socialism+in+crisis&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=145-146&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F881183403&rft.isbn=978-0-674-41985-8&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Yiching&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F881183403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShort2013" class="citation book cs1">Short, Philip (25 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lU85AgAAQBAJ&dq=%22The+Commune+had+been+overthrown%22&pg=PT326"><i>Pol Pot: The History of a Nightmare</i></a>. John Murray Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444780307" title="Special:BookSources/9781444780307"><bdi>9781444780307</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231111041245/https://books.google.com/books?id=lU85AgAAQBAJ&dq=%22The+Commune+had+been+overthrown%22&pg=PT326">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pol+Pot%3A+The+History+of+a+Nightmare&rft.pub=John+Murray+Press&rft.date=2013-04-25&rft.isbn=9781444780307&rft.aulast=Short&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlU85AgAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522The%2BCommune%2Bhad%2Bbeen%2Boverthrown%2522%26pg%3DPT326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_149-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_149-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConman2021" class="citation news cs1">Conman, Julian (7 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/07/vive-la-commune-the-working-class-insurrection-that-shook-the-world">"Vive la Commune? The working-class insurrection that shook the world"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210419010123/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/07/vive-la-commune-the-working-class-insurrection-that-shook-the-world">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Vive+la+Commune%3F+The+working-class+insurrection+that+shook+the+world&rft.date=2021-03-07&rft.aulast=Conman&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Fmar%2F07%2Fvive-la-commune-the-working-class-insurrection-that-shook-the-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVock2021" class="citation news cs1">Vock, Ido (18 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/world/europe/2021/03/after-150-years-legacy-paris-commune-continues-divide-france">"After 150 years, the legacy of the Paris Commune continues to divide France"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210419032146/https://www.newstatesman.com/world/europe/2021/03/after-150-years-legacy-paris-commune-continues-divide-france">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=After+150+years%2C+the+legacy+of+the+Paris+Commune+continues+to+divide+France&rft.date=2021-03-18&rft.aulast=Vock&rft.aufirst=Ido&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F2021%2F03%2Fafter-150-years-legacy-paris-commune-continues-divide-france&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_151-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_151-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchofield2021" class="citation news cs1">Schofield, Hugh (18 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56426710">"Paris Commune: The revolt dividing France 150 years on"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210419010122/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56426710">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Paris+Commune%3A+The+revolt+dividing+France+150+years+on&rft.date=2021-03-18&rft.aulast=Schofield&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-56426710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Le Figaro, May 30, 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a158–160-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a158–160_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, pp. 158–160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a160–162-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a160–162_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, pp. 160–162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a165–170-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a165–170_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, pp. 165–170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cordillot-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cordillot_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michel Cordillot, <i>La naissance du mouvement ouvrier à Besançon – la Première internationale 1869–1872</i>, Besançon, Cahier d'Études comtoises, 1990, 83 pages (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2251604197" title="Special:BookSources/2251604197">2251604197</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a173–176-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2009a173–176_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009a">Milza 2009a</a>, pp. 173–176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_la_Croix_de_Castries1983422–461-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_la_Croix_de_Castries1983422–461_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_la_Croix_de_Castries1983">De la Croix de Castries 1983</a>, pp. 422–461.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuiral1986366-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuiral1986366_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuiral1986">Guiral 1986</a>, p. 366.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ieom.fr/IMG/pdf/ra2010_nouvelle-caledonie.pdf">Rapport annuel 2010</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171109131906/http://www.ieom.fr/IMG/pdf/ra2010_nouvelle-caledonie.pdf">Archived</a> 9 November 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (PDF). IEOM Nouvelle-Calédonie.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldrichConnell2006" class="citation book cs1">Aldrich, Robert; Connell, John (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vRB3woPa7LAC&pg=PA46"><i>France's Overseas Frontier: Départements et territoires d'outre-mer</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03036-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03036-6"><bdi>978-0-521-03036-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806165048/https://books.google.com/books?id=vRB3woPa7LAC&pg=PA46">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France%27s+Overseas+Frontier%3A+D%C3%A9partements+et+territoires+d%27outre-mer&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-03036-6&rft.aulast=Aldrich&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Connell%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvRB3woPa7LAC%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Pyat,_Felix" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pyat, Felix">Pyat, Felix</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 675–676.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pyat%2C+Felix&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=675-676&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In his later years, the story of the Commune so gripped Morris's imagination that it provided the climax for his long poem, "The Pilgrims of Hope"... <a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">E. P. Thompson</a>, <i>William Morris : Romantic to Revolutionary</i>. London : PM Press, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781604868418" title="Special:BookSources/9781604868418">9781604868418</a> (p.196).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ab-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ab_164-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ab_164-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Albert Boime, <i>Olin Levi Warner's Defense of the Paris Commune</i>, Archives of American Art Journal, Vol. 29, No. 3/4 (1989), (pp. 4, 13)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politicsslashletters.org/marx-as-flawed-manic-and-one-of-us-a-review-of-marx-returns/">"Marx as Flawed, Manic, and One of Us: a Review of Marx Returns"</a>. 17 September 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181205103243/http://politicsslashletters.org/marx-as-flawed-manic-and-one-of-us-a-review-of-marx-returns/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marx+as+Flawed%2C+Manic%2C+and+One+of+Us%3A+a+Review+of+Marx+Returns&rft.date=2018-09-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpoliticsslashletters.org%2Fmarx-as-flawed-manic-and-one-of-us-a-review-of-marx-returns%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/DwxZGL4_nto">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200830011128/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DwxZGL4_nto&gl=US&hl=en">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DwxZGL4_nto">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'জ্বলন্ত শব্দের পথ' (Across the Burning Track)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. 5 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=%27%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4+%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A5%27+%28Across+the+Burning+Track%29&rft.date=2019-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DDwxZGL4_nto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Butterworth, Alex. <i>The World That Never Was: A True Story of Dreamers, Schemers, Anarchists and Secret Police</i> (Pantheon Books, 2010)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_la_Croix_de_Castries1983" class="citation book cs1">De la Croix de Castries, René (1983). <i>Monsieur Thiers</i>. Librarie Academique Perrin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-262-00299-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-262-00299-1"><bdi>2-262-00299-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monsieur+Thiers&rft.pub=Librarie+Academique+Perrin&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=2-262-00299-1&rft.aulast=De+la+Croix+de+Castries&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdu_Camp1881" class="citation book cs1">du Camp, Maxime (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lesconvulsionsde03ducauoft"><i>Les Convulsions de Paris</i></a>. Paris: Hachette.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Convulsions+de+Paris&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Hachette&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=du+Camp&rft.aufirst=Maxime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flesconvulsionsde03ducauoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1971" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Stewart (1971). <i>The Paris Commune 1871</i>. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-413-28110-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-413-28110-8"><bdi>0-413-28110-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paris+Commune+1871&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Eyre+%26+Spottiswoode&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-413-28110-8&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Eichner, Carolyn J. <i>Surmounting the barricades: women in the Paris Commune</i> (Indiana UP, 2004).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGluckstein2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donny_Gluckstein" title="Donny Gluckstein">Gluckstein, Donny</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MhciAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Paris Commune: A Revolution in Democracy</i></a>. London: Bookmarks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-90-519214-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-90-519214-4"><bdi>978-1-90-519214-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170329125846/https://books.google.com/books?id=MhciAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paris+Commune%3A+A+Revolution+in+Democracy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bookmarks&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-90-519214-4&rft.aulast=Gluckstein&rft.aufirst=Donny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMhciAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gould, Roger V. "Multiple networks and mobilization in the Paris Commune, 1871." <i>American Sociological Review</i> (1991): 716–729 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~oliver/SOC924/Articles/GouldParis.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128093329/https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~oliver/SOC924/Articles/GouldParis.pdf">Archived</a> 28 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuiral1986" class="citation book cs1">Guiral, Pierre (1986). <i>Adolphe Thiers ou De la nécessité en politique</i>. Paris: Fayard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-213-01825-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-213-01825-1"><bdi>2-213-01825-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adolphe+Thiers+ou+De+la+n%C3%A9cessit%C3%A9+en+politique&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=2-213-01825-1&rft.aulast=Guiral&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> Haupt, Gerhard; Hausen, Karin: <i>Die Pariser Kommune: Erfolg und Scheitern einer Revolution</i>. Frankfurt 1979. Campus Verlag. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-593-32607-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-593-32607-8">3-593-32607-8</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorne2012" class="citation book cs1">Horne, Alistair (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/922079975"><i>The Fall of Paris: The Siege and the Commune 1870–71</i></a>. Picador. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/922079975">922079975</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220130055357/https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/922079975">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+Paris%3A+The+Siege+and+the+Commune+1870%E2%80%9371&rft.pub=Picador&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F922079975&rft.aulast=Horne&rft.aufirst=Alistair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F922079975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jellinek, Frank. <i>The Paris commune of 1871</i> (1937) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pariscommunejellinek">online</a></li> <li>Johnson, Martin Phillip. <i>The paradise of association: Political culture and popular organizations in the Paris Commune of 1871</i> (University of Michigan Press, 1996).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLissagaray2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lissagaray, Prosper-Olivier (2000) [1876]. <i>Histoire de la Commune de 1871</i> [<i>History of the Commune of 1871</i>] (in French). Paris: La Decouverte/Poche. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-70-714520-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-70-714520-8"><bdi>978-2-70-714520-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+la+Commune+de+1871&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=La+Decouverte%2FPoche&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-2-70-714520-8&rft.aulast=Lissagaray&rft.aufirst=Prosper-Olivier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLissagaray2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lissagaray, Prosper-Olivier (2012) [1876]. <i>Histoire de la Commune de 1871</i> [<i>History of the Commune of 1871</i>] (in French). London: <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+la+Commune+de+1871&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Lissagaray&rft.aufirst=Prosper-Olivier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilza2009a" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Milza, Pierre (2009a). <i>L'année terrible: La Commune (mars–juin 1871)</i> [<i>The terrible year: La Commune (March–June 1871)</i>] (in French). Paris: Perrin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-262-03073-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-262-03073-5"><bdi>978-2-262-03073-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27ann%C3%A9e+terrible%3A+La+Commune+%28mars%E2%80%93juin+1871%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Perrin&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2-262-03073-5&rft.aulast=Milza&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilza2009b" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Milza, Pierre (2009b). <i>L'année terrible: La guerre franco-prussienne (septembre 1870 – mars 1871)</i> [<i>The Terrible Year: The Franco-Prussian War (September 1870 – March 1871)</i>] (in French). Paris: Perrin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-262-02498-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-262-02498-7"><bdi>978-2-262-02498-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27ann%C3%A9e+terrible%3A+La+guerre+franco-prussienne+%28septembre+1870+%E2%80%93+mars+1871%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Perrin&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2-262-02498-7&rft.aulast=Milza&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Price, R. D. "Ideology and Motivation in the Paris Commune of 1871." <i>Historical Journal</i> 15#1 (1972): 75–86. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2638185">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210203191426/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2638185">Archived</a> 3 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiat1906" class="citation book cs1">Riat, Georges (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gustavecourbetpe00riat"><i>Gustave Courbet – peintre</i></a>. Paris: Floury. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/902368834">902368834</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gustave+Courbet+%E2%80%93+peintre&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Floury&rft.date=1906&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F902368834&rft.aulast=Riat&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgustavecourbetpe00riat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRougerie2014" class="citation book cs1">Rougerie, Jacques (2014). <i>La Commune de 1871</i>. Paris: <a href="/wiki/Presses_universitaires_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Presses universitaires de France">Presses universitaires de France</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-13-062078-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-13-062078-5"><bdi>978-2-13-062078-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Commune+de+1871&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+France&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-2-13-062078-5&rft.aulast=Rougerie&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRougerie2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rougerie, Jacques (2004). <i>Paris libre 1871</i> (in French). Paris: Editions du Seuil. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-02-055465-8" title="Special:BookSources/2-02-055465-8"><bdi>2-02-055465-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris+libre+1871&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Editions+du+Seuil&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=2-02-055465-8&rft.aulast=Rougerie&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTombs2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tombs, Robert (2009). <i>La Guerre Contre Paris</i> (in French). Paris: Flammarion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-0802-4351-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-0802-4351-5"><bdi>978-2-0802-4351-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Guerre+Contre+Paris&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Flammarion&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2-0802-4351-5&rft.aulast=Tombs&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Tombs, Robert. <i>The Paris Commune 1871</i> (Routledge, 2014).</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvrich1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Avrich" title="Paul Avrich">Avrich, Paul</a> (1988). "The Paris Commune and its Legacy". <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Portraits" title="Anarchist Portraits"><i>Anarchist Portraits</i></a>. Princeton: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anarchistportrai00avri/page/229">229–239</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04753-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04753-9"><bdi>978-0-691-04753-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/17727270">17727270</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Paris+Commune+and+its+Legacy&rft.btitle=Anarchist+Portraits&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=229-239&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F17727270&rft.isbn=978-0-691-04753-9&rft.aulast=Avrich&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Eichner, Carolyn J. (2022). <i>The Paris Commune: A Brief History</i>. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1978827684" title="Special:BookSources/978-1978827684">978-1978827684</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/world/paris-commune/#:~:text=The%20Paris%20Commune%3A%20A%20Brief%20History&text=In%20mid%2DMarch%2C%20the%20city%27s,French%20Revolutionary%20terminology%2C%20the%20Commune.">Review</a> by <a href="/wiki/David_A._Bell" title="David A. Bell">David A. Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Merriman" title="John M. Merriman">Merriman, John</a> (2014). <i>Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune</i>. New York: Basic Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02017-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02017-1">978-0-465-02017-1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2015/02/19/bloodiest-urban-revolution/">Review</a> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_O._Paxton" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert O. Paxton">Robert O. Paxton</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kristin_Ross" title="Kristin Ross">Ross, Kristin</a> (2015). <i>Communal Luxury: The Political Imaginary of the Paris Commune</i>. London: Verso. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-839-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-839-7"><bdi>978-1-78168-839-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communal+Luxury%3A+The+Political+Imaginary+of+the+Paris+Commune&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-78168-839-7&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Kristin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParis+Commune" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commune_de_Paris" class="extiw" title="commons:Commune de Paris"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Paris Commune</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heidicon.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/search?p=59&ot=objekte&inp=fulltext:Collection%20caricatures%20charges%20guerre">Collection de caricatures et de charges pour servir à l'histoire de la guerre et de la révolution de 1870–1871</a>, Heidelberg University Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/caricatures/1">Collection de caricatures et de charges pour servir à l'histoire de la guerre et de la révolution de 1870–1871</a>, Cambridge University Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jeanpaulachard.com/Commune1871/index.html">La Commune de 1871 by JP Achard</a> (in French)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/france/paris-commune/index.htm">Paris Commune Archive</a> at <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/ANARCHIST_ARCHIVES/pariscommune/Pariscommunearchive.html">Paris Commune Archive at Anarchist Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marxengelsonthepariscommune"><i>On the Paris Commune</i></a>, a collection of writings by Marx and Engels on the subject.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libcom.org/library/marx-paris-commune-james-clr">Karl Marx and the Paris Commune</a> by <a href="/wiki/C.L.R._James" class="mw-redirect" title="C.L.R. James">C.L.R. James</a>, 1946</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.runmuki.com/paul/writing/marx.html">The Paris Commune and Marx' Theory of Revolution</a> by Paul Dorn</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401145905/http://www.commune1871.org/">Association Les Amis de la Commune de Paris (1871)</a> (in French)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dc.library.northwestern.edu/collections/5a3744f2-5cbc-4edc-bb16-1bad7265e41c">Digital collection</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libguides.northwestern.edu/siegeandcommune">research guide</a> at <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University_Library" title="Northwestern University Library">Northwestern University Library</a> Special Collections</li> <li>"Caricatures of the Franco-Prussian War and the Paris Commune (1870–71)": <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exhibitions.lib.cam.ac.uk/caricatures/">Virtual exhibition</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/stories/caricatures-franco-prussian-war-and-paris-commune-1870-71">story</a>, Cambridge University Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Commune-of-Paris-1871">Paris Commune</a> on <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-CommuneP.html">Paris Commune</a> on Encyclopedia.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cinearchives.org/Catalogue-d-exploitation-494-179-0-9.html">Documentary (in French): Commune de Paris (LA)</a> (released: 1951) directed by <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_M%C3%A9n%C3%A9goz" class="extiw" title="fr:Robert Ménégoz">Robert Ménégoz</a> (length: 24 minutes, 55 seconds); Dramatic historical evocation of the Paris Commune, and its Bloody Week, featuring numerous documents, photographs, and drawings, animated with special effects, and underscored with music, describing major events of the Commune, while presenting its leaders</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LVka5oZoey8">Movie (in Polish): Jarosław Dąbrowski</a> (released: 26 January 1976) directed by <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohdan_Por%C4%99ba" class="extiw" title="pl:Bohdan Poręba">Bohdan Poręba</a> (length: 2 hours, 12 minutes); Music by <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Kilar" title="Wojciech Kilar">Wojciech Kilar</a>; After opening credits, at 03:37 begins with extensive scenes of the 1871 Siege and Commune of Paris</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Paris_Commune" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paris_Commune" title="Template:Paris Commune"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paris_Commune" title="Template talk:Paris Commune"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paris_Commune" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paris Commune"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paris_Commune" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paris Commune</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_Paris_Commune" title="Chronology of the Paris Commune">Chronology</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Paris_Commune" title="Historiography of the Paris Commune">Historiography</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precursors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1870_Paris_uprising" title="1870 Paris uprising">October 1870 uprising</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Affiche_Rouge_(1871)" title="Affiche Rouge (1871)">Affiche Rouge</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/January_1871_Paris_uprising" title="January 