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id="toc-Socio-political_change_and_religious_competition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_competition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_competition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Religious competition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_competition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_convergence_and_absorption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_convergence_and_absorption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Religious convergence and absorption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_convergence_and_absorption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patronage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patronage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Patronage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patronage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_social-economic_dynamics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_social-economic_dynamics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Internal social-economic dynamics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_social-economic_dynamics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkic_invasions_and_conquest_(10th_to_12th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkic_invasions_and_conquest_(10th_to_12th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Turkic invasions and conquest (10th to 12th century)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Turkic_invasions_and_conquest_(10th_to_12th_century)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Turkic invasions and conquest (10th to 12th century) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Turkic_invasions_and_conquest_(10th_to_12th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Invasions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Invasions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_under_Islamic_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_under_Islamic_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Decline under Islamic rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_under_Islamic_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Survival_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Survival_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Survival of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Survival_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Revival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="ভারতীয় উপমহাদেশে বৌদ্ধধর্মের অবনতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভারতীয় উপমহাদেশে বৌদ্ধধর্মের অবনতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9clin_du_bouddhisme_en_Inde" title="Déclin du bouddhisme en Inde – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Déclin du bouddhisme en Inde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8" title="भारत में बौद्ध धर्म का पतन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भारत में बौद्ध धर्म का पतन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemunduran_Buddhisme_di_anak_benua_India" title="Kemunduran Buddhisme di anak benua India – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kemunduran Buddhisme di anak benua India" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declino_del_buddismo_in_India" title="Declino del buddismo in India – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Declino del buddismo in India" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E4%BB%8F%E6%95%99%E3%81%AE%E8%A1%B0%E9%80%80" title="インドにおける仏教の衰退 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インドにおける仏教の衰退" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="การเสื่อมถอยของศาสนาพุทธในอนุทวีปอินเดีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การเสื่อมถอยของศาสนาพุทธในอนุทวีปอินเดีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suy_t%C3%A0n_c%E1%BB%A7a_Ph%E1%BA%ADt_gi%C3%A1o_%E1%BB%9F_ti%E1%BB%83u_l%E1%BB%A5c_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Ba_%E1%BA%A4n_%C4%90%E1%BB%99" title="Suy tàn của Phật giáo ở tiểu lục địa Ấn Độ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Suy tàn của Phật giáo ở 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Gradual process of replacement of Buddhism in India, ended around the 13th or 14th century</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nalanda_university.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Nalanda_university.jpg/220px-Nalanda_university.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Nalanda_university.jpg/330px-Nalanda_university.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Nalanda_university.jpg/440px-Nalanda_university.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>The Buddhist <a 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title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/90px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/135px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/180px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Decline in the Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Later Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Concepts</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharma wheel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Five Aggregates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicca">Impermanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukkha">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Not-self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Dependent Origination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhavacana" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhavacana">Buddhavacana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Buddhist Texts">Early Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_Buddhist_literature" title="Sanskrit Buddhist literature">Sanskrit literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-canonical_Buddhist_texts" title="Post-canonical Buddhist texts">Post-canon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Paths_to_liberation" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist Paths to liberation">Buddhist Paths to liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Perfections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophical reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotional practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Mindfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Sublime abidings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Aids to Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Lay life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist chant">Buddhist chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">Nirvāṇa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="Four stages of awakening">Four Stages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratyekabuddha">Pratyekabuddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Traditions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_Buddhism" title="Newar Buddhism">Newar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Buddhism by country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/16px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/24px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/32px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Buddhism" title="Portal:Buddhism">Buddhism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism" title="Template:Buddhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism" title="Template talk:Buddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, which originated in <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">India</a>, gradually dwindled starting in the 4th–6th century CE, and was replaced by Hinduism approximately the 12th century,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Keown2004p208_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keown2004p208-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a centuries-long process.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015218_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015218-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lack of appeal among the rural masses, who instead embraced <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> formed in the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu synthesis">Hindu synthesis</a>, and dwindling financial support from trading communities and royal elites, were major factors in the decline of Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (November 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The total Buddhist population in 2010 in the Indian subcontinent – excluding that of Sri Lanka, Bhutan (both Buddhist majority states), and Nepal – was about 10 million, of which about 92.5% in India, 7.2% lived in Bangladesh and 0.2% in Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-pewforum.org_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pewforum.org-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Growth_of_Buddhism">Growth of Buddhism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Growth of Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asoka%CC%A0_Buddhist_Missions.