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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varna_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varna_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Varna status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Varna_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanskritisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanskritisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sanskritisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanskritisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Political influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socio-economic_condition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socio-economic_condition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Socio-economic condition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socio-economic_condition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_in_other_fields" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_in_other_fields"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Influence in other fields</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_in_other_fields-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Customs_and_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-protected"><img alt="Extended-protected article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Caste of India</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Bhumihar</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Majaraja_of_Benares_and_Suite,_1870s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Majaraja_of_Benares_and_Suite%2C_1870s.jpg/220px-Majaraja_of_Benares_and_Suite%2C_1870s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Majaraja_of_Benares_and_Suite%2C_1870s.jpg/330px-Majaraja_of_Benares_and_Suite%2C_1870s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Majaraja_of_Benares_and_Suite%2C_1870s.jpg/440px-Majaraja_of_Benares_and_Suite%2C_1870s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="500" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Benares_State" title="Benares State">Benares State</a> in 1870s, one of the both notable Bhumihar rulers</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">East India</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,750,886 (2.87% of population of Bihar.)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kumar05_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar05-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a>, Magadhi, <a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angika" title="Angika">Angika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bajjika_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajjika dialect">Bajjika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bundeli" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundeli">Bundeli</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bhumihar</b>, also locally called <b>Bhuinhar</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <b>Babhan<sup id="cite_ref-Ravindra2012_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ravindra2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_caste_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian caste system">caste</a> mainly found in <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Mithila_(region)" title="Mithila (region)">Mithila</a> region),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Purvanchal" title="Purvanchal">Purvanchal</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bundelkhand" title="Bundelkhand">Bundelkhand</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They have traditionally been a land-owning group of eastern India, and controlled some small <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zamindari" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamindari">zamindari</a> estates in the region in the early 20th century. They played an important role in the <a href="/wiki/Peasant_movement" title="Peasant movement">peasant movements</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bihar" title="Politics of Bihar">politics of Bihar</a>. They claim <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> status, although their <i><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">varna</a></i> has been subject to much debate.<sup id="cite_ref-Arvind1982_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arvind1982-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The word <i>bhūmihār</i> is of relatively recent origin, first used in the records of <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh" title="United Provinces of Agra and Oudh">United Provinces of Agra and Oudh</a> in 1865. It derives from the words <i>bhūmi</i> ("land") and <i>hāra</i> ("one who seizes or confiscates"),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> referring to the caste's landowner status. The term <i>Bhumihar Brahmin</i> was adopted by the community in the late 19th century to emphasise their claim of belonging to the priestly <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> class.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashwani2008_125_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashwani2008_125-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The alternate name <i>Babhan</i> has been described as an <a href="/wiki/Apabhramsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Apabhramsha">apabhramsha</a> for <i>brāhmaṇ</i> (Brahmin).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>As with many castes in India, there are numerous <a href="/wiki/Myth_of_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Myth of origin">myths regarding the origins</a> of the Bhumihar community. One legend states that they are the offspring of a union between <a href="/wiki/Rajputs_in_Bihar" title="Rajputs in Bihar">Rajput</a> men and Brahmin women, while according to another, they derive from <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>-<a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhists</a> who lost their high position in Hindu society. The Bhumihars themselves dislike these narratives involving "hybridity" or "fallen status", and claim to be pure Brahmins.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashwani2008_125_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashwani2008_125-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another legend states that they are the descendants of the sixth <a href="/wiki/Incarnations_of_Vishnu" class="mw-redirect" title="Incarnations of Vishnu">incarnation of Vishnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parashurama" title="Parashurama">Parashurama</a>. As Parashurama was a Brahmin who carried out <a href="/wiki/Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Warfare">warfare</a> like a <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a>, Bhumihars thus claim the traits of both the <a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">varnas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 16th century, the Bhumihars controlled vast stretches of land in eastern India, particularly in north Bihar. By the late eighteenth century, along with <a href="/wiki/Rajputs_in_Bihar" title="Rajputs in Bihar">Bihari Rajputs</a>, they had established themselves as the most prominent landholders of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Anand1998_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anand1998-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oral legends suggest that along with Muslims and Rajputs, they displaced the <a href="/wiki/Bhar" title="Bhar">Bhar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chero_dynasty" title="Chero dynasty">Chero</a> natives of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Anand1989_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anand1989-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The weakening of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> suzerainty over the region gave rise to several small Bhumihar states. For example, the revenue contractors for the Mughal province of <a href="/wiki/Awadh" title="Awadh">Awadh</a> declared themselves the <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a> of <a href="/wiki/Benares_State" title="Benares State">Benares</a>. They successfully defended their independence against the <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Awadh" title="Nawab of Awadh">Nawab of Awadh</a> in the 1750s and 1760s, before becoming a British dependency.<sup id="cite_ref-CABayly1988_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CABayly1988-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zamindari" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamindari">fiefdoms</a> ruled by Bhumihars included <a href="/wiki/Bettiah_Raj" title="Bettiah Raj">Bettia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tekari_Raj" title="Tekari Raj">Tekari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hathwa_Raj" title="Hathwa Raj">Hathwa</a>, Tamukhi, <a href="/wiki/Sheohar" title="Sheohar">Sheohar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahishadal" title="Mahishadal">Mahishadal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakur" title="Pakur">Pakur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maheshpur_Raj" title="Maheshpur Raj">Maheshpur</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The distinctive Bhumihar caste <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_identity_development" title="Ethnic identity development">identity</a> was largely created through military service.