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<ul id="toc-Origin_and_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Generic_meaning_of_the_term_"Brahmin"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generic_meaning_of_the_term_"Brahmin""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Generic meaning of the term "Brahmin"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generic_meaning_of_the_term_"Brahmin"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purusha_sukta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purusha_sukta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Purusha sukta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purusha_sukta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gupta_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gupta_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Gupta era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gupta_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gauda_and_Dravida_Brahmins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gauda_and_Dravida_Brahmins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Gauda and Dravida Brahmins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gauda_and_Dravida_Brahmins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_the_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_the_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Role in the society</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Role_in_the_society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Role in the society subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Role_in_the_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vedic_duties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vedic_duties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Vedic duties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vedic_duties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Actual_occupations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Actual_occupations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Actual occupations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Actual_occupations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bhakti_movement_and_Social_Reform_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bhakti_movement_and_Social_Reform_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bhakti movement and Social Reform movements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bhakti_movement_and_Social_Reform_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_the_Indian_subcontinent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Outside the Indian subcontinent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_the_Indian_subcontinent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Brahmin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 80 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">80 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmaan" title="Brahmaan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Brahmaan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A9" title="براهمة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="براهمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanlar" title="Brahmanlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Brahmanlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A3_(%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3)" title="ব্রাহ্মণ (বর্ণ) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্রাহ্মণ (বর্ণ)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Брахманы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Брахманы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Brahmin" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bramans" title="Bramans – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bramans" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A1hman" title="Bráhman – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bráhman" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Brahmin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanen" title="Brahmanen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brahmanen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braahman" title="Braahman – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Braahman" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Μπραχμάνος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπραχμάνος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahm%C3%A1n_(casta)" title="Brahmán (casta) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Brahmán (casta)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bramano" title="Bramano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bramano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahman_(kasta)" title="Brahman (kasta) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Brahman (kasta)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="برهمین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برهمین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmane" title="Brahmane – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Brahmane" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Brahmana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A3" title="બ્રાહ્મણ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બ્રાહ્મણ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%9D%BC%EB%A7%8C" title="브라만 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="브라만" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Բրահմաններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բրահմաններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3" title="ब्राह्मण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ब्राह्मण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmani" title="Brahmani – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Brahmani" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Brahmana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmani" title="Brahmani – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Brahmani" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bramino" title="Bramino – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bramino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A3" title="ಬ್ರಾಹ್ಮಣ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬ್ರಾಹ್ಮಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90)" title="ბრაჰმანი (ვარნა) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბრაჰმანი (ვარნა)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Брахмандар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Брахмандар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Брахмандар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Брахмандар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahman_(tribus)" title="Brahman (tribus) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Brahman (tribus)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma%C5%86i" title="Brahmaņi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Brahmaņi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanai" title="Brahmanai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Brahmanai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahminok" title="Brahminok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Brahminok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3" title="ब्राह्मण – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="ब्राह्मण" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%BC" title="ബ്രാഹ്മണർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബ്രാഹ്മണർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3)" title="ब्राह्मण (वर्ण) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ब्राह्मण (वर्ण)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86" title="براهمين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="براهمين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Brahmin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Бярман – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бярман" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AF%E1%80%8F%E1%80%B9%E1%80%8F%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ပုဏ္ဏား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပုဏ္ဏား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmaan" title="Brahmaan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Brahmaan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3" title="ब्राह्मण – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ब्राह्मण" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3" title="ब्राह्मण – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ब्राह्मण" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3" title="バラモン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バラモン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bramin" title="Bramin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bramin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bramin" title="Bramin – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bramin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braman" title="Braman – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Braman" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B9%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3" title="ବ୍ରାହ୍ମଣ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବ୍ରାହ୍ମଣ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanlar" title="Brahmanlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Brahmanlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A3" title="ਬ੍ਰਾਹਮਣ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬ੍ਰਾਹਮਣ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C" title="दविज – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="दविज" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polomen" title="Polomen – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Polomen" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%81%D9%85%D9%86" title="برہمن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="برہمن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%85%D9%86" title="برهمن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="برهمن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%8D" title="ព្រាហ្មណ៍ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ព្រាហ្មណ៍" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bramin" title="Bramin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bramin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A2mane" title="Brâmane – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Brâmane" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casta_Brahmanilor" title="Casta Brahmanilor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Casta Brahmanilor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Брахманы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Брахманы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%83" title="ब्राह्मणः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="ब्राह्मणः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Brahmin" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E2%80%8D%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9D_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%84_%E0%B6%B6%E2%80%8D%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%AB_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%BA" title="බ‍්‍රාහ්මණයෝ සහ බ‍්‍රාහ්මණ සමාජය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බ‍්‍රාහ්මණයෝ සහ බ‍්‍රාහ්මණ සමාජය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Brahmin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahman_(u%C4%8Denec)" title="Brahman (učenec) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Brahman (učenec)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Брамани – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Брамани" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmani" title="Brahmani – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Brahmani" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmaani" title="Brahmaani – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Brahmaani" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Brahmin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="பிராமணர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிராமணர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmannar" title="Brahmannar – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Brahmannar" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A3%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="బ్రాహ్మణులు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బ్రాహ్మణులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C" title="พราหมณ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พราหมณ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Brahmin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Брахмани – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Брахмани" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%81%D9%85%D9%86" title="براہمن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="براہمن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A0-la-m%C3%B4n" title="Bà-la-môn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bà-la-môn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E9%97%A8" title="婆罗门 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="婆罗门" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Varna in Hinduism, one of four castes</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> (a metaphysical concept in Hinduism), <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a> (a Hindu god), <a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a> (a layer of text in the Vedas), or <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Brahmin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Brahmin (disambiguation)">Brahmin (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_taken_from_page_40_of_%27The_Land_of_Temples_(India)%27_(11151912296).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Image_taken_from_page_40_of_%27The_Land_of_Temples_%28India%29%27_%2811151912296%29.jpg/220px-Image_taken_from_page_40_of_%27The_Land_of_Temples_%28India%29%27_%2811151912296%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Image_taken_from_page_40_of_%27The_Land_of_Temples_%28India%29%27_%2811151912296%29.jpg/330px-Image_taken_from_page_40_of_%27The_Land_of_Temples_%28India%29%27_%2811151912296%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Image_taken_from_page_40_of_%27The_Land_of_Temples_%28India%29%27_%2811151912296%29.jpg/440px-Image_taken_from_page_40_of_%27The_Land_of_Temples_%28India%29%27_%2811151912296%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1904" data-file-height="1256" /></a><figcaption>Brahmins worshipping river <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a>, <i>The Land of Temples (India)</i>, 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;background:#FFC569;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/90px-1_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/135px-1_Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/180px-1_Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">Origins</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"><b>Historical</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Hinduism">Vedic Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribal religions in India</a></li></ul> <p><b>Traditional</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa-Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_royal_genealogies" title="Epic-Puranic royal genealogies">Epic-Puranic royal genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_chronology" title="Epic-Puranic chronology">Epic-Puranic chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Major Sampradaya (Traditions)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijña</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Other Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></i></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Absolute Reality / Unifying Force</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other major <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devis</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Vedic Deities:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridasha">Tridasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasus">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Other Vedic Deities</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Post-Vedic:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Concepts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Worldview</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ontology</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattva" title="Tattva">Tattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Subtle elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchikarana" title="Panchikarana">Panchikarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta" title="Pancha Bhuta">Gross elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Supreme reality</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna brahman">Nirguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">Saguna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccid%C4%81nanda" title="Saccidānanda">Saccidānanda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">God</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārtha (Meaning of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">Āśrama (Stages of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%B9%9Bhastha" title="Gṛhastha">Gṛhastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81naprastha" title="Vānaprastha">Vānaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three paths to liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Mokṣa-related topics:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Mind</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman (self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81tman_(Hinduism)" title="Anātman (Hinduism)">Anātman (non-self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_bodies_doctrine" title="Three bodies doctrine">Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antahkarana" title="Antahkarana">Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Hinduism)" title="Prajñā (Hinduism)">Prajña (wisdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda_(Hindu_philosophy)" title="Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)">Ānanda (happiness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveka" title="Viveka">Viveka (discernment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairagya" title="Vairagya">Vairagya (dispassion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatva" title="Samatva">Sama (equanimity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Dama (temperance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati (self-settledness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiksha" title="Titiksha">Titiksha (forbearance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Shraddha (faith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samadhana (concentration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arishadvargas" title="Arishadvargas">Arishadvargas (six enemies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahamkara" title="Ahamkara">Ahamkara (attachment)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ethics</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Achourya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Arjava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosha" title="Santosha">Santosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources of dharma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Epistemology</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyaksha" title="Pratyaksha">Pratyakṣa (perception)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anumāṇa" title="Pramana">Anumāṇa (inference)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Upamāṇa">Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Arthāpatti" title="Pramana">Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anupalabdi" title="Pramana">Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">Śabda (word, testimony)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a>, sacrifice, and charity</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">Ārtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prarthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kīrtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">Prāyaścitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthadana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Nritta-Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism_in_Hinduism" title="Exorcism in Hinduism">Exorcism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Meditation</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samādhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhy%C4%81sana" title="Nididhyāsana">Nididhyāsana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Arts</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Mela" title="Bhagavata Mela">Bhagavata Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandav_Lila" title="Pandav Lila">Pandav Lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimurai" title="Adimurai">Adimurai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Rites of passage</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Pumsavana Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simantonnayana" title="Simantonnayana">Simantonnayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Nāmakaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyāraṃbhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami-Dussehra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophical schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Astika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika">Six Astika schools</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other schools</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Gurus, Rishi, Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saptarshi" title="Saptarshi">Saptarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vashistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashistha">Vashistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamadagni" title="Jamadagni">Jamadagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyaya Sutras">Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharadwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharadwaja">Bharadwaja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiras" title="Angiras">Angiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra" title="Ashtavakra">Ashtavakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanada_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanada (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Kathiababa" title="Ramdas Kathiababa">Ramdas Kathiababa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changdev" class="mw-redirect" title="Changdev">Chāngadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangesha_Upadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangesha Upadhyaya">Gangesha Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa_Thakur" title="Haridasa Thakur">Haridasa Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatīrtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81ne%C5%9Bvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jñāneśvar">Jñāneśvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhus%C5%ABdana_Sarasvat%C4%AB" title="Madhusūdana Sarasvatī">Madhusūdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morya_Gosavi" title="Morya Gosavi">Morya Gosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundraj" title="Mukundraj">Mukundarāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narahari_Tirtha" title="Narahari Tirtha">Narahari Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Saraswati" title="Narasimha Saraswati">Narasimha Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghavendra Swami">Raghavendra Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupa_Goswami" title="Rupa Goswami">Rupa Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripada_Srivallabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripada Srivallabha">Sripada Srivallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Sastri" title="Syama Sastri">Śyāma Śastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81caspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācaspati Miśra">Vācaspati Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyasaraja">Vyasaraja</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Modern</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekarendra_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrashekarendra Saraswati">Chandrashekarendra Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinmayananda">Chinmayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Saraswati" title="Krishnananda Saraswati">Krishnananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavatar_Babaji" title="Mahavatar Babaji">Mahavatar Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Dattatrya_Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade">R. D. Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Rama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdas" title="Swami Ramdas">Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Samarth" title="Swami Samarth">Samarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Baba_of_Shirdi" title="Sai Baba of Shirdi">Shirdi Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddharameshwar_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddharameshwar Maharaj">Siddharameshwar Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailanga" title="Trailanga">Trailanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._G._Krishnamurti" title="U. G. Krishnamurti">U. G. Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasni_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasni Maharaj">Upasni Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vethathiri_Maharishi" title="Vethathiri Maharishi">Vethathiri Maharishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources and classification of scripture</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Ācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">Ātmatuṣṭi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Divisions</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhitapatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhitapatha">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Rigveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Yajurveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Samaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Atharvaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedangas">Vedangas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_metre" title="Vedic metre">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu scriptures">Other scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)"><i>Agama</i>s (Hinduism)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vāmana Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kūrma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas#Upaveda" title="Vedas">Upavedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhanurveda" title="Dhanurveda">Dhanurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gandharvaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandharvaveda">Gandharvaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sthapatyaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthapatyaveda">Sthapatyaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhitas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Śastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samkhya_Pravachana_Sutra" title="Samkhya Pravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_suktas_and_stutis" title="List of suktas and stutis">stutis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">Bhashya</a> </div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kanakadhara_Stotra" title="Kanakadhara Stotra">Kanakadhara Stotra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Stuti" title="Shiva Stuti">Shiva Stuti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Stuti" title="Vayu Stuti">Vayu Stuti</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiruppukal" title="Tiruppukal">Tiruppukal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Antati" title="Abirami Antati">Abirami Antati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed; border-bottom:1px dotted"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other texts</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Hindu Culture & Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Society</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayastha" title="Kayastha">Kayastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">Jāti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">Gotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvija" title="Dvija">Dvija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasa" title="Dasa">Dasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Art</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Hindu iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">Indian aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">Yantra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Architecture</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">Hindu architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu temple architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_shastra" title="Vastu shastra">Vastu shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talamana" title="Talamana">Talamana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Music</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_music" title="Hindu music">Hindu music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shruti_(music)" title="Shruti (music)">Shruti (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svara" title="Svara">Svara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alank%C4%81ra" title="Alankāra">Alankāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tala_(music)" title="Tala (music)">Tala (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">Raga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangita" title="Sangita">Sangita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadya" title="Vadya">Vadya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Food & Diet Customs</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Diet in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Time Keeping Practices</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchangam" title="Panchangam">Panchangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaka_era" title="Shaka era">Shaka era</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Pilgrimage</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other society-related topics:</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_organisations" title="List of Hindu organisations">Organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Reform movements</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; 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<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">ब्राह्मण</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Sanskrit">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">brāhmaṇa</i></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">varna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a>) within <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> society. The other three varnas are the <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wren2004_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wren2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Valpey2019_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valpey2019-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BullietCrossleyHeadrick2018_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BullietCrossleyHeadrick2018-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Iriye1979_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iriye1979-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ludo14_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ludo14-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditional occupation of Brahmins is that of priesthood (<a href="/wiki/Purohit" class="mw-redirect" title="Purohit">purohit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandit" title="Pandit">pandit</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Pujari" title="Pujari">pujari</a>) at Hindu temples or at socio-religious ceremonies, and the performing of <a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">rite of passage</a> rituals, such as solemnising a wedding with hymns and prayers.<sup id="cite_ref-lochtefeld125_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lochtefeld125-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ghurye15_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghurye15-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally, Brahmins are accorded the highest ritual status of the four social classes,<sup id="cite_ref-doniger141_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doniger141-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they also served as spiritual teachers (<a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a> or <a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya">acharya</a>). In practice, Indian texts suggest that some Brahmins historically also became <a href="/wiki/Agriculturalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculturalist">agriculturalists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">warriors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merchant" title="Merchant">traders</a>, and had also held other occupations in the Indian subcontinent.<sup id="cite_ref-ghurye15_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghurye15-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-doniger141_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doniger141-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-David_Shulman_1989_page_111_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_Shulman_1989_page_111-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Goddess_Worshiped_by_Rishi_Chyavana.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/The_Goddess_Worshiped_by_Rishi_Chyavana.jpeg/220px-The_Goddess_Worshiped_by_Rishi_Chyavana.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/The_Goddess_Worshiped_by_Rishi_Chyavana.jpeg/330px-The_Goddess_Worshiped_by_Rishi_Chyavana.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/The_Goddess_Worshiped_by_Rishi_Chyavana.jpeg/440px-The_Goddess_Worshiped_by_Rishi_Chyavana.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="5500" /></a><figcaption>Vedic Brahmin <a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">Rishi</a> worshipping Shakti</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_and_history">Origin and history</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:99px;max-width:99px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:139px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mikhail-Tikhanov-Brahmin-1817.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Mikhail-Tikhanov-Brahmin-1817.jpg/97px-Mikhail-Tikhanov-Brahmin-1817.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Mikhail-Tikhanov-Brahmin-1817.jpg/146px-Mikhail-Tikhanov-Brahmin-1817.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Mikhail-Tikhanov-Brahmin-1817.jpg/194px-Mikhail-Tikhanov-Brahmin-1817.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1338" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A Brahmin soldier</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:189px;max-width:189px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:139px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Four_Ascetic_Brahmans_MET_16459.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Four_Ascetic_Brahmans_MET_16459.jpg/187px-Four_Ascetic_Brahmans_MET_16459.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Four_Ascetic_Brahmans_MET_16459.jpg/281px-Four_Ascetic_Brahmans_MET_16459.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Four_Ascetic_Brahmans_MET_16459.jpg/374px-Four_Ascetic_Brahmans_MET_16459.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2994" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Four ascetic Brahmins from Gandhara, 2nd century</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:114px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Candi_Prambanan_-_102_Brahmins,_Visnu_Temple_(12042036684).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Candi_Prambanan_-_102_Brahmins%2C_Visnu_Temple_%2812042036684%29.jpg/152px-Candi_Prambanan_-_102_Brahmins%2C_Visnu_Temple_%2812042036684%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Candi_Prambanan_-_102_Brahmins%2C_Visnu_Temple_%2812042036684%29.jpg/228px-Candi_Prambanan_-_102_Brahmins%2C_Visnu_Temple_%2812042036684%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Candi_Prambanan_-_102_Brahmins%2C_Visnu_Temple_%2812042036684%29.jpg/304px-Candi_Prambanan_-_102_Brahmins%2C_Visnu_Temple_%2812042036684%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A Brahmin family, 9th century. <a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a>, Indonesia.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:114px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Brahmin_standing_praying_in_the_corner_of_the_streets_1863.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/A_Brahmin_standing_praying_in_the_corner_of_the_streets_1863.jpg/132px-A_Brahmin_standing_praying_in_the_corner_of_the_streets_1863.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/A_Brahmin_standing_praying_in_the_corner_of_the_streets_1863.jpg/198px-A_Brahmin_standing_praying_in_the_corner_of_the_streets_1863.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/A_Brahmin_standing_praying_in_the_corner_of_the_streets_1863.jpg/264px-A_Brahmin_standing_praying_in_the_corner_of_the_streets_1863.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="529" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A Brahmin standing praying in the corner of the streets. India, 1863.