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Asoka%CC%A0_Buddhist_Missions.png/220px-Asoka%CC%A0_Buddhist_Missions.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Asoka%CC%A0_Buddhist_Missions.png/330px-Asoka%CC%A0_Buddhist_Missions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Asoka%CC%A0_Buddhist_Missions.png/440px-Asoka%CC%A0_Buddhist_Missions.png 2x" data-file-width="1252" data-file-height="1284" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Buddhist missions during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Buddhism expanded in the Indian subcontinent in the centuries after the death of the Buddha, particularly after receiving the endorsement and royal support of the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a> under <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> in the 3rd century BCE. It spread even beyond the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">to Central Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">China</a>. </p><p>The Buddha's period saw not only urbanisation, but also the beginnings of centralised states.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The successful expansion of Buddhism depended on the growing economy of the time, together with an increase in the number of centralised political organisations capable of change.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Buddhism spread across <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_India" title="Outline of ancient India">ancient India</a> and state support by various regional regimes continued through the 1st millennium BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2000182_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2000182-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The consolidation of monastic organisations made Buddhism the centre of religious and intellectual life in India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid2HS1DOZ35EgCpgPA208_208]_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid2HS1DOZ35EgCpgPA208_208]-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The succeeding <a href="/wiki/Kanva_dynasty" title="Kanva dynasty">Kanva Dynasty</a> had four Buddhist Kanva Kings.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gupta_Dynasty_(4th–6th_century)"><span id="Gupta_Dynasty_.284th.E2.80.936th_century.29"></span>Gupta Dynasty (4th–6th century)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Gupta Dynasty (4th–6th century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_developments">Religious developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Religious developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta dynasty</a> (4th to 6th century), <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> and other Hindu religions became increasingly popular, while <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a> developed a new relationship with the state. The differences between Buddhism and Hinduism blurred, as <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> Buddhism adopted more ritualistic practices, while Buddhist ideas were adopted into Vedic schools.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2000207–211_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2000207–211-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the system grew, Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Vihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Vihara">monasteries</a> gradually lost control of land revenue. In parallel, the Gupta kings built Buddhist temples such as the one at <a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagara</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stoddardp3_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stoddardp3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and monastic universities such as those at <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a>, as evidenced by records left by three Chinese visitors to India.<sup id="cite_ref-scharfe2002p144_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scharfe2002p144-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Craig_Lockard_2007_188_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craig_Lockard_2007_188-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-higham2014p121_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-higham2014p121-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hun_invasions_(6th_century)"><span id="Hun_invasions_.286th_century.29"></span>Hun invasions (6th century)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hun invasions (6th century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chinese scholars traveling through the region between the 5th and 8th centuries, such as <a href="/wiki/Faxian" title="Faxian">Faxian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yijing_(monk)" title="Yijing (monk)">Yijing</a>, Hui-sheng, and Sung-Yun, began to speak of a decline of the Buddhist <i><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></i> in the Northwestern parts of Indian subcontinent, especially in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Huna_people" title="Huna people">Hun</a> invasion from central Asia in the 6th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Merriam155_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merriam155-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xuanzang wrote that numerous monasteries in north-western India had been reduced to ruins by the Huns.<sup id="cite_ref-Merriam155_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merriam155-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hun ruler <a href="/wiki/Mihirakula" title="Mihirakula">Mihirakula</a>, who ruled from 515 CE in north-western region (modern Afghanistan, Pakistan and north India), suppressed Buddhism as well. He did this by destroying monasteries as far away as modern-day <a href="/wiki/Prayagraj" title="Prayagraj">Prayagraj</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yashodharman and <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a> rulers, in and after about 532 CE, reversed Mihirakula's campaign and ended the Mihirakula era.<sup id="cite_ref-Sagar_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sagar-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Majumdar1977p242_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Majumdar1977p242-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Peter Harvey, the religion recovered slowly from these invasions during the 7th century, with the "Buddhism of Punjab and Sindh remaining strong".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2013194_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2013194-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reign of the <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Dynasty</a> (8th to 12th century) saw Buddhism in North India recover due to royal support from the Palas who supported various Buddhist centers like <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a>. By the eleventh century, Pala rule had weakened, however.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2013194_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2013194-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Socio-political_change_and_religious_competition">Socio-political change and religious competition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Socio-political change and religious competition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Kanauj_triangle_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Indian_Kanauj_triangle_map.svg/220px-Indian_Kanauj_triangle_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Indian_Kanauj_triangle_map.svg/330px-Indian_Kanauj_triangle_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Indian_Kanauj_triangle_map.svg/440px-Indian_Kanauj_triangle_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1639" data-file-height="1852" /></a><figcaption>During the period of the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Tripartite Struggle</a> (7–12th centuries), most major and minor Indian dynasties gradually shifted their support towards various forms of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> (with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Palas</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015204–205_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015204–205-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The regionalisation of India after the end of the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a> (320–650 CE) led to the loss of patronage and donations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkwitz2012140_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkwitz2012140-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prevailing view of decline of Buddhism in India is summed by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Llewellyn_Basham" title="Arthur Llewellyn Basham">A. L. Basham</a>'s classic study which argues that the main cause was the rise of an ancient Hindu religion again, "<a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>", which focused on the worship of deities like <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> and became more popular among the common people while Buddhism, being focused on monastery life, had become disconnected from public life and its life rituals, which were all left to Hindu <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_competition">Religious competition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Religious competition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism and Hinduism</a></div> <p>The growth of new forms of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (and to a lesser extent <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>) was a key element in the decline in Buddhism in India, particularly in terms of diminishing financial support to Buddhist monasteries from laity and royalty and also not having any support of kings .