<sup id="cite_ref-Susan2001_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susan2001-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the early days of <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">British expansion</a> in India, Bhumihars under <a href="/wiki/Maharaja_Chait_Singh" title="Maharaja Chait Singh">Raja of Banaras, Cheyt Singh</a> participated in revolts against the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pradeep2005_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pradeep2005-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his defeat, the Company started recruiting Bhumihar <a href="/wiki/Sepoy" title="Sepoy">sepoys</a> in large numbers until the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaushik2004_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaushik2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)"> post independence India</a>, according to author Rumela Sen, the majority of upper caste households, including those of Bhumihars, had landholdings of sufficient size to qualify them as "middle peasants". Though there existed few large landholders amongst them, the vast majority had economic status similar to middle peasants of <a href="/wiki/Koeri" title="Koeri">Koeri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurmi" title="Kurmi">Kurmi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Yadav" title="Yadav">Yadav</a> caste.<sup id="cite_ref-Sen_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sen-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The general categorisation of all the Bhumihars being landlords is thus not a factually correct idea, as in urban areas latter were found to be engaged in variety of occupation. The upper crust among Bhumihars in urban areas were professionals and bureaucrats but many of them also worked as <a href="/wiki/Factory_worker" class="mw-redirect" title="Factory worker">factory workers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coal_miner" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal miner">coal miners</a> and even load carriers (<i>Mazdoors</i> or the labourers).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varna_status">Varna status</h2></div> <p>Among various narratives regarding their origin, composition and varna status, one states that there is an element of a low caste tribe called "Bhuyans" who gained land and assimilated with the Bhumihars.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many communities do not give them the ritual status of priestly Brahmins, as most of them were cultivators during the British Raj.<sup id="cite_ref-Arvind1982_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arvind1982-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the early censuses of British India categorised Bhumihars of Bihar as <a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudras</a>, the lowest of the four <a href="/wiki/Varna_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Varna in Hinduism">varnas</a>. This was considered insulting, especially since several <a href="/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar">zamindars</a> (land-owning aristocrats) were Bhumihars.<sup id="cite_ref-Jeffrey2013_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeffrey2013-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the Brahmans or Rajputs, the Bhumihars did not participate in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">rebellion against British rule in India</a> in 1857, but to their dismay, they were classified as belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">third <i>varna</i></a> in the ad-hoc census of 1865 and the regular census of 1881.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sanskritisation">Sanskritisation</h2></div> <p>Like many other castes, the Bhumihars followed the process of <a href="/wiki/Sanskritisation" title="Sanskritisation">sanskritisation</a> to achieve their end. The Bhumihar zamindars and princely state rulers established caste-based associations (<i>sabha</i>s) to form a community network and to advance their claims to Brahmin status. The <i>Pradhan Bhumihar Brahman Sabha</i> ("Chief Assembly of Bhumihar Brahmins") was established in <a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a> in 1889. Its objective was "to improve moral, social and educational reforms of the community and to represent the wants of the community to the government".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bhumihar Brahmin Mahasabha ("great assembly") was established in 1896.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The local <i>Bhumihar Brahmin Sabha</i>s included the ones at <a href="/wiki/Muzaffarpur" title="Muzaffarpur">Muzaffarpur</a> (1899), Patna (1899), <a href="/wiki/Gaya,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaya, India">Gaya</a> (1900) and Saran (1908).<sup id="cite_ref-Ashwini2008_210_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashwini2008_210-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These associations made numerous petitions to be classified as Brahmins in the <a href="/wiki/Census_of_India_prior_to_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Census of India prior to independence">1901 census report</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-William1996_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William1996-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Persistent pressure from the Mahasabha, who glorified the history of the community, led to official recognition of the Bhumihars as Brahmins in the later Raj censuses. According to Ashwani Kumar, the Bhumihar claim to Brahmin status means that today "unlike other upper castes, [they] guard the local caste hierarchy more zealously for they perpetually feel the pressure of being dislocated and discredited in the topsy-turvy world of caste."<sup id="cite_ref-Ashwani2008_125_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashwani2008_125-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides campaigning for the Brahmin status, the caste associations also played an important role in ensuring the general welfare of the community. In 1899, the Bhumihar Brahmin Mahasabha, with financial aid from a zamindar, established a college at Muzaffarpur. This was accredited to award degrees in the following year and it was a significant development because education in the area was improving rapidly but students desirous of furthering it had to travel to <a href="/wiki/Bhagalpur" title="Bhagalpur">Bhagalpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a> or Patna. By 1920, 10 per cent of Bhumihars in Bihar were literate, making them one of the few literate castes; in this achievement, however, they were well behind the <a href="/wiki/Kayastha" title="Kayastha">Kayasthas</a> (33 per cent) and some other groups.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first half of the 20th century, the Bhumihars suffered increasing economic hardships due to the steady fragmentation of land rights amongst heirs and the decline in agricultural prices during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_India" title="Great Depression in India">Great Depression</a>. During this period, the Bhumihar associations served as community networks that facilitated access to English education and urban employment.<sup id="cite_ref-Jeffrey2013_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeffrey2013-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with the Rajputs, Kayasthas and other high castes of Bihar – and as opposed to the methods used by most lower castes – neither the Mahasabha nor any other formal body exercised power to make and enforce caste rules.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bhumihar Brahmin Mahasabha held annual sessions in different parts of present-day Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Among its prominent leaders was <a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a>, a leader of the Bhumihar Brahmin Sabha of Patna. During the Balia session of 1914, Sahajanand defended the Brahmin status of the Bhumihars, using quotes from Hindu scriptures to argue that priestly functions do not alone define Brahmins. In 1916, he published a book titled <i>Bhumihar Brahmin Parichay</i> ("Introduction to Bhumihar Brahmins"), which outlined these arguments. He classified Brahmins into two categories – begging (<i>yachak</i>) and non-begging (<i>ayachak</i>) – and stated that the Bhumihars were among the non-begging Brahmins. The Bhumihars of <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> attempted to popularise the term "Bhumihar Brahmin", while discarding the term "Babhan". However, the term "Babhan" remained popular in Bihar.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashwini2008_210_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashwini2008_210-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The recognised Brahmins did not favour the Bhumihar attempts to claim an equal status, and even stopped going to Bhumihar homes to perform ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinha1991_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinha1991-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_influence">Political influence</h2></div> <p>The Bhumihars were influential in the politics of Bihar since the British days upto earlier decades of post independence India. Noted Bhumihar princely state rulers included <a href="/wiki/Harendra_Kishore_Singh" title="Harendra Kishore Singh">Harendra Kishore Singh</a> (Raja of <a href="/wiki/Bettiah_Raj" title="Bettiah Raj">Bettiah</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Vibhuti_Narayan_Singh" title="Vibhuti Narayan Singh">Vibhuti Narayan Singh</a> (Raja of the <a href="/wiki/Benares_State" title="Benares State">Benares</a>). However, in the latter years, the <a href="/wiki/Other_Backward_Class" title="Other Backward Class">OBC</a> consolidation in the state of Bihar led the dominant OBC castes like the <a href="/wiki/Koeri" title="Koeri">Koeri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurmi" title="Kurmi">Kurmi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yadav" title="Yadav">Yadav</a> to take lead in acquisition of political power; they replaced the upper castes, the Bhumihars, <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajputs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kayastha" title="Kayastha">Kayastha</a> in the political circle. By 1990s, there emerged two political blocs in the state, led by <a href="/wiki/Lalu_Prasad_Yadav" title="Lalu Prasad Yadav">Lalu Prasad Yadav</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitish_Kumar" title="Nitish Kumar">Nitish Kumar</a> respectively, which represented these three castes.