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:188px;max-width:188px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:117px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Officers_1st_Brahmins,_1922.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Officers_1st_Brahmins%2C_1922.jpg/186px-Officers_1st_Brahmins%2C_1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Officers_1st_Brahmins%2C_1922.jpg/279px-Officers_1st_Brahmins%2C_1922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Officers_1st_Brahmins%2C_1922.jpg/372px-Officers_1st_Brahmins%2C_1922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="504" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Brahmin Officers from <a href="/wiki/1st_Brahmans" title="1st Brahmans">1st Brahmans</a> Infantry Regiment</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:100px;max-width:100px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:117px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maharaja_Lakshmeshwar_Singh_statue_-_Kolkata.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Maharaja_Lakshmeshwar_Singh_statue_-_Kolkata.JPG/98px-Maharaja_Lakshmeshwar_Singh_statue_-_Kolkata.JPG" decoding="async" width="98" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Maharaja_Lakshmeshwar_Singh_statue_-_Kolkata.JPG/147px-Maharaja_Lakshmeshwar_Singh_statue_-_Kolkata.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Maharaja_Lakshmeshwar_Singh_statue_-_Kolkata.JPG/196px-Maharaja_Lakshmeshwar_Singh_statue_-_Kolkata.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1942" data-file-height="2326" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Maharaja Lakhmeshwar Singh statue</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:404px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chanakya_artistic_depiction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Chanakya_artistic_depiction.jpg/288px-Chanakya_artistic_depiction.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="405" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Chanakya_artistic_depiction.jpg/432px-Chanakya_artistic_depiction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Chanakya_artistic_depiction.jpg/576px-Chanakya_artistic_depiction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1146" data-file-height="1610" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Ancient Indian economist and military strategist <a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>It seems likely that <a href="/wiki/Kannauj" title="Kannauj">Kannauj</a> and Middle country was the place of origin of majority of migrating Brahmins throughout the medieval centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coming from <a href="/wiki/Kannauj" title="Kannauj">Kannauj</a> is a frequent claim among Brahmins in areas distant from Madhyadesha or Ganges heartland.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Generic_meaning_of_the_term_"Brahmin""><span id="Generic_meaning_of_the_term_.22Brahmin.22"></span>Generic meaning of the term "Brahmin"</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thai_-_Vessantara_Jataka,_Chapter_5_-_The_Brahmin_Jujaka_with_his_wife_Amittapana_-_Walters_35239.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Thai_-_Vessantara_Jataka%2C_Chapter_5_-_The_Brahmin_Jujaka_with_his_wife_Amittapana_-_Walters_35239.jpg/220px-Thai_-_Vessantara_Jataka%2C_Chapter_5_-_The_Brahmin_Jujaka_with_his_wife_Amittapana_-_Walters_35239.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Thai_-_Vessantara_Jataka%2C_Chapter_5_-_The_Brahmin_Jujaka_with_his_wife_Amittapana_-_Walters_35239.jpg/330px-Thai_-_Vessantara_Jataka%2C_Chapter_5_-_The_Brahmin_Jujaka_with_his_wife_Amittapana_-_Walters_35239.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Thai_-_Vessantara_Jataka%2C_Chapter_5_-_The_Brahmin_Jujaka_with_his_wife_Amittapana_-_Walters_35239.jpg/440px-Thai_-_Vessantara_Jataka%2C_Chapter_5_-_The_Brahmin_Jujaka_with_his_wife_Amittapana_-_Walters_35239.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Buddhist painting of Brahmins from the 1800s, Thailand</figcaption></figure> <p>The term Brahmin appears extensively in ancient and medieval <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a> and commentary texts of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lopez2004busc1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lopez2004busc1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern scholars state that such usage of the term Brahmin in ancient texts does not imply a caste, but simply "masters" (experts), guardian, recluse, preacher or guide of any tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaini2001p123_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaini2001p123-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jayatilleke2013_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jayatilleke2013-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternate synonym for Brahmin in the Buddhist and other non-Hindu tradition is <i>Mahano</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaini2001p123_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaini2001p123-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Strabo cites Megasthenes, highlighting two Indian philosophical schools <a href="/wiki/Sramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sramana">Sramana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmins">Brahmana</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Megasthenes makes a different division of the philosophers, saying that they are of two kinds, one of which he calls the <a href="/wiki/Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmins">Brachmanes</a>, and the other the <a href="/wiki/Sramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sramana">Sarmanes</a>...</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> XV. 1. 58-60<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Patrick Olivelle states that both Buddhist and Brahmanical literature repeatedly define "Brahmin" not in terms of family of birth, but in terms of personal qualities.<sup id="cite_ref-olivelleaab60_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olivelleaab60-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These virtues and characteristics mirror the values cherished in Hinduism during the <a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a> stage of life, or the life of renunciation for spiritual pursuits. Brahmins, states Olivelle, were the social class from which most ascetics came.<sup id="cite_ref-olivelleaab60_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olivelleaab60-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term Brahmin in Indian texts has also signified someone who is good and virtuous, not just someone of priestly class.<sup id="cite_ref-olivelleaab60_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olivelleaab60-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purusha_sukta">Purusha sukta</h3></div> <p>The earliest inferred reference to "Brahmin" as a possible social class is in the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>, occurs once, and the hymn is called <a href="/wiki/Purusha_Sukta" title="Purusha Sukta">Purusha Sukta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a hymn in <a href="/wiki/Mandala_10" title="Mandala 10"><i>Mandala</i> 10</a>, Rigveda 10.90.11-2, Brahmins are described as having emerged from the mouth of <a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a>, being that part of the body from which words emerge.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Purusha Sukta varna verse is now generally considered to have been inserted at a later date into the Vedic text, possibly as a <a href="/wiki/Origin_myth" title="Origin myth">charter myth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jamison_2014_57–58_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jamison_2014_57–58-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stephanie Jamison and Joel Brereton, a professor of Sanskrit and Religious studies, state, "there is no evidence in the Rigveda for an elaborate, much-subdivided and overarching caste system", and "the varna system seems to be embryonic in the Rigveda and, both then and later, a social ideal rather than a social reality".<sup id="cite_ref-Jamison_2014_57–58_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jamison_2014_57–58-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Vijay Nath, in the <a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a> (250 CE), there are references to Brahmins who were born into the families of <a href="/wiki/Rakshasa" title="Rakshasa">Raksasas</a>. He posits that this is an indication that some Brahmins are immigrants and some are also mixed.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gupta_era">Gupta era</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:(A)_Bhumi_Puja,_yajna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/%28A%29_Bhumi_Puja%2C_yajna.jpg/220px-%28A%29_Bhumi_Puja%2C_yajna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/%28A%29_Bhumi_Puja%2C_yajna.jpg/330px-%28A%29_Bhumi_Puja%2C_yajna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/%28A%29_Bhumi_Puja%2C_yajna.jpg/440px-%28A%29_Bhumi_Puja%2C_yajna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1467" /></a><figcaption>Brahmins in North West London, joined by Brent and Harrow politicians, in white dress performing the Bhumi Puja ritual <a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">yajna</a> around fire</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ascetic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ascetic.jpg/160px-Ascetic.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ascetic.jpg/240px-Ascetic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ascetic.jpg/320px-Ascetic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>An ascetic from renunciation tradition (1914)</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Eraly" title="Abraham Eraly">Abraham Eraly</a>, "Brahmin as a varna hardly had any presence in historical records before the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a> era" (3rd century to 6th century CE), when Buddhism dominated the land. "No Brahmin, no sacrifice, no ritualistic act of any kind ever, even once, is referred to" in any Indian texts between third century BCE and the late first century CE. He also states that "The absence of literary and material evidence, however, does not mean that Brahmanical culture did not exist at that time, but only that it had no elite patronage and was largely confined to rural folk, and therefore went unrecorded in history".<sup id="cite_ref-eraly283_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eraly283-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their role as priests and repository of sacred knowledge, as well as their importance in the practice of Vedic Shrauta rituals, grew during the Gupta Empire era and thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-eraly283_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eraly283-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the knowledge about actual history of Brahmins or other varnas of Hinduism in and after the first millennium is fragmentary and preliminary, with little that is from verifiable records or archaeological evidence, and much that is constructed from ahistorical Sanskrit works and fiction. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Witzel" title="Michael Witzel">Michael Witzel</a> writes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Current research in the area is fragmentary. The state of our knowledge of this fundamental subject is preliminary, at best. Most Sanskrit works are a-historic or, at least, not especially interested in presenting a chronological account of India's history. When we actually encounter history, such as in <i>Rajatarangini</i> or in the <i>Gopalavamsavali</i> of Nepal, the texts do not deal with brahmins in great detail.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gauda_and_Dravida_Brahmins">Gauda and Dravida Brahmins</h2></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Kalhana" title="Kalhana">Kalhana</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Rajatarangini" title="Rajatarangini">Rajatarangini</a></i> (12th cent. CE) and <a href="/wiki/Sahyadrikhanda" title="Sahyadrikhanda">Sahyadrikhanda</a> (5th–13th cent. CE) of Skandapurana, Brahmins are broadly classified into two groups based on geography.<sup id="cite_ref-JGL_2002_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JGL_2002-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The northern <a href="/wiki/Pancha_Gauda" class="mw-redirect" title="Pancha Gauda">Pancha Gauda</a> group comprises five Brahmin communities, as mentioned in the text, residing north of the <a href="/wiki/Vindhya_Range" title="Vindhya Range">Vindhya mountain range</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JGL_2002_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JGL_2002-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, the Vindhya mountain range formed the southern boundary of the <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%80ry%C4%81varta" title="Āryāvarta">Āryāvarta</a></i>, the territory of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan peoples</a>, and Gauda has territorial, ethnographic and linguistic connotations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarasimhacharya19998_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarasimhacharya19998-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linguistically, the term "Gauda" refers to the Sanskrit-derived languages of northern India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarasimhacharya19998_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarasimhacharya19998-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pancha Gauda Brahmins are:<sup id="cite_ref-JGL_2002_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JGL_2002-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswat_Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraswat Brahmins">Sarasvata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanyakubja_Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanyakubja Brahmins">Kanyakubja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauda_Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Brahmins">Gauda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utkala_Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Utkala Brahmins">Utkala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maithil_Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Maithil Brahmins">Maithila</a></li></ul> <p>Subcastes of <a href="/wiki/Gaur_Brahmins" title="Gaur Brahmins">Gaur Brahmins</a> are: </p> <ul><li>Sanadhya<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Paliwal<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Subcastes of Kanyakubja Brahmins are: </p> <ul><li>Jujhatiya Brahmin<sup id="cite_ref-Sherring_1977_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherring_1977-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saryupareen_Brahmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Saryupareen Brahmin">Saryupareen Brahmin</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sherring_1977_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherring_1977-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Bengali <a href="/wiki/Kulin_Brahmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulin Brahmin">Kulin Brahmin</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sherring_1977_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherring_1977-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anavil" title="Anavil">Anavil Brahmins</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ( Though they are generally not accepted as Brahmins)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahun" title="Bahun">Khas Brahmins</a> – Nepali Bahuns<sup id="cite_ref-Sherring_1977_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherring_1977-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The Pancha <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_peoples" title="Dravidian peoples">Dravida</a> Brahmins reside to the south of the Vindhya mountain range.<sup id="cite_ref-JGL_2002_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JGL_2002-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "Dravida" too has territorial, linguistic and ethnological connotations, referring to southern India, the Dravidian people, and to the Dravidian languages of southern India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarasimhacharya19998_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarasimhacharya19998-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pancha Dravida Brahmins are: </p> <ul><li>Karnataka (<a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnataka Brahmins">Karnataka Brahmins</a>)</li> <li>Tailanga (<a href="/wiki/Telugu_Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Telugu Brahmins">Telugu Brahmins</a>)</li> <li>Dravida (Brahmins of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Brahmins">Tamil Nadu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malayali_Brahmin" title="Malayali Brahmin">Kerala</a>)</li> <li>Maharashtraka (<a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_Brahmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharashtrian Brahmin">Maharashtrian Brahmins</a>)</li> <li>Gurjara (<a href="/wiki/Category:Brahmin_communities_of_Gujarat" title="Category:Brahmin communities of Gujarat">Gujarati</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_the_society">Role in the society</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vedic_duties">Vedic duties</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Dharmasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmasutra">Dharmasutra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dharmashastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmashastra">Dharmashastra</a> texts of Hinduism describe the expectations, duties and role of Brahmins. </p><p>According to Kulkarni, the Grhya-sutras state that <a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a>, Adhyayana (studying the vedas and teaching), dana pratigraha (accepting and giving gifts) are the "peculiar duties and privileges of brahmins".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Bussanich states that the ethical precepts set for Brahmins, in ancient Indian texts, are similar to Greek virtue-ethics, that "Manu's dharmic Brahmin can be compared to Aristotle's man of practical wisdom",<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that "the virtuous Brahmin is not unlike the Platonic-Aristotelian philosopher" with the difference that the latter was not sacerdotal.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Brahmins were expected to perform all six Vedic duties as opposed to other <a href="/wiki/Dvija" title="Dvija">twice-borns</a> who performed three. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Vedic duties of twice-born Varnas<sup id="cite_ref-ludo14_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ludo14-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th><i>Adhyayan</i><br />(Study Vedas)</th> <th><i>Yajana</i><br />(performing sacrifice for<br /> one's own benefit)</th> <th>Dana<br />(Giving Gifts)</th> <th>Adhyapana<br />(Teaching Vedas)</th> <th>Yaajana<br />(Acting as Priest<br />for sacrifice)</th> <th><i>Pratigraha</i> (accepting gifts) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Brahmin</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kshatriya</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>No</td> <td>No</td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vaishya</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>No</td> <td>No</td> <td>No </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Actual_occupations">Actual occupations</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shri_Gaudapadacharya_Statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Shri_Gaudapadacharya_Statue.jpg/162px-Shri_Gaudapadacharya_Statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Shri_Gaudapadacharya_Statue.jpg/243px-Shri_Gaudapadacharya_Statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Shri_Gaudapadacharya_Statue.jpg/325px-Shri_Gaudapadacharya_Statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2455" data-file-height="3265" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gaudapadacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaudapadacharya">Gaudapadacharya</a>, a proponent of Advaita Vedanta, was born into a Brahmin family. His disciple, Adi Shankara, is credited with unifying and establishing the main currents of thought in Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Historical records, state scholars, suggest that Brahmin varna was not limited to a particular status or priest and the teaching profession.<sup id="cite_ref-ghurye15_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghurye15-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-David_Shulman_1989_page_111_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_Shulman_1989_page_111-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-baileymabbett114_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baileymabbett114-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a>, a Brahmin born in 375 BCE, was an ancient Indian polymath who was active as a teacher, author, strategist, philosopher, economist, jurist, and royal advisor, who assisted the first Mauryan emperor <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</a> in his rise to power and is widely credited for having played an important role in the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historical records from mid 1st millennium CE and later, suggest Brahmins were agriculturalists and warriors in medieval India, quite often instead of as exception.<sup id="cite_ref-ghurye15_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghurye15-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-David_Shulman_1989_page_111_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_Shulman_1989_page_111-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Donkin and other scholars state that <a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala Empire</a> records frequently mention Brahmin merchants who "carried on trade in horses, elephants and pearls" and transported goods throughout medieval India before the 14th-century.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli Canon</a> depicts Brahmins as the most prestigious and elite non-Buddhist figures.<sup id="cite_ref-baileymabbett114_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baileymabbett114-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They mention them parading their learning. The Pali Canon and other <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a> such as the <i>Jataka Tales</i> also record the livelihood of Brahmins to have included being farmers, handicraft workers and artisans such as carpentry and architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-baileymabbett114_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baileymabbett114-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buddhist sources extensively attest, state Greg Bailey and Ian Mabbett, that Brahmins were "supporting themselves not by religious practice, but employment in all manner of secular occupations", in the classical period of India.<sup id="cite_ref-baileymabbett114_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baileymabbett114-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the Brahmin occupations mentioned in the Buddhist texts such as <i><a href="/wiki/Jataka_tales" title="Jataka tales">Jatakas</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sutta_Nipata" title="Sutta Nipata">Sutta Nipata</a></i> are very lowly.<sup id="cite_ref-baileymabbett114_40-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baileymabbett114-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmasutras</a></i> too mention Brahmin farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-baileymabbett114_40-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baileymabbett114-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Haidar and Sardar, unlike the Mughal Empire in Northern India, Brahmins figured prominently in the administration of <a href="/wiki/Deccan_sultanates" title="Deccan sultanates">Deccan sultanates</a>. Under <a href="/wiki/Golconda_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Golconda Sultanate">Golconda Sultanate</a> Telugu <a href="/wiki/Niyogi" class="mw-redirect" title="Niyogi">Niyogi</a> Brahmins served in many different roles such as accountants, ministers, in the revenue administration, and in the judicial service.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Deccan sultanates also heavily recruited <a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_Brahmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharashtrian Brahmin">Marathi Brahmins</a> at different levels of their administration.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the days of <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a> in the 17th and 18th century, the occupation of <a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_Brahmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharashtrian Brahmin">Marathi Brahmins</a> ranged from being state administrators, being warriors to being de facto rulers as <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Peshwa_and_Generals_from_Bhat_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Peshwa and Generals from Bhat Family">Peshwa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the collapse of Maratha empire, Brahmins in Maharashtra region were quick to take advantage of opportunities opened up by the new British rulers. They were the first community to take up Western education and therefore dominated lower level of British administration in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the Tamil Brahmins were also quick to take up English education during British colonial rule and dominate government service and law.<sup id="cite_ref-Seal1971_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seal1971-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eric Bellman states that during the Islamic Mughal Empire era Brahmins served as advisers to the Mughals, later to the British Raj.<sup id="cite_ref-bellmanwsj_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bellmanwsj-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> also recruited <a href="/wiki/Sepoy" title="Sepoy">sepoys</a> (soldiers) from the Brahmin communities of <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Awadh" title="Awadh">Awadh</a> (in the present day Uttar Pradesh)<sup id="cite_ref-Pandey2002_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pandey2002-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal army">Bengal army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Omissi2016_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Omissi2016-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Brahmins, in other parts of South Asia lived like other varna, engaged in all sorts of professions. Among Nepalese Hindus, for example, Niels Gutschow and Axel Michaels report the actual observed professions of Brahmins from 18th- to early 20th-century included being temple priests, ministers, merchants, farmers, potters, masons, carpenters, coppersmiths, stone workers, barbers, and gardeners, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other 20th-century surveys, such as in the state of <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, recorded that the primary occupation of almost all Brahmin families surveyed was neither priestly nor Vedas-related, but like other varnas, ranged from crop farming (80 per cent of Brahmins), dairy, service, labour such as cooking, and other occupations.<sup id="cite_ref-noormohammad45_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noormohammad45-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The survey reported that the Brahmin families involved in agriculture as their primary occupation in modern times plough the land themselves, many supplementing their income by selling their labour services to other farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-noormohammad45_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noormohammad45-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bhakti_movement_and_Social_Reform_movements">Bhakti movement and Social Reform movements</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ram_Mohan_Roy.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ram_Mohan_Roy.JPG/170px-Ram_Mohan_Roy.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ram_Mohan_Roy.JPG/255px-Ram_Mohan_Roy.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ram_Mohan_Roy.JPG/340px-Ram_Mohan_Roy.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Raja Ram Mohan Roy</a>, a Brahmin, who founded <a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Many of the prominent thinkers and earliest champions of the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a> were Brahmins, a movement that encouraged a direct relationship of an individual with a personal god.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bhakti2_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhakti2-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the many Brahmins who nurtured the Bhakti movement were <a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nimbarka" title="Nimbarka">Nimbarka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vallabha_Acharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vallabha Acharya">Vallabha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a> of Vaishnavism,<sup id="cite_ref-bhakti2_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhakti2-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a>, another devotional poet <a href="/wiki/Sant_(religion)" title="Sant (religion)">sant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ronald_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ronald-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-william_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-william-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Born in a Brahmin family,<sup id="cite_ref-ronald_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ronald-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lorenzen_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lorenzen-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ramananda welcomed everyone to spiritual pursuits without discriminating anyone by gender, class, caste or religion (such as Muslims).<sup id="cite_ref-lorenzen_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lorenzen-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-larsonvair_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-larsonvair-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-julia_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-julia-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He composed his spiritual message in poems, using widely spoken vernacular language rather than Sanskrit, to make it widely accessible. The Hindu tradition recognises him as the founder of the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi Sampradaya</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-schomer_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schomer-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the largest <a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">monastic</a> renunciant community in Asia in modern times.<sup id="cite_ref-selva_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-selva-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lochtefeld553_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lochtefeld553-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other medieval era Brahmins who led spiritual movements without social or gender discrimination included <a href="/wiki/Andal" title="Andal">Andal</a> (9th-century female poet), <a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a> (12th-century Lingayatism), <a href="/wiki/Dnyaneshwar" title="Dnyaneshwar">Dnyaneshwar</a> (13th-century Bhakti poet), <a href="/wiki/Vallabha_Acharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vallabha Acharya">Vallabha Acharya</a> (16th-century Vaishnava poet), <a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya Mahaprabhu</a> (14th-century Vaishnava saint) were among others.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many 18th and 19th century Brahmins are credited with religious movements that criticised <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a>. For example, the Brahmins <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy" title="Raja Ram Mohan Roy">Raja Ram Mohan Roy</a> led <a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a> led the <a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outside_the_Indian_subcontinent">Outside the Indian subcontinent</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Hinduism in Southeast Asia">Hinduism in Southeast Asia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_pedanda_istri_(preisteres)_met_offergereedschap_Bali_TMnr_10001214.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_pedanda_istri_%28preisteres%29_met_offergereedschap_Bali_TMnr_10001214.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_pedanda_istri_%28preisteres%29_met_offergereedschap_Bali_TMnr_10001214.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_pedanda_istri_%28preisteres%29_met_offergereedschap_Bali_TMnr_10001214.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_pedanda_istri_%28preisteres%29_met_offergereedschap_Bali_TMnr_10001214.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_pedanda_istri_%28preisteres%29_met_offergereedschap_Bali_TMnr_10001214.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_pedanda_istri_%28preisteres%29_met_offergereedschap_Bali_TMnr_10001214.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Among the Hindus of <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, Indonesia, Brahmins are called <i>Pedandas</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The role of Brahmin priests, called <i>Sulinggih</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been open to both genders since medieval times. A Hindu Brahmin priestess is shown above.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some Brahmins formed an influential group in Burmese Buddhist kingdoms in 18th- and 19th-century. The court Brahmins were locally called <i>Punna</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-leider_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leider-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Konbaung dynasty</a>, Buddhist kings relied on their court Brahmins to consecrate them to kingship in elaborate ceremonies, and to help resolve political questions.<sup id="cite_ref-leider_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leider-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This role of Hindu Brahmins in a Buddhist kingdom, states Leider, may have been because Hindu texts provide guidelines for such social rituals and political ceremonies, while Buddhist texts do not.<sup id="cite_ref-leider_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leider-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Brahmins were also consulted in the transmission, development and maintenance of law and justice system outside India.<sup id="cite_ref-leider_77-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leider-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hindu <a href="/wiki/Dharmasastras" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmasastras">Dharmasastras</a>, particularly Manusmriti written by the Prajapati Manu, states Anthony Reid,<sup id="cite_ref-reidseasia_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reidseasia-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were "greatly honored in Burma (Myanmar), Siam (Thailand), Cambodia and Java-Bali (Indonesia) as the defining documents of law and order, which kings were obliged to uphold. They were copied, translated and incorporated into local law code, with strict adherence to the original text in Burma and Siam, and a stronger tendency to adapt to local needs in Java (Indonesia)".<sup id="cite_ref-reidseasia_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reidseasia-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mythical origins of <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> are credited to a Brahmin prince named Kaundinya, who arrived by sea, married a Naga princess living in the flooded lands.<sup id="cite_ref-trevorranges48_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trevorranges48-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaudinya founded Kambuja-desa, or Kambuja (transliterated to Kampuchea or Cambodia). Kaundinya introduced Hinduism, particularly Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva and Harihara (half Vishnu, half Shiva), and these ideas grew in southeast Asia in the 1st millennium CE.<sup id="cite_ref-trevorranges48_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trevorranges48-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Chams" title="Chams">Chams</a> Balamon</i> (Hindu Brahmin Chams) form a majority of the Cham population in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sơn_p.105_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sơn_p.105-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brahmins have been part of the Royal tradition of <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, particularly for the consecration and to mark annual land fertility rituals of Buddhist kings. A small Brahmanical temple <a href="/wiki/Devasathan" title="Devasathan">Devasathan</a>, established in 1784 by King <a href="/wiki/Rama_I" title="Rama I">Rama I</a> of Thailand, has been managed by ethnically Thai Brahmins ever since.<sup id="cite_ref-wales54_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wales54-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The temple hosts <i>Phra Phikhanesuan</i> (Ganesha), <i>Phra Narai</i> (Narayana, Vishnu), <i>Phra Itsuan</i> (Shiva), <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Uma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a> (<i>Sakka</i>) and other Hindu deities.