<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015218–219_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015218–219-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Murthy_1987_91_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murthy_1987_91-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BUDDHISM_IN_ANDHRA_PRADESH_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BUDDHISM_IN_ANDHRA_PRADESH-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Kanai Hazra, Buddhism declined in part because of the rise of the Brahmins and their influence in socio-political process.<sup id="cite_ref-Kanai_Lal_Hazra_1995_371–385_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kanai_Lal_Hazra_1995_371–385-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Randall Collins, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gombrich" title="Richard Gombrich">Richard Gombrich</a> and other scholars, Buddhism's rise or decline is not linked to Brahmins or the caste system, since Buddhism was "not a reaction to the caste system", but aimed at the salvation of those who joined its monastic order.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2000205–206_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2000205–206-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQueenKing199617–18_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQueenKing199617–18-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The disintegration of central power also led to regionalisation of religiosity, and religious rivalry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200442_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200442-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rural and devotional movements arose within Hinduism, along with <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200442_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200442-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that competed with each other, as well as with numerous sects of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200442_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200442-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInden197867_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInden197867-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This fragmentation of power into feudal kingdoms was detrimental for <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, as royal support shifted towards other communities and <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a> developed a strong relationship with Indian states.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkwitz2012140_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkwitz2012140-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2000189–190_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2000189–190-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015218–219_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015218–219-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Murthy_1987_91_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murthy_1987_91-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BUDDHISM_IN_ANDHRA_PRADESH_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BUDDHISM_IN_ANDHRA_PRADESH-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kanai_Lal_Hazra_1995_371–385_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kanai_Lal_Hazra_1995_371–385-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over time the new Indian dynasties which arose after the 7th and 8th centuries tended to support Hinduism, and this conversion proved decisive. These new dynasties, all of which supported Hinduism, include "the <a href="/wiki/Karko%E1%B9%ADa_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Karkoṭa Empire">Karkotas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Pratiharas</a> of the north, the <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakutas</a> of the Deccan, and the <a href="/wiki/Pandyan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan dynasty">Pandyas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallavas</a> of the south" (the <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Dynasty</a> is one sole exception to these).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> One of the reasons of this conversion was that the Brahmins were willing and able to aid in local administration, and they provided councillors, administrators and clerical staff.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst201199_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst201199-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, Brahmins had clear ideas about society, law and statecraft (and studied texts such as the <a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a>) and could be more pragmatic than the Buddhists, whose religion was based on monastic renunciation and did not recognize that there was a <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">special warrior class</a> that was divinely ordained to use violence justly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst201199–101_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst201199–101-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bronkhorst" title="Johannes Bronkhorst">Johannes Bronkhorst</a> notes, Buddhists could give "very little" practical advice in response to that of the Brahmins, and Buddhist texts often speak ill of kings and royalty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2011103_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2011103-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bronkhorst notes that some of the influence of the Brahmins derived from the fact that they were seen as powerful, because of their use of incantations and spells (mantras) as well as other sciences like <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">calendrics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a>. Many Buddhists refused to use such "sciences" and left them to Brahmins, who also performed most of the rituals of the Indian states (as well as in places like Cambodia and Burma).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2011108_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2011108-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lars Fogelin argues that the concentration of the sangha into large monastic complexes like Nalanda was one of the contributing causes for the decline. He states that the Buddhists of these large monastic institutions became "largely divorced from day-to-day interaction with the laity, except as landlords over increasingly large monastic properties".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015210_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015210-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Padmanabh_Jaini" title="Padmanabh Jaini">Padmanabh Jaini</a> also notes that Buddhist laypersons are relatively neglected in the Buddhist literature, which produced only one text on lay life and not until the 11th century, while Jains produced around fifty texts on the life and conduct of a Jaina layperson.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These factors all slowly led to the replacement of Buddhism in the South and West of India by Hinduism and Jainism. Fogelin states that </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>While some small Buddhist centers still persisted in South and West India in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, for the most part, both monastic and lay Buddhism had been eclipsed and replaced by Hinduism and Jainism by the end of the first millennium CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015219_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015219-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Buddhist sources also mention violence against Buddhists by Hindu Brahmins and kings. Hazra mentions that the eighth and ninth centuries saw "Brahminical hostilities towards Buddhism in South India"<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_convergence_and_absorption">Religious convergence and absorption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Religious convergence and absorption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_temple_de_Chennakesava_(Somanathapura,_Inde)_(14487936463).