1871 Paris uprising">January 1871 uprising</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lyon_Commune" title="Lyon Commune">Lyon Commune</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Declaration_to_the_French_People" title="Declaration to the French People">Declaration to the French People</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Massacre_in_the_Rue_Haxo" title="Massacre in the Rue Haxo">Massacre in the Rue Haxo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Semaine_sanglante" title="Semaine sanglante">Semaine sanglante</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Courbevoie" title="Battle of Courbevoie">Courbevoie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rueil" title="Battle of Rueil">Rueil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Meudon" title="Battle of Meudon">Meudon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_d%27Issy" title="Battle of Fort d'Issy">Fort d'Issy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Butte-aux-Cailles" title="Battle of Butte-aux-Cailles">Butte-aux-Cailles</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Communards" title="Communards">Communards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commune_Council_(Paris)" title="Commune Council (Paris)">Commune Council</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federated_Legion_of_Women" title="Federated Legion of Women">Federated Legion of Women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9r%C3%A9" title="Fédéré">Fédérés</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9troleuses" title="Pétroleuses">Pétroleuses</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Union_des_femmes_pour_la_d%C3%A9fense_de_Paris_et_les_soins_aux_bless%C3%A9s" title="Union des femmes pour la défense de Paris et les soins aux blessés">Union des femmes pour la défense de Paris et les soins aux blessés</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="France_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:France_topics" title="Template:France topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:France_topics" title="Template talk:France topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:France_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:France topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="France_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_France" title="Outline of France">topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_French_history" title="Timeline of French history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_France" title="Political history of France">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_France" title="Military history of France">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French" title="History of French">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_France" title="Economic history of France">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_foreign_relations" title="History of French foreign relations">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_journalism" title="History of French journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">Liberalism and radicalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brittany" title="History of Brittany">History of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Normandy" title="History of Normandy">History of Normandy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_France" title="Prehistory of France">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Gaul" title="Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul">Greek colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Celtic Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_laws_of_the_Kingdom_of_France" title="Fundamental laws of the Kingdom of France">Fundamental laws</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy_in_France" title="Absolute monarchy in France">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Second Hundred Years' War">Second Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Revolution_of_1756" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic Revolution of 1756">Diplomatic Revolution of 1756</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Revolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_era" title="Napoleonic era">Napoleonic era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Late_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Modern">Late Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_long_nineteenth_century" title="France in the long nineteenth century">Long nineteenth century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1851_French_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1851 French coup d'état">Coup of 2 December 1851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Defense" title="Government of National Defense">Government of National Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army_in_World_War_I" title="French Army in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_France" title="Interwar France">Interwar</a> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_folles" title="Années folles">Années folles</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France_(1900_to_present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of France (1900 to present)">1900 to present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_French_riots" title="2005 French riots">2005 riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Europe#France,_Benelux_countries" title="Great Recession in Europe">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2015_Paris_attacks" title="November 2015 Paris attacks">2015 Paris attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_French_presidential_election" title="2017 French presidential election">2017 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_France" title="COVID-19 pandemic in France">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_French_labor_protests" title="2021 French labor protests">2021 labor protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_French_presidential_election" title="2022 French presidential election">2022 presidential election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_France" title="Geography of France">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_France" title="Administrative divisions of France">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communes_in_France_with_over_20,000_inhabitants" title="List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_France" title="Climate change in France">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_France" title="Borders of France">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_France" title="List of islands of France">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_France" title="List of lakes of France">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_mountains_by_prominence" title="List of French mountains by prominence">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_France" title="List of national parks of France">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_France" title="List of rivers of France">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_France" title="List of World Heritage Sites in France">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutions_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutions of France">Constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_France" title="Elections in France">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_France" title="Presidential elections in France">presidential</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_France" title="Foreign relations of France">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_France" title="Human rights in France">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_France" title="Intersex rights in France">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in France">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_France" title="Judiciary of France">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_France" title="Law of France">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_France" title="Legal history of France">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_France" title="Law enforcement in France">enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_criminal_law" title="French criminal law">criminal law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Parliament" title="French Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_France" title="List of political parties in France">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France" title="Economy of France">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France#Agriculture" title="Economy of France">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_France" title="Automotive industry in France">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_France" title="Banking in France">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_France" title="Bank of France">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_France" title="Economic history of France">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_France" title="Energy in France">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_France" title="List of exports of France">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">Franc (former currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_regions_and_overseas_collectivities_by_GDP" title="List of French regions and overseas collectivities by GDP">French subdivisions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_France" title="Mining in France">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronext_Paris" title="Euronext Paris">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_France" title="Science and technology in France">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_France" title="Taxation in France">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_France" title="Telecommunications in France">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_France" title="Tourism in France">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_France" title="List of trade unions in France">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_France" title="Transport in France">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_France" title="Category:Society of France">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_France" title="Abortion in France">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_France" title="Birth control in France">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_France" title="Crime in France">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_France" title="Demographics of France">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_France" title="Education in France">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_France" title="Health care in France">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_France" title="Homelessness in France">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_France" title="Immigration to France">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_departments_by_life_expectancy" title="List of French departments by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_France" title="Poverty in France">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_France" title="Secularism in France">secularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_France" title="Racism in France">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_France" title="Social class in France">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_protection_in_France" title="Social protection in France">Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_France" title="Culture of France">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Marseillaise" title="La Marseillaise">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_architecture" title="French architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_art" title="French art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_France" title="Coat of arms of France">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_France" title="Cinema of France">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li>Cultural icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_fashion" title="French fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Remarkable_Gardens_of_France" title="List of Remarkable Gardens of France">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_France" title="Languages of France">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_literature" title="French literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of France">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_France" title="Music of France">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_philosophy" title="French philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_France" title="Public holidays in France">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_France" title="Sport in France">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of France">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_France" title="Theatre of France">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.25em;"><div><div style="margin-top:0;line-height:1.4em;margin-bottom:-0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_France" title="Outline of France">Outline</a></li></ul> </div><div style="margin-top:-0.2em;line-height:1.4em;font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:France" title="Category:France">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_France" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject France">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anarchist_communism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anarchist_communism" title="Template:Anarchist communism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anarchist_communism" title="Template talk:Anarchist communism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchist_communism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchist communism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anarchist_communism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">Anarchist communism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">Class consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common-pool_resource" title="Common-pool resource">Common resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">Consensus decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_economics" title="Co-operative economics">Co-operative economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarian_community" title="Egalitarian community">Egalitarian community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_needs" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs">From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give-away_shop" title="Give-away shop">Give-away shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_abolitionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market abolitionism">Market abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefigurative_politics" title="Prefigurative politics">Prefigurative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_communism" title="Primitive communism">Primitive communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_control" title="Workers' control">Workers' control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Red_star#Use_by_socialist_or_revolutionary_organizations" title="Red star"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Rb-star.svg/75px-Rb-star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Rb-star.svg/113px-Rb-star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Rb-star.svg/150px-Rb-star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="952" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarcho-communists" title="Category:Anarcho-communists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Alexander Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Cafiero" title="Carlo Cafiero">Carlo Cafiero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Covelli" title="Emilio Covelli">Emilio Covelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D%C3%A9jacque" title="Joseph Déjacque">Joseph Déjacque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarissa_Dixon" title="Clarissa Dixon">Clarissa Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Buenaventura Durruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Faure" title="Sébastien Faure">Sébastien Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iosif_Bleikhman" title="Iosif Bleikhman">Iosif Bleikhman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galleani" title="Luigi Galleani">Luigi Galleani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Flores Magón">Ricardo Flores Magón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Nestor Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Errico Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Meltzer" title="Albert Meltzer">Albert Meltzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizational forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesis_anarchism" title="Synthesis anarchism">Synthesis federations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theoretical works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_Other_Essays" title="Anarchism and Other Essays">Anarchism and Other Essays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conquest_of_Bread" title="The Conquest of Bread">The Conquest of Bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fields,_Factories,_and_Workshops" title="Fields, Factories, and Workshops">Fields, Factories, and Workshops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_Aid:_A_Factor_of_Evolution" title="Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution">Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Now_and_After" title="Now and After">Now and After</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Scarcity_Anarchism" title="Post-Scarcity Anarchism">Post-Scarcity Anarchism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social anarchism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 0 #aaa;"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anarchy-symbol-red.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Anarchy-symbol-red.svg/10px-Anarchy-symbol-red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Anarchy-symbol-red.svg/15px-Anarchy-symbol-red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Anarchy-symbol-red.svg/20px-Anarchy-symbol-red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/10px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/15px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/20px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/10px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/15px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/20px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Libertarian_socialism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Libertarian_socialism_navbox" title="Template:Libertarian socialism navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Libertarian_socialism_navbox" title="Template talk:Libertarian socialism navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarian_socialism_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarian socialism navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Libertarian_socialism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools<br />of thought</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">Anarchist communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialisme_ou_Barbarie" title="Socialisme ou Barbarie">Chalieu-Montal Tendency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudo-Marxism" title="Freudo-Marxism">Freudo-Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Communist_symbolism#Red_and_black_flag" title="Communist symbolism"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Anarchist_flag.svg/100px-Anarchist_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Anarchist_flag.svg/150px-Anarchist_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Anarchist_flag.svg/200px-Anarchist_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Concepts</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarian_community" title="Egalitarian community">Egalitarian community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_control" title="Workers' control">Workers' control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Models</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_planning_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralized planning (economics)">Decentralized planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive Democracy">Inclusive Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_abolitionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market abolitionism">Market abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">Participatory economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialization (economics)">Socialization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">People</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Charles Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Stephen Pearl Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D%C3%A9jacque" title="Joseph Déjacque">Joseph Déjacque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgskin" title="Thomas Hodgskin">Thomas Hodgskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Gustav Landauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Antonie Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Pi_i_Maragall" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesc Pi i Maragall">Francesc Pi i Maragall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Wilhelm Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rudolf Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_R%C3%BChle" title="Otto Rühle">Otto Rühle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Albert" title="Michael Albert">Michael Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Cornelius Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">G. D. H. Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takis_Fotopoulos" title="Takis Fotopoulos">Takis Fotopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Goodman" title="Paul Goodman">Paul Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hahnel" title="Robin Hahnel">Robin Hahnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Daniel Guérin">Daniel Guérin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Pallis" title="Chris Pallis">Chris Pallis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Significant<br />events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">International Workingmen's Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">Revolutions of 1917–1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_social_movements" title="New social movements">New social movements</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anarchism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anarchism" title="Template:Anarchism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anarchism" title="Template talk:Anarchism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anarchism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_theory" title="Category:Anarchist theory">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Black_Cross" title="Anarchist Black Cross">Anarchist Black Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_criminology" title="Anarchist criminology">Anarchist criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">Anationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Anti-militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_social_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous social center">Autonomous social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">Black bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">Consensus decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">Freethought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontalidad" title="Horizontalidad">Horizontalidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_law" title="Anarchist law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Participatory politics">Participatory politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_autonomous_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent autonomous zone">Permanent autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefigurative_politics" title="Prefigurative politics">Prefigurative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewilding_(anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rewilding (anarchism)">Rewilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">Sabotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_culture" title="Security culture">Security culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocracy" title="Sociocracy">Sociocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatherapy">Somatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Autonomous_Zone" title="Temporary Autonomous Zone">Temporary autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Issues_in_anarchism" title="Category:Issues in anarchism">Issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_capitalism" title="Anarchism and capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_education" title="Anarchism and education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Love and sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_nationalism" title="Anarchism and nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_violence" title="Anarchism and violence">Violence</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_schools_of_thought" title="Category:Anarchist schools of thought">Schools of thought</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical anarchism">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egoist_anarchism" title="Egoist anarchism">Egoist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-naturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-naturism">Naturist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">Philosophical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Communist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magonism" title="Magonism">Magonist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-classical anarchism">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Primitivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence anarchism">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">Pacifist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion#Religious_anarchism_and_anarchist_themes_in_religions" title="Anarchism and religion">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion#Buddhism" title="Anarchism and religion">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_without_adjectives" title="Anarchism without adjectives">Without adjectives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_anarchism" title="Contemporary anarchism">Contemporary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_anarchism" title="Postcolonial anarchism">Postcolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-anarchism">Post-anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-left_anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-left anarchy">Post-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of