<sup id="cite_ref-wales54_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wales54-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tradition asserts that the Thai Brahmins have roots in Hindu holy city of Varanasi and southern state of Tamil Nadu, go by the title <i>Pandita</i>, and the various annual rites and state ceremonies they conduct has been a blend of Buddhist and Hindu rituals. The <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Thai_monarch" title="Coronation of the Thai monarch">coronation ceremony</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Thai king</a> is almost entirely conducted by the royal Brahmins.<sup id="cite_ref-wales54_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wales54-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brahmin_population_distribution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Brahmin_population_distribution.svg/220px-Brahmin_population_distribution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Brahmin_population_distribution.svg/330px-Brahmin_population_distribution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Brahmin_population_distribution.svg/440px-Brahmin_population_distribution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1615" /></a><figcaption>Percentage of Brahmins in each state. Data is from recent caste censuses.<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#550000; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 16–20%</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#800000; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 12–16%</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D40000; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 9–12%</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF2A2A; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 4–8%</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF8080; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 1–4%</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFD5D5; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 0–1%</div></figcaption></figure> <p>According to 2007 reports, Brahmins in India are about 5% of its total population, and back then were numbering 56 million.<sup id="cite_ref-bellmanwsj_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bellmanwsj-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-outlookbgraph_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-outlookbgraph-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Himalayan states of <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a> (20%) and <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a> (14%) have the highest percentage of Brahmin population relative to respective state's total Hindus, followed by <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> (12%), <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu Kashmir</a> (11%), <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> (10%), in other states the Brahmins being less than 10% of the population, the lowest being in the southern states of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, where they form 1%.<sup id="cite_ref-outlookbgraph_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-outlookbgraph-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Center for the Study of Developing Societies, in 2004 about 65% of Brahmin households in India earned less than $100 a month compared to 89% of <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes">Scheduled Tribes</a>, 91% of <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes">Scheduled Castes</a> and 86% of Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-bellmanwsj_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bellmanwsj-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viswa_Brahman_Diwas" class="mw-redirect" title="Viswa Brahman Diwas">Viswa Brahman Diwas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_priesthood" title="Vedic priesthood">Vedic priesthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavarta" title="Brahmavarta">Brahmavarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brahmins" title="List of Brahmins">List of Brahmins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brahmin_dynasties_and_states" title="List of Brahmin dynasties and states">List of Brahmin dynasties and states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Brahmans" title="1st Brahmans">1st Brahman Regiment</a> and <a href="/wiki/3rd_Brahmans" title="3rd Brahmans">3rd Brahman Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin_Tamil" title="Brahmin Tamil">Brahmin Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Historical Vedic religion</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Wren2004-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wren2004_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin_Lee_Wren2004" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin Lee Wren (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XdvfevJAsgMC&pg=PA77"><i>Teaching World Civilization with Joy and Enthusiasm</i></a>. University Press of America. pp. 77–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-2747-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-2747-4"><bdi>978-0-7618-2747-4</bdi></a>. <q>At the top were the Brahmins(priests), then the Kshatriyas(warriors), then the vaishya(the merchant class which only in India had a place of honor in Asia), next were the sudras(farmers), and finally the pariah(untouchables), or those who did the dirty defiling work</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teaching+World+Civilization+with+Joy+and+Enthusiasm&rft.pages=77-&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-2747-4&rft.au=Benjamin+Lee+Wren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXdvfevJAsgMC%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Valpey2019-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Valpey2019_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_R._Valpey2019" class="citation book cs1">Kenneth R. Valpey (2 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EJO7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA169"><i>Cow Care in Hindu Animal Ethics</i></a>. Springer Nature. pp. 169–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03-028408-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03-028408-4"><bdi>978-3-03-028408-4</bdi></a>. <q>The four varnas are the brahmins (brahmanas—priests, teachers); kshatriyas (ksatriyas—administrators, rulers); vaishyas (vaisyas—farmers, bankers, business people); and shudras(laborers, artisans)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cow+Care+in+Hindu+Animal+Ethics&rft.pages=169-&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2019-11-02&rft.isbn=978-3-03-028408-4&rft.au=Kenneth+R.+Valpey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEJO7DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BullietCrossleyHeadrick2018-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BullietCrossleyHeadrick2018_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_BullietPamela_CrossleyDaniel_HeadrickSteven_Hirsch2018" class="citation book cs1">Richard Bulliet; Pamela Crossley; Daniel Headrick; Steven Hirsch; Lyman Johnson (11 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lJRUEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA172"><i>The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History, Volume I</i></a>. Cengage Learning. pp. 172–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-357-15937-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-357-15937-8"><bdi>978-0-357-15937-8</bdi></a>. <q>Varna are the four major social divisions: the Brahmin priest class, the Kshatriya warrior/ administrator class, the Vaishya merchant/farmer class, and the Shudra laborer class.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Earth+and+Its+Peoples%3A+A+Global+History%2C+Volume+I&rft.pages=172-&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2018-10-11&rft.isbn=978-0-357-15937-8&rft.au=Richard+Bulliet&rft.au=Pamela+Crossley&rft.au=Daniel+Headrick&rft.au=Steven+Hirsch&rft.au=Lyman+Johnson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlJRUEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iriye1979-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Iriye1979_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkira_Iriye1979" class="citation book cs1">Akira Iriye (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tM-CAAAAIAAJ"><i>The World of Asia</i></a>. Forum Press. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88273-500-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88273-500-9"><bdi>978-0-88273-500-9</bdi></a>. <q>The four varna groupings in descending order of their importance came to be Brahmin (priests), Kshatriya (warriors and administrators), Vaishya (cultivators and merchants), and Sudra (peasants and menial laborers)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Asia&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Forum+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-88273-500-9&rft.au=Akira+Iriye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtM-CAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ludo14-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ludo14_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ludo14_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudo_Rocher2014" class="citation book cs1">Ludo Rocher (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dziNBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA205">"9.Caste and occupation in classical India: The normative texts"</a>. In Donald R. Davis Jr. (ed.). <i>Studies in Hindu Law and Dharmaśāstra</i>. Anthem Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">205–</span>206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781783083152" title="Special:BookSources/9781783083152"><bdi>9781783083152</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=9.Caste+and+occupation+in+classical+India%3A+The+normative+texts&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Hindu+Law+and+Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E205-%3C%2Fspan%3E206&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781783083152&rft.au=Ludo+Rocher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdziNBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lochtefeld125-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lochtefeld125_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Lochtefeld (2002), Brahmin, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A–M, Rosen Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8">978-0-8239-3179-8</a>, page 125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ghurye15-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ghurye15_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ghurye15_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ghurye15_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ghurye15_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">GS Ghurye (1969), Caste and Race in India, Popular Prakashan, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-205-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-205-5">978-81-7154-205-5</a>, pages 15–18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-doniger141-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-doniger141_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-doniger141_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoniger1999" class="citation book cs1">Doniger, Wendy (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/141"><i>Merriam-Webster's encyclopedia of world religions</i></a>. Springfield, MA, US: Merriam-Webster. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/141">141–142, 186</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0"><bdi>978-0-87779-044-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+encyclopedia+of+world+religions&rft.place=Springfield%2C+MA%2C+US&rft.pages=141-142%2C+186&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-87779-044-0&rft.aulast=Doniger&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780877790440%2Fpage%2F141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-David_Shulman_1989_page_111-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-David_Shulman_1989_page_111_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_Shulman_1989_page_111_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_Shulman_1989_page_111_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David Shulman (1989), The King and the Clown, Princeton University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00834-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00834-9">978-0-691-00834-9</a>, page 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWink2020" class="citation book cs1">Wink, André (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uPXvDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Making of the Indo-Islamic World C.700–1800 CE</i></a>. E.J. Brill. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-41774-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-41774-7"><bdi>978-1-108-41774-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Indo-Islamic+World+C.700%E2%80%931800+CE&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-108-41774-7&rft.aulast=Wink&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuPXvDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThapar2008" class="citation book cs1">Thapar, Romila (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jFY8wFz-Pj8C"><i>Somanatha</i></a>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-021-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-021-0"><bdi>978-93-5118-021-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somanatha&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-93-5118-021-0&rft.aulast=Thapar&rft.aufirst=Romila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjFY8wFz-Pj8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lopez2004busc1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lopez2004busc1_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_Lopez2004" class="citation book cs1">Donald Lopez (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Pd-2IIzip4C"><i>Buddhist Scriptures</i></a>. Penguin Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">xi–</span>xv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-190937-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-190937-0"><bdi>978-0-14-190937-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Scriptures&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exi-%3C%2Fspan%3Exv&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-14-190937-0&rft.au=Donald+Lopez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6Pd-2IIzip4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaini2001p123-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jaini2001p123_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaini2001p123_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadmanabh_S._Jaini2001" class="citation book cs1">Padmanabh S. Jaini (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlyDot9RyGcC&pg=PA123"><i>Collected Papers on Buddhist Studies</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1776-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1776-0"><bdi>978-81-208-1776-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+Papers+on+Buddhist+Studies&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1776-0&rft.au=Padmanabh+S.+Jaini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZlyDot9RyGcC%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jayatilleke2013-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jayatilleke2013_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK_N_Jayatilleke2013" class="citation book cs1">K N Jayatilleke (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6pBTAQAAQBAJ"><i>Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">141–</span>154, 219, 241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-54287-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-54287-1"><bdi>978-1-134-54287-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Buddhist+Theory+of+Knowledge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E141-%3C%2Fspan%3E154%2C+219%2C+241&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-134-54287-1&rft.au=K+N+Jayatilleke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6pBTAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKailash_Chand_Jain1991" class="citation book cs1">Kailash Chand Jain (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8-TxcO9dfrcC"><i>Lord Mahāvīra and His Times</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0805-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0805-8"><bdi>978-81-208-0805-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111053959/https://books.google.com/books?id=8-TxcO9dfrcC">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+Mah%C4%81v%C4%ABra+and+His+Times&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0805-8&rft.au=Kailash+Chand+Jain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8-TxcO9dfrcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&query=head%3D%23119">"Strabo XV.1"</a>. Perseus.tufts.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071227232800/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&query=head%3D%23119">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Strabo+XV.1&rft.pub=Perseus.tufts.