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Le_temple_de_Chennakesava_%28Somanathapura%2C_Inde%29_%2814487936463%29.jpg/220px-Le_temple_de_Chennakesava_%28Somanathapura%2C_Inde%29_%2814487936463%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Le_temple_de_Chennakesava_%28Somanathapura%2C_Inde%29_%2814487936463%29.jpg/330px-Le_temple_de_Chennakesava_%28Somanathapura%2C_Inde%29_%2814487936463%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Le_temple_de_Chennakesava_%28Somanathapura%2C_Inde%29_%2814487936463%29.jpg/440px-Le_temple_de_Chennakesava_%28Somanathapura%2C_Inde%29_%2814487936463%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="777" data-file-height="1185" /></a><figcaption>Buddha as <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> at <a href="/wiki/Chennakesava_Temple,_Somanathapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Chennakesava Temple, Somanathapura">Chennakesava</a> Temple (Somanathapura).</figcaption></figure> <p>Buddhism's distinctiveness also diminished with the rise of Hindu sects. Though <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> writers were quite critical of Hinduism, the devotional cults of Mahayana Buddhism and Hinduism likely seemed quite similar to laity, and the developing <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantrism</a> of both religions were also similar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2013140_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2013140-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, "the increasingly esoteric nature" of both Hindu and <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Buddhist tantrism</a> made it "incomprehensible to India's masses", for whom Hindu <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">devotionalism</a> and the worldly power-oriented <a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a> Siddhas became a far better alternative.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElverskog201195–96_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElverskog201195–96-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite20127_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite20127-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buddhist ideas, and even the Buddha himself,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were absorbed and adapted into orthodox Hindu thought,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2000239–240_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2000239–240-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2013140_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2013140-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the differences between the two systems of thought were emphasized.<sup id="cite_ref-eroer1_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eroer1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eroer2_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eroer2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elements which medieval <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> adopted during this time included vegetarianism, a critique of animal sacrifices, a strong tradition of monasticism (founded by figures such as <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Shankara</a>) and the adoption of the Buddha as an avatar of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2013195_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2013195-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other end of the spectrum, Buddhism slowly became more and more "Brahmanized", initially beginning with the adoption of Sanskrit as a means to defend their interests in royal courts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2011153_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2011153-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Bronkhorst, this move to the Sanskrit cultural world also brought with it numerous Brahmanical norms which now were adopted by the Sanskrit Buddhist culture (one example is the idea present in some Buddhist texts that the Buddha was a Brahmin who knew the Vedas).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2011156,_163_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2011156,_163-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bronkhorst notes that with time, even the <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">caste system</a> eventually became widely accepted for "all practical purposes" by Indian Buddhists (this survives among the <a href="/wiki/Newar_Buddhism" title="Newar Buddhism">Newar Buddhists</a> of Nepal).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2011162_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2011162-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bronkhorst notes that eventually, a tendency developed in India to see Buddhism's past as having been dependent on Brahmanism and secondary to it. This idea, according to Bronkhorst, "may have acted like a Trojan horse, weakening this religion from within".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2011156,_168_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2011156,_168-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The political realities of the period also led some Buddhists to change their doctrines and practices. For example, some later texts such as the <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na_Mah%C4%81parinirv%C4%81%E1%B9%87a_S%C5%ABtra" title="Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra">Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra</a> and the Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Tantra begin to speak of the importance of protecting Buddhist teachings and that killing is allowed if necessary for this reason. Later Buddhist literature also begins to see kings as <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattvas</a> and their actions as being in line with the dharma (Buddhist kings like <a href="/wiki/Devapala_(Pala_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Devapala (Pala dynasty)">Devapala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_VII" title="Jayavarman VII">Jayavarman VII</a> also claimed this).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2011235_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2011235-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bronkhorst also thinks that the increase in the use of <a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">apotropaic</a> rituals (including for the protection of the state and king) and spells (<a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantras</a>) by 7th century Indian Buddhism is also a response to Brahmanical and <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaiva</a> influence. These included fire sacrifices, which were performed under the rule of Buddhist king <a href="/wiki/Dharmapala_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmapala (emperor)">Dharmapala</a> (r. c. 775–812).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2011238–241_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2011238–241-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexis Sanderson has shown that Tantric Buddhism is filled with imperial imagery reflecting the realities of medieval India, and that in some ways work to sanctify that world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2011244_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2011244-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhaps because of these changes, Buddhism remained indebted to the crept in Brahmanical thought and practice now that it had adopted much of its world-view. Bronkhorst argues that these somewhat drastic changes "took them far from the ideas and practices they had adhered to during the early centuries of their religion, and dangerously close to their much-detested rivals."