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bhumihars have also played a pioneering role in organising <a href="/wiki/Peasant_movement" title="Peasant movement">peasant</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_parties_in_India" title="List of communist parties in India">leftist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">independence</a> movements since the 1910s.<sup id="cite_ref-ToI2004_eye_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ToI2004_eye-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1914 and 1916, the Bhumihars of Pipra and Turkaulia revolted against <a href="/wiki/Indigo_revolt" title="Indigo revolt">indigo cultivation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Judith1974_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judith1974-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> launched a <a href="/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha" title="Champaran Satyagraha">satyagraha</a> against indigo cultivation in <a href="/wiki/Motihari" title="Motihari">Motihari</a> in 1917, a number of Bhumihar intellectuals joined the protest. These included <a href="/wiki/Shri_Krishna_Singh_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shri Krishna Singh (politician)">Shri Krishna Singh</a> (or Sinha), Ram Dayalu Singh, Ramnandan Mishra, Shilbhadra Yaji, <a href="/wiki/Karyanand_Sharma" title="Karyanand Sharma">Karyanand Sharma</a> and Sahajanand Saraswati.<sup id="cite_ref-ET2004_poster_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ET2004_poster-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While a section of Bhumihars were landowners, the vast majority belonged to <a href="/wiki/Tenantry" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenantry">tenantry</a>. Starting in 1914, two factions emerged in the Bhumihar Mahasabha: the landowner-dominated faction led by <a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Dutt" title="Ganesh Dutt">Ganesh Dutt</a>, and the tenant-dominated faction led by Sahajanand Saraswati. Sahajanand came from a zamindar family, which had been reduced to tenant status. He attracted a large number of followers who, as tenants, were exploited by the rich landlords. His support for the <a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%9322)" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)">non-cooperation movement</a> also alarmed the landlords, who were loyal to the British colonial administration. The growing differences between the two factions resulted in a split in the Mahasabha, in 1925-26. Sahajanand established an ashram at <a href="/wiki/Bihta" title="Bihta">Bihta</a>, which started attracting tenants and peasants from other castes as well. When the rich Bhumihar landlords stopped supporting Sahajanand's activities, he declared that caste associations were a means to continue their supremacy.<sup id="cite_ref-Arvind1982_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arvind1982-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He established a caste-agnostic peasants movement, which later evolved into <a href="/wiki/All_India_Kisan_Sabha" title="All India Kisan Sabha">All India Kisan Sabha</a>. In Bihar, Kisan Sabha, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">Communist Party of India</a> (which was heavily inspired by Kisan Sabha), were identified as Bhumihar-dominated organisations for years.<sup id="cite_ref-Jeffrey2013_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeffrey2013-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Sahajanand gave up <a href="/wiki/Caste_politics_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Caste politics in India">caste politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Dutt" title="Ganesh Dutt">Ganesh Dutt</a> emerged as the leader of Bhumihar Mahasabha. He later entered the <a href="/wiki/Bihar_Legislative_Council" title="Bihar Legislative Council">Bihar Legislative Council</a>, and distributed patronage to other members of his caste. This patronage was extended further, when Shri Krishna Singh became the Premier and <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Bihar" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister of Bihar">Chief Minister of Bihar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sajjad2014_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sajjad2014-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His tenure saw the rise of a number of influential Bhumihar leaders including Mahesh Prasad Sinha, Krishnakant Singh, L. P. Shahi, Basawan Sinha, and <a href="/wiki/Kailashpati_Mishra" title="Kailashpati Mishra">Kailashpati Mishra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashwni2009_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashwni2009-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Singh also worked for the welfare of the lower castes. He was the first chief minister in India to abolish the zamindari system.<sup id="cite_ref-ToI2004_eye_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ToI2004_eye-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also led <a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalits</a>' entry into <a href="/wiki/Baidyanath_Temple" title="Baidyanath Temple">Baidyanath Temple</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar05_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar05-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Shri Krishna Singh's death in 1961, the Bhumihar political hegemony gradually declined. A small number of Bhumihar leaders continued to play a significant role in the state unit of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>. These included Ramashray Prasad Singh, Rajo Singh, Ramjatan Sinha, Shyam Sunder Singh Dhiraj and Maha Chandra Singh.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashwni2009_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashwni2009-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Congress parliamentarians <a href="/wiki/Ganga_Sharan_Singh_(Sinha)" title="Ganga Sharan Singh (Sinha)">Ganga Sharan Singh (Sinha)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shyam_Nandan_Prasad_Mishra" title="Shyam Nandan Prasad Mishra">Shyam Nandan Prasad Mishra</a> also belonged to the Bhumihar community.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinha2003_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinha2003-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ET2004_poster_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ET2004_poster-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bhumihar influence in Bihar politics declined considerably after the electoral defeat of Congress in the <a href="/wiki/1990_Bihar_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election">1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election</a>. The backward <a href="/wiki/Other_Backward_Class" title="Other Backward Class">OBC</a> castes like <a href="/wiki/Yadav" title="Yadav">Yadav</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Lalu_Prasad_Yadav" title="Lalu Prasad Yadav">Lalu Prasad Yadav</a>, replaced them in political circles. In the <a href="/wiki/1999_Indian_general_election" title="1999 Indian general election">1999 Indian general election</a>, only three Bhumihars were elected: <a href="/wiki/C._P._Thakur" title="C. P. Thakur">C. P. Thakur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">BJP</a>), Kailashpati Mishra (BJP) and Rajo Singh (Congress). A few Bhumihar leaders also emerged in the political parties dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Other_Backward_Class" title="Other Backward Class">OBCs</a>. These included <a href="/wiki/Akhilesh_Prasad_Singh" title="Akhilesh Prasad Singh">Akhilesh Prasad Singh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Janata_Dal" title="Rashtriya Janata Dal">RJD</a>) and Arun Kumar (Samata Dal; now <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Lok_Samata_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtriya Lok Samata Party">Rashtriya Lok Samata Party</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Ashwni2009_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashwni2009-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As their power in electoral politics declined, a number of Bhumihars were attracted to <a href="/wiki/Ranvir_Sena" title="Ranvir Sena">Ranvir Sena</a>, a private militia established in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashwni2009_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashwni2009-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group has carried out armed attacks against the <a href="/wiki/Naxalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxalite">Naxals</a> in the region, and has been involved in committing atrocities against the lower castes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Laxmanpur_Bathe" class="mw-redirect" title="Laxmanpur Bathe">Laxmanpur Bathe</a> massacre.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ranvir Sena which employed Bhumihar youths emerged as the most feared caste force in Bihar. It was named after the 19th century chieftain, Ranvir Chaudhary, who became a cult figure among Bhumihars after taking on powerful <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> Zamindars.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently, <a href="/wiki/Kanhaiya_Kumar" title="Kanhaiya Kumar">Kanhaiya Kumar</a> is a notable example of a Bhumihar politician, currently serving as the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Congress_Committee" title="All India Congress Committee">All India Ccongress Committee</a> Incharge of the <a href="/wiki/National_Students%27_Union_of_India" title="National Students' Union of India">National Students' Union of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Socio-economic_condition">Socio-economic condition</h2></div> <p>In 2023, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bihar" title="Government of Bihar">Government of Bihar</a> published the data of <a href="/wiki/2022_Bihar_caste-based_survey" title="2022 Bihar caste-based survey">2022 Bihar caste-based survey</a>. The survey revealed several findings about the community. It showed that amongst the <a href="/wiki/Forward_Caste" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward Caste">Forward Castes</a> of Bihar, poverty was highest in Bhumihar caste. Out of total families of Bhumihars residing in state, 27.58% were poor (the community totally numbered 8,38,447 families, out of which 2,31,211 families were poor). The criteria for determining poverty was a sum of <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>6,000</span> (US$72) per month as family income.