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fptext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.01.0239%26query%3Dhead%253D%2523119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-olivelleaab60-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-olivelleaab60_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-olivelleaab60_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-olivelleaab60_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick Olivelle (2011), Ascetics and Brahmins: Studies in Ideologies and Institutions, Anthem, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85728-432-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85728-432-7">978-0-85728-432-7</a>, page 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Max Müller</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofancient00mluoft#page/570/mode/2up">A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, pages 570–571</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThapar2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Romila_Thapar" title="Romila Thapar">Thapar, Romila</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC&pg=PA125"><i>Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520242258" title="Special:BookSources/9780520242258"><bdi>9780520242258</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+India%3A+From+the+Origins+to+AD+1300&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780520242258&rft.aulast=Thapar&rft.aufirst=Romila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-5irrXX0apQC%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jamison_2014_57–58-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jamison_2014_57–58_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jamison_2014_57–58_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamison2014" class="citation book cs1">Jamison, Stephanie; et al. (2014). <i>The Rigveda: the earliest religious poetry of India</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">57–</span>58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-937018-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-937018-4"><bdi>978-0-19-937018-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rigveda%3A+the+earliest+religious+poetry+of+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-937018-4&rft.aulast=Jamison&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNath2001" class="citation journal cs1">Nath, Vijay (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3518337">"From 'Brahmanism' to 'Hinduism': Negotiating the Myth of the Great Tradition"</a>. <i>Social Scientist</i>. <b>29</b> (3/4): 25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3518337">10.2307/3518337</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0970-0293">0970-0293</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3518337">3518337</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Scientist&rft.atitle=From+%27Brahmanism%27+to+%27Hinduism%27%3A+Negotiating+the+Myth+of+the+Great+Tradition&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=25&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=0970-0293&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3518337%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3518337&rft.aulast=Nath&rft.aufirst=Vijay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3518337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eraly283-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eraly283_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eraly283_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abraham Eraly (2011), <i>The First Spring: The Golden Age of India,</i> Penguin, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-08478-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-08478-4">978-0-670-08478-4</a>, page 283</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Witzel (1993) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/603031">Toward a History of the Brahmins</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181001041949/https://www.jstor.org/stable/603031">Archived</a> 1 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society,</i> Vol. 113, No. 2, pages 264–268</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JGL_2002-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JGL_2002_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JGL_2002_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JGL_2002_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JGL_2002_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_G._Lochtefeld2002" class="citation book cs1">James G. Lochtefeld (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch"><i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z</i></a></span>. Rosen. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/491">491</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780823931804" title="Special:BookSources/9780823931804"><bdi>9780823931804</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism%3A+N-Z&rft.pages=491&rft.pub=Rosen&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780823931804&rft.au=James+G.+Lochtefeld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillustratedencyc0000loch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._Shyam_Babu_and_Ravindra_S._Khare2011" class="citation book cs1">D. Shyam Babu and <a href="/wiki/R._S._Khare" title="R. S. Khare">Ravindra S. Khare</a>, ed. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lXyWE6KbG8oC&pg=PA168"><i>Caste in Life: Experiencing Inequalities</i></a>. Pearson Education India. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788131754399" title="Special:BookSources/9788131754399"><bdi>9788131754399</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caste+in+Life%3A+Experiencing+Inequalities&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9788131754399&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlXyWE6KbG8oC%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENarasimhacharya19998-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarasimhacharya19998_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarasimhacharya19998_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarasimhacharya19998_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNarasimhacharya1999">Narasimhacharya (1999)</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahadur1976" class="citation book cs1">Bahadur, K. P. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yQHpEQ8HkRMC&dq=titles+of+sanadhya+brahmins&pg=PA28"><i>Selection From Ramachndrika Of Keshv</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2789-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2789-9"><bdi>978-81-208-2789-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selection+From+Ramachndrika+Of+Keshv&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-81-208-2789-9&rft.aulast=Bahadur&rft.aufirst=K.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyQHpEQ8HkRMC%26dq%3Dtitles%2Bof%2Bsanadhya%2Bbrahmins%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/this-community-does-not-believe-in-the-tradition/articleshow/65546929.cms">"This community does not believe in the tradition"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 26 August 2018. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257">0971-8257</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=This+community+does+not+believe+in+the+tradition&rft.date=2018-08-26&rft.issn=0971-8257&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fjaipur%2Fthis-community-does-not-believe-in-the-tradition%2Farticleshow%2F65546929.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sherring_1977-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sherring_1977_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sherring_1977_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sherring_1977_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sherring_1977_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherring1977" class="citation book cs1">Sherring, Matthew Atmore (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iTXXAAAAMAAJ"><i>Hindu Tribes and Castes Volume 1</i></a>. Thacker, spink and company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Tribes+and+Castes+Volume+1&rft.pub=Thacker%2C+spink+and+company&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Sherring&rft.aufirst=Matthew+Atmore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiTXXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWink1990" class="citation book cs1">Wink, André (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC"><i>Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The slave kings and the Islamic conquest, 11th–13th centuries</i></a>. E.J. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09249-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09249-5"><bdi>978-90-04-09249-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Hind%2C+the+Making+of+the+Indo-Islamic+World%3A+The+slave+kings+and+the+Islamic+conquest%2C+11th%E2%80%9313th+centuries&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09249-5&rft.aulast=Wink&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbCVyhH5VDjAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WFfVAAAAMAAJ"><i>Bhāratīya sāhitya, Volume 19</i></a>. Agra University. K.M. Institute of Hindi Studies and Linguistics. 1974.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bh%C4%81rat%C4%ABya+s%C4%81hitya%2C+Volume+19&rft.pub=Agra+University.+K.M.+Institute+of+Hindi+Studies+and+Linguistics.&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWFfVAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaturvedi1945" class="citation book cs1">Chaturvedi, Shyam lal (Rai bahadur) (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=91ACAAAAMAAJ"><i>In Fraternity with Nepal, An Account of the Activities Under the Auspices of the Wider Life Movement for the Furtherance and Consolidation of the Indo-Nepalese Cultural Fellowship</i></a>. p. 65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Fraternity+with+Nepal%2C+An+Account+of+the+Activities+Under+the+Auspices+of+the+Wider+Life+Movement+for+the+Furtherance+and+Consolidation+of+the+Indo-Nepalese+Cultural+Fellowship&rft.pages=65&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Chaturvedi&rft.aufirst=Shyam+lal+%28Rai+bahadur%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D91ACAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandya1952" class="citation book cs1">Pandya, A V (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BM8BAAAAMAAJ&q=pancha+dravida+gurjara+rajasthan"><i>Abu in Bombay State: A Scientific Study of the Problem</i></a>. Charutar Vidya Mandal. p. 29. <q>It is interesting to note here that the Brahmin groups of Marwar and Mewar belong to the Gurjara group of the Pancha Dravida division</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abu+in+Bombay+State%3A+A+Scientific+Study+of+the+Problem&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Charutar+Vidya+Mandal&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Pandya&rft.aufirst=A+V&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBM8BAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dpancha%2Bdravida%2Bgurjara%2Brajasthan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulkarni,_A.R.1964" class="citation journal cs1">Kulkarni, A.R. (1964). "Social and Economic Position of Brahmins in Maharashtra in the Age of Shivaji". <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i>. <b>26</b>: <span class="nowrap">66–</span>67. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44140322">44140322</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=Social+and+Economic+Position+of+Brahmins+in+Maharashtra+in+the+Age+of+Shivaji&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E66-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44140322%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Kulkarni%2C+A.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Bussanich (2014), Ancient Ethics (Editors: Jörg Hardy and George Rudebusch), Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89971-629-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89971-629-0">978-3-89971-629-0</a>, pages 38, 33–52, Quote: "Affinities with Greek virtue ethics are also noteworthy. Manu's dharmic Brahmin can be compared to Aristotle's man of practical wisdom, who exercises moral authority because he feels the proper emotions and judges difficult situations correctly, when moral rules and maxims are unavailable".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Bussanich (2014), Ancient Ethics (Editors: Jörg Hardy and George Rudebusch), Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89971-629-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89971-629-0">978-3-89971-629-0</a>, pages 44–45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johannes de Kruijf and Ajaya Sahoo (2014), Indian Transnationalism Online: New Perspectives on Diaspora, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-1913-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-1913-2">978-1-4724-1913-2</a>, page 105, Quote: "In other words, according to Adi Shankara's argument, the philosophy of Advaita Vedanta stood over and above all other forms of Hinduism and encapsulated them. This then united Hinduism; (...) Another of Adi Shankara's important undertakings which contributed to the unification of Hinduism was his founding of a number of monastic centers."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Shankara</i>, Student's Encyclopædia Britannica – India (2000), Volume 4, Encyclopædia Britannica (UK) Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-760-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-760-5">978-0-85229-760-5</a>, page 379, Quote: "Shankaracharya, philosopher and theologian, most renowned exponent of the Advaita Vedanta school of philosophy, from whose doctrines the main currents of modern Indian thought are derived."<br />David Crystal (2004), The Penguin Encyclopedia, Penguin Books, page 1353, Quote: "[Shankara] is the most famous exponent of Advaita Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy and the source of the main currents of modern Hindu thought."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christophe Jaffrelot (1998), The Hindu Nationalist Movement in India, Columbia University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10335-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10335-0">978-0-231-10335-0</a>, page 2, Quote: "The main current of Hinduism – if not the only one – which became formalized in a way that approximates to an ecclesiastical structure was that of Shankara".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-baileymabbett114-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-baileymabbett114_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-baileymabbett114_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-baileymabbett114_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-baileymabbett114_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-baileymabbett114_40-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-baileymabbett114_40-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Greg Bailey and Ian Mabbett (2006), The Sociology of Early Buddhism, Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02521-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02521-8">978-0-521-02521-8</a>, pages 113–115 with footnotes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrautmann1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Trautmann" title="Thomas Trautmann">Trautmann, Thomas R.</a> (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v3iDAAAAMAAJ"><i>Kauṭilya and the Arthaśāstra: a statistical investigation of the authorship and evolution of the text</i></a>. Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">11–</span>13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kau%E1%B9%ADilya+and+the+Artha%C5%9B%C4%81stra%3A+a+statistical+investigation+of+the+authorship+and+evolution+of+the+text&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Trautmann&rft.aufirst=Thomas+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv3iDAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">RA Donkin (1998), Beyond Price: Pearls and Pearl-fishing, American Philosophical Society, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-224-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-224-5">978-0-87169-224-5</a>, page 166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">SC Malik (1986), Determinants of Social Status in India, Indian Institute of Advanced Study, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0073-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0073-1">978-81-208-0073-1</a>, page 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stella Kramrisch (1994), Exploring India's Sacred Art, Editor: Stella Miller, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1208-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1208-6">978-81-208-1208-6</a>, pages 60–64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRITSCHL1980" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">RITSCHL, Eva (1980). "Brahmanische Bauern. Zur Theorie und Praxis der brahmanischen Ständeordnung im alten Indien". <i>Altorientalische Forschungen</i> (in German). <b>7</b> (JG). Walter de Gruyter GmbH: <span class="nowrap">177–</span>187. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1524%2Faofo.1980.7.jg.177">10.1524/aofo.1980.7.jg.177</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0232-8461">0232-8461</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201725661">201725661</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Altorientalische+Forschungen&rft.atitle=Brahmanische+Bauern.+Zur+Theorie+und+Praxis+der+brahmanischen+St%C3%A4ndeordnung+im+alten+Indien&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=JG&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E177-%3C%2Fspan%3E187&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A201725661%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0232-8461&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1524%2Faofo.1980.7.jg.177&rft.aulast=RITSCHL&rft.aufirst=Eva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaidarSardar2015" class="citation book cs1">Haidar, Navina Najat; Sardar, Marika (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oi4nBwAAQBAJ"><i>Sultans of Deccan Indian 1500–1700</i></a> (1 ed.). New Haven, CT, US: Museum Of Metropolitan Art. pp. <span class="nowrap">11–</span>12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21110-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21110-8"><bdi>978-0-300-21110-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sultans+of+Deccan+Indian+1500%E2%80%931700&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT%2C+US&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Museum+Of+Metropolitan+Art&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-300-21110-8&rft.aulast=Haidar&rft.aufirst=Navina+Najat&rft.au=Sardar%2C+Marika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Doi4nBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon1993" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Stewart (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&q=deshastha&pg=PR9"><i>Cambridge History of India: The Marathas 1600–1818</i></a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University press. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26883-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26883-7"><bdi>978-0-521-26883-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+History+of+India%3A+The+Marathas+1600%E2%80%931818&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-26883-7&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiHK-BhVXOU4C%26q%3Ddeshastha%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulkarni1995" class="citation book cs1">Kulkarni, Sumitra (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SYOSHaZnBy8C&pg=PA129"><i>The Satara Raj, 1818–1848: A Study in History, Administration, and Culture – Sumitra Kulkarni</i></a>. Mittal Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-581-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-581-4"><bdi>978-81-7099-581-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Satara+Raj%2C+1818%E2%80%931848%3A+A+Study+in+History%2C+Administration%2C+and+Culture+%E2%80%93+Sumitra+Kulkarni&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-81-7099-581-4&rft.aulast=Kulkarni&rft.aufirst=Sumitra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSYOSHaZnBy8C%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India/46988/Rise-of-the-peshwas">"India : Rise of the peshwas - Britannica Online Encyclopedia"</a>. Britannica.com. 8 November 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130426031917/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India/46988/Rise-of-the-peshwas">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=India+%3A+Rise+of+the+peshwas+-+Britannica+Online+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Britannica.com&rft.date=2011-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F285248%2FIndia%2F46988%2FRise-of-the-peshwas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanlon1985" class="citation book cs1">Hanlon, Rosilind (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5kMrsTj1NeYC&q=phule+vedas&pg=PR9"><i>Caste, Conflict and Ideology: Mahatma Jotirao Phule and low caste protest in nineteenth-century Western India</i></a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">122–</span>123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-52308-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-52308-7"><bdi>0-521-52308-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caste%2C+Conflict+and+Ideology%3A+Mahatma+Jotirao+Phule+and+low+caste+protest+in+nineteenth-century+Western+India&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E122-%3C%2Fspan%3E123&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press.