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id="toc-Vajrayāna_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vajrayāna_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Vajrayāna Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vajrayāna_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mantras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mantras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Mantras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mantras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Names_in_various_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names_in_various_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Names in various languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names_in_various_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> 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<div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Amitābha</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitabha" title="Amitabha – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Amitabha" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7" title="أميتابها – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أميتابها" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AD_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="অমিতাভ বুদ্ধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অমিতাভ বুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-b%C3%AD-t%C3%B4-hu%CC%8Dt" title="O-bí-tô-hu̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="O-bí-tô-hu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Амитабха – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Амитабха" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="འོད་དཔག་མེད། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འོད་དཔག་མེད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Абида – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Абида" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitabha" title="Amitabha – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Amitabha" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amit%C3%A1bha" title="Amitábha – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Amitábha" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitabha" title="Amitabha – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Amitabha" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Amitābha" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Amitābha" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budho_Amitabo" title="Budho Amitabo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Budho Amitabo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Amitābha" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%87" title="آمیتابه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آمیتابه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Amitābha" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%AF%B8%ED%83%80%EB%B6%88" title="아미타불 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아미타불" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="अमिताभ बुद्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अमिताभ बुद्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Amitābha" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitabha_Buddha" title="Amitabha Buddha – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Amitabha Buddha" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%98%D7%90%D7%91%D7%94%D7%94" title="אמיטאבהה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אמיטאבהה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitabha" title="Amitabha – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Amitabha" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90" title="ამიტაბჰა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ამიტაბჰა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Амитабха – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Амитабха" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Amitābha" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitabha" title="Amitabha – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Amitabha" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amit%C3%A1bha" title="Amitábha – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Amitábha" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%BB" title="അമിതാഭൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അമിതാഭൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD" title="अमिताभ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अमिताभ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitabha" title="Amitabha – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Amitabha" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8E%CC%A4-m%C3%AC-t%C3%B2%CC%A4-h%C5%ADk" title="Ŏ̤-mì-tò̤-hŭk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ŏ̤-mì-tò̤-hŭk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8E%D1%83%D1%88_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Аюуш бурхан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Аюуш бурхан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%98" title="အမိတာဘ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အမိတာဘ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitabha" title="Amitabha – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Amitabha" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%A5%E9%99%80%E5%A6%82%E6%9D%A5" title="阿弥陀如来 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="阿弥陀如来" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Amitābha" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitabxa" title="Amitabxa – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Amitabxa" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitabha" title="Amitabha – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Amitabha" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitaba" title="Amitaba – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Amitaba" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Amitābha" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Амитабха – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Амитабха" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitaba_Buda" title="Amitaba Buda – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Amitaba Buda" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B7_%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9A" title="අමිතාභ බුදුන් වහන්සේ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අමිතාභ බුදුන් වහන්සේ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitabha" title="Amitabha – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Amitabha" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitabha" title="Amitabha – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Amitabha" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitabha" title="Amitabha – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Amitabha" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Amitābha" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="அமிதாப புத்தர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அமிதாப புத்தர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AD_%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A7%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81" title="అమితాభ బుద్ధుడు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అమితాభ బుద్ధుడు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B0" title="พระอมิตาภพุทธะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระอมิตาภพุทธะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitabha" title="Amitabha – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amitabha" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Амітабга – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Амітабга" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-di-%C4%91%C3%A0" title="A-di-đà – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="A-di-đà" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%A5%E9%99%80%E4%BD%9B" title="阿弥陀佛 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿弥陀佛" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%BD%8C%E9%99%80%E4%BD%9B" title="阿彌陀佛 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿彌陀佛" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%A5%E9%99%80%E4%BD%9B" title="阿弥陀佛 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿弥陀佛" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q236242#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Amit%C4%81bha" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Buddha. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Amitabha_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Amitabha (disambiguation)">Amitabha (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color:#FFD068">Amitābha</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Seated_Amida_Nyorai_(Amitabha),_Kamakura_period,_12th-13th_century,_wood_with_gold_leaf_and_inlaid_crystal_eyes_-_Tokyo_National_Museum_-_DSC05345.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Seated_Amida_Nyorai_%28Amitabha%29%2C_Kamakura_period%2C_12th-13th_century%2C_wood_with_gold_leaf_and_inlaid_crystal_eyes_-_Tokyo_National_Museum_-_DSC05345.JPG/240px-Seated_Amida_Nyorai_%28Amitabha%29%2C_Kamakura_period%2C_12th-13th_century%2C_wood_with_gold_leaf_and_inlaid_crystal_eyes_-_Tokyo_National_Museum_-_DSC05345.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Seated_Amida_Nyorai_%28Amitabha%29%2C_Kamakura_period%2C_12th-13th_century%2C_wood_with_gold_leaf_and_inlaid_crystal_eyes_-_Tokyo_National_Museum_-_DSC05345.JPG/360px-Seated_Amida_Nyorai_%28Amitabha%29%2C_Kamakura_period%2C_12th-13th_century%2C_wood_with_gold_leaf_and_inlaid_crystal_eyes_-_Tokyo_National_Museum_-_DSC05345.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Seated_Amida_Nyorai_%28Amitabha%29%2C_Kamakura_period%2C_12th-13th_century%2C_wood_with_gold_leaf_and_inlaid_crystal_eyes_-_Tokyo_National_Museum_-_DSC05345.JPG/480px-Seated_Amida_Nyorai_%28Amitabha%29%2C_Kamakura_period%2C_12th-13th_century%2C_wood_with_gold_leaf_and_inlaid_crystal_eyes_-_Tokyo_National_Museum_-_DSC05345.