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_in_other_fields">Influence in other fields</h2></div> <p>Being one of the early literate groups of British India, the Bhumihar community produced several prominent literary figures. These include <a href="/wiki/Ramdhari_Singh_Dinkar" title="Ramdhari Singh Dinkar">Ramdhari Singh Dinkar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rahul_Sankrityayan" title="Rahul Sankrityayan">Rahul Sankrityayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rambriksh_Benipuri" title="Rambriksh Benipuri">Rambriksh Benipuri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gopal_Singh_Nepali" title="Gopal Singh Nepali">Gopal Singh Nepali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ET2004_poster_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ET2004_poster-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the field of journalism, <a href="/wiki/Ravish_Kumar" title="Ravish Kumar">Ravish Kumar</a> is notable example of a Bhumihar.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Customs_and_traditions">Customs and traditions</h2></div> <p>The Bhumihars follow a subset of the Brahmin rituals, and claim to be "tri-karma" Brahmins.<sup id="cite_ref-Ravindra2012_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ravindra2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Bhumihars in <a href="/wiki/Muzaffarpur" title="Muzaffarpur">Muzaffarpur</a> trace their lineage to <a href="/wiki/Husseini" title="Husseini">Husseini</a> Brahmins, and participate in the <a href="/wiki/Mourning_of_Muharram" title="Mourning of Muharram">Muharram processions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bhumihars outside Purvanchal-Bihar region may follow the respective local customs and traditions. For example, in Chandipur village of <a href="/wiki/Murshidabad_district" title="Murshidabad district">Murshidabad district</a> (<a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>), a section of Bhumihars became the landlords after death of the British <a href="/wiki/Indigo_revolt" title="Indigo revolt">indigo</a> plantation owners. They are now "thoroughly <a href="/wiki/Bengali_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali people">Bengali</a>": they worship <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a> as their primary deity, and are regarded as Brahmins by others in the village.<sup id="cite_ref-Ralph2003_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ralph2003-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_surnames">Common surnames</h2></div> <p>In Bihar, the Bhumihars started using the surname <a href="/wiki/Sharma" title="Sharma">Sharma</a> and the title <a href="/wiki/Pandit" title="Pandit">Pandit</a> in the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-NLGupta1974_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NLGupta1974-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other common traditional Brahmin surnames used by the Bhumihars include Mishra, Chaudhary, Dikshit, Tivan, Pathak, Pande and Upadhyaya.<sup id="cite_ref-Virendra1992_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Virendra1992-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also common for Bhumihars to affix <a href="/wiki/Singh" title="Singh">Singh</a> (usually identified with Kshatriyas, especially Rajputs) to their name.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Virendra1992_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Virendra1992-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharma" title="Sharma">Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushwaha_(surname)" title="Kushwaha (surname)">Kushwaha (surname)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singh" title="Singh">Singh</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/bihar-caste-census-data-8965210/">"What Bihar caste census data say"</a>. <i>Indian express</i>. 2 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002125434/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/bihar-caste-census-data-8965210/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cy6pAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA4"><i>Nation, Diaspora, Trans-nation: Reflections from India</i></a>. Routledge. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-70414-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-70414-7"><bdi>978-1-136-70414-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nation%2C+Diaspora%2C+Trans-nation%3A+Reflections+from+India&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-70414-7&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Ravindra+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcy6pAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJha1997" class="citation book cs1">Jha, Makhan (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC&pg=PA33"><i>Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective</i></a>. MD Publications. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788175330344" title="Special:BookSources/9788175330344"><bdi>9788175330344</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthropology+of+Ancient+Hindu+Kingdoms%3A+A+Study+in+Civilizational+Perspective&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=MD+Publications&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9788175330344&rft.aulast=Jha&rft.aufirst=Makhan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA0i94Z5C8HMC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNedumpara2004" class="citation book cs1">Nedumpara, Jose J. (January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pINgUv_hxcYC&pg=PA45"><i>Political Economy and Class Contradictions: A Study</i></a>. Anmol. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788126117185" title="Special:BookSources/9788126117185"><bdi>9788126117185</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Economy+and+Class+Contradictions%3A+A+Study&rft.pub=Anmol&rft.date=2004-01&rft.isbn=9788126117185&rft.aulast=Nedumpara&rft.aufirst=Jose+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpINgUv_hxcYC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arvind1982-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arvind1982_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arvind1982_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arvind1982_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDas1982" class="citation book cs1">Das, Arvind N. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GL_yRdwbQP8C&pg=PA51"><i>Agrarian Movements in India: Studies on 20th Century Bihar</i></a>. Psychology Press. pp. 51–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3216-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3216-2"><bdi>978-0-7146-3216-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agrarian+Movements+in+India%3A+Studies+on+20th+Century+Bihar&rft.pages=51-52&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-3216-2&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Arvind+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGL_yRdwbQP8C%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-apidev/servepdf.php?dict=MW&page=1289">"MW Cologne Scan"</a>. <i>www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210803164417/https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-apidev/servepdf.php?dict=MW&page=1289">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de&rft.atitle=MW+Cologne+Scan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de%2Fscans%2Fcsl-apidev%2Fservepdf.php%3Fdict%3DMW%26page%3D1289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashwani2008_125-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ashwani2008_125_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashwani2008_125_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashwani2008_125_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2008" class="citation book cs1">Kumar, Ashwani (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=num2I4NFGqIC&pg=PA125"><i>Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar</i></a>. Anthem Press. pp. 125–127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-709-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-709-8"><bdi>978-1-84331-709-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231109032322/https://books.google.com/books?id=num2I4NFGqIC&pg=PA125#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Community+Warriors%3A+State%2C+Peasants+and+Caste+Armies+in+Bihar&rft.pages=125-127&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84331-709-8&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Ashwani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnum2I4NFGqIC%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinhaSinha1967" class="citation journal cs1">Sinha, Gopal Sharan; Sinha, Ramesh Chandra (September 1967). "Exploration in Caste Stereotypes". <i>Social Forces</i>. <b>46</b> (1). University of North Carolina Press: 42–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fsf%2F46.1.42">10.1093/sf/46.1.42</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2575319">2575319</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Forces&rft.atitle=Exploration+in+Caste+Stereotypes&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=42-47&rft.date=1967-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fsf%2F46.1.42&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2575319%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sinha&rft.aufirst=Gopal+Sharan&rft.au=Sinha%2C+Ramesh+Chandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/samastipur/story-all-bhumihar-brahmins-are-descendants-of-parshuram-ashutosh-9145902.html">"सभी भूमिहार-ब्राह्मण परशुराम के वंशज: आशुतोष"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_(newspaper)" title="Hindustan (newspaper)">Hindustan</a></i>. 