&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-521-52308-7&rft.aulast=Hanlon&rft.aufirst=Rosilind&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5kMrsTj1NeYC%26q%3Dphule%2Bvedas%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seal1971-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Seal1971_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnil_Seal1971" class="citation book cs1">Anil Seal (2 September 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xV84AAAAIAAJ&pg=PR13"><i>The Emergence of Indian Nationalism: Competition and Collaboration in the Later Nineteenth Century</i></a>. CUP Archive. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09652-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09652-2"><bdi>978-0-521-09652-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Indian+Nationalism%3A+Competition+and+Collaboration+in+the+Later+Nineteenth+Century&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1971-09-02&rft.isbn=978-0-521-09652-2&rft.au=Anil+Seal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxV84AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPR13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bellmanwsj-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bellmanwsj_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bellmanwsj_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bellmanwsj_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellman2007" class="citation news cs1">Bellman, Eric (30 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB119889387595256961">"Reversal of Fortune Isolates India's Brahmins"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220610055905/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB119889387595256961">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Reversal+of+Fortune+Isolates+India%27s+Brahmins&rft.date=2007-12-30&rft.aulast=Bellman&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB119889387595256961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pandey2002-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pandey2002_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGyanendra_Pandey2002" class="citation book cs1">Gyanendra Pandey (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nxmed64K7d8C&pg=PP10"><i>The Ascendancy of the Congress in Uttar Pradesh: Class, Community and Nation in Northern India, 1920–1940</i></a>. Anthem Press. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-057-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-057-0"><bdi>978-1-84331-057-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ascendancy+of+the+Congress+in+Uttar+Pradesh%3A+Class%2C+Community+and+Nation+in+Northern+India%2C+1920%E2%80%931940&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84331-057-0&rft.au=Gyanendra+Pandey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNxmed64K7d8C%26pg%3DPP10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Omissi2016-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Omissi2016_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Omissi2016" class="citation book cs1">David Omissi (27 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=suG-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1"><i>The Sepoy and the Raj: The Indian Army, 1860-1940</i></a>. Springer. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-14768-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-14768-7"><bdi>978-1-349-14768-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sepoy+and+the+Raj%3A+The+Indian+Army%2C+1860-1940&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016-07-27&rft.isbn=978-1-349-14768-7&rft.au=David+Omissi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsuG-DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroseclose1994" class="citation book cs1">Groseclose, Barbara (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dR6F_ZdieAUC&pg=PA67"><i>British sculpture and the Company Raj : church monuments and public statuary in Madras, Calcutta, and Bombay to 1858</i></a>. Newark, Del.: University of Delaware Press. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87413-406-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87413-406-4"><bdi>0-87413-406-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+sculpture+and+the+Company+Raj+%3A+church+monuments+and+public+statuary+in+Madras%2C+Calcutta%2C+and+Bombay+to+1858&rft.place=Newark%2C+Del.&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=University+of+Delaware+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-87413-406-4&rft.aulast=Groseclose&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdR6F_ZdieAUC%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Niels Gutschow and Axel Michaels (2008), Bel-Frucht und Lendentuch: Mädchen und Jungen in Bhaktapur Nepal, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, pages 23 (table), for context and details see 16–36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-noormohammad45-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-noormohammad45_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-noormohammad45_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Noor Mohammad (1992), New Dimensions in Agricultural Geography, Volume 3, Concept Publishers, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7022-403-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-7022-403-9">81-7022-403-9</a>, pages 45, 42–48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramesh Bairy (2010), Being Brahmin, Being Modern, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-58576-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-58576-7">978-0-415-58576-7</a>, pages 86–89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G Shah (2004), Caste and Democratic Politics in India, Anthem, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-085-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-085-3">978-1-84331-085-3</a>, page 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sheldon Pollock (2009), The Language of the Gods in the World of Men, University of California Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520260030" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520260030">978-0520260030</a>, pages 423–431</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bhakti2-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bhakti2_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bhakti2_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver_Leaman2002" class="citation book cs1">Oliver Leaman (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vK-GAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA251"><i>Eastern Philosophy: Key Readings</i></a>. Routledge. p. 251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-68919-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-68919-4"><bdi>978-1-134-68919-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Philosophy%3A+Key+Readings&rft.pages=251&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-134-68919-4&rft.au=Oliver+Leaman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvK-GAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin" class="Z3988"></span>;<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._M._Srinivasa_Chari1994" class="citation book cs1">S. M. Srinivasa Chari (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=evmiLInyxBMC"><i>Vaiṣṇavism: Its Philosophy, Theology, and Religious Discipline</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <span class="nowrap">32–</span>33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1098-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1098-3"><bdi>978-81-208-1098-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vai%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87avism%3A+Its+Philosophy%2C+Theology%2C+and+Religious+Discipline&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E32-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1098-3&rft.au=S.+M.+Srinivasa+Chari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DevmiLInyxBMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ronald-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ronald_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ronald_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ronald McGregor (1984), Hindi literature from its beginnings to the nineteenth century, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-02413-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-02413-6">978-3-447-02413-6</a>, pages 42–44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-william-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-william_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Pinch (1996), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B7cwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA53">Peasants and Monks in British India</a></i>, University of California Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20061-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20061-6">978-0-520-20061-6</a>, pages 53–89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lorenzen-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lorenzen_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lorenzen_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_Lorenzen" title="David Lorenzen">David Lorenzen</a>, Who Invented Hinduism: Essays on Religion in History, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-902272-6-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-902272-6-1">978-81-902272-6-1</a>, pages 104–106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-larsonvair-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-larsonvair_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerald James Larson (1995), India's Agony Over Religion, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2412-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2412-4">978-0-7914-2412-4</a>, page 116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-julia-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-julia_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Julia Leslie (1996), Myth and Mythmaking: Continuous Evolution in Indian Tradition, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0303-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0303-6">978-0-7007-0303-6</a>, pages 117–119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schomer-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-schomer_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schomer and McLeod (1987), The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0277-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0277-3">978-81-208-0277-3</a>, pages 4–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-selva-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-selva_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Selva Raj and William Harman (2007), Dealing with Deities: The Ritual Vow in South Asia, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6708-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6708-4">978-0-7914-6708-4</a>, pages 165–166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lochtefeld553-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lochtefeld553_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James G Lochtefeld (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z, Rosen Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3180-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3180-4">978-0-8239-3180-4</a>, pages 553–554</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Stratton Hawley (2015), A Storm of Songs: India and the Idea of the Bhakti Movement, Harvard University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-18746-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-18746-7">978-0-674-18746-7</a>, pages 304–310</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rachel McDermott (2001), Singing to the Goddess: Poems to Kālī and Umā from Bengal, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513434-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513434-6">978-0-19-513434-6</a>, pages 8–9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/may2005/engpdf/mahima_dharma_bhima_bhoi_biswanathbaba.pdf">"Mahima Dharma, Bhima Bhoi and Biswanathbaba"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926224314/http://www.orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/may2005/engpdf/mahima_dharma_bhima_bhoi_biswanathbaba.pdf">Archived</a> 26 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, An Orissa movement by Brahmin Mukunda Das (2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Noel Salmond (2004), Hindu iconoclasts: Rammohun Roy, Dayananda Sarasvati and nineteenth-century polemics against idolatry, Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88920-419-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-88920-419-5">0-88920-419-5</a>, pages 65–68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dorothy Figueira (2002), Aryans, Jews, Brahmins: Theorizing Authority through Myths of Identity, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5531-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5531-9">978-0-7914-5531-9</a>, pages 90–117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Ramstedt (2003), Hinduism in Modern Indonesia, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1533-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1533-6">978-0-7007-1533-6</a>, page 256</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Ramstedt (2003), Hinduism in Modern Indonesia, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1533-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1533-6">978-0-7007-1533-6</a>, page 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-leider-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-leider_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leider_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leider_77-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leider_77-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeider2005" class="citation journal cs1">Leider, Jacques P. (2005). "Specialists for Ritual, Magic and Devotion: The Court Brahmins of the Konbaung Kings". <i>The Journal of Burma Studies</i>. <b>10</b>: <span class="nowrap">159–</span>180. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjbs.2005.0004">10.1353/jbs.2005.0004</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162305789">162305789</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Burma+Studies&rft.atitle=Specialists+for+Ritual%2C+Magic+and+Devotion%3A+The+Court+Brahmins+of+the+Konbaung+Kings&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E159-%3C%2Fspan%3E180&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjbs.2005.0004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162305789%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Leider&rft.aufirst=Jacques+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reidseasia-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reidseasia_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reidseasia_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthony Reid (1988), Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450–1680: The lands below the winds, Yale University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04750-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04750-9">978-0-300-04750-9</a>, pages 137–138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Victor Lieberman (2014), Burmese Administrative Cycles, Princeton University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-61281-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-61281-2">978-0-691-61281-2</a>, pages 66–68; Also see discussion of 13th century Wagaru Dhamma-sattha / 11th century Manu Dhammathat manuscripts discussion</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On Laws of Manu in 14th century Thailand's <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayuthia kingdom</a> named after <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_(Ramayana)" title="Ayodhya (Ramayana)">Ayodhya</a>, see David Wyatt (2003), Thailand: A Short History, Yale University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08475-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08475-7">978-0-300-08475-7</a>, page 61;<br />Robert Lingat (1973), The Classical Law of India, University of California Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-01898-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-01898-3">978-0-520-01898-3</a>, pages 269–272</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trevorranges48-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-trevorranges48_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trevorranges48_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Trevor Ranges (2010), Cambodia, National Geographic, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4262-0520-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4262-0520-0">978-1-4262-0520-0</a>, page 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonathan Lee and Kathleen Nadeau (2010), Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife, Volume 1, ABC, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35066-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35066-5">978-0-313-35066-5</a>, page 1223</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sơn_p.105-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sơn_p.105_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Champa and the archaeology of Mỹ Sơn (Vietnam) By Andrew Hardy, Mauro Cucarzi, Patrizia Zolese p.105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wales54-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wales54_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wales54_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wales54_84-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">HG Quadritch Wales (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/siamesestatecere030661mbp#page/n73/mode/2up">Siamese State Ceremonies</a>, Curzon Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0269-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0269-5">978-0-7007-0269-5</a>, pages 54–63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boreth Ly (2011), Early Interactions Between South and Southeast Asia (Editors: Pierre-Yves Manguin, A. Mani, Geoff Wade), Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4311-16-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4311-16-8">978-981-4311-16-8</a>, pages 461–475</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-outlookbgraph-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-outlookbgraph_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-outlookbgraph_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140531222946/https://www.outlookindia.com/article/brahmins-in-india/234783">"Brahmins In India"</a>. <i>Outlook India</i>. 