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Amitābha statue in gold leaf with inlaid crystal eyes. <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_National_Museum" title="Tokyo National Museum">Tokyo National Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, Japan</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">अमिताभः</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">IAST</a>: Amitābhaḥ</li></ul> </div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">अमितायुः</span></span></li> <li>IAST: Amitāyuḥ</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>阿弥陀佛, 阿彌陀佛</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>: Ēmítuó fó<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1163242311">.mw-parser-output .templateruby>rt{font-variant-east-asian:ruby;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .templateruby.large{font-size:250%}.mw-parser-output .templateruby.large>rt{font-size:50%}</style><ruby lang="ja">阿弥陀菩薩<rp>（</rp><rt>あみだぼさつ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><br />(<a href="/wiki/Romaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Romaji">romaji</a>: <i>Amida Bosatsu</i>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background-color: #EBEBEB"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Amitābha</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Sanskrit pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit" title="Help:IPA/Sanskrit">[ɐmɪˈtaːbʱɐ]</a></span>) is the principal <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</a>. He is also known as <b>Amitāyus</b>, which is understood to be his enjoyment body (<i><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83bhogak%C4%81ya" title="Saṃbhogakāya">Saṃbhogakāya</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana Buddhism</a>, Amitābha is known for his longevity, <a href="/wiki/Vij%C3%B1%C4%81na" title="Vijñāna">discernment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83j%C3%B1%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Saṃjñā">pure perception</a>, and the purification of <a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">aggregates</a> with deep awareness of the emptiness of all phenomena. Amitābha is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Realm" title="Diamond Realm">Diamond Realm</a> (<i>vajradhātu</i>), whereas Amitāyus is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Womb_Realm" title="Womb Realm">Womb Realm</a> (<i>garbhakoṣadhātu</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Doctrine">Doctrine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amit%C4%81bha&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Doctrine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ming_era_statue_of_Amitabha_(%E9%98%BF%E5%BD%8C%E9%99%80%E4%BD%9B_or_%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%A5%E9%99%80%E4%BD%9B;_%C4%80m%C3%ADtu%C3%B3f%C3%B3),_one_of_the_Five_Tathagathas_(%E4%BA%94%E6%96%B9%E4%BD%9B_W%C7%94f%C4%81ngf%C3%B3)_or_Five_Wisdom_Buddhas_(%E4%BA%94%E6%99%BA%E5%A6%82%E6%9D%A5_W%C7%94zh%C3%AC_R%C3%BAl%C3%A1i)_at_Huayan_Temple_(%E5%8D%8E%E4%B8%A5%E5%AF%BA),_Shanxi,_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ming_era_statue_of_Amitabha_%28%E9%98%BF%E5%BD%8C%E9%99%80%E4%BD%9B_or_%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%A5%E9%99%80%E4%BD%9B%3B_%C4%80m%C3%ADtu%C3%B3f%C3%B3%29%2C_one_of_the_Five_Tathagathas_%28%E4%BA%94%E6%96%B9%E4%BD%9B_W%C7%94f%C4%81ngf%C3%B3%29_or_Five_Wisdom_Buddhas_%28%E4%BA%94%E6%99%BA%E5%A6%82%E6%9D%A5_W%C7%94zh%C3%AC_R%C3%BAl%C3%A1i%29_at_Huayan_Temple_%28%E5%8D%8E%E4%B8%A5%E5%AF%BA%29%2C_Shanxi%2C_China.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ming_era_statue_of_Amitabha_%28%E9%98%BF%E5%BD%8C%E9%99%80%E4%BD%9B_or_%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%A5%E9%99%80%E4%BD%9B%3B_%C4%80m%C3%ADtu%C3%B3f%C3%B3%29%2C_one_of_the_Five_Tathagathas_%28%E4%BA%94%E6%96%B9%E4%BD%9B_W%C7%94f%C4%81ngf%C3%B3%29_or_Five_Wisdom_Buddhas_%28%E4%BA%94%E6%99%BA%E5%A6%82%E6%9D%A5_W%C7%94zh%C3%AC_R%C3%BAl%C3%A1i%29_at_Huayan_Temple_%28%E5%8D%8E%E4%B8%A5%E5%AF%BA%29%2C_Shanxi%2C_China.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ming_era_statue_of_Amitabha_%28%E9%98%BF%E5%BD%8C%E9%99%80%E4%BD%9B_or_%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%A5%E9%99%80%E4%BD%9B%3B_%C4%80m%C3%ADtu%C3%B3f%C3%B3%29%2C_one_of_the_Five_Tathagathas_%28%E4%BA%94%E6%96%B9%E4%BD%9B_W%C7%94f%C4%81ngf%C3%B3%29_or_Five_Wisdom_Buddhas_%28%E4%BA%94%E6%99%BA%E5%A6%82%E6%9D%A5_W%C7%94zh%C3%AC_R%C3%BAl%C3%A1i%29_at_Huayan_Temple_%28%E5%8D%8E%E4%B8%A5%E5%AF%BA%29%2C_Shanxi%2C_China.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2725" data-file-height="3984" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> (1368–1644) statue of Amitābha in <a href="/wiki/Huayan_Temple_(Datong)" title="Huayan Temple (Datong)">Huayan Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Datong" title="Datong">Datong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>, China</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha_Amithaba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Buddha_Amithaba.jpg/220px-Buddha_Amithaba.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Buddha_Amithaba.jpg/330px-Buddha_Amithaba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Buddha_Amithaba.jpg/440px-Buddha_Amithaba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Buddha Amitābha in <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>, traditional <a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">thangka</a> painting</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kamakura_Budda_Daibutsu_front_1885.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Kamakura_Budda_Daibutsu_front_1885.jpg/220px-Kamakura_Budda_Daibutsu_front_1885.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Kamakura_Budda_Daibutsu_front_1885.jpg/330px-Kamakura_Budda_Daibutsu_front_1885.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Kamakura_Budda_Daibutsu_front_1885.jpg/440px-Kamakura_Budda_Daibutsu_front_1885.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The Great Buddha of Kamakura in the <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dtoku-in" title="Kōtoku-in">Kōtoku-in</a> temple</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gilt-bronze_Amit%C4%81bha_at_the_Geungnakjeon_Hall_of_Bulguksa_Temple,_Korea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Gilt-bronze_Amit%C4%81bha_at_the_Geungnakjeon_Hall_of_Bulguksa_Temple%2C_Korea.jpg/220px-Gilt-bronze_Amit%C4%81bha_at_the_Geungnakjeon_Hall_of_Bulguksa_Temple%2C_Korea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Gilt-bronze_Amit%C4%81bha_at_the_Geungnakjeon_Hall_of_Bulguksa_Temple%2C_Korea.jpg/330px-Gilt-bronze_Amit%C4%81bha_at_the_Geungnakjeon_Hall_of_Bulguksa_Temple%2C_Korea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Gilt-bronze_Amit%C4%81bha_at_the_Geungnakjeon_Hall_of_Bulguksa_Temple%2C_Korea.jpg/440px-Gilt-bronze_Amit%C4%81bha_at_the_Geungnakjeon_Hall_of_Bulguksa_Temple%2C_Korea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2536" /></a><figcaption>Gilt-bronze statue of Amithabha from <a href="/wiki/Unified_Silla" title="Unified Silla">8th century Silla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>. Located at <a href="/wiki/Bulguk-sa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulguk-sa">Bulguk-sa</a> temple.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B%E1%BA%A3o_t%C3%A0ng_L%E1%BB%8Bch_s%E1%BB%AD_TP_(t%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_Ph%E1%BA%ADt_ch%C3%B9a_Kh%E1%BA%A3i_T%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng)_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/B%E1%BA%A3o_t%C3%A0ng_L%E1%BB%8Bch_s%E1%BB%AD_TP_%28t%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_Ph%E1%BA%ADt_ch%C3%B9a_Kh%E1%BA%A3i_T%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng%29_%281%29.jpg/220px-B%E1%BA%A3o_t%C3%A0ng_L%E1%BB%8Bch_s%E1%BB%AD_TP_%28t%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_Ph%E1%BA%ADt_ch%C3%B9a_Kh%E1%BA%A3i_T%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng%29_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/B%E1%BA%A3o_t%C3%A0ng_L%E1%BB%8Bch_s%E1%BB%AD_TP_%28t%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_Ph%E1%BA%ADt_ch%C3%B9a_Kh%E1%BA%A3i_T%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng%29_%281%29.jpg/330px-B%E1%BA%A3o_t%C3%A0ng_L%E1%BB%8Bch_s%E1%BB%AD_TP_%28t%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_Ph%E1%BA%ADt_ch%C3%B9a_Kh%E1%BA%A3i_T%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng%29_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/B%E1%BA%A3o_t%C3%A0ng_L%E1%BB%8Bch_s%E1%BB%AD_TP_%28t%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_Ph%E1%BA%ADt_ch%C3%B9a_Kh%E1%BA%A3i_T%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng%29_%281%29.jpg/440px-B%E1%BA%A3o_t%C3%A0ng_L%E1%BB%8Bch_s%E1%BB%AD_TP_%28t%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_Ph%E1%BA%ADt_ch%C3%B9a_Kh%E1%BA%A3i_T%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng%29_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Bronze statue of Amitābha Buddha, 17th century, Khải Tường Temple, Vietnam</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_of_Ethnology_Vienna_001_retouched.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Museum_of_Ethnology_Vienna_001_retouched.jpg/220px-Museum_of_Ethnology_Vienna_001_retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Museum_of_Ethnology_Vienna_001_retouched.jpg/330px-Museum_of_Ethnology_Vienna_001_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Museum_of_Ethnology_Vienna_001_retouched.jpg/440px-Museum_of_Ethnology_Vienna_001_retouched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1202" data-file-height="1681" /></a><figcaption>Statue of the Buddha Amitāyus (Mongolia, 18th century)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attainment_of_Buddhahood">Attainment of Buddhahood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amit%C4%81bha&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Attainment of Buddhahood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Infinite_Life_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Infinite Life Sutra">Larger Sūtra of Immeasurable Life</a></i>, Amitābha was, in very ancient times and possibly in another system of worlds, a monk named Dharmākara. In some versions of the <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sūtra</a>, Dharmākara is described as a former king who, having come into contact with Buddhist teachings through the buddha <a href="/wiki/Loke%C5%9Bvarar%C4%81ja" title="Lokeśvararāja">Lokeśvararāja</a>, renounced his throne. He then resolved to become a Buddha and to create a <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Buddhak%E1%B9%A3etra" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhakṣetra">buddhakṣetra</a></i></span></i> (literally "buddha-field", often called a "Pureland" or "Buddha Land": a realm existing in the primordial universe outside of ordinary reality, produced by a buddha's merit) possessed of many perfections. These resolutions were expressed in his <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Amitabha%27s_forty-eight_vows" class="extiw" title="s:Amitabha's forty-eight vows">forty-eight vows</a>, which set out the type of Pureland Dharmākara aspired to create, the conditions under which beings might be born into that world, and what kind of beings they would be when <a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">reborn</a> there. </p><p>In the versions of the sutra widely known in China, Vietnam, Korea and Japan, Dharmākara's eighteenth vow was that any being in any universe desiring to be reborn into Amitābha's <a href="/wiki/Pure_land" title="Pure land">pure land</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">淨土</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">jìngtǔ</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Japanese pronunciation</a>: <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">jōdo</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span lang="ko">정토</span>; <a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">romaja</a>: <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">jeongto</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: <i lang="vi">tịnh độ</i>) and calling upon his name with sincerity, even as few as ten times will be guaranteed rebirth there. His nineteenth vow promises that he, together with his bodhisattvas and other blessed Buddhists, will appear before those who, at the moment of death, call upon him. This openness and acceptance of all kinds of people has made belief in pure lands one of the major influences in Mahāyāna Buddhism. <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</a> seems to have first become popular in <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>, from where it spread to <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> infused with <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a> philosophy before spreading to <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cultural_sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cultural sphere">East Asia</a>. </p><p>The sutra goes on to explain that Amitābha, after accumulating great merit over countless lives, finally achieved buddhahood and created a pure land called <i>Sukhāvatī</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: "possessing happiness"). Sukhāvatī is situated in the uttermost west, beyond the bounds of our own world. By the power of his vows, Amitābha has made it possible for all who call upon him to be <a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">reborn</a> into this land, there to undergo instruction by him in the <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a> and ultimately become bodhisattvas and buddhas in their turn (the ultimate goal of Mahāyāna Buddhism). From there, these same bodhisattvas and buddhas return to our world to help yet more people while still residing in his land of <a href="/wiki/Sukhavati" title="Sukhavati">Sukhāvatī</a>, whose many virtues and joys are described. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References_in_Sutras">References in Sutras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amit%C4%81bha&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References in Sutras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest known reference to Amitābha in a <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">sutra</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Pratyutpanna_Sam%C4%81dhi_S%C5%ABtra" title="Pratyutpanna Samādhi Sūtra">Pratyutpanna Samādhi Sūtra</a>, translated into Chinese by <a href="/wiki/Lokaksema_(Buddhist_monk)" title="Lokaksema (Buddhist monk)">Lokakṣema</a> in 179 CE, with the discovery of a <a href="/wiki/Gandhari_language" title="Gandhari language">Gandhari language</a> fragment of that sutra announced in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jeff Wilson writes that over a fifth of the sutras in the <a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Taishō Tripiṭaka">Taishō Tripiṭaka</a> reference Amitābha,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but three sutras in particular have become seen as canonical in East Asian Buddhism:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amitayurdhyana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Amitayurdhyana Sutra">Amitayurdhyana Sutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Longer_Sukh%C4%81vat%C4%ABvy%C5%ABha_S%C5%ABtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Longer Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra">Longer Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shorter_Sukh%C4%81vat%C4%ABvy%C5%ABha_S%C5%ABtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shorter Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra">Shorter Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra</a></i></li></ul> <p>Amitābha is understood as the <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddha</a> of comprehensive love. Amitābha's <a href="/wiki/Pure_land" title="Pure land">pure land</a> is described as being in the West, and he works for the enlightenment of all beings (represented iconographically as a blessing Buddha). The <a href="/wiki/Amitayurdhyana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Amitayurdhyana Sutra">Amitayurdhyana Sutra</a> recommends and describes at length the practice of visualising Amitābha and the Pure Land. The other two sutras do not detail visualisation practices, and have been interpreted in different ways, such as the <a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">nianfo</a> practice of repeatedly saying Amitābha's name. Other practices developed from these sutras include practices at the time of death, such as visualising Amitābha in the heaven (sun) over their head (Western horizon), think his name as a mantra, and leaving the body as a soul through the acupuncture point Bai Hui (百會).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Seems to be an esoteric Chinese practice from a specific school, where is this from? (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nianfo">Nianfo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amit%C4%81bha&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nianfo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Buddhism" title="East Asian Buddhism">East Asian Buddhist</a> traditions commonly invoke Amitābha's name in a practice known as <i><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">nianfo</a></i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">念佛</span></span>) in Chinese and <i>nembutsu</i> in Japanese. This is the central practice of East Asian <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</a> which is focused around Amitābha Buddha. In East Asian Pure Land traditions, the main religious practice is the recitation or chanting of the phrase 南無阿彌陀佛 (<a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a>: Nāmó Ēmítuófó, Japanese: Namu Amida Butsu) which means "Homage to Amitābha Buddha". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vajrayāna_Buddhism"><span id="Vajray.C4.81na_Buddhism"></span>Vajrayāna Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amit%C4%81bha&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vajrayāna Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amitābha is also known in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and other regions where <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> is practiced. In the <a href="/wiki/Yogatantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogatantra">Highest Yogatantra</a> of Tibetan Buddhism, Amitābha is considered one of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Dhyani_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Dhyani Buddhas">Five Dhyani Buddhas</a> known also as the <a href="/wiki/Five_Tathagatas" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Tathagatas">Five Tathagatas</a> together with <a href="/wiki/Akshobhya" title="Akshobhya">Akshobhya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amoghasiddhi" title="Amoghasiddhi">Amoghasiddhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ratnasambhava" title="Ratnasambhava">Ratnasambhava</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vairocana" title="Vairocana">Vairocana</a>. Amitābha is associated with the western direction and the <i><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">skandha</a></i> of <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">saṃjñā</i></span></i>, the aggregate of perception, or distinguishing, and the deep awareness of individuality. </p><p>His co-equal is the female Buddha <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C4%81%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Darav%C4%81sin%C4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pāṇḍaravāsinī (page does not exist)">Pāṇḍaravāsinī</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His two main disciples (the same number as <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>) are the <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattvas</a> <a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a>, the former to his left and the latter to his right. In <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>, there exist a number of famous prayers for taking rebirth in Sukhāvatī (<a href="/wiki/Dewachen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dewachen">Dewachen</a>). One of these was written by <a href="/wiki/Je_Tsongkhapa" title="Je Tsongkhapa">Je Tsongkhapa</a>, on the request of <a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Manjushri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amitābha is primarily invoked in Tibet during the <a href="/wiki/Phowa" title="Phowa">phowa</a> practices, or invoked as Amitāyus – especially in practices relating to longevity and preventing an untimely death. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lamas</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the b<a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpas</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are considered to be <a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">emanations</a> of Amitābha. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon Buddhism</a>, Amitābha is seen as one of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Buddhas" title="Thirteen Buddhas">thirteen Buddhas</a> to whom practitioners can pay homage. Shingon, like Tibetan Buddhism, also uses <a href="/wiki/Mandala_of_the_Two_Realms" title="Mandala of the Two Realms">special devotional mantras</a> for Amitābha, though the mantras used differ. Amitābha is also one of the Buddhas featured in the <a href="/wiki/Womb_Realm" title="Womb Realm">Womb Realm</a> Mandala used in <a href="/wiki/Abhisheka" title="Abhisheka">Shingon practices</a>, and sits to the west, which is where the Pure Land of Amitābha is said to dwell. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mantras">Mantras</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amit%C4%81bha&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mantras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amitābha is the center of a number of <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantras</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> practices. The <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> form of the mantra of Amitābha is <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i><a href="/wiki/O%E1%B9%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Oṃ">oṃ</a> amitābha hrīḥ</i></i></span>). An alternative <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a> mantra is <i>Om ami dewa hri</i> (Sanskrit: <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">oṃ amideva hrīḥ</i></span>). </p><p>Amitabha's main mantra in <a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a> Buddhism is <i><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">Om amirita teizei kara um</i></span></i> (Japanese: <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">オン・アミリタ・テイゼイ・カラ・ウン</span></span>), which represents the underlying Indic form: <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">oṃ amṛta-teje hara hūṃ</i></span></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names_in_various_languages">Names in various languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amit%C4%81bha&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Names in various languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Longmen-hidden-stream-temple-cave-amitabha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Longmen-hidden-stream-temple-cave-amitabha.jpg/220px-Longmen-hidden-stream-temple-cave-amitabha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Longmen-hidden-stream-temple-cave-amitabha.jpg/330px-Longmen-hidden-stream-temple-cave-amitabha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Longmen-hidden-stream-temple-cave-amitabha.jpg/440px-Longmen-hidden-stream-temple-cave-amitabha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="746" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> Amitābha sculpture, Hidden Stream Temple Cave, <a href="/wiki/Longmen_Grottoes" title="Longmen Grottoes">Longmen Grottoes</a>, China</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amitabha_Buddha,_1057,_Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Hanoi_(2)_(38468797422).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Amitabha_Buddha%2C_1057%2C_Museum_of_Fine_Arts%2C_Hanoi_%282%29_%2838468797422%29.jpg/220px-Amitabha_Buddha%2C_1057%2C_Museum_of_Fine_Arts%2C_Hanoi_%282%29_%2838468797422%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Amitabha_Buddha%2C_1057%2C_Museum_of_Fine_Arts%2C_Hanoi_%282%29_%2838468797422%29.jpg/330px-Amitabha_Buddha%2C_1057%2C_Museum_of_Fine_Arts%2C_Hanoi_%282%29_%2838468797422%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Amitabha_Buddha%2C_1057%2C_Museum_of_Fine_Arts%2C_Hanoi_%282%29_%2838468797422%29.jpg/440px-Amitabha_Buddha%2C_1057%2C_Museum_of_Fine_Arts%2C_Hanoi_%282%29_%2838468797422%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5052" data-file-height="3660" /></a><figcaption>Stone statue of Amitābha Buddha, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Lý dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%ADt_T%C3%ADch_Temple" title="Phật Tích Temple">Phật Tích Temple</a>, Vietnam</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miu_Fat_Buddhist_Monastery,_The_Mahavira_Hall_of_the_Ten_Thousand_Buddhas_Hall_(Hong_Kong).