2 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%9C%3A+%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7&rft.date=2024-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livehindustan.com%2Fbihar%2Fsamastipur%2Fstory-all-bhumihar-brahmins-are-descendants-of-parshuram-ashutosh-9145902.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/bettiah/news/bhumihar-brahmin-unity-and-sanskar-forum-celebrated-parshuram-jayanti-133002843.html">"भूमिहार ब्राह्मण एकता व संस्कार मंच ने मनाई परशुराम जयंती"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dainik_Bhaskar" title="Dainik Bhaskar">Dainik Bhaskar</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dainik+Bhaskar&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhaskar.com%2Flocal%2Fbihar%2Fbettiah%2Fnews%2Fbhumihar-brahmin-unity-and-sanskar-forum-celebrated-parshuram-jayanti-133002843.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/begusarai/bihar-news-begusarai-loksabha-election-2024-giriraj-singh-seat-will-see-tough-fight/articleshow/109052154.cms">"Bihar Politics: बिहार में 'भगवान परशुराम वंशियों' के गढ़ में कड़ी फाइट, इस दफे फायरब्रांड के लिए आसान नहीं मैदान"</a>. <i>Navbharat Times</i> (in Hindi)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Navbharat+Times&rft.atitle=Bihar+Politics%3A+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82+%27%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%27+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%2C+%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F+%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnavbharattimes.indiatimes.com%2Fstate%2Fbihar%2Fbegusarai%2Fbihar-news-begusarai-loksabha-election-2024-giriraj-singh-seat-will-see-tough-fight%2Farticleshow%2F109052154.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jagran.com/bihar/muzaffarpur-bhumihar-brahmin-social-front-to-install-statue-of-lord-parashurama-in-muzaffarpur-21506793.html">"मुजफ्फरपुर में भगवान परशुराम की मूर्ति स्थापित करेगा भूमिहार ब्राह्मण सामाजिक फ्रंट - Bhumihar Brahmin Social Front to install statue of Lord Parashurama in Muzaffarpur"</a>. <i>Jagran</i> (in Hindi)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jagran&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F+-+Bhumihar+Brahmin+Social+Front+to+install+statue+of+Lord+Parashurama+in+Muzaffarpur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jagran.com%2Fbihar%2Fmuzaffarpur-bhumihar-brahmin-social-front-to-install-statue-of-lord-parashurama-in-muzaffarpur-21506793.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anand1998-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anand1998_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYang1998" class="citation book cs1">Yang, Anand A. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D5lQutvzAp4C&pg=PA139"><i>Bazaar India: Markets, Society, and the Colonial State in Gangetic Bihar</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91996-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91996-9"><bdi>978-0-520-91996-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bazaar+India%3A+Markets%2C+Society%2C+and+the+Colonial+State+in+Gangetic+Bihar&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-520-91996-9&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Anand+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD5lQutvzAp4C%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anand1989-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anand1989_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYang1989" class="citation book cs1">Yang, Anand A. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ck4jmD7H34UC&pg=PA57"><i>The Limited Raj: Agrarian Relations in Colonial India, Saran District, 1793-1920</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05711-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05711-1"><bdi>978-0-520-05711-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Limited+Raj%3A+Agrarian+Relations+in+Colonial+India%2C+Saran+District%2C+1793-1920&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-520-05711-1&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Anand+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCk4jmD7H34UC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CABayly1988-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CABayly1988_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayly1988" class="citation book cs1">Bayly, Christopher A. (19 May 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xfo3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA17"><i>Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770-1870</i></a>. CUP Archive. pp. 17–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31054-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31054-3"><bdi>978-0-521-31054-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134537/https://books.google.com/books?id=xfo3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA17">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rulers%2C+Townsmen+and+Bazaars%3A+North+Indian+Society+in+the+Age+of+British+Expansion%2C+1770-1870&rft.pages=17-18&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1988-05-19&rft.isbn=978-0-521-31054-3&rft.aulast=Bayly&rft.aufirst=Christopher+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxfo3AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Susan2001-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Susan2001_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayly2001" class="citation book cs1">Bayly, Susan (22 February 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&pg=PA203"><i>Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79842-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79842-6"><bdi>978-0-521-79842-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caste%2C+Society+and+Politics+in+India+from+the+Eighteenth+Century+to+the+Modern+Age&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001-02-22&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79842-6&rft.aulast=Bayly&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHbAjKR_iHogC%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pradeep2005-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pradeep2005_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarua2005" class="citation book cs1">Barua, Pradeep (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&pg=PA76"><i>The State at War in South Asia</i></a>. U of Nebraska Press. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-1344-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-1344-1"><bdi>0-8032-1344-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+at+War+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8032-1344-1&rft.aulast=Barua&rft.aufirst=Pradeep&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFIIQhuAOGaIC%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaushik2004-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kaushik2004_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2004" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Kaushik (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jpXijlqeRpIC&pg=PA98"><i>India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil</i></a>. Orient Blackswan. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7824-109-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7824-109-8"><bdi>978-81-7824-109-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Historic+Battles%3A+From+Alexander+the+Great+to+Kargil&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-7824-109-8&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Kaushik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjpXijlqeRpIC%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sen-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sen_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRumela_Sen2021" class="citation book cs1">Rumela Sen (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EtEiEAAAQBAJ"><i>Farewell to Arms: How Rebels Retire Without Getting Killed</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 48–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0197529867" title="Special:BookSources/978-0197529867"><bdi>978-0197529867</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220712115253/https://books.google.com/books/about/Farewell_to_Arms.html?id=EtEiEAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2022</span>. <q>the majority of these high-caste households were small landlords with landholdings that might also qualify them as "middle peasants." Their economic status was very similar to the middle peasant households among the backward-caste (Bania, Yadav, Kurmi, and Koeri). Although the Maoists identified these backward castes as a sympathetic class, some landowning, backward-caste households actually had economic interests in common with the upper-caste farming families.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Farewell+to+Arms%3A+How+Rebels+Retire+Without+Getting+Killed&rft.pages=48-49&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0197529867&rft.au=Rumela+Sen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEtEiEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard_D'Mello2018" class="citation book cs1">Bernard D'Mello (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8K07DwAAQBAJ&q=india+after+naxalbari"><i>India after Naxalbari: Unfinished History</i></a>. NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1583677087" title="Special:BookSources/978-1583677087"><bdi>978-1583677087</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231109032323/https://books.google.com/books?id=8K07DwAAQBAJ&q=india+after+naxalbari">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2023</span>. <q>Nevertheless, the Bhumihars in Bihar are certainly not all "casteist" landlords. In the villages, there are Bhumihar landlords, but there are also Bhumihars who are small landowners. Of course, they consider it below their dignity to labor in the fields, especially ploughing the land, and as a result of their caste loyalty, they are politically on the same side as the big landowners of their caste. In urban areas, Bhumihars can be professionals, teachers, bureaucrats, judges, factory workers, coal miners, and even loading mazdoors.