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2011245_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2011245-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These changes which brought Buddhism closer to Hinduism, eventually made it much easier for it to be absorbed into Hinduism and lose its separate identity for them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2013140_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2013140-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patronage">Patronage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Patronage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In ancient India, regardless of the religious beliefs of their kings, states usually treated all the important sects relatively even-handedly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2000182_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2000182-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This consisted of building monasteries and religious monuments, donating property such as the income of villages for the support of monks, and exempting donated property from taxation. Donations were most often made by private persons such as wealthy merchants and female relatives of the royal family, but there were periods when the state also gave its support and protection. In the case of Buddhism, this support was particularly important because of its high level of organisation and the reliance of monks on donations from the laity. State patronage of Buddhism took the form of land grant foundations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2000180,_182_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2000180,_182-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numerous copper plate inscriptions from India as well as <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibetan</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> texts suggest that the patronage of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and Buddhist monasteries in medieval India was interrupted in periods of war and political change, but broadly continued in Hindu kingdoms from the start of the common era through the early first millennium CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Nakamura1980p146_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakamura1980p146-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schopen1997p259_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schopen1997p259-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gupta kings built Buddhist temples such as the one at Kushinagara,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stoddardp3_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stoddardp3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and monastic universities such as those at Nalanda, as evidenced by records left by three Chinese visitors to India.<sup id="cite_ref-scharfe2002p144_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scharfe2002p144-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Craig_Lockard_2007_188_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craig_Lockard_2007_188-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-higham2014p121_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-higham2014p121-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_social-economic_dynamics">Internal social-economic dynamics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Internal social-economic dynamics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to some scholars such as Lars Fogelin, the decline of Buddhism may be related to economic reasons, wherein the Buddhist monasteries with large land grants focused on non-material pursuits, self-isolation of the monasteries, loss in internal discipline in the <i>sangha</i>, and a failure to efficiently operate the land they owned.<sup id="cite_ref-Schopen1997p259_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schopen1997p259-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015229–230_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015229–230-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the growing support for Hinduism and Jainism, Buddhist monasteries also gradually lost control of land revenue. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Turkic_invasions_and_conquest_(10th_to_12th_century)"><span id="Turkic_invasions_and_conquest_.2810th_to_12th_century.29"></span>Turkic invasions and conquest (10th to 12th century)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Turkic invasions and conquest (10th to 12th century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invasions">Invasions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Invasions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_end_of_Buddhist_Monks,_A.D._1193.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/The_end_of_Buddhist_Monks%2C_A.D._1193.jpg/220px-The_end_of_Buddhist_Monks%2C_A.D._1193.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/The_end_of_Buddhist_Monks%2C_A.D._1193.jpg/330px-The_end_of_Buddhist_Monks%2C_A.D._1193.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/The_end_of_Buddhist_Monks%2C_A.D._1193.jpg/440px-The_end_of_Buddhist_Monks%2C_A.D._1193.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1868" data-file-height="2447" /></a><figcaption>The image, in the chapter on India in <i>Hutchison's Story of the Nations</i> edited by <a href="/wiki/James_Meston,_1st_Baron_Meston" title="James Meston, 1st Baron Meston">James Meston</a>, depicts the Turkic general Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji's massacre of Buddhist monks in Bihar. Khalji destroyed the <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vikramshila" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikramshila">Vikramshila</a> universities during his raids across North Indian plains, massacring many <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Peter_Harvey_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Harvey (Buddhism)">Peter Harvey</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>From 986 CE, the Turks started raiding northwest India from Afghanistan, plundering western India early in the eleventh century. Forced conversions to Islam were made, and Buddhist images smashed, due to the Islamic dislike of idolatry. Indeed in India, the Islamic term for an 'idol' became 'budd'. </p> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Peter Harvey, An Introduction to Buddhism<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2013194_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2013194-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent">Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent</a> was the first great <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">iconoclastic</a> invasion into the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As early as the 8th century, Arab conquerors invaded present-day Pakistan. In a second wave, from the 11th through the 13th centuries, Turkic, Turkic-Mongolian and Mongolian overtook the northern Indian plains.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Persian traveller Al Biruni's memoirs suggest Buddhism had vanished from <a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a> (Afghanistan) and medieval <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> region (northern Pakistan) by early 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the twelfth century, Buddhism had further disappeared,<sup id="cite_ref-Merriam155_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merriam155-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the destruction of monasteries and <a href="/wiki/Stupas" class="mw-redirect" title="Stupas">stupas</a> in medieval north-west and western Indian subcontinent (now Pakistan and north India).<sup id="cite_ref-Mcleod_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mcleod-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chronicler of Shahubuddin Ghori's forces records enthusiastically about attacks on the monks and students and victory against the non-Muslims. The major centers of Buddhism were in north India and the direct path of the armies. As centers of wealth and non-Muslim religions they were targets.<sup id="cite_ref-Powers_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Powers-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buddhist sources agree with this assessment. <a href="/wiki/Taranatha" title="Taranatha">Taranatha</a> in his <i>History of Buddhism in India</i> of 1608,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gives an account of the last few centuries of Buddhism, mainly in Eastern India. <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> Buddhism reached its zenith during the <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala dynasty</a> period, a dynasty that ended with the Islamic invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Gangetic plains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Keown2004p208_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keown2004p208-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to William Johnston, hundreds of Buddhist monasteries and shrines were destroyed, Buddhist texts were <a href="/wiki/Book_burning" title="Book burning">burnt</a> by the armies, monks and nuns killed during the 12th and 13th centuries in the Gangetic plains region.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnston2000p335_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnston2000p335-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Islamic invasions plundered wealth and destroyed Buddhist images.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2013194_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2013194-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Buddhist university of <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a> was mistaken for a fort because of the walled campus. The Buddhist monks who had been slaughtered were mistaken for Brahmins according to <a href="/wiki/Minhaj-i-Siraj" class="mw-redirect" title="Minhaj-i-Siraj">Minhaj-i-Siraj</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The walled town, the <a href="/wiki/Odantapuri" title="Odantapuri">Odantapuri</a> monastery, was also conquered by his forces. Sumpa basing his account on that of Śākyaśrībhadra who was at <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a> in 1200, states that the Buddhist university complexes of <a href="/wiki/Odantapuri" title="Odantapuri">Odantapuri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vikramashila" title="Vikramashila">Vikramshila</a> were also destroyed and the monks massacred.