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number and nature of the mechanisms are still controversial. Appeals to monkey neurophysiology are often used to sort out the competing claims and to test hypotheses arising from the experiments in humans, but psychophysical chromatic mechanisms have never been assessed in monkeys. Here we address this issue by measuring color-detection thresholds in monkeys before and after chromatic adaptation, employing a standard approach used to determine chromatic mechanisms in humans. We conducted separate experiments using adaptation configured as either flickering full-field colors or heterochromatic gratings. Full-field colors would favor activity within the visual system at or before the arrival of retinal signals to V1, before the spatialtransformationofcolorsignalsbythecortex.Conversely,gratingswouldfavoractivitywithinthecortexwhereneuronsareoftensensitive tospatialchromaticstructure.Detectionthresholdswereselectivelyelevatedforthecolorsoffull-fieldadaptationwhenitmodulatedalongeither of the two cardinal chromatic axes that define cone-opponent color space [L vs M or S vs (L ϩ M)], providing evidence for two privileged cardinal chromatic mechanisms implemented early in the visual-processing hierarchy. Adaptation with gratings produced elevated thresholds for colors of the adaptation regardless of its chromatic makeup, suggesting a cortical representation comprised of multiple higher-order mechanisms each selective for a different direction in color space. The results suggest that color is represented by two cardinal channels early in the processing hierarchy and many chromatic channels in brain regions closer to perceptual readout.","publication_date":"2012,,","publication_name":"Journal of Neuroscience","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"72068118"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Psychophysical Chromatic Mechanisms in Macaque Monkey","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [20840822]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div 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PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Psychophysical Chromatic Mechanisms in Macaque Monkey</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="20840822" href="https://wellesley.academia.edu/RosaLaferSousa"><img alt="Profile image of Rosa Lafer-Sousa" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/20840822/7970921/8928423/s65_rosa.lafer-sousa.jpg" />Rosa Lafer-Sousa</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2012, Journal of Neuroscience</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" 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data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="12638623" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12638623/Coding_of_Colour_in_Human_Visual_Cortex">Coding of Colour in Human Visual Cortex.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31611829" href="https://optusnet.academia.edu/ErinGoddard">Erin Goddard</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">PhD Dissertation, 2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" 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js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/93193265/Representation_of_Perceptual_Color_Space_in_Macaque_Posterior_Inferior_Temporal_Cortex_the_V4_Complex_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="12638582" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12638582/Combination_of_Subcortical_Color_Channels_in_Human_Visual_Cortex">Combination of Subcortical Color Channels in Human Visual Cortex</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31611829" href="https://optusnet.academia.edu/ErinGoddard">Erin Goddard</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Vision, 2010</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Mechanisms of color vision in cortex have not been as well characterized as those in sub-cortical areas, particularly in humans. We used fMRI in conjunction with univariate and multivariate (pattern) analysis to test for the initial transformation of sub-cortical inputs by human visual cortex. Subjects viewed each of two patterns modulating in color between orange- cyan or lime-magenta. We tested for higher order cortical representations of color capable of discriminating these stimuli, which were designed so that they could not be distinguished by the postulated L–M and S–(L + M) sub-cortical opponent channels. We found differences both in the average response and in the pattern of activity evoked by these two types of stimuli, across a range of early visual areas. This result implies that sub-cortical chromatic channels are recombined early in cortical processing to form novel representations of color. Our results also suggest a cortical bias for lime-magenta over orange-cyan stimuli, when they are matched for cone contrast and the response they would elicit in the L–M and S–(L + M) opponent channels.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Combination of Subcortical Color Channels in Human Visual Cortex","attachmentId":37755915,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12638582/Combination_of_Subcortical_Color_Channels_in_Human_Visual_Cortex","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/12638582/Combination_of_Subcortical_Color_Channels_in_Human_Visual_Cortex"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="18730356" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18730356/Neurobiological_hypothesis_of_color_appearance_and_hue_perception">Neurobiological hypothesis of color appearance and hue perception</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38795542" href="https://washington.academia.edu/JayNeitz">Jay Neitz</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Neurobiological hypothesis of color appearance and hue perception","attachmentId":40223647,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/18730356/Neurobiological_hypothesis_of_color_appearance_and_hue_perception","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/18730356/Neurobiological_hypothesis_of_color_appearance_and_hue_perception"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="101898301" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/101898301/Specializations_for_Chromatic_and_Temporal_Signals_in_Human_Visual_Cortex">Specializations for Chromatic and Temporal Signals in Human Visual Cortex</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9241526" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BrianWandell">Brian Wandell</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Journal of Neuroscience, 2005</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Neurological case studies and qualitative measurements suggest that regions within human extrastriate cortex are specialized for different perceptual functions, including color. However, there are few quantitative measurements of human extrastriate color specializations. We studied the chromatic and temporal responses in several different clusters of human visual field maps using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Contrast response functions were measured for luminance [(L + M)-cone], red-green [(L - M)-cone] and blue-yellow (S-cone) modulations at various temporal frequencies. In primary visual cortex (V1), temporal responsivities to luminance and red-green modulations are approximately constant up to 10 Hz, but responsivities to blue-yellow modulations decrease significantly. In ventral occipital cortex (VO), all colors elicit strong responses, and, for each color, low temporal frequency modulations are more effective than high temporal frequency modulations. Hence, VO represe...