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Miu_Fat_Buddhist_Monastery%2C_The_Mahavira_Hall_of_the_Ten_Thousand_Buddhas_Hall_%28Hong_Kong%29.jpg/220px-Miu_Fat_Buddhist_Monastery%2C_The_Mahavira_Hall_of_the_Ten_Thousand_Buddhas_Hall_%28Hong_Kong%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Miu_Fat_Buddhist_Monastery%2C_The_Mahavira_Hall_of_the_Ten_Thousand_Buddhas_Hall_%28Hong_Kong%29.jpg/330px-Miu_Fat_Buddhist_Monastery%2C_The_Mahavira_Hall_of_the_Ten_Thousand_Buddhas_Hall_%28Hong_Kong%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Miu_Fat_Buddhist_Monastery%2C_The_Mahavira_Hall_of_the_Ten_Thousand_Buddhas_Hall_%28Hong_Kong%29.jpg/440px-Miu_Fat_Buddhist_Monastery%2C_The_Mahavira_Hall_of_the_Ten_Thousand_Buddhas_Hall_%28Hong_Kong%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1986" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption>Statues of a Buddha triad in <a href="/wiki/Miu_Fat_Buddhist_Monastery" title="Miu Fat Buddhist Monastery">Miu Fat Buddhist Monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, enshrining <a href="/wiki/Sakyamuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakyamuni">Sakyamuni</a> in the centre, <a href="/wiki/Bhaisajyaguru" title="Bhaisajyaguru">Bhaisajyaguru</a> on the left and Amitābha on the right</figcaption></figure> <p>The proper form of Amitābha's name in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> is <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Amitābha</i></span></i>, masculine, and the <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a> singular is <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Amitābhaḥ</i></span></i>. This is a compound of the Sanskrit words <i>amita</i> ("without bound, infinite") and <i>ābhā</i> ("light, splendor"). Consequently, the name is to be interpreted as "he who possesses light without bound, he whose splendor is infinite". </p><p>The name <i>Amitāyus</i> (nominative form <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Amitāyuḥ</i></span></i>) is also used for the <a href="/wiki/Sambhogak%C4%81ya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sambhogakāya">Sambhogakāya</a> aspect of Amitābha, particularly associated with longevity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He is mostly depicted sitting and holding in his hands a vessel containing the nectar of immortality. In Tibetan Buddhism, Amitāyus is also one of the three deities of long life (Amitāyus, <a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">White Tara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Usnisavijaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Usnisavijaya">Uṣṇīṣavijayā</a>). <i>Amitāyus</i> being a compound of <i>amita</i> ("infinite") and <i>āyus</i> ("life"), and so means "he whose life is boundless". </p><p>In Chinese, <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">阿彌陀佛</span></span>, pronounced "Ēmítuófó", is the Chinese pronunciation for the Sanskrit name of the Amitābha Buddha (Amida Buddha). The "e mi tuo" is the transliteration of the Sanskrit word "amita" which means "boundless" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">無量</span></span>, "wuliang"). "Fo" is the Chinese word for "Buddha".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>, and Japanese, the same Chinese characters used for Amitābha are used to represent his name, though they are pronounced slightly differently: </p> <ul><li>Vietnamese: <i>A Di Đà Phật</i></li> <li>Korean: <i>Amita Bul</i></li> <li>Japanese: <i>Amida Bosatsu</i>.</li></ul> <p>In addition to transliteration, the name Amitābha has also been translated into Chinese using <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">characters</a> which, taken together, convey the meaning "Infinite Light": 無量光 (Wúliàngguāng). In the same fashion, the name Amitāyus ("Infinite Life") has been translated as 無量壽 (Wúliàngshòu). These translated names are not, however, very commonly used. </p><p>In Japanese, Amitābha is also called Amida Nyorai<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja">阿弥陀如来</span>, "the <a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a> Amitābha")</span>. </p><p>In Tibetan, Amitābha is called <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1106655535">.mw-parser-output .uchen{font-family:"Jomolhari","Uchen","Noto Serif Tibetan Medium","Noto Serif Tibetan","BabelStone Tibetan Slim","Yagpo Tibetan Uni","Noto Sans Tibetan","Microsoft Himalaya","Kailash","DDC Uchen","TCRC Youtso Unicode","Tibetan Machine Uni","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchen","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchung","Qomolangma-Uchen Suring","Qomolangma-Uchen Sutung","Qomolangma-Title","Qomolangma-Subtitle","DDC Rinzin","Qomolangma-Woodblock","Qomolangma-Dunhuang"}.mw-parser-output .ume{font-family:"Qomolangma-Betsu","Qomolangma-Chuyig","Qomolangma-Drutsa","Qomolangma-Edict","Qomolangma-Tsumachu","Qomolangma-Tsuring","Qomolangma-Tsutong","TibetanSambhotaYigchung","TibetanTsugRing","TibetanYigchung"}</style><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">འོད་དཔག་མེད་</span> <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: '<i>od dpag med</i>, <a href="/wiki/THL_Simplified_Phonetic_Transcription" title="THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription">THL</a>: <i>Öpakmé</i> and in its reflex form as Amitāyus, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཚེ་དཔག་མེད་</span> <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>tshe dpag med</i>, <a href="/wiki/THL_Simplified_Phonetic_Transcription" title="THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription">THL</a>: <i>Tsépakmé</i>. They are iconographically distinct. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iconography">Iconography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amit%C4%81bha&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Iconography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amitabha_Buddha_Statue_from_Wonju.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Amitabha_Buddha_Statue_from_Wonju.jpg/220px-Amitabha_Buddha_Statue_from_Wonju.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Amitabha_Buddha_Statue_from_Wonju.jpg/330px-Amitabha_Buddha_Statue_from_Wonju.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Amitabha_Buddha_Statue_from_Wonju.jpg/440px-Amitabha_Buddha_Statue_from_Wonju.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4896" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Amitabha from the <a href="/wiki/Unified_Silla" title="Unified Silla">Unified Silla</a> period, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Korea" title="National Museum of Korea">Korea</a>. Note the distinct Amitabha <a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">mudra</a> (symbolic hand gesture).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amitayus_Mandala.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Amitayus_Mandala.jpeg/220px-Amitayus_Mandala.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Amitayus_Mandala.jpeg/330px-Amitayus_Mandala.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Amitayus_Mandala.jpeg/440px-Amitayus_Mandala.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2060" data-file-height="2037" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a> of Amitāyus, <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Rubin_Museum_of_Art" title="Rubin Museum of Art">Rubin Museum of Art</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandala_of_Amitayus,_the_Buddha_of_Eternal_Life_LACMA_M.84.220.2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Mandala_of_Amitayus%2C_the_Buddha_of_Eternal_Life_LACMA_M.84.220.2.jpg/220px-Mandala_of_Amitayus%2C_the_Buddha_of_Eternal_Life_LACMA_M.84.220.2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Mandala_of_Amitayus%2C_the_Buddha_of_Eternal_Life_LACMA_M.84.220.2.jpg/330px-Mandala_of_Amitayus%2C_the_Buddha_of_Eternal_Life_LACMA_M.84.220.2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Mandala_of_Amitayus%2C_the_Buddha_of_Eternal_Life_LACMA_M.84.220.2.jpg/440px-Mandala_of_Amitayus%2C_the_Buddha_of_Eternal_Life_LACMA_M.84.220.2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Mandala of Amitayus, in union with tantric consort</figcaption></figure> <p>When in the descending standing position, Amitābha is often shown with left arm bare and extended downward with thumb and forefinger touching, with the right hand facing outward also with thumb and forefinger touching. The meaning of this <a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">mudra</a> is that wisdom (symbolized by the raised hand) is accessible to even the lowest beings, while the outstretched hand shows that Amitābha's compassion is directed at the lowest beings, who cannot save themselves. </p><p>When not depicted alone, Amitābha is often portrayed with two assistant bodhisattvas, usually <a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> on the right and <a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a> on the left. This iconography is known as an <b>Amitabha triad</b>, and is especially common in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Japanese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Korean_art" title="Korean art">Korean art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amitābha is said to display 84,000 auspicious and distinguishing marks reflecting his many virtues.<sup id="cite_ref-olson_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olson-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amitābha can often be distinguished by his <a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">mudrā</a>: Amitābha is often depicted, when shown seated, displaying the meditation mudrā (thumbs touching and fingers together as in the Great Buddha of Kamakura (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">鎌倉大仏</span></span>) at <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dtoku-in" title="Kōtoku-in">Kōtoku-in</a> or the exposition mudrā, while the earth-touching mudrā (right hand pointed downward over the right leg, palm inward) is reserved for a seated Gautama Buddha alone. He can also be seen holding a lotus in his hands while displaying the meditation mudrā. </p><p>There is a difference between Amitāyus and Amitābha. Amitāyus—the Buddha of Infinite Life—and Amitābha—the Buddha of Infinite Light—are essentially identical, being reflective images of one another. Sutras in which Gautama Buddha expounds the glories of Sukhavati, the Pure Lands, speak of the presiding Buddha sometimes as Amitābha and sometimes as Amitāyus. When depicted as Amitāyus he is depicted in fine clothes and jewels and as Amitābha in simple monk's clothing. They are also simply known as Amida in the Chinese and Japanese tradition. The image of the gold colored statue in the article is of Amitāyus as he is wearing a five-pointed crown, which is the easiest way to distinguish them. Amitāyus is an emanation of Amitābha. Amitābha is the head of the Lotus family.