federation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesis_anarchism" title="Synthesis anarchism">Synthesis anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_economics" title="Category:Anarchist economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_the_limit_of_price" title="Cost the limit of price">Cost the limit of price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give-away_shop" title="Give-away shop">Give-away shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_bank" title="Mutual bank">Mutual bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_credit" title="Mutual credit">Mutual credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_culture" title="Category:Anarchist culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_las_Barricadas" title="A las Barricadas">A las Barricadas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_bookfair" title="Anarchist bookfair">Anarchist bookfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_the_arts" title="Anarchism and the arts">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escuela_Moderna" class="mw-redirect" title="Escuela Moderna">Escuela Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infoshop" title="Infoshop">Infoshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Media_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Media Center">Independent Media Center</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle anarchism">Lifestylism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">May Day</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/No_gods,_no_masters" class="mw-redirect" title="No gods, no masters">No gods, no masters</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_education" title="Popular education">Popular education</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_cheerleading" title="Radical cheerleading">Radical cheerleading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">Radical environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-managed_social_center" title="Self-managed social center">Self-managed social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_symbolism" title="Anarchist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Anarchism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Regional_Federation_of_the_IWA" title="Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA">Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA</a></li> <li>Paris Commune</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Congress_(1872)" title="Hague Congress (1872)">Hague Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonal_rebellion" title="Cantonal rebellion">Cantonal rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Thirty" title="Trial of the Thirty">Trial of the Thirty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrer_movement" title="Ferrer movement">Ferrer movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strandza_Commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Strandza Commune">Strandza Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anarchist_Congress_of_Amsterdam" title="International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam">Congress of Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Spain)" title="Tragic Week (Spain)">Tragic Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Treason_Incident" title="High Treason Incident">High Treason Incident</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Sixteen" title="Manifesto of the Sixteen">Manifesto of the Sixteen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_United_States_anarchist_bombings" title="1919 United States anarchist bombings">1919 United States bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">Biennio Rosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amakasu_Incident" title="Amakasu Incident">Amakasu Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_May_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona May Days">Barcelona May Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_inverted_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Red inverted triangle">Red inverted triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labadie_Collection" title="Labadie Collection">Labadie Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provo_(movement)" title="Provo (movement)">Provo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIP_(company)" title="LIP (company)">LIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Sharpley_Library" title="Kate Sharpley Library">Kate Sharpley Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Anarchist_Centenary_Celebrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Anarchist Centenary Celebrations">Australian Anarchist Centenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_Against_Capital" title="Carnival Against Capital">Carnival Against Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Really_Really_Free_Market" title="Really Really Free Market">Really Really Free Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchists" title="Category:Anarchists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Armand" title="Émile Armand">Armand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Bonanno" title="Alfredo Bonanno">Bonanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_Bourdin" title="Martial Bourdin">Bourdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Durruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Ellul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Kom%27boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Faure" title="Sébastien Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fauset_MacDonald" title="Thomas Fauset MacDonald">Fauset MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer">Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Feyerabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severino_Di_Giovanni" title="Severino Di Giovanni">Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Prada" title="Manuel González Prada">González Prada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Guillaume" title="James Guillaume">Guillaume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Zhen_(anarchist)" title="He Zhen (anarchist)">He-Yin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanno_Sugako" title="Kanno Sugako">Kanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dtoku_Sh%C5%ABsui" title="Kōtoku Shūsui">Kōtoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Landauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shifu" title="Liu Shifu">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Flores Magón">Magón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigorii_Maksimov" title="Grigorii Maksimov">Maksimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Mett" title="Ida Mett">Mett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Most</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Pi_i_Margall" title="Francesc Pi i Margall">Pi i Margall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Pouget" title="Émile Pouget">Pouget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiratsuka_Raich%C5%8D" title="Hiratsuka Raichō">Raichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclus" title="Élisée Reclus">Reclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Abad_de_Santill%C3%A1n" title="Diego Abad de Santillán">Santillán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Ward" title="Colin Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efim_Yarchuk" title="Efim Yarchuk">Yarchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">Zerzan</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarcho-punk_bands" title="List of anarcho-punk bands">Anarcho-punk bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_anarchism" title="List of books about anarchism">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_anarchists" title="List of fictional anarchists">Fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_anarchists" title="List of Jewish anarchists">Jewish anarchists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_musicians" title="List of anarchist musicians">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_periodicals" title="List of anarchist periodicals">Periodicals</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchism_by_region" title="Category:Anarchism by region">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Africa" title="Anarchism in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Albania" title="Anarchism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Algeria" title="Anarchism in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Andorra" title="Anarchism in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Argentina" title="Anarchism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Armenia" title="Anarchism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Austria" title="Anarchism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anarchism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bangladesh" title="Anarchism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belarus" title="Anarchism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belgium" title="Anarchism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bolivia" title="Anarchism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Anarchism in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Brazil" title="Anarchism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bulgaria" title="Anarchism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Canada" title="Anarchism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Chile" title="Anarchism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Colombia" title="Anarchism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Anarchism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Croatia" title="Anarchism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cuba" title="Anarchism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cyprus" title="Anarchism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Denmark" title="Anarchism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_East_Timor" title="Anarchism in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ecuador" title="Anarchism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Egypt" title="Anarchism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_El_Salvador" title="Anarchism in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Estonia" title="Anarchism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Finland" title="Anarchism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_France" title="Anarchism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_French_Guiana" title="Anarchism in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Georgia" title="Anarchism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Germany" title="Anarchism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Greece" title="Anarchism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Guatemala" title="Anarchism in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Anarchism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hungary" title="Anarchism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iceland" title="Anarchism in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_India" title="Anarchism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Indonesia" title="Anarchism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iran" title="Anarchism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ireland" title="Anarchism in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Israel" title="Anarchism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Japan" title="Anarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Korea" title="Anarchism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Latvia" title="Anarchism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Malaysia" title="Anarchism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mexico" title="Anarchism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Monaco" title="Anarchism in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mongolia" title="Anarchism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Morocco" title="Anarchism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Anarchism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_New_Zealand" title="Anarchism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nicaragua" title="Anarchism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nigeria" title="Anarchism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Norway" title="Anarchism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Panama" title="Anarchism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Paraguay" title="Anarchism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Peru" title="Anarchism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Philippines" title="Anarchism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Poland" title="Anarchism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Portugal" title="Anarchism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Anarchism in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Romania" title="Anarchism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Serbia" title="Anarchism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Singapore" title="Anarchism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Sweden" title="Anarchism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Switzerland" title="Anarchism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Syria" title="Anarchism