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+after+Naxalbari%3A+Unfinished+History&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1583677087&rft.au=Bernard+D%27Mello&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8K07DwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dindia%2Bafter%2Bnaxalbari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge2016" class="citation book cs1">George, A (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rkjqDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA242"><i>Social Ferment in India</i></a>. United Kingdom: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474291125" title="Special:BookSources/9781474291125"><bdi>9781474291125</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231109032322/https://books.google.com/books?id=rkjqDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA242">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Ferment+in+India&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=242&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781474291125&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrkjqDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jeffrey2013-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jeffrey2013_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jeffrey2013_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jeffrey2013_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitsoe2013" class="citation book cs1">Witsoe, Jeffrey (5 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sQcGAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA31"><i>Democracy against Development: Lower-Caste Politics and Political Modernity in Postcolonial India</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06350-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06350-8"><bdi>978-0-226-06350-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+against+Development%3A+Lower-Caste+Politics+and+Political+Modernity+in+Postcolonial+India&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2013-11-05&rft.isbn=978-0-226-06350-8&rft.aulast=Witsoe&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsQcGAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">KUMAR, PURUSHOTTAM. “BHUMIHARS STRUGGLE FOR BRAHMIN STATUS (1857-1911).” Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, vol. 56, Indian History Congress, 1995, pp. 739–41, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/44158695">http://www.jstor.org/stable/44158695</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211008090914/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158695">Archived</a> 8 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l2Qt9tv2nSkC&pg=PA121"><i>Action Sociology and Development</i></a>. Concept Publishing Company. 1 January 1992. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-726-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-726-7"><bdi>978-81-7022-726-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Action+Sociology+and+Development&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1992-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-7022-726-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl2Qt9tv2nSkC%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKshirasagara1994" class="citation book cs1">Kshirasagara, Ramacandra (1 January 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wx218EFVU8MC&pg=PA385"><i>Dalit Movement in India and Its Leaders, 1857-1956</i></a>. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 385. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85880-43-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85880-43-3"><bdi>978-81-85880-43-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dalit+Movement+in+India+and+Its+Leaders%2C+1857-1956&rft.pages=385&rft.pub=M.D.+Publications+Pvt.+Ltd.&rft.date=1994-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-85880-43-3&rft.aulast=Kshirasagara&rft.aufirst=Ramacandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWx218EFVU8MC%26pg%3DPA385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashwini2008_210-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ashwini2008_210_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashwini2008_210_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2008" class="citation book cs1">Kumar, Ashwani (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=num2I4NFGqIC&pg=PA210"><i>Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar</i></a>. Anthem Press. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-709-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-709-8"><bdi>978-1-84331-709-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Community+Warriors%3A+State%2C+Peasants+and+Caste+Armies+in+Bihar&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84331-709-8&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Ashwani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnum2I4NFGqIC%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-William1996-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-William1996_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinch1996" class="citation book cs1">Pinch, William R. (19 May 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft22900465;chunk.id=s1.3.13;doc.view=print"><i>Peasants and Monks in British India</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. 83–84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91630-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91630-2"><bdi>978-0-520-91630-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141111092437/http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft22900465;chunk.id=s1.3.13;doc.view=print">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peasants+and+Monks+in+British+India&rft.pages=83-84&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996-05-19&rft.isbn=978-0-520-91630-2&rft.aulast=Pinch&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublishing.cdlib.org%2Fucpressebooks%2Fview%3FdocId%3Dft22900465%3Bchunk.id%3Ds1.3.13%3Bdoc.view%3Dprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandey1975" class="citation book cs1">Pandey, Shreedhar Narayan (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9PX938QYfmsC&pg=PA6"><i>Education and Social Changes in Bihar, 1900-1921: A Survey of Social History of Bihar from Lord Curzon to Noncooperation Movement</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 6–7, 161, 172–173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780842609869" title="Special:BookSources/9780842609869"><bdi>9780842609869</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education+and+Social+Changes+in+Bihar%2C+1900-1921%3A+A+Survey+of+Social+History+of+Bihar+from+Lord+Curzon+to+Noncooperation+Movement&rft.pages=6-7%2C+161%2C+172-173&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9780842609869&rft.aulast=Pandey&rft.aufirst=Shreedhar+Narayan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9PX938QYfmsC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandey1975" class="citation book cs1">Pandey, Shreedhar Narayan (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9PX938QYfmsC&pg=PA171"><i>Education and Social Changes in Bihar, 1900-1921: A Survey of Social History of Bihar from Lord Curzon to Noncooperation Movement</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780842609869" title="Special:BookSources/9780842609869"><bdi>9780842609869</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education+and+Social+Changes+in+Bihar%2C+1900-1921%3A+A+Survey+of+Social+History+of+Bihar+from+Lord+Curzon+to+Noncooperation+Movement&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9780842609869&rft.aulast=Pandey&rft.aufirst=Shreedhar+Narayan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9PX938QYfmsC%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinha1991-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sinha1991_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinha1991" class="citation book cs1">Sinha, Arun (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mS25AAAAIAAJ"><i>Against the few: struggles of India's rural poor</i></a>. Zed Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86232-718-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86232-718-7"><bdi>978-0-86232-718-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+the+few%3A+struggles+of+India%27s+rural+poor&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-86232-718-7&rft.aulast=Sinha&rft.aufirst=Arun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmS25AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2018" class="citation book cs1">Kumar, S. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IVxODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT66"><i>Post-Mandal Politics in Bihar: Changing Electoral Patterns</i></a>. India: SAGE Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789352805860" title="Special:BookSources/9789352805860"><bdi>9789352805860</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230311173417/https://books.google.com/books?id=IVxODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT66">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Post-Mandal+Politics+in+Bihar%3A+Changing+Electoral+Patterns&rft.place=India&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9789352805860&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIVxODwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ToI2004_eye-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ToI2004_eye_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ToI2004_eye_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2004" class="citation news cs1">Singh, Abhay (6 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/767453.cms">"BJP, Cong eye Bhumihars as Rabri drops ministers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080930195830/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/767453.