4 June 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.outlookindia.com/article/brahmins-in-india/234783">the original</a> on 31 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Outlook+India&rft.atitle=Brahmins+In+India&rft.date=2007-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.outlookindia.com%2Farticle%2Fbrahmins-in-india%2F234783&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarasimhacharya1999" class="citation book cs1">Narasimhacharya, Ramanujapuram (1999). <i>The Buddha-Dhamma, Or, the Life and Teachings of the Buddha</i>. Asian Educational Services.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buddha-Dhamma%2C+Or%2C+the+Life+and+Teachings+of+the+Buddha&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Narasimhacharya&rft.aufirst=Ramanujapuram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baldev_Upadhyaya" title="Baldev Upadhyaya">Baldev Upadhyaya</a>, Kashi Ki Panditya Parampara, Sharda Sansthan, <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a>, 1985.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Alan_Bayly" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Alan Bayly">Christopher Alan Bayly</a>, Rulers, Townsmen, and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770–1870, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1983.</li> <li>Anand A. Yang, Bazaar India: Markets, Society, and the Colonial State in Bihar, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, 1999.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Srinivas" title="M. N. Srinivas">M. N. Srinivas</a>, Social Change in Modern India, <a href="/wiki/Orient_Longman" class="mw-redirect" title="Orient Longman">Orient Longman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, 1995.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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href="https://archive.org/stream/brahminspariahsa00londrich#page/n3/mode/2up">Brahmins and Pariah</a>, An appeal and record of colonial era conflict in Bengal</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/wisdombrahminad00rcgoog#page/n14/mode/2up">The wisdom of the Brahmin</a>, Friedrich Ruckert (translated from German by Charles Brooks)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Brahmin_communities" title="Template:Brahmin communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Brahmin_communities" title="Template talk:Brahmin communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brahmin_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Brahmin communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Brahmin_communities390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brahmin</a> communities</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assamese_Brahmin" title="Assamese Brahmin">Assamese Brahmins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganak" title="Ganak">Ganak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamrupi_Brahmin" title="Kamrupi Brahmin">Kamrupi Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanyakubja_Brahmin" title="Kanyakubja Brahmin">Kanyakubja Brahmin</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="19" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_from_the_Daily_Prayers_of_the_Brahmins_(1851)_by_Sophie_Charlotte_Belnos,_digitally_enhanced_by_rawpixel-com_16.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Illustration_from_the_Daily_Prayers_of_the_Brahmins_(1851)_by_Sophie_Charlotte_Belnos,_digitally_enhanced_by_rawpixel-com_16"><img alt="Illustration_from_the_Daily_Prayers_of_the_Brahmins_(1851)_by_Sophie_Charlotte_Belnos,_digitally_enhanced_by_rawpixel-com_16" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Illustration_from_the_Daily_Prayers_of_the_Brahmins_%281851%29_by_Sophie_Charlotte_Belnos%2C_digitally_enhanced_by_rawpixel-com_16.jpg/120px-Illustration_from_the_Daily_Prayers_of_the_Brahmins_%281851%29_by_Sophie_Charlotte_Belnos%2C_digitally_enhanced_by_rawpixel-com_16.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Illustration_from_the_Daily_Prayers_of_the_Brahmins_%281851%29_by_Sophie_Charlotte_Belnos%2C_digitally_enhanced_by_rawpixel-com_16.jpg/180px-Illustration_from_the_Daily_Prayers_of_the_Brahmins_%281851%29_by_Sophie_Charlotte_Belnos%2C_digitally_enhanced_by_rawpixel-com_16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Illustration_from_the_Daily_Prayers_of_the_Brahmins_%281851%29_by_Sophie_Charlotte_Belnos%2C_digitally_enhanced_by_rawpixel-com_16.jpg/240px-Illustration_from_the_Daily_Prayers_of_the_Brahmins_%281851%29_by_Sophie_Charlotte_Belnos%2C_digitally_enhanced_by_rawpixel-com_16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1809" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span>, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hindu "Om" symbol"><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/120px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/180px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/240px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Brahmin" title="Bengali Brahmin">Bengali Brahmins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaur_Brahmins" title="Gaur Brahmins">Gaur Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanyakubja_Brahmin" title="Kanyakubja Brahmin">Kanyakubja Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Brahmin#Kulin_Brahmin" title="Bengali Brahmin">Kulin Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utkala_Brahmin" title="Utkala Brahmin">Utkala Brahmin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Bihari Brahmins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhumihar" title="Bhumihar">Bhumihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bairagi_Brahmin_(caste)" title="Bairagi Brahmin (caste)">Bairagi Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayawal_Brahmin" title="Gayawal Brahmin">Gayawal Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaitharia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaitharia">Jaitharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanyakubja_Brahmin" title="Kanyakubja Brahmin">Kanyakubja Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maithil_Brahmin" title="Maithil Brahmin">Maithil Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maga_Brahmin" title="Maga Brahmin">Maga Brahmin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Garhwali Brahmins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gangari_Brahmin" title="Gangari Brahmin">Gangari Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarola_Brahmin" title="Sarola Brahmin">Sarola Brahmin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Brahmin" title="Kannada Brahmin">Kannada Brahmins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babburkamme_Brahmin" title="Babburkamme Brahmin">Babburkamme Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badaganadu_Brahmin" title="Badaganadu Brahmin">Badaganadu Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havyaka_Brahmins" title="Havyaka Brahmins">Havyaka Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebbar_Iyengar" title="Hebbar Iyengar">Hebbar Iyengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Karnataka_Brahmin" title="Hoysala Karnataka Brahmin">Hoysala Karnataka Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Brahmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnataka Brahmin">Karnataka Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchagrama_Brahmin" title="Panchagrama Brahmin">Panchagrama Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankethi_Brahmin" title="Sankethi Brahmin">Sankethi Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smarta Brahmin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Kashmiri Brahmins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_Pandits" title="Kashmiri Pandits">Kashmiri Pandits</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Madhva_Brahmin" title="Madhva Brahmin">Madhva Brahmins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deshastha_Brahmin" title="Deshastha Brahmin">Deshastha Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivalli_Brahmins" title="Shivalli Brahmins">Shivalli Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivalli_Brahmins" title="Shivalli Brahmins">Shivalli Madhva Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebbar" title="Hebbar">Hebbar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malayali_Brahmin" title="Malayali Brahmin">Malayali Brahmins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambalavasi" title="Ambalavasi">Ambalavasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakyar" title="Chakyar">Chakyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilayathu" title="Ilayathu">Ilayathu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Iyer" title="Kerala Iyer">Kerala Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moothath&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moothath (page does not exist)">Moothath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambeesan" title="Nambeesan">Nambeesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambiar_(Ambalavasi_caste)" title="Nambiar (Ambalavasi caste)">Nambiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nair" title="Nair">Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambudiri" title="Nambudiri">Nambudiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushpaka_Brahmin" title="Pushpaka Brahmin">Pushpaka Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushpaka" title="Pushpaka">Pushpaka Unni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potti" title="Potti">Potti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Brahmin" title="Marathi Brahmin">Marathi Brahmins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chitpavan_Brahmins" title="Chitpavan Brahmins">Chitpavan Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daivadnya" title="Daivadnya">Daivadnya Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deshastha_Brahmin" title="Deshastha Brahmin">Deshastha Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devrukhe_Brahmin" title="Devrukhe Brahmin">Devrukhe Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karhade_Brahmin" title="Karhade Brahmin">Karhade Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_people#Sub-ethnic_groups" title="Konkani people">Konkani Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudaldeshkar_Gaud_Brahmin" title="Kudaldeshkar Gaud Brahmin">Kudaldeshkar Gaud Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshwa" title="Peshwa">Peshwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajapur_Saraswat" title="Rajapur Saraswat">Rajapur Saraswat Brahmin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_Brahmin" title="Manipuri Brahmin">Manipuri Brahmin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamrupi_Brahmin" title="Kamrupi Brahmin">Kamrupi Brahmin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maithil_Brahmin" title="Maithil Brahmin">Maithil Brahmin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboti_Brahmin" title="Aboti Brahmin">Aboti Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumihar" title="Bhumihar">Bhumihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayawal_Brahmin" title="Gayawal Brahmin">Gayawal Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanyakubja_Brahmin" title="Kanyakubja Brahmin">Kanyakubja Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautam_Brahmin" title="Gautam Brahmin">Gautam Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golapurab_Brahmin" title="Golapurab Brahmin">Golapurab Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurav" title="Gurav">Gurav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanyakubja_Brahmin" title="Kanyakubja Brahmin">Kanyakubja Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maga_Brahmin" title="Maga Brahmin">Maga Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malviya_Brahmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Malviya Brahmin">Malviya Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagar_Brahmin" title="Nagar Brahmin">Nagar Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naramdev_Brahmin" title="Naramdev Brahmin">Naramdev Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanadhya_Brahmin" title="Sanadhya Brahmin">Sanadhya Brahmin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bahun" title="Bahun">Nepali Brahmins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joshi" title="Joshi">Jaishi Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraswat_Brahmin" title="Saraswat Brahmin">Saraswat Brahmin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saraswat_Brahmin" title="Saraswat Brahmin">Punjabi Brahmins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bias_Brahmin" title="Bias Brahmin">Bias Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaur_Brahmins" title="Gaur Brahmins">Gaur Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautam_Brahmin" title="Gautam Brahmin">Gautam Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussaini_Brahmin" title="Hussaini Brahmin">Hussaini Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maga_Brahmin" title="Maga Brahmin">Maga Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohyal_Brahmin" title="Mohyal Brahmin">Mohyal Brahmin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Odia Brahmins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bias_Brahmin" title="Bias Brahmin">Bias Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rath_(Odia_surname)" title="Rath (Odia surname)">Rath Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samvedi" title="Samvedi">Samvedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utkala_Brahmin" title="Utkala Brahmin">Utkala Brahmin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saraswat_Brahmin" title="Saraswat Brahmin">Saraswat Brahmins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saraswat_Kundiya_Samaj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saraswat Kundiya Samaj (page does not exist)">Saraswat Kundiya Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaud_Saraswat_Brahmin" title="Gaud Saraswat Brahmin">Gaud Saraswat Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitrapur_Saraswat_Brahmin" title="Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmin">Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajapur_Saraswat" title="Rajapur Saraswat">Rajapur Saraswat Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaur_Brahmins" title="Gaur Brahmins">Gaur Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_Brahmin" title="Bias Brahmin">Bias Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadheech_Brahmin" title="Dadheech Brahmin">Dadheech Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanadhya_Brahmin" title="Sanadhya Brahmin">Sanadhya Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anavil" title="Anavil">Anavil Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audichya_Brahmin" title="Audichya Brahmin">Audichya Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardai_Brahmin" title="Bardai Brahmin">Bardai Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girnara_Brahmin" title="Girnara Brahmin">Girnara Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurav" title="Gurav">Gurav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussaini_Brahmin" title="Hussaini Brahmin">Hussaini Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khedaval" title="Khedaval">Khedaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modh" title="Modh">Modh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohyal_Brahmin" title="Mohyal Brahmin">Mohyal Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagar_Brahmin" title="Nagar Brahmin">Nagar Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saryuparin_Brahmin" title="Saryuparin Brahmin">Saryuparin Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidhra-Rudhra_Brahmin" title="Sidhra-Rudhra Brahmin">Sidhra-Rudhra Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sompura_Brahmin" title="Sompura Brahmin">Sompura Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimali_Brahmin" title="Shrimali Brahmin">Shrimali Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin_Swarnkar" title="Brahmin Swarnkar">Brahmin Swarnkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurvedi" title="Yajurvedi">Yajurvedi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Brahmin" title="Tamil Brahmin">Tamil Brahmins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashtasahasram" title="Ashtasahasram">Ashtasahasram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebbar_Iyengar" title="Hebbar Iyengar">Hebbar Iyengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyengar" title="Iyengar">Iyengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyer" title="Iyer">Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari_Brahmin" title="Kanyakumari Brahmin">Kanyakumari Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedi" title="Rigvedi">Rigvedi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Brahmin" title="Telugu Brahmin">Telugu Brahmin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravida_Brahmin" title="Dravida Brahmin">Dravida Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulukanadu_Brahmin" title="Mulukanadu Brahmin">Mulukanadu Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyogi_Brahmin" title="Niyogi Brahmin">Niyogi Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaidiki_Velanadu" title="Vaidiki Velanadu">Vaidiki Velanadu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tuluva_Brahmin" title="Tuluva Brahmin">Tuluva Brahmin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sthanika_Brahmin" title="Sthanika Brahmin">Sthanika Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havyaka_Brahmins" title="Havyaka Brahmins">Havyaka Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sakalpuri_Havyaka_Brahmin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sakalpuri Havyaka Brahmin (page does not exist)">Sakalpuri Havyaka Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambudiri" title="Nambudiri">Nambudiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karhade_Brahmin" title="Karhade Brahmin">Karhade Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_Brahmins" title="Kota Brahmins">Kota Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koteshwara_Brahmin" title="Koteshwara Brahmin">Koteshwara Brahmin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancha-Dravida" title="Pancha-Dravida">Pancha-Dravida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancha-Gauda" title="Pancha-Gauda">Pancha-Gauda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Brahmin" title="Roman Catholic Brahmin">Roman Catholic Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin_Sikhs" title="Brahmin Sikhs">Sikh Brahmin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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