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> forces attacked the north-western regions of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> many times.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many places were destroyed and renamed. For example, <a href="/wiki/Odantapuri" title="Odantapuri">Odantapuri</a>'s monasteries were destroyed in 1197 by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Bakhtiyar_Khilji" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji">Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji</a> and the town was renamed.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Vikramashila" title="Vikramashila">Vikramashila</a> was destroyed by the forces of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Bakhtiyar_Khilji" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji">Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji</a> around 1200.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Buddhist monks fled to <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, Tibet, and <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> to avoid the consequences of war.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tibetan pilgrim Chöjepal (1179–1264), who arrived in India in 1234,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had to flee advancing troops multiple times, as they were sacking Buddhist sites.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The north-west parts of the Indian subcontinent fell to Islamic control, and the consequent take over of land holdings of Buddhist monasteries removed one source of necessary support for the Buddhists, while the economic upheaval and new taxes on laity sapped the laity support of Buddhist monks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015229–230_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015229–230-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not all monasteries were destroyed by the invasions (Somapuri, Lalitagiri, Udayagiri), but since these large Buddhist monastic complexes had become dependent on the patronage of local authorities, when this patronage dissipated, they were abandoned by the sangha.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015222_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015222-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the north-western parts of medieval India, the Himalayan regions, as well as regions bordering central Asia, Buddhism once facilitated trade relations, states Lars Fogelin. With the Islamic invasion and expansion, and central Asians adopting Islam, the trade route-derived financial support sources and the economic foundations of Buddhist monasteries declined, on which the survival and growth of Buddhism was based.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015229–230_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015229–230-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wink1997_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wink1997-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The arrival of Islam removed the royal patronage to the monastic tradition of Buddhism, and the replacement of Buddhists in long-distance trade eroded the related sources of patronage.<sup id="cite_ref-Mcleod_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mcleod-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wink1997_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wink1997-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_under_Islamic_rule">Decline under Islamic rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Decline under Islamic rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vikramshila_Ruins.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Vikramshila_Ruins.JPG/220px-Vikramshila_Ruins.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Vikramshila_Ruins.JPG/330px-Vikramshila_Ruins.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Vikramshila_Ruins.JPG/440px-Vikramshila_Ruins.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of <a href="/wiki/Vikramashila" title="Vikramashila">Vikramashila</a>, it was one of the most important centers of learning, during the Pala Empire, established by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Dharmapala_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmapala (emperor)">Dharmapala</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a>, the renowned <a href="/wiki/Pandita_(Buddhism)" title="Pandita (Buddhism)">pandita</a>, is sometimes listed as a notable <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>After the conquest, Buddhism largely disappeared from most of India, surviving in the <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Himalayan regions</a> and south India.<sup id="cite_ref-Merriam155_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merriam155-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2013194_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2013194-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2000184–185_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2000184–185-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fazl_ibn_Mubarak" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak">Abul Fazl</a> stated that there was scarcely any trace of Buddhists left. When he visited <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> in 1597, he met with a few old men professing Buddhism, however, he "saw none among the learned".<sup id="cite_ref-Ramesh_Chandra_Majumdar_1951_426_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramesh_Chandra_Majumdar_1951_426-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Randall Collins, Buddhism was already declining in India by the 12th century, but with the pillage by invaders it nearly became extinct in India in the 1200s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2000184–185_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2000184–185-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 13th century, states Craig Lockard, Buddhist monks in India escaped to Tibet to escape Islamic persecution;<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the monks in western India, states Peter Harvey, escaped persecution by moving to south Indian Hindu kingdoms that were able to resist the power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2013194–195_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2013194–195-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brief accounts and the one eye-witness account of Dharmasmavim in wake of the conquest during the 1230s talk about abandoned viharas being used as camps by the Turukshahs.<sup id="cite_ref-Wink3_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wink3-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later historical traditions such as Taranatha's are mixed with legendary materials and summarised as "the Turukshah conquered the whole of <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a> and destroyed many monasteries and did much damage at <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a>, such that many monks fled abroad" thereby bringing about a demise of Buddhism with their destruction of the Viharas.<sup id="cite_ref-Wink3_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wink3-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the sacked the Buddhists viharas, the temples and <i><a href="/wiki/Stupas" class="mw-redirect" title="Stupas">stupas</a></i> with little material value survived. After the collapse of monastic Buddhism, Buddhist sites were abandoned or reoccupied by other religious orders. In the absence of viharas and libraries, scholastic Buddhism and its practitioners migrated to the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>, China and Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015223–224_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015223–224-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The devastation of agriculture also meant that many laypersons were unable to support Buddhist monks, who were easily identifiable and also vulnerable. As the Sangha died out in numerous areas, it lacked the ability to revive itself without more monks to perform ordinations. Peter Harvey concludes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Between the alien, with their doctrinal justification of "holy war" to spread the faith, and Hindus, closely identified with Indian culture and with a more entrenched social dimension, the Buddhists were squeezed out of existence. Lay Buddhists were left with a folk form of Buddhism, and gradually merged into Hinduism, or converted to Islam. Buddhism, therefore, died out in all but the fringes of its homeland, though it had long since spread beyond it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2013196_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2013196-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Fogelin also notes that some elements of the Buddhist sangha moved