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=BJP%2C+Cong+eye+Bhumihars+as+Rabri+drops+ministers&rft.date=2004-07-06&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Abhay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Farticleshow%2F767453.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Judith1974-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Judith1974_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1974" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Judith M. (26 September 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HUo4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA55"><i>Gandhi's Rise to Power: Indian Politics 1915-1922</i></a>. CUP Archive. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09873-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09873-1"><bdi>978-0-521-09873-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231109032323/https://books.google.com/books?id=HUo4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA55#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi%27s+Rise+to+Power%3A+Indian+Politics+1915-1922&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1974-09-26&rft.isbn=978-0-521-09873-1&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Judith+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHUo4AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ET2004_poster-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ET2004_poster_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ET2004_poster_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ET2004_poster_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141217203016/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-03-16/news/27368418_1_bhumihars-caste-political-space">"These days, their poster boys are goons"</a>. <i>The Economic Times</i>. 16 March 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-03-16/news/27368418_1_bhumihars-caste-political-space">the original</a> on 17 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=These+days%2C+their+poster+boys+are+goons&rft.date=2004-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.economictimes.indiatimes.com%2F2004-03-16%2Fnews%2F27368418_1_bhumihars-caste-political-space&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sajjad2014-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sajjad2014_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSajjad2014" class="citation book cs1">Sajjad, Mohammad (13 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0iVHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA22"><i>Muslim Politics in Bihar: Changing Contours</i></a>. Routledge. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-55982-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-55982-5"><bdi>978-1-317-55982-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Politics+in+Bihar%3A+Changing+Contours&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-08-13&rft.isbn=978-1-317-55982-5&rft.aulast=Sajjad&rft.aufirst=Mohammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0iVHBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashwni2009-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ashwni2009_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashwni2009_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashwni2009_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashwni2009_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2006" class="citation book cs1">Kumar, Ashwani (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7CyND7ebqUAC&pg=PA128"><i>Community Warriors</i></a>. Anthem Press. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85728-684-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85728-684-0"><bdi>978-0-85728-684-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Community+Warriors&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-85728-684-0&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Ashwani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7CyND7ebqUAC%26pg%3DPA128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinha2003-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sinha2003_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinha2003" class="citation book cs1">Sinha, Bindeshwari Prasad (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ryhuAAAAMAAJ"><i>Kayasthas in making of modern Bihar</i></a>. Impression Publication. p. vi. <q>J.P's most intimate friend was Ganga Sharan Singh, a Bhumihar</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kayasthas+in+making+of+modern+Bihar&rft.pages=vi&rft.pub=Impression+Publication&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Sinha&rft.aufirst=Bindeshwari+Prasad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DryhuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2012" class="citation news cs1">Kumar, Ashwani (6 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/no-gentlemen-in-this-army/article3494007.ece">"No gentlemen in this army"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140705175348/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/no-gentlemen-in-this-army/article3494007.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=No+gentlemen+in+this+army&rft.date=2012-06-06&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Ashwani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fopinion%2Fop-ed%2Fno-gentlemen-in-this-army%2Farticle3494007.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS.K._GhoshSrikanta_Ghosh2000" class="citation book cs1">S.K. Ghosh; Srikanta Ghosh (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Qwd4I6Q5uMC&pg=PA56"><i>Bihar in Flames</i></a>. APH Publishing. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8176481602" title="Special:BookSources/8176481602"><bdi>8176481602</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231109032426/https://books.google.com/books?id=1Qwd4I6Q5uMC&pg=PA56#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bihar+in+Flames&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=APH+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=8176481602&rft.au=S.K.+Ghosh&rft.au=Srikanta+Ghosh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1Qwd4I6Q5uMC%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hindi.news18.com/news/nation/kanhaiya-kumar-vs-manoj-tiwari-awesome-fight-north-east-delhi-lok-sabha-seat-create-history-bhumihar-vs-brahmin-begusarai-8239505.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'तुरुप का इक्का' साबित होंगे कन्हैया कुमार? मनोज तिवारी भी हैं पुराने 'चावल'."</a> <i>News18 हिंदी</i> (in Hindi). 15 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News18+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80&rft.atitle=%27%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%27+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%3F+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C+%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87+%27%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%27..&rft.date=2024-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhindi.news18.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Fkanhaiya-kumar-vs-manoj-tiwari-awesome-fight-north-east-delhi-lok-sabha-seat-create-history-bhumihar-vs-brahmin-begusarai-8239505.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.satyahindi.com/waqt-bewaqt/kanhaiya-kumar-bhumihar-caste-politics-begusarai-loksabha-election-101923.html">"भूमिहार पहचान में ही कैद क्यों रखना चाहते हैं कन्हैया को?"</a>. <i>www.satyahindi.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.satyahindi.com&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A6+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.satyahindi.com%2Fwaqt-bewaqt%2Fkanhaiya-kumar-bhumihar-caste-politics-begusarai-loksabha-election-101923.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhelari2023" class="citation news cs1">Bhelari, Amit (7 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihars-caste-based-survey-report-shows-yadavs-hold-most-govt-jobs-among-obcs/article67509087.ece">"Bihar caste-based survey report | Poverty highest among Scheduled Castes, lowest among Kayasths"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108181900/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihars-caste-based-survey-report-shows-yadavs-hold-most-govt-jobs-among-obcs/article67509087.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Bihar+caste-based+survey+report+%7C+Poverty+highest+among+Scheduled+Castes%2C+lowest+among+Kayasths&rft.date=2023-11-07&rft.aulast=Bhelari&rft.aufirst=Amit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fbihars-caste-based-survey-report-shows-yadavs-hold-most-govt-jobs-among-obcs%2Farticle67509087.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFrti_admin2021" class="citation web cs1">rti_admin (30 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.roundtableindia.co.in/the-brotherhood-of-brahamanic-media-and-the-advancing-kanhaiya-kumar-vikash-kumar-ritu/">"United by Brahmanwad: Ravish Kumar and Kanhaiya Kumar"</a>. <i>Round Table India</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Round+Table+India&rft.atitle=United+by+Brahmanwad%3A+Ravish+Kumar+and+Kanhaiya+Kumar&rft.date=2021-09-30&rft.au=rti_admin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.roundtableindia.co.in%2Fthe-brotherhood-of-brahamanic-media-and-the-advancing-kanhaiya-kumar-vikash-kumar-ritu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ndtv.in/chunaavi-blogs/ravish-kumar-writes-about-bihar-voters-polarization-on-caste-basis-1233683">"बिहार : यादव या भूमिहार!"</a>. <i>ndtv.in</i> (in Hindi)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ndtv.in&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0+%3A+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fndtv.in%2Fchunaavi-blogs%2Fravish-kumar-writes-about-bihar-voters-polarization-on-caste-basis-1233683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad2008" class="citation news cs1">Ahmad, Faizan (21 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Hindus_take_part_in_Muharram_in_Patna/articleshow/2716459.cms">"Hindus participate in Muharram"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090213001826/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Hindus_take_part_in_Muharram_in_Patna/articleshow/2716459.