<sup id="cite_ref-Landaw_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landaw-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Vajrayana, Amitābha is the most ancient of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Tath%C4%81gatas" title="Five Tathāgatas">Five Tathagatas</a>. He is of red color originating from the red seed syllable <i><a href="/wiki/Hr%C4%AB%E1%B8%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="Hrīḥ">hrīḥ</a></i>. He represents the cosmic element of "Sanjana" (name). His vehicle is the peacock. He exhibits <a href="/wiki/Mudra#Dhyāna_Mudrā" title="Mudra">Samadhi Mudra</a> his two palms folded face up, one on top of the other, lying on his lap. The lotus is his sign. When represented on the stupa, he always faces toward west. He is worshiped thinking that one can have salvation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_archeology">History and archeology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amit%C4%81bha&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History and archeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Earliest "Amitābha" inscription</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amitabha_Buddha_inscription_in_the_year_26_of_Huvishka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Amitabha_Buddha_inscription_in_the_year_26_of_Huvishka.jpg/288px-Amitabha_Buddha_inscription_in_the_year_26_of_Huvishka.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Amitabha_Buddha_inscription_in_the_year_26_of_Huvishka.jpg/432px-Amitabha_Buddha_inscription_in_the_year_26_of_Huvishka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Amitabha_Buddha_inscription_in_the_year_26_of_Huvishka.jpg/576px-Amitabha_Buddha_inscription_in_the_year_26_of_Huvishka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4066" data-file-height="1507" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amitabha_Buddha_inscription_in_the_year_26_of_Huvishka_Inscription_Buddhasya_Amitabhasya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Amitabha_Buddha_inscription_in_the_year_26_of_Huvishka_Inscription_Buddhasya_Amitabhasya.jpg/288px-Amitabha_Buddha_inscription_in_the_year_26_of_Huvishka_Inscription_Buddhasya_Amitabhasya.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Amitabha_Buddha_inscription_in_the_year_26_of_Huvishka_Inscription_Buddhasya_Amitabhasya.jpg/432px-Amitabha_Buddha_inscription_in_the_year_26_of_Huvishka_Inscription_Buddhasya_Amitabhasya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Amitabha_Buddha_inscription_in_the_year_26_of_Huvishka_Inscription_Buddhasya_Amitabhasya.jpg/576px-Amitabha_Buddha_inscription_in_the_year_26_of_Huvishka_Inscription_Buddhasya_Amitabhasya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="971" data-file-height="320" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">Inscribed pedestal with the first known occurrence of the name of "Amitābha Buddha" in "the year 26 of <a href="/wiki/Huvishka" title="Huvishka">Huvishka</a>" (153 CE, first year of Huvishka)<sup id="cite_ref-MMR_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MMR-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a> in the inscription:<br /><sub><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_bu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Gupta_allahabad_bu.jpg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_bu.jpg" decoding="async" width="12" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Gupta_allahabad_bu.jpg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_bu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Gupta_allahabad_bu.jpg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_bu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="464" /></a></span></sub><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_ddh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gupta_ashoka_ddh.jpg/10px-Gupta_ashoka_ddh.jpg" decoding="async" width="10" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gupta_ashoka_ddh.jpg/15px-Gupta_ashoka_ddh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gupta_ashoka_ddh.jpg/20px-Gupta_ashoka_ddh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="273" data-file-height="826" /></a></span><sub><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg/19px-Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg/29px-Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg/38px-Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></sub> <sub><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_a.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Gupta_ashoka_a.svg/19px-Gupta_ashoka_a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Gupta_ashoka_a.svg/29px-Gupta_ashoka_a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Gupta_ashoka_a.svg/38px-Gupta_ashoka_a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></sub><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_mi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Gupta_ashoka_mi.jpg/12px-Gupta_ashoka_mi.jpg" decoding="async" width="12" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Gupta_ashoka_mi.jpg/18px-Gupta_ashoka_mi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Gupta_ashoka_mi.jpg/24px-Gupta_ashoka_mi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="620" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_t.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Gupta_ashoka_t.svg/12px-Gupta_ashoka_t.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Gupta_ashoka_t.svg/18px-Gupta_ashoka_t.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Gupta_ashoka_t.svg/24px-Gupta_ashoka_t.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_bh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Gupta_allahabad_bh.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_bh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Gupta_allahabad_bh.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_bh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Gupta_allahabad_bh.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_bh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span><sub><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg/19px-Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg/29px-Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg/38px-Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></sub><br />"<i>Bu-ddha-sya A-mi-tā-bha-sya</i>"<br />"Of the Buddha Amitabha"<sup id="cite_ref-GS99_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GS99-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Mathura" title="Art of Mathura">Art of Mathura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathura_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura Museum">Mathura Museum</a></div></div></div></div><p> The first known <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">epigraphic</a> evidence for Amitābha is the bottom part of a statue found in Govindnagar, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and now located at <a href="/wiki/Government_Museum,_Mathura" title="Government Museum, Mathura">Government Museum, Mathura</a>. The statue is dated to "the 26th year of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Huvishka" title="Huvishka"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Huviṣka</i></span></a>" i.e., 104 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a work of <a href="/wiki/Kushan_art" title="Kushan art">Kushan art</a>, made during the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> (30–375 CE), and was dedicated to "Amitābha Buddha" by a family of merchants.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MMR_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MMR-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GS99_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GS99-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Schopen" title="Gregory Schopen">Gregory Schopen</a> translates the inscription as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><blockquote><p>The 26th year of the Great King Huveṣka, the 2nd month, the 26th day. On this day by Nāgarakṣita, the (father) of the trader (Sax-caka), the grandson of the merchant Balakatta, the (son of Buddhapila), an image of the Blessed One, the Buddha Amitābha was set up for the worship of all buddhas. Through this root of merit (may) all living things (obtain) the unexcelled knowledge of a buddha.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote><p>Another early epigraphic mention of Amitabha (c. 610 CE) is found in <a href="/wiki/Lalitpur,_Nepal" title="Lalitpur, Nepal">Patan (Lalitpur)</a>. It is a verse which states:<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>I praise Amitabha, the best, dispeller of illusion by the light of great <a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">prajña</a>. </p><p>The light, victor who lives in <a href="/wiki/Sukhavati" title="Sukhavati">Sukhavati</a> with <a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Lokesvara</a>, </p><p>the destroyer of the fear arising in the world, bearer of the lotus, and </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahasthamaprapta</a>, the affectionate-hearted one.</p></blockquote><p>Regarding textual evidence, the earliest Buddhist sutra mentioning Amitābha is the translation into Chinese of the <i><a href="/wiki/Pratyutpanna_Sam%C4%81dhi_S%C5%ABtra" title="Pratyutpanna Samādhi Sūtra">Pratyutpanna Samādhi Sūtra</a></i> (般舟三昧經; <i>Bozhōu Sānmèi Jīng</i>) by the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a> monk <a href="/wiki/Lokaksema_(Buddhist_monk)" title="Lokaksema (Buddhist monk)"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Lokakṣema</i></span></a> around 180. This text has been dated to between the 1st century BCE and 2nd century CE by modern buddhologists.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other early Mahayana texts mentioning Amitabha include the <i><a href="/wiki/Ajitasena_Sutra" title="Ajitasena Sutra">Ajitasena Sutra</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Samadhiraja_Sutra" title="Samadhiraja Sutra">Samādhirāja Sūtra</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Shorter_Sukh%C4%81vat%C4%ABvy%C5%ABha_S%C5%ABtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shorter Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra">Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p><p>The appearance of such literature and sculptural remains at the end of the second century suggests that the teachings on Amitābha we becoming popular in the first and second centuries CE. Furthermore, there are sculptures of Amitabha in dhyani mudras as well as bronzes of Amitābha in abhaya mudra from the <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> era of the first century, suggesting the popularity of Amitābha during that time. One of the last prayer busts of Amitābha can be found in the trademark black stone of the <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a> (c. 750–1161 CE), which was the last Buddhist empire of India. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amit%C4%81bha&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja-Latn" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo_Shinsh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo Shinshū">Jōdo Shinshū</a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo-sh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo-shū">Jōdo-shū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzu_Nembutsu" title="Yuzu Nembutsu">Yuzu Nembutsu</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amit%C4%81bha&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Bibliographies+Online&rft.atitle=Pure+Land+S%C5%ABtras&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fdisplay%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780195393521%2Fobo-9780195393521-0132.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmit%C4%81bha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140512124959/http://www.bdk.or.jp/pdf/bdk/digitaldl/dBET_ThreePureLandSutras_2003.pdf"><i>The Three Pure Land Sutras</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, translated by Inagaki, Hisao, Berkeley: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, 2003, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-886439-18-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-886439-18-4"><bdi>1-886439-18-4</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bdk.or.jp/pdf/bdk/digitaldl/dBET_ThreePureLandSutras_2003.