to the Himalayas, China, and Southeast Asia, or they may have reverted to secular life or become wandering ascetics. In this environment, without monasteries and scholastic centers of their own, Buddhist ascetics and laypersons were eventually absorbed into the religious life of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">medieval India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015224_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015224-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Survival_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent">Survival of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Survival of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Janabaha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Janabaha.jpg/220px-Janabaha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Janabaha.jpg/330px-Janabaha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Janabaha.jpg/440px-Janabaha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Entrance to Buddhist Jana Baha, Kel Tol, <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Buddhist institutions survived in eastern India right until the Islamic invasion. Buddhism still survives among the <a href="/wiki/Barua_(Bangladesh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barua (Bangladesh)">Barua</a> (though practising Vaishnavite elements<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2018)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), a community of Bengali Magadh descent who migrated to <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a> region. Indian Buddhism also survives among <a href="/wiki/Newar_people" title="Newar people">Newars</a> of Nepal, who practice unique form of <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Newar_Buddhism" title="Newar Buddhism">Newar Buddhism</a> and among the weavers of the villages of Maniabandha and Nuapatna in the <a href="/wiki/Cuttack_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuttack District">Cuttack District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>, a region that had been isolated for long. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Janabaha_durbar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Janabaha_durbar.jpg/220px-Janabaha_durbar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Janabaha_durbar.jpg/330px-Janabaha_durbar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Janabaha_durbar.jpg/440px-Janabaha_durbar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Procession of <a href="/wiki/Jana_Baha_Dyah_Jatra" title="Jana Baha Dyah Jatra">Jana Baha Dyah Jatra</a>, the Bodhisattva of compassion in <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In Bihar and Bengal, many Buddhist shrines and temples have remained intact with the Buddha or Bodhisattva inside being reappropriated and worshipped as a Brahmanical deity. Around the neighbourhood of Nalanda, the remains of votive stupas are worshipped as <a href="/wiki/Lingam" title="Lingam">Shiva lingas</a>. An image of the Buddha in bhūmisparśa mudrā at the village of <a href="/wiki/Telhara_monastery" title="Telhara monastery">Telhara</a> receives full-fledged pūjā as <a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a> during <a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a>. A sculpture of the Buddha has ended up as <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva" title="Vāsudeva">Vāsudeva</a> at Gunaighar in <a href="/wiki/Comilla" title="Comilla">Comilla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodh_gaya_before_restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bodh_gaya_before_restoration.jpg/220px-Bodh_gaya_before_restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bodh_gaya_before_restoration.jpg/330px-Bodh_gaya_before_restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bodh_gaya_before_restoration.jpg/440px-Bodh_gaya_before_restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a>, before the 19th century restoration</figcaption></figure> <p>While the Buddhist monastic centers like <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a> had been sacked, the temples and <i><a href="/wiki/Stupas" class="mw-redirect" title="Stupas">stupas</a></i> at pilgrimage sites (such as <a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a>) didn't receive the same treatment. The reason these were left unharmed was because they were "not material legitimations of rival royal families".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015223–224_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015223–224-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last abbot of Bodh Gaya Mahavihara was <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra_(15th-century)" title="Śāriputra (15th-century)">Sariputra</a> who was active during the 14th and 15th centuries before he left India for Nepal.<sup id="cite_ref-McKeown2018_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKeown2018-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inscriptions at <a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a> show that the <a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a> was in some use till 14th century. According to the 17th century Tibetan Lama <a href="/wiki/Taranatha" title="Taranatha">Taranatha</a>'s <i>History of Buddhism in India</i>, the temple was restored by a Bengali queen in the 15th century, later passing on to a landowner and becoming a <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivite</a> center.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015223–224_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015223–224-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inscriptions at <a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a> mention Buddhist pilgrims visiting it throughout the period of Buddhist decline:<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>1302–1331: Several groups from <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a></li> <li>15th or 16th century: a pilgrim from <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a></li> <li>2nd half of the 15th century, monk Budhagupta from South India</li> <li>16th century Abhayaraj from Nepal</li> <li>1773 Trung Rampa, a representative of the <a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a> from Tibet, welcomed by Maharaja of Varanasi</li> <li>1877, Burmese mission sent by King <a href="/wiki/Mindon_Min" title="Mindon Min">Mindon Min</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fazl_ibn_Mubarak" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak">Abul Fazl</a>, the courtier of <a href="/wiki/Mughal_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal emperor">Mughal emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>, states, "For a long time past scarce any trace of them (the Buddhists) has existed in Hindustan." When he visited <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> in 1597 he met with a few old men professing Buddhism, however, he 'saw none among the learned'. This can also be seen from the fact that Buddhist priests were not present amidst learned divines that came to the <a href="/wiki/Ibadat_Khana" title="Ibadat Khana">Ibadat Khana</a> of Akbar at <a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri" title="Fatehpur Sikri">Fatehpur Sikri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramesh_Chandra_Majumdar_1951_426_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramesh_Chandra_Majumdar_1951_426-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Islamization of Kashmir by sultans like <a href="/wiki/Sikandar_Butshikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikandar Butshikan">Sikandar Butshikan</a>, much of Hinduism was gone and a little of Buddhism remained. Fazl writes, "The third time that the writer accompanied His Majesty to the delightful valley of Kashmir, he met a few old men of this persuasion (Buddhism), but saw none among the learned."<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%27Abd_al-Qadir_Bada%27uni" class="mw-redirect" title="'Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni">'Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni</a> mentions, "Moreover samanis and Brahmans managed to get frequent private audiences with His Majesty." The term <i>samani</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Sramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sramana">Sramana</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a>: <i>Samana</i>) refers to a devotee a monk. <a href="/wiki/Irfan_Habib" title="Irfan Habib">Irfan Habib</a> states that while William Henry Lowe assumes the Samanis to be Buddhist monks, they were Jain ascetics.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taranatha's history which mentions Buddhist sangha surviving in some regions of India during his time<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which includes Konkana, Kalinga, Mewad, Chittor, Abu, Saurastra, Vindhya mountains, Ratnagiri, Karnataka etc. A Jain author Gunakirti (1450–1470) wrote a Marathi text, Dhamramrita,<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he gives the names of 16 Buddhist orders. Dr. Johrapurkar noted that among them, the names Sataghare, Dongare, Navaghare, Kavishvar, Vasanik and Ichchhabhojanik still survive in Maharashtra as family names.