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Hindus+participate+in+Muharram&rft.date=2008-01-21&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Faizan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2FHindus_take_part_in_Muharram_in_Patna%2Farticleshow%2F2716459.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ralph2003-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ralph2003_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas2003" class="citation book cs1">Nicholas, Ralph W. (1 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yLI7nyI2UVYC&pg=PA35"><i>Fruits of Worship: Practical Religion in Bengal</i></a>. Orient Blackswan. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8028-006-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8028-006-1"><bdi>978-81-8028-006-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fruits+of+Worship%3A+Practical+Religion+in+Bengal&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-8028-006-1&rft.aulast=Nicholas&rft.aufirst=Ralph+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyLI7nyI2UVYC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NLGupta1974-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NLGupta1974_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta1974" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, N. L. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4JVWAAAAMAAJ"><i>Transition from capitalism to socialism and other essays</i></a>. Kalamkar Prakashan. p. 165.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transition+from+capitalism+to+socialism+and+other+essays&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Kalamkar+Prakashan&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=N.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4JVWAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Virendra1992-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Virendra1992_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Virendra1992_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1992" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Virendra Prakash (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tOXZAAAAMAAJ"><i>Community And Caste In Tradition</i></a>. Commonwealth Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7169-242-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7169-242-2"><bdi>978-81-7169-242-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Community+And+Caste+In+Tradition&rft.pub=Commonwealth+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-81-7169-242-2&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Virendra+Prakash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtOXZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0YfiAAAAMAAJ"><i>Asian Studies at Hawaii</i></a>. Asian Studies Program, University of Hawaii. 1978. p. 64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+Studies+at+Hawaii&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Asian+Studies+Program%2C+University+of+Hawaii&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0YfiAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuha2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ranajit_Guha" title="Ranajit Guha">Guha, Ranajit</a> (2000). <i>A Subaltern studies reader, 1986–1995</i> (2nd ed.). South Asia Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-565230-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-565230-7"><bdi>978-0-19-565230-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Subaltern+studies+reader%2C+1986%E2%80%931995&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=South+Asia+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-565230-7&rft.aulast=Guha&rft.aufirst=Ranajit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaitra1959" class="citation book cs1">Maitra, R. K. (1959). <i>Indian Studies: past & present</i>. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0000CRX5I">B0000CRX5I</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Studies%3A+past+%26+present&rft.date=1959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0000CRX5I%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Maitra&rft.aufirst=R.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ram_Sharan_Sharma" title="Ram Sharan Sharma">Sharma, R. S.</a> (2009). <i>Rethinking India's Past</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-569787-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-569787-2"><bdi>978-0-19-569787-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+India%27s+Past&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-569787-2&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=R.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRam1998" class="citation book cs1">Ram, Bindeshwar (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2b_j0mNe2FwC"><i>Land and society in India: agrarian relations in colonial North Bihar</i></a>. Orient Blackswan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-0643-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-0643-5"><bdi>978-81-250-0643-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+and+society+in+India%3A+agrarian+relations+in+colonial+North+Bihar&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-81-250-0643-5&rft.aulast=Ram&rft.aufirst=Bindeshwar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2b_j0mNe2FwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayly2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Alan_Bayly" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Alan Bayly">Bayly, Christopher Alan</a> (2011). <i>Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire (Ideas in Context)</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-10-760147-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-10-760147-5"><bdi>978-1-10-760147-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recovering+Liberties%3A+Indian+Thought+in+the+Age+of+Liberalism+and+Empire+%28Ideas+in+Context%29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-10-760147-5&rft.aulast=Bayly&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhadra2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gautam_Bhadra" title="Gautam Bhadra">Bhadra, Gautam</a> (2008). <i>Subaltern Studies: Writings on South Asian History and Society</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-565125-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-565125-6"><bdi>978-0-19-565125-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Subaltern+Studies%3A+Writings+on+South+Asian+History+and+Society&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-565125-6&rft.aulast=Bhadra&rft.aufirst=Gautam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlavi2007" class="citation book cs1">Alavi, Seema (2007). <i>The Eighteenth Century in India</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-569201-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-569201-3"><bdi>978-0-19-569201-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eighteenth+Century+in+India&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-569201-3&rft.aulast=Alavi&rft.aufirst=Seema&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadhakrishnan2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli</a> (2009). <i>The Hindu View of Life</i>. Harper Collins. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7223-845-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7223-845-2"><bdi>978-81-7223-845-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindu+View+of+Life&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-7223-845-2&rft.aulast=Radhakrishnan&rft.aufirst=Sarvepalli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhumihar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Kumud_Mukherjee" title="Radha Kumud Mukherjee">Radha Kumud Mukherjee</a>, Ancient Indian Education: Brahmanical and Buddhist, Motilal Banarsidass, New Delhi (2011).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Srinivas" title="M. N. Srinivas">M. N. Srinivas</a>, Social Change in Modern India, Orient Longman, Delhi, 1995.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhumihar&oldid=1255873281">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhumihar&oldid=1255873281</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_groups_of_Bihar" title="Category:Social groups of Bihar">Social groups of Bihar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_castes" title="Category:Indian castes">Indian castes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_communities" title="Category:Hindu communities">Hindu communities</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_groups_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Category:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh">Social groups of Uttar Pradesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agricultural_castes" title="Category:Agricultural castes">Agricultural castes</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2014" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2014">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Hindi-language_sources_(hi)" title="Category:CS1 Hindi-language sources (hi)">CS1 Hindi-language sources (hi)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_extended-confirmed-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages">Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_March_2013" title="Category:Use British English from March 2013">Use British English from March 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2014" title="Category:Use dmy dates from November 2014">Use dmy dates from November 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_using_infobox_ethnic_group_with_image_parameters" title="Category:Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters">Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2023</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 7 November 2024, at 02:32<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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