in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Taiwan" title="Anarchism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Tunisia" title="Anarchism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Turkey" title="Anarchism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ukraine" title="Anarchism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anarchism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Uruguay" title="Anarchism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Venezuela" title="Anarchism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Vietnam" title="Anarchism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Related topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corporate_activism" title="Anti-corporate activism">Anti-corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_anarchism_and_libertarianism" title="Definition of anarchism and libertarianism">Definition of anarchism and libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual Power">Dual Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_Friedrich_Nietzsche_and_Max_Stirner" title="Relationship between Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner">Relationship between Friedrich<br />Nietzsche and Max Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/28px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/42px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/56px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism portal</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchism" title="Category:Anarchism">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Outline</a></b></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Communism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communism" title="Template:Communism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communism" title="Template talk:Communism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Communism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">Class consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">Communist party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_revolution" title="Communist revolution">Communist revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">Communist society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_needs" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs">"From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_abolitionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market abolitionism">Market abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">Social revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_communism" title="World communism">World communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization_(Marxism)" title="Socialization (Marxism)">Socialization (Marxism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_value" title="Use value">Use value</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_ideologies" title="List of communist ideologies">Variants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">Libertarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Marxist_communism" title="Pre-Marxist communism">Pre-Marxist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_communism" title="Primitive communism">Primitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_communism" title="Religious communism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism" title="History of communism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League" title="Communist League">Communist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">First International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_International" title="Second International">Second International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Third International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International" title="Fourth International">Fourth International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_parties" title="List of communist parties">Communist Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Council" title="World Peace Council">WPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">WFTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth">WFDY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Students" title="International Union of Students">IUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_Democratic_Federation" title="Women's International Democratic Federation">WIDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Scientific_Workers" title="World Federation of Scientific Workers">WFSW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organisation_of_Journalists" class="mw-redirect" title="International Organisation of Journalists">IOR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Communists" title="Category:Communists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Babeuf</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Kollontai</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann" title="Ernst Thälmann">Thälmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Togliatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Khrushchev</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Padmore" title="George Padmore">Padmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Freire" title="Paulo Freire">Freire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pier_Paolo_Pasolini" title="Pier Paolo Pasolini">Pasolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel">Mandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Raja" title="D. Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Berger" title="John Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Berlinguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abimael_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Abimael Guzmán">Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Maria_Sison" title="Jose Maria Sison">Sison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Holloway_(sociologist)" title="John Holloway (sociologist)">Holloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_Zizek" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavoj Zizek">Zizek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Öcalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_S%C3%A1nchez_Gordillo" title="Juan Manuel Sánchez Gordillo">Gordillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Wilson_Gilmore" title="Ruth Wilson Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcomandante_Marcos" title="Subcomandante Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Hardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodi_Dean" title="Jodi Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Lordon" title="Frédéric Lordon">Lordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Kelley" title="Robin Kelley">Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Prashad" title="Vijay Prashad">Prashad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov" title="Gennady Zyuganov">Zyuganov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Hatherley" title="Owen Hatherley">Hatherley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Moufawad-Paul" title="J. Moufawad-Paul">Moufawad-Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohei_Saito" title="Kohei Saito">Saito</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Far-left politics in the United Kingdom">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Colombia" title="Communism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_France" title="Communism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_India" title="Communism in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Kerala" title="Communism in Kerala">Kerala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Korea" title="Communism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Nepal" title="Communism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Peru" title="Communism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_the_Philippines" title="Communism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Poland" title="Communism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of communism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Sumatra" title="Communism in Sumatra">Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Vietnam" title="Communism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communist_symbolism" title="Communist symbolism">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle">Hammer and sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)" title="Red flag (politics)">Red flag (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_star" title="Red star">Red star</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Workers_of_the_world,_unite!" title="Workers of the world, unite!">Workers of the world, unite!</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Criticism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_propaganda" title="Communist propaganda">Communist propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_communist_party_rule" title="Criticism of communist party rule">Criticism of communist party rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Marxism" title="Criticism of Marxism">Criticism of Marxism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_communist_theorists" title="21st-century communist theorists">21st-century communist theorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti_anti-communism" title="Anti anti-communism">Anti anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">Anti-communist mass killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">Mass killings under communist regimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Left" title="Old Left">Old Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_and_LGBTQ_rights" title="Communism and LGBTQ rights">LGBTQ rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">Marx's theory of alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">National communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_communism_in_Romania" title="National communism in Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_communism" title="War communism">War communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker cooperative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Socialism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism" title="Template:Socialism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialism" title="Template talk:Socialism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Socialism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History</a> - <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_socialism" title="Outline of socialism">Outline</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_socialism" title="Types of socialism">Schools of<br />thought</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_socialism" title="Agrarian socialism">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourierism" title="Fourierism">Fourierism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icarians" title="Icarians">Icarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owenism" title="Owenism">Owenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Simonianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Simonianism">Saint-Simonianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Hal_Draper" title="Hal Draper">from below</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Free-market</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire#Socialism" title="Laissez-faire">Left-wing laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_market_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing market anarchism">Left-wing market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magonism" title="Magonism">Magonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neozapatismo" title="Neozapatismo">Neozapatismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">Libertarian Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg#Thought" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_spontaneity#Mao-Spontex" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary spontaneity">Mao-Spontex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Pablo" title="Michel Pablo">Pabloism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International_Posadist" title="Fourth International Posadist">Posadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Trotskyism" title="Orthodox Trotskyism">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_camp" title="Third camp">Third camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">Authoritarian</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism#Socialism_from_above" title="Authoritarian socialism">from above</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barracks_communism" title="Barracks communism">Barracks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Nechayev" title="Sergey Nechayev">Nechayevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanquism" title="Blanquism">Blanquism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu#Ceaușescu's_policies" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Ceaușism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husakism" title="Husakism">Husakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Kadarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchevism" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrushchevism">Khrushchevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_Theory" title="Deng Xiaoping Theory">Dengism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism_(Third_Worldism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoism (Third Worldism)">Maoism–Third Worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Thought" title="Gonzalo Thought">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Gonzalo Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism%E2%80%93Prachanda_Path" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought" title="Xi