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Specializations for Chromatic and Temporal Signals in Human Visual Cortex","attachmentId":102311222,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/101898301/Specializations_for_Chromatic_and_Temporal_Signals_in_Human_Visual_Cortex","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/101898301/Specializations_for_Chromatic_and_Temporal_Signals_in_Human_Visual_Cortex"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="56817607" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/56817607/Colour_coding_in_the_cerebral_cortex_The_reaction_of_cells_in_monkey_visual_cortex_to_wavelengths_and_colours">Colour coding in the cerebral cortex: The reaction of cells in monkey visual cortex to wavelengths and colours</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35004922" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SemirZeki">Semir Zeki</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Neuroscience, 1983</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Colour coding in the cerebral cortex: The reaction of cells in monkey visual cortex to wavelengths and colours","attachmentId":72017513,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/56817607/Colour_coding_in_the_cerebral_cortex_The_reaction_of_cells_in_monkey_visual_cortex_to_wavelengths_and_colours","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/56817607/Colour_coding_in_the_cerebral_cortex_The_reaction_of_cells_in_monkey_visual_cortex_to_wavelengths_and_colours"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="79207753" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/79207753/Chromatic_information_processing">Chromatic information processing</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="54726732" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JoelPokorny">Joel Pokorny</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1979</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Chromatic information processing","attachmentId":86000305,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/79207753/Chromatic_information_processing","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/79207753/Chromatic_information_processing"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="53739274" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/53739274/The_coding_of_uniform_colour_figures_in_monkey_visual_cortex">The coding of uniform colour figures in monkey visual cortex</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="99283352" href="https://johnshopkins.academia.edu/RUDIGERVONDERHEYDT">RUDIGER VONDERHEYDT</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Journal of Physiology, 2003</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The coding of uniform colour figures in monkey visual cortex","attachmentId":70440800,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/53739274/The_coding_of_uniform_colour_figures_in_monkey_visual_cortex","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/53739274/The_coding_of_uniform_colour_figures_in_monkey_visual_cortex"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="56916863" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/56916863/Color_detection_thresholds_in_rhesus_macaque_monkeys_and_humans">Color-detection thresholds in rhesus macaque monkeys and humans</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="20840822" href="https://wellesley.academia.edu/RosaLaferSousa">Rosa Lafer-Sousa</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of vision, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Macaque monkeys are a model of human color vision. To facilitate linking physiology in monkeys with psychophysics in humans, we directly compared color-detection thresholds in humans and rhesus monkeys. Colors were defined by an equiluminant plane of cone-opponent color space. All subjects were tested on an identical apparatus with a four-alternative forced-choice task. Targets were 2° square, centered 2° from fixation, embedded in luminance noise. Across all subjects, the change in detection thresholds from initial testing to plateau performance (“learning”) was similar for +L − M (red) colors and +M − L (bluish-green) colors. But the extent of learning was higher for +S (lavender) than for −S (yellow-lime); moreover, at plateau performance, the cone contrast at the detection threshold was higher for +S than for −S. These asymmetries may reflect differences in retinal circuitry for S-ON and S-OFF. At plateau performance, the two species also had similar detection thresholds for all...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Color-detection thresholds in rhesus macaque monkeys and humans","attachmentId":72068114,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/56916863/Color_detection_thresholds_in_rhesus_macaque_monkeys_and_humans","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/56916863/Color_detection_thresholds_in_rhesus_macaque_monkeys_and_humans"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":72068118,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":72068118,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_72068118" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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href="https://www.academia.edu/7216126/Evidence_for_separate_pathways_for_color_and_luminance_detection_mechanisms">Evidence for separate pathways for color and luminance detection mechanisms</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="12529078" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MariaLosada">Maria Losada</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of The Optical Society of America A-optics Image Science and Vision, 1994</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Evidence for separate pathways for color and luminance detection 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data-collection-position="17" data-entity-id="16521928" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16521928/Computational_neuroimaging_Color_signals_in_the_visual_pathways">Computational neuroimaging: Color signals in the visual pathways</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35770872" href="https://uci.academia.edu/AlyssaBrewer">Alyssa Brewer</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2006</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Computational neuroimaging: Color signals in the visual 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href="https://www.academia.edu/3383611/Color_contrast_processing_in_human_striate_cortex">Color contrast processing in human striate cortex</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3933521" href="https://durham.academia.edu/BobKentridge">Bob Kentridge</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences, 2007</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Color contrast processing in human striate cortex","attachmentId":50306485,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3383611/Color_contrast_processing_in_human_striate_cortex","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span 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data-author-id="38795542" href="https://washington.academia.edu/JayNeitz">Jay Neitz</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Neuron, 2002</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Color Perception Is Mediated by a Plastic Neural Mechanism that Is Adjustable in Adults","attachmentId":40223642,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/18730395/Color_Perception_Is_Mediated_by_a_Plastic_Neural_Mechanism_that_Is_Adjustable_in_Adults","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" 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