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 12, 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Three+Pure+Land+Sutras&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=Numata+Center+for+Buddhist+Translation+and+Research&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-886439-18-4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bdk.or.jp%2Fpdf%2Fbdk%2Fdigitaldl%2FdBET_ThreePureLandSutras_2003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmit%C4%81bha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buddha Weekly, <i>Five Female Buddhas or Mothers: Their Roles as Prajnas or Enlightened Wisdom — Inseparable Co-Equals Rather Than Consorts</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://buddhaweekly.com/five-female-buddhas-or-mothers-their-roles-as-prajnas-or-enlightened-wisdom-inseparable-co-equals-rather-than-consorts/">https://buddhaweekly.com/five-female-buddhas-or-mothers-their-roles-as-prajnas-or-enlightened-wisdom-inseparable-co-equals-rather-than-consorts/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090221114240/http://www.geocities.com/amitabha48vows/d.htm">"The Great Compassion Mantra – Namo Amitabha"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/amitabha48vows/d.htm">the original</a> on 2009-02-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Great+Compassion+Mantra+%E2%80%93+Namo+Amitabha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2Famitabha48vows%2Fd.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmit%C4%81bha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kaykeys.net/spirit/buddhism/bardo/4thday.html">"Bardo: Fourth Day"</a>. Kaykeys.net. 2005-02-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bardo%3A+Fourth+Day&rft.pub=Kaykeys.net&rft.date=2005-02-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkaykeys.net%2Fspirit%2Fbuddhism%2Fbardo%2F4thday.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmit%C4%81bha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090308030758/http://buddhism.kalachakranet.org/5_dhyani_buddhas.html">"Symbolism of the five Dhyani Buddhas"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buddhism.kalachakranet.org/5_dhyani_buddhas.html">the original</a> on March 8, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Symbolism+of+the+five+Dhyani+Buddhas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbuddhism.kalachakranet.org%2F5_dhyani_buddhas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmit%C4%81bha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.himalayanmart.com/pandara.php">"Pandara is said to be the Prajna of Amitābha Buddha. Pandara is the same in essence with Buddha Amitābha"</a>. Himalayanmart.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pandara+is+said+to+be+the+Prajna+of+Amit%C4%81bha+Buddha.+Pandara+is+the+same+in+essence+with+Buddha+Amit%C4%81bha&rft.pub=Himalayanmart.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.himalayanmart.com%2Fpandara.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmit%C4%81bha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/Chinese_Customs/Guan_Yin.htm">"Guan Yin – Bodhisattva/ Goddess of Compassion"</a>. Nationsonline.org. 2011-06-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guan+Yin+%E2%80%93+Bodhisattva%2F+Goddess+of+Compassion&rft.pub=Nationsonline.org&rft.date=2011-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationsonline.org%2Foneworld%2FChinese_Customs%2FGuan_Yin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmit%C4%81bha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Georgios T. Halkias, <i>Luminous Bliss: A Religious History of Pure Land Literature in Tibet Pure Land</i>, (<i>note: For a discussion and translation of the most important prayers in the Tibetan tradition see Halkias</i>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Tibet is My Country: Autobiography of Thubten Jigme Norbu, Brother of the Dalai Lama as told to Heinrich Harrer</i>, p. 121. First published in German in 1960. English translation by Edward Fitzgerald, published 1960. Reprint, with updated new chapter, (1986): Wisdom Publications, London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86171-045-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-86171-045-2">0-86171-045-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071030191810/http://www.diamondway.org/whitewater/new-teachers.html">"Teachers: Shamar Rinpoche"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diamondway.org/whitewater/new-teachers.html">the original</a> on 2007-10-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Teachers%3A+Shamar+Rinpoche&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diamondway.org%2Fwhitewater%2Fnew-teachers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmit%C4%81bha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://primaltrek.com/buddhist.html">"Buddhist Charms"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Charms&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprimaltrek.com%2Fbuddhist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmit%C4%81bha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/39882">"Amitabha triad"</a>, Metropolitan Museum </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-olson-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-olson_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson2005" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Carl (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/differentpathsof0000olso"><i>The Different Paths of Buddhism: A Narrative-Historical Introduction</i></a></span>. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/differentpathsof0000olso/page/185">185</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813535611" title="Special:BookSources/0813535611"><bdi>0813535611</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Different+Paths+of+Buddhism%3A+A+Narrative-Historical+Introduction&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+NJ&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0813535611&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdifferentpathsof0000olso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmit%C4%81bha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Landaw-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Landaw_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandaw,_Jonathan1993" class="citation book cs1">Landaw, Jonathan (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i0I1K4tEuVwC"><i>Images of Enlightenment: Tibetan Art in Practice</i></a>. Snow Lion Publications. pp. 75, 80, 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-832-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-832-9"><bdi>978-1-55939-832-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Images+of+Enlightenment%3A+Tibetan+Art+in+Practice&rft.pages=75%2C+80%2C+96&rft.pub=Snow+Lion+Publications&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-55939-832-9&rft.au=Landaw%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di0I1K4tEuVwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmit%C4%81bha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MMR-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MMR_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MMR_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhie2010" class="citation book cs1">Rhie, Marylin M. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ivE2mpfbNR0C&pg=PR37"><i>Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 3: The Western Ch'in in Kansu in the Sixteen Kingdoms Period and Inter-relationships with the Buddhist Art of Gandh?ra</i></a>. BRILL. p. xxxvii, Fig 6.17a. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18400-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18400-8"><bdi>978-90-04-18400-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Buddhist+Art+of+China+and+Central+Asia%2C+Volume+3%3A+The+Western+Ch%27in+in+Kansu+in+the+Sixteen+Kingdoms+Period+and+Inter-relationships+with+the+Buddhist+Art+of+Gandh%3Fra&rft.pages=xxxvii%2C+Fig+6.17a&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18400-8&rft.aulast=Rhie&rft.aufirst=Marylin+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DivE2mpfbNR0C%26pg%3DPR37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmit%C4%81bha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GS99-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GS99_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GS99_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchopen1987" class="citation journal cs1">Schopen, Gregory (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191207114137/http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Articles/The-Inscription-on-the-Kusan-Image-of-Amitabha-and-and-the-Character-of-Early-Mahayana-in-India_Schopen.pdf">"The Inscription on the Kuṣān Image of Amitābha and the Charakter of the Early Mahāyāna in India"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies</i>. <b>10</b> (2): 99–138. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Articles/The-Inscription-on-the-Kusan-Image-of-Amitabha-and-and-the-Character-of-Early-Mahayana-in-India_Schopen.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on December 7, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+International+Association+of+Buddhist+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Inscription+on+the+Ku%E1%B9%A3%C4%81n+Image+of+Amit%C4%81bha+and+the+Charakter+of+the+Early+Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na+in+India&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=99-138&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Schopen&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahandfulofleaves.org%2Fdocuments%2FArticles%2FThe-Inscription-on-the-Kusan-Image-of-Amitabha-and-and-the-Character-of-Early-Mahayana-in-India_Schopen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmit%C4%81bha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schopen, Gregory. "The Inscription on the Kuṣān Image of Amitābha and the Character of Early Mahāyāna in India". Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, 10 (1987): 99–137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130612150915/http://old.ykbi.edu.tw/htm/ykbi16/ykbi16_1.pdf">"On the origins of Mahayana Buddhism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.ykbi.edu.tw/htm/ykbi16/ykbi16_1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-06-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+the+origins+of+Mahayana+Buddhism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.ykbi.edu.tw%2Fhtm%2Fykbi16%2Fykbi16_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmit%C4%81bha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, T. T. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://college.holycross.edu/faculty/tlewis/PDFs/Sukhavati_Traditions_in_Newar_Buddhism.pdf">Sukhavati Traditions in Newar Buddhism.</a> South Asia Research, 16(1), 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1177/026272809601600101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuswellLopez2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Buswell_Jr." title="Robert Buswell Jr.">Buswell, Robert Jr</a>; <a href="/wiki/Donald_S._Lopez,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Donald S. Lopez, Jr.">Lopez, Donald S. Jr.</a>, eds. (2013). <i>Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 674. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691157863" title="Special:BookSources/9780691157863"><bdi>9780691157863</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=674&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780691157863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmit%C4%81bha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amit%C4%81bha&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Karashima, Seishi (2009), <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24049429">24049429</a> On Amitābha, Amitāyu(s), Sukhāvatī and the Amitābhavyūha], Bulletin of the Asia Institute, New Series, 23, 121–130</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amit%C4%81bha&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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href="/wiki/Amoghasiddhi" title="Amoghasiddhi">Amoghasiddhi (Bùkōngchéngjiù Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshobhya" title="Akshobhya">Akshobhya (Āchù Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratnasambhava" title="Ratnasambhava">Ratnasambhava (Bǎoshēng Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipankara" title="Dipankara">Dīpankara (Rándēng Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipass%C4%AB" title="Vipassī">Vipassī (Pípóshī Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vessabh%C5%AB" title="Vessabhū">Vessabhū (Píshèpó Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakusandha" title="Kakusandha">Kakusandha (Jūliúsūn Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%E1%B9%87%C4%81gamana" title="Koṇāgamana">Koṇāgamana (Jūnàhán Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassapa_Buddha" title="Kassapa Buddha">Kassapa (Jiāshè Fó)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guanyin_00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8)" class="extiw" title="zh:四大菩萨)">[zh]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eight_Great_Bodhisattvas_(B%C4%81d%C3%A0_P%C3%BAs%C3%A0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eight Great Bodhisattvas (Bādà Púsà) (page does not exist)">Eight Great Bodhisattvas (Bādà Púsà)</a><sup><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%A4%A7%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8)" class="extiw" title="zh:八大菩萨)">[zh]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra_of_Perfect_Enlightenment" title="Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment">Twelve Bodhisattvas of Perfect Enlightenment (Shí'èr Yuánjué Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Avalokiteśvara (Guānyīn Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Manjushri (Wénshū Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra (Pǔxián Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha (Dìzàng Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta (Dàshìzhì Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi (Jīngāngshǒu Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya (Mílè Púsa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha (Xūkōngzàng Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cundi_(Buddhism)" title="Cundi (Buddhism)">Cundī (Zhǔntí Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tara (Duōluó Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%ABryaprabha" title="Sūryaprabha">Sūryaprabha (Rìguāng Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candraprabha" title="Candraprabha">Candraprabha (Yuèguāng Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai%E1%B9%A3ajyar%C4%81ja" title="Bhaiṣajyarāja">Bhaiṣajyarāja (Yàowáng Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai%E1%B9%A3ajyasamudgata" title="Bhaiṣajyasamudgata">Bhaiṣajyasamudgata (Yàoshàng Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cint%C4%81ma%E1%B9%87icakra" title="Cintāmaṇicakra">Cintāmaṇicakra (Rúyìlún Guānyīn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrasattva" title="Vajrasattva">Vajrasattva (Jīngāng Sàduǒ Púsà)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_King" title="Wisdom King">Wisdom Kings</a><br />明王 (Míngwáng)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_King#The_Eight_Wisdom_Kings" title="Wisdom King">Eight Wisdom Kings (Bādà Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_King#The_Ten_Wisdom_Kings" title="Wisdom King">Ten Wisdom Kings (Shídà Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamayuri" title="Mahamayuri">Mahamayuri (Kǒngquè Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucchusma" title="Ucchusma">Ucchuṣma (Huìjì Jīngāng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dali" title="Kuṇḍali">Kuṇḍali (Jūntúlì Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayagriva_(Buddhism)" title="Hayagriva (Buddhism)">Hayagriva (Mǎtóu Guānyīn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acala" title="Acala">Acala (Bùdòng Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokyavijaya" title="Trailokyavijaya">Trailokyavijaya (Xiángsānshì Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamantaka" title="Yamantaka">Yamāntaka (Dàwēidé Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahacakra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahacakra (page does not exist)">Mahacakra (Dàlún Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Padanaksipa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Padanaksipa (page does not exist)">Padanaksipa (Bùzhì Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahabala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahabala (page does not exist)">Mahabala (Dàlì Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aparajita_(Wisdom_King)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aparajita (Wisdom King) (page does not exist)">Aparajita (Wúnéngshēng Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrah%C4%81sa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vajrahāsa (page does not exist)">Vajrahāsa (Dàxiào Míngwáng)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities and Demons</a><br />諸天鬼神 (Zhūtiān Guǐshén)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-Four_Protective_Deities" title="Twenty-Four Protective Deities">Twenty-Four Protective Deities (Èrshísì Zhūtiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Heavenly_Generals" title="Twelve Heavenly Generals">Twelve Heavenly Generals (Shí'èr Shénjiāng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Great_Yak%E1%B9%A3a_Generals" title="Eight Great Yakṣa Generals">Eight Great Yakṣa Generals (Bādà Yèchā Dàjiàng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Legions" title="Eight Legions">Eight Legions of Devas and Nāgas (Tiānlóng bābù)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Heavenly_Kings" title="Four Heavenly Kings">Four Heavenly Kings (Sì Tiānwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahma (Fàntiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aakra_(Buddhism)" title="Śakra (Buddhism)">Indra (Dìshìtiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_in_Buddhism" title="Shiva in Buddhism">Shiva (Dàzìzàitiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissh%C5%8Dten" title="Kisshōten">Lakshmi (Gōngdétiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzaiten" title="Benzaiten">Saraswati (Biàncáitiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%ABryaprabha" title="Sūryaprabha">Surya (Rìtiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candraprabha" title="Candraprabha">Chandra (Yuètiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%B1cika" title="Pañcika">Pañcika (Sànzhī Dàjiàng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hariti" title="Hariti">Hārītī (Guǐzǐmǔ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yama_(Buddhism)" title="Yama (Buddhism)">Yama (Yán Wáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marici_(Buddhism)" title="Marici (Buddhism)">Marici (Mólìzhītiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasudhara" title="Vasudhara">Prithvi (Jiānláo Dishén)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81gara_(Dragon_King)" title="Sāgara (Dragon King)">Sāgara (Suōjiéluó Lóngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nio_(Buddhism)" title="Nio (Buddhism)">Vajra-Weilding God (Zhíjīngāng shén)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nio_(Buddhism)" title="Nio (Buddhism)">Gunyapati (Mìjī Jīngāng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nio_(Buddhism)" title="Nio (Buddhism)">Narayana (Nàluóyántiān)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitatapatra" title="Sitatapatra">Sitātapatrā (Báisǎngài Fúdǐng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakala" title="Mahakala">Mahākāla (Dàhēitiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhana" title="Sudhana">Sudhana (Shàncái)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longn%C3%BC" title="Longnü">Nagakanya (Lóngnǚ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puti_Shushen" title="Puti Shushen">Puti Shushen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziwei_Emperor" title="Ziwei Emperor">Ziwei Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongyue_Dadi" title="Dongyue Dadi">Dongyue Emperor (Dōngyuè Dàdì)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leigong" title="Leigong">Thunder god (Léigōng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda (Wéituó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guan_Yu" title="Guan Yu">Sangharama Bodhisattva (Qíelán Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva (Tiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">Nāga (Lóng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">Asura (Āxiūluō)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">Yaksha (Yèchà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda (Jiālóuluó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandharva" title="Gandharva">Gandharva (Gāntàpó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinnara" title="Kinnara">Kinnara (Jǐnnàluō)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahoraga" title="Mahoraga">Mahoraga (Móhóuluójiā)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apsara" title="Apsara">Apsara (Fēitiān Nǚshén)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalavi%E1%B9%85ka" title="Kalaviṅka">Kalaviṅka (Jiālíngpínqié)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhats</a><br />羅漢 (Luóhàn)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E7%99%BE%E7%BD%97%E6%B1%89" class="extiw" title="zh-tw:五百罗汉">Five Hundred Arhats (Wǔbǎi luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Arhats" title="Eighteen Arhats">Eighteen Arhats (Shíbā Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Arhats" title="Sixteen Arhats">Sixteen Arhats (Shíliù Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākāśyapa (Xiánglóng Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena(Wāěr Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rahula (Chénsāi Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindola_Bharadvaja" title="Pindola Bharadvaja">Pindola Bharadvaja (Qílù Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma (Guojiāng Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita (Chángméi Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanaka_the_Vatsa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanaka the Vatsa (page does not exist)">Kanaka the Vatsa (Xǐqìng Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanaka_the_Bharadvaja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanaka the Bharadvaja (page does not exist)">Kanaka the Bharadvaja (Jǔbō Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subinda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subinda (page does not exist)">Subinda (Tuōda Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nakula_(arhat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nakula (arhat) (page does not exist)">Nakula (Jìngzuò Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalika_(arhat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalika (arhat) (page does not exist)">Kalika (Qíxiàng Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vijraputra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vijraputra (page