Jinping Thought">Xi Jinping Thought</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Tkachev" title="Pyotr Tkachev">Tkachevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lassallism" title="Lassallism">Lassallism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_socialism" title="Religious socialism">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_leftism" title="Afro-Caribbean leftism">African-Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarianism" title="Bolivarianism">Bolivarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Three Principles of the People">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_ideology_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang">Nationalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhian_socialism" title="Gandhian socialism">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marhaenism" title="Marhaenism">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_socialism" title="Melanesian socialism">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neozapatismo" title="Neozapatismo">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Soviet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">In one country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_socialism" title="Real socialism">Real</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Socialism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World_socialism" title="Third World socialism">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key topics<br />and issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist economics">Anarchist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-revisionism">Anti-revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_socialism" title="Criticism of socialism">Criticism of socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_equal_liberty#Equal_liberty" title="Law of equal liberty">Equal liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equality of opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_of_outcome" title="Equality of outcome">Equality of outcome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">History of anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism" title="History of communism">History of communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History of socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_social_democracy" title="History of social democracy">History of social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossibilism" title="Impossibilism">Impossibilism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">State-owned enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">Mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanosocialism" title="Nanosocialism">Nanosocialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-capitalism" title="Post-capitalism">Post-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">Proletarian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Socialisation of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">Socialist market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist economics">Anarchist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income" title="Universal basic income">Basic income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calculation_in_kind" title="Calculation in kind">Calculation in kind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equal opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association of producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor-time_calculation" title="Labor-time calculation">Labor-time calculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Organizational self-management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_for_use" title="Production for use">Production for use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">Public ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_dividend" title="Social dividend">Social dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialists" title="Category:Socialists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Tommaso Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Gracchus Babeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_d%27Hupay" title="Victor d'Hupay">Victor d'Hupay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably">Gabriel Bonnot de Mably</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Sylvain Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Gabriel_Morelly" title="Étienne-Gabriel Morelly">Étienne-Gabriel Morelly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Stephen Pearl Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Goodwyn_Barmby" title="John Goodwyn Barmby">John Goodwyn Barmby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Barone" title="Enrico Barone">Enrico Barone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">August Bebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bellamy" title="Edward Bellamy">Edward Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Eduard Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Louis Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Blanqui" title="Louis Auguste Blanqui">Louis Auguste Blanqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Buchez" title="Philippe Buchez">Philippe Buchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BCchner" title="Georg Büchner">Georg Büchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Buonarroti" title="Philippe Buonarroti">Philippe Buonarroti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Largo_Caballero" title="Francisco Largo Caballero">Francisco Largo Caballero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Cabet" title="Étienne Cabet">Étienne Cabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carpenter" title="Edward Carpenter">Edward Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Chernyshevsky" title="Nikolay Chernyshevsky">Nikolay Chernyshevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">James Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Prosper_Considerant" title="Victor Prosper Considerant">Victor Prosper Considerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_D%C3%A9mar" title="Claire Démar">Claire Démar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_D%C3%A9zamy" title="Théodore Dézamy">Théodore Dézamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy-Prosper_Enfantin" title="Barthélemy-Prosper Enfantin">Prosper Enfantin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Charles Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Batchelder_Greene" title="William Batchelder Greene">William Batchelder Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hall_(economist)" title="Charles Hall (economist)">Charles Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Herzen" title="Alexander Herzen">Alexander Herzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgskin" title="Thomas Hodgskin">Thomas Hodgskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès">Jean Jaurès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Mother Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Karl Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lafargue" title="Paul Lafargue">Paul Lafargue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Ferdinand Lassalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Lavrov" title="Pyotr Lavrov">Pyotr Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Auguste_Ledru-Rollin" title="Alexandre Auguste Ledru-Rollin">Alexandre Ledru-Rollin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Leroux" title="Pierre Leroux">Pierre Leroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Macfarlane" title="Helen Macfarlane">Helen Macfarlane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Errico Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Louise Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Mikhaylovsky" title="Nikolay Mikhaylovsky">Nikolay Mikhaylovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Antonie Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pascoli" title="Giovanni Pascoli">Giovanni Pascoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Pecqueur" title="Constantin Pecqueur">Constantin Pecqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Georgi Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Emilio_Recabarren" title="Luis Emilio Recabarren">Luis Emilio Recabarren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Henri de Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Saltykov-Shchedrin" title="Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin">Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sand" title="George Sand">George Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Schulz" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz">Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Sue" title="Eugène Sue">Eugène Sue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Taylor" title="Fred M. Taylor">Fred M. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Thompson_(philosopher)" title="William Thompson (philosopher)">William Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Tkachev" title="Pyotr Tkachev">Pyotr Tkachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Voilquin" title="Suzanne Voilquin">Suzanne Voilquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Josiah Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Weitling" title="Wilhelm Weitling">Wilhelm Weitling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Tariq Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Salvador Allende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inejir%C5%8D_Asanuma" title="Inejirō Asanuma">Inejirō Asanuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aung_San" title="Aung San">Aung San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Barbusse" title="Henri Barbusse">Henri Barbusse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Jyoti Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Tony Benn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Léon Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Lee_Boggs" title="Grace Lee Boggs">Grace Lee Boggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Cornelius Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">G. D. H. Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Jeremy Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Marcel Déat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faiz_Ahmad_Faiz" title="Faiz Ahmad Faiz">Faiz Ahmad Faiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen" title="Einar Gerhardsen">Einar Gerhardsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Maxim Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safdar_Hashmi" title="Safdar Hashmi">Safdar Hashmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Eric Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolores_Ib%C3%A1rruri" title="Dolores Ibárruri">Dolores Ibárruri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Iglesias_Posse" title="Pablo Iglesias Posse">Pablo Iglesias Posse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan" title="Jayaprakash Narayan">Jayaprakash Narayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Jacoby" title="Russell Jacoby">Russell Jacoby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Jong-il">Kim Jong-il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Alexandra Kollontai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Larkin" title="James Larkin">James Larkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._M._S._Namboodiripad" title="E. M. S. Namboodiripad">E. M. S. Namboodiripad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Jack Layton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Henri Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lefort" title="Claude Lefort">Claude Lefort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">György Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun">Lu Xun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Nestor Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carlos_Mari%C3%A1tegui" title="José Carlos Mariátegui">José Carlos Mariátegui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Marquet" title="Adrien Marquet">Adrien Marquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Dun" title="Mao Dun">Mao Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salama_Moussa" title="Salama Moussa">Salama Moussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">Imre Nagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Niekisch" title="Ernst Niekisch">Ernst Niekisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ne_Win" title="Ne Win">Ne Win</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Sylvia Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Paterson" title="Fred Paterson">Fred Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Renaudel" title="Pierre Renaudel">Pierre Renaudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._T._Ranadive" title="B. T. Ranadive">B. T. Ranadive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Salvemini" title="Gaetano Salvemini">Gaetano Salvemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Scargill" title="Arthur Scargill">Arthur Scargill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Léopold Sédar Senghor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._H._Tawney" title="R. H. Tawney">R. H. Tawney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">E. P. Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Ernst Toller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Manohar_Lohia" title="Ram Manohar Lohia">Ram Manohar Lohia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">Cornel West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Zetkin" title="Clara Zetkin">Clara Zetkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Howard Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Posadas" title="J. Posadas">J. Posadas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Castillo" title="Pedro Castillo">Pedro Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Crow" title="Bob Crow">Bob Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemal_K%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7daro%C4%9Flu" title="Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu">Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lula_da_Silva" class="mw-redirect" title="Lula da Silva">Lula da Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Evo Morales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanis_Varoufakis" title="Yanis Varoufakis">Yanis Varoufakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaush" title="Vaush">Vaush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_organizations" title="Category:Socialist organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_socialist_organizations" title="Category:International socialist organizations">International socialist organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_parties" title="Category:Socialist parties">Socialist parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_calculation_problem" title="Economic calculation problem">Economic calculation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Marxist philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Left" title="Old Left">Old Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism_by_state" title="Template:Socialism by state">Socialism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_calculation_debate" title="Socialist calculation debate">Socialist calculation debate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialism" title="Category:Socialism">Categories</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Socialism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Socialism">Socialism WikiProject</a></b></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syndicalism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/16px-Syndicalism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/24px-Syndicalism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/32px-Syndicalism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="530" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Organized_Labour" title="Portal:Organized Labour">Organized Labour portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133132#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133132#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133132#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000089824479">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/131012411">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4044668-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82047787">United States</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85098061">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12066567s">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12066567s">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36591751">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pařížská komuna (Francie : 1871)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph138357&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000056183&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/26430">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007259917405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028932498">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&oldid=1259082454">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&oldid=1259082454</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Paris_Commune" title="Category:Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1870s_in_Paris" title="Category:1870s in Paris">1870s in Paris</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1871_establishments_in_France" title="Category:1871 establishments in France">1871 establishments in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1871_disestablishments_in_France" title="Category:1871 disestablishments in France">1871 disestablishments in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1871_riots" title="Category:1871 riots">1871 riots</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_revolutions" title="Category:19th-century revolutions">19th-century revolutions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchism_in_France" title="Category:Anarchism in France">Anarchism in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_uprisings" title="Category:Anarchist uprisings">Anarchist uprisings</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communism_in_France" title="Category:Communism in France">Communism in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communist_revolutions" title="Category:Communist revolutions">Communist revolutions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-clericalism" title="Category:Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Far-left_politics_in_France" title="Category:Far-left politics in France">Far-left politics in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Left-wing_populism_in_France" title="Category:Left-wing populism in France">Left-wing populism in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:May_1871_events" title="Category:May 1871 events">May 1871 events</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Riots_and_civil_disorder_in_France" title="Category:Riots and civil disorder in France">Riots and civil disorder in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sieges_involving_France" title="Category:Sieges involving France">Sieges involving France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialism_in_France" title="Category:Socialism in France">Socialism in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1871" title="Category:States and territories established in 1871">States and territories established in 1871</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_disestablished_in_1871" title="Category:States and territories disestablished in 1871">States and territories disestablished in 1871</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rebellions_in_France" title="Category:Rebellions in France">Rebellions in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Revolutionary_communes" title="Category:Revolutionary communes">Revolutionary communes</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_text_from_the_1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica">Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2015" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2015">Use dmy dates from March 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_French_IPA" title="Category:Pages with French IPA">Pages with French IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Polish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Polish-language text">Articles containing Polish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Russian-language text">Articles containing Russian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Norwegian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Norwegian-language text">Articles containing Norwegian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Italian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Italian-language text">Articles containing Italian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:Articles with German-language sources (de)">Articles with German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons link is on Wikidata">Commons link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 November 2024, at 07:13<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-qr4c8","wgBackendResponseTime":166,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.777","walltime":"3.160","ppvisitednodes":{"value":16648,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":467456,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":16337,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":19,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":361165,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2470.167 1 -total"," 22.55% 557.073 16 Template:Navbox"," 20.08% 496.091 1 Template:Reflist"," 16.11% 397.964 1 Template:Anarchism"," 15.26% 377.006 9 Template:Excerpt"," 14.56% 359.723 97 Template:Sfn"," 11.30% 279.024 1 Template:Infobox_military_conflict"," 10.91% 269.514 46 Template:Cite_book"," 5.21% 128.708 2 Template:Langx"," 4.06% 100.198 1 Template:Campaignbox_Paris_Commune"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.648","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20953268,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAldrichConnell2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnderson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAudin2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAvrich1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBury2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCai蔡翔2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConman2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_la_Croix_de_Castries1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwards1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEichner2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGluckstein2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuiral1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarding2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorne2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLenin2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLidsky1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLissagaray2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLissagaray2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarch1896\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMerriman2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMilner2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilza2009a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilza2009b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorrisMurphy2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPerny1871\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPilbeam2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlessis1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiat1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobb2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRougerie2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRougerie2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRusso2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchofield2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShort2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSison2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTombs2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVock2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaldersee2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodcock1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWu2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZdrada1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Jode2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFdu_Camp1881\"] = 1,\n [\"bloody_week\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Age in months, weeks and days\"] = 1,\n [\"Anarchism\"] = 1,\n [\"Anarcho-communism\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 3,\n [\"Campaignbox Paris Commune\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 46,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 6,\n [\"Columns-list\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Communism\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Endplainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 2,\n [\"Flagicon image\"] = 3,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"France topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 2,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 10,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox military conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlanguage link\"] = 3,\n [\"KIA\"] = 2,\n [\"Lang\"] = 57,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Libertarian socialism navbox\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 2,\n [\"Paris Commune\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 97,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sic\"] = 1,\n [\"Socialism\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 11,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","420","22.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","300","16.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","220","12.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","220","12.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","140","7.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","4.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","80","4.3"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","40","2.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityId","40","2.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","40","2.2"],["[others]","260","14.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-qvkwc","timestamp":"20241124161141","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Paris Commune","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paris_Commune","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q133132","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q133132","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-06-24T05:36:56Z","dateModified":"2024-11-23T07:13:13Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f5\/Barricade18March1871.jpg","headline":"Revolutionary city council of Paris in 1871"}</script> </body> </html>