does not exist)">Vijraputra (Xiàoshī Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gobaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gobaka (page does not exist)">Gobaka (Kāixīn Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantha_the_Elder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pantha the Elder (page does not exist)">Pantha the Elder (Tànshǒu Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanavasa" title="Vanavasa">Vanavasa (Bājiāo Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantha_the_Younger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pantha the Younger (page does not exist)">Pantha the Younger (Kānmén Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai (Bùdài Luóhàn)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a><br />高僧・祖師 (Gāosēng・Zǔshī)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Moggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma (Dámó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Shigao" title="An Shigao">An Shigao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuánzàng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faxian" title="Faxian">Fǎxiǎn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yijing_(monk)" title="Yijing (monk)">Yìjìng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shàn Dào</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huiguo" title="Huiguo">Huìguǒ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Gong" title="Ji Gong">Jìgōng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ming_of_Han" title="Emperor Ming of Han">Emperor Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Liang" title="Emperor Wu of Liang">Emperor Wu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mythology" title="Chinese mythology">Chinese mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Religion in China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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Buddhist Pantheon"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_Buddhist_Pantheon" title="Template talk:Japanese Buddhist Pantheon"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_Buddhist_Pantheon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese Buddhist Pantheon"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japanese_Buddhist_pantheon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_pantheon" title="Japanese Buddhist pantheon"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Japanese Buddhist pantheon</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhas">Buddhas</a><br />如来部 (Nyorai-bu)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Śākyamuni (Shaka Nyorai)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amitābha (Amida Nyorai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaisajyaguru" title="Bhaisajyaguru">Bhaiṣajyaguru (Yakushi Nyorai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairocana" title="Vairocana">Vairocana (Dainichi Nyorai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Tath%C4%81gatas" title="Five Tathāgatas">Five Wisdom Buddhas (Godai Nyorai)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Daibutsu_of_Todaiji_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Daibutsu_of_Todaiji_4.jpg/150px-Daibutsu_of_Todaiji_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Daibutsu_of_Todaiji_4.jpg/225px-Daibutsu_of_Todaiji_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Daibutsu_of_Todaiji_4.jpg/300px-Daibutsu_of_Todaiji_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a><br />菩薩部 (Bosatsu-bu)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya (Miroku)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara (Kannon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra (Fugen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī (Monju)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81pratisar%C4%81" title="Mahāpratisarā">Mahāpratisarā (Daizuigu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha (Jizō)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha (Kokūzō)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta (Seishi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrasattva" title="Vajrasattva">Vajrasattva (Kongōsatta)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrap%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Vajrapāramitā">Vajrapāramitā (Kongō-Haramitsu)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_King" title="Wisdom King">Wisdom Kings</a><br />明王部 (Myōō-bu)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Wisdom_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Wisdom Kings">Five Wisdom Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acala" title="Acala">Acala (Fudō-Myōō)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81gar%C4%81ja" title="Rāgarāja">Rāgarāja (Aizen-Myōō)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucchusma" title="Ucchusma">Ucchuṣma (Ususama-Myōō)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayagriva_(Buddhism)" title="Hayagriva (Buddhism)">Hayagrīva (Batō-Myōō)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamayuri" title="Mahamayuri">Mahāmāyūrī (Kujaku-Myoō)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamantaka" title="Yamantaka">Yamāntaka (Daiitoku-Myoō)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Heavenly deities</a><br />天部 (Ten-bu)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Heavenly_Kings" title="Four Heavenly Kings">Four Heavenly Kings (Shitennō)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Legions" title="Eight Legions">Eight Legions (Hachi-Bushū)</a></li> <li>Twelve Devas (Jūni-ten)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Heavenly_Generals" title="Twelve Heavenly Generals">Twelve Heavenly Generals (Jūni Shinshō)</a></li> <li>Twenty-Eight Legions (Nijūhachi-Bushū)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzaiten" title="Benzaiten">Sarasvatī (Benzaiten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Brava%E1%B9%87a" title="Vaiśravaṇa">Vaiśravaṇa (Bishamonten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aakra_(Buddhism)" title="Śakra (Buddhism)">Śakra (Taishakuten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā (Bonten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_in_Buddhism" title="Shiva in Buddhism">Maheśvara (Daijizaiten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daikokuten" title="Daikokuten">Mahākāla (Daikokuten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakini" title="Dakini">Ḍākinī (Dakiniten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yama_(Buddhism)" title="Yama (Buddhism)">Yama (Enma-Daiō)</a></li> <li>Gigeiten</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda (Idaten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishana" title="Ishana">Īśāna (Ishanaten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithvi" title="Prithvi">Pṛthvī (Jiten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangiten" title="Kangiten">Gaṇapati (Kankiten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hariti" title="Hariti">Hārītī (Kishimojin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apsara" title="Apsara">Apsara (Hiten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalavi%E1%B9%85ka" title="Kalaviṅka">Kalaviṅka (Karyōbinga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissh%C5%8Dten" title="Kisshōten">Lakṣmī (Kisshōten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marici_(Buddhism)" title="Marici (Buddhism)">Mārīcī (Marishiten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nio_(Buddhism)" title="Nio (Buddhism)">Vajrapāṇi (Niō)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Circumstantial appearances</a><br />垂迹身部 (Suijakushin-bu)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Akiha Gongen</li> <li>Ishizuchi Daigongen</li> <li>Ochi Daigongen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumano_Gongen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumano Gongen">Kumano Gongen</a></li> <li>Sanki Daigongen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Za%C5%8D_Gongen" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaō Gongen">Zaō Gongen</a></li> <li>Suzuka Gongen</li> <li>Seiryū Gongen</li> <li>Tateyama Gongen</li> <li>Chimyō Gongen</li> <li>Nezu Gongen</li> <li>Hakusan Gongen</li> <li>Haguro Gongen</li> <li>Hachiōji Gongen</li> <li>Hiryō Gongen</li> <li>Sannō Gongen</li> <li>Futara Gongen</li> <li>Yuga Daigongen</li> <li>Hikosan Gongen</li> <li>Shiromine Gongen</li> <li>Izuna Gongen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atago_Gongen" title="Atago Gongen">Atago Gongen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konpira_Gongen" title="Konpira Gongen">Konpira Daigongen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious masters<br />高僧・祖師部 (Kōsō・Soshi-bu)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nāgārjuna (Ryūju)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu (Seshin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Sh%C5%8Dtoku" title="Prince Shōtoku">Prince Shōtoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABkai" title="Kūkai">Kūkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saich%C5%8D" title="Saichō">Saichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisai" title="Eisai">Eisai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen Kigen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genshin" title="Genshin">Genshin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ippen" title="Ippen">Ippen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Arhats" title="Sixteen Arhats">Sixteen Arhats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#afa3bf;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Zen</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Tendai</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shingon"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Shingon</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Pure Land</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Shugendō</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Nichiren</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mythology" title="Japanese mythology"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Japanese mythology</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism_topics" title="Template talk:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/25px-Buddhism_Symbol.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/38px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/50px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="278" /></a></span>   Topics in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>   <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/25px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/50px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna <small>(father)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā <small>(mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī<small> (aunt, adoptive mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā <small>(wife)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula <small>(son)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda <small>(cousin)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta <small>(cousin)</small></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism-related_lists" title="Category:Buddhism-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bodhisattvas" title="List of bodhisattvas">Bodhisattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhas">Buddhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suttas" title="List of suttas">Suttas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_temples" title="List of Buddhist temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_festivals" class="mw-redirect" 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