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Buddhism survived in <a href="/wiki/Gilgit" title="Gilgit">Gilgit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baltistan" title="Baltistan">Baltistan</a> until 13–14th century, perhaps slightly longer in the nearby <a href="/wiki/Swat_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Swat Valley">Swat Valley</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a> region, adjacent to Kashmir valley, Tibetan Buddhism survives to this day. The historic prevalence and history of Tibetan Buddhism in the above mentioned Northern regions of <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> is reported in the <a href="/wiki/Rajatarangini" title="Rajatarangini">Rajatarangini</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kalhana" title="Kalhana">Kalhana</a> written in 1150/1 CE. It survived in the Kashmir Valley at least until the introduction of Islam in 1323 by the Ladakhi Rinchana, who as King of Kashmir converted to Islam, and even beyond, into the 15th century, when King Zain ul Abidin (1419–1470) had a Buddhist minister. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, Buddhism survived until 15–16th century, as witnessed by the manuscript of the Manjusrimulakalpa. At <a href="/wiki/Nagapattinam" title="Nagapattinam">Nagapattinam</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, Buddhist icons were cast and inscribed until this time, and the ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Chudamani_Vihara" title="Chudamani Vihara">Chudamani Vihara</a> stood until they were destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> in 1867.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the South in some pockets, it may have survived even longer. </p><p>Buddhism was virtually extinct in <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> by the end of the 19th century, except its Himalayan region, east and some niche locations. According to the 1901 census of British India, which included modern Bangladesh, India, Burma, and Pakistan, the total population was 294.4 million, of which total Buddhists were 9.5 million. Excluding Burma's nearly 9.2 million Buddhists in 1901, this colonial-era census reported 0.3 million Buddhists in Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan in the provinces, states and agencies of British India or about 0.1% of the total reported population.<sup id="cite_ref-1901census_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1901census-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1911 census reported a combined Buddhist population in British India, excluding Burma, of about 336,000 or about 0.1%.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ladakh_Monastery.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thikse Monastery is the largest gompa in Ladakh, built in the 1500s."><img alt="Thikse Monastery is the largest gompa in Ladakh, built in the 1500s." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ladakh_Monastery.jpg/180px-Ladakh_Monastery.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ladakh_Monastery.jpg/270px-Ladakh_Monastery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ladakh_Monastery.jpg/360px-Ladakh_Monastery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7571" data-file-height="5024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Thikse_Monastery" title="Thikse Monastery">Thikse Monastery</a> is the largest <a href="/wiki/Gompa" title="Gompa">gompa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>, built in the 1500s. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tawang_Monastery_(Tibetan_Buddhist).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tawang Monastery in Arunachal Pradesh, was built in the 1600s, is the largest monastery in India and second-largest in the world after the Potala Palace in Lhasa, Tibet."><img alt="Tawang Monastery in Arunachal Pradesh, was built in the 1600s, is the largest monastery in India and second-largest in the world after the Potala Palace in Lhasa, Tibet." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Tawang_Monastery_%28Tibetan_Buddhist%29.jpg/180px-Tawang_Monastery_%28Tibetan_Buddhist%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Tawang_Monastery_%28Tibetan_Buddhist%29.jpg/270px-Tawang_Monastery_%28Tibetan_Buddhist%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Tawang_Monastery_%28Tibetan_Buddhist%29.jpg/360px-Tawang_Monastery_%28Tibetan_Buddhist%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5346" data-file-height="3564" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tawang_Monastery" title="Tawang Monastery">Tawang Monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a>, was built in the 1600s, is the largest monastery in India and second-largest in the world after the <a href="/wiki/Potala_Palace" title="Potala Palace">Potala Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vikramjit-Kakati-Rumtek.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rumtek Monastery in Sikkim was built under the direction of Changchub Dorje, 12th Karmapa Lama in the mid-1700s.[113]"><img alt="Rumtek Monastery in Sikkim was built under the direction of Changchub Dorje, 12th Karmapa Lama in the mid-1700s.[113]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vikramjit-Kakati-Rumtek.jpg/180px-Vikramjit-Kakati-Rumtek.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vikramjit-Kakati-Rumtek.jpg/270px-Vikramjit-Kakati-Rumtek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vikramjit-Kakati-Rumtek.jpg/360px-Vikramjit-Kakati-Rumtek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="377" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rumtek_Monastery" title="Rumtek Monastery">Rumtek Monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a> was built under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Changchub_Dorje,_12th_Karmapa_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="Changchub Dorje, 12th Karmapa Lama">Changchub Dorje, 12th Karmapa Lama</a> in the mid-1700s.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revival">Revival</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Revival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in India">Buddhism in India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement" title="Dalit Buddhist movement">Dalit Buddhist movement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diksha_Bhumi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Diksha_Bhumi.jpg/220px-Diksha_Bhumi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Diksha_Bhumi.jpg/330px-Diksha_Bhumi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Diksha_Bhumi.jpg/440px-Diksha_Bhumi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="715" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Deekshabhoomi" title="Deekshabhoomi">Deekshabhoomi</a> Stupa in <a href="/wiki/Nagpur" title="Nagpur">Nagpur</a>, a replica of the <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a> stupa, where <a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a> became a Buddhist.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1891, the Sri Lankan (<a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a>) pioneering Buddhist activist <a href="/wiki/Anagarika_Dharmapala" title="Anagarika Dharmapala">Don David Hewavitarane</a> later to known as Anagarika Dharmapala visited India. His campaign, in cooperation with <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society_in_America" title="Theosophical Society in America">American Theosophists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Steel_Olcott" title="Henry Steel Olcott">Henry Steel Olcott</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madame_Blavatsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Madame Blavatsky">Madame Blavatsky</a>, led to the revival of Buddhist pilgrimage sites along with the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Maha_Bodhi_Society" title="Maha Bodhi Society">Maha Bodhi Society</a> and Maha Bodhi Journal. His efforts increased awareness and raised funds to recover Buddhist holy sites in <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a>, such as the Bodh Gaya in India and those in Burma.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQueenKing199622–25_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQueenKing199622–25-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a> pioneered the <a href="/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement" title="Dalit Buddhist movement">Dalit Buddhist movement</a> in India for the <a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalits</a> (formerly referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">untouchables</a>"). Dr. Ambedkar, on 14 October 1956 in <a href="/wiki/Deekshabhoomi" title="Deekshabhoomi">Nagpur</a> converted to Buddhism along with his 365,000 followers. Many other such mass-conversion ceremonies followed.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many converted employ the term "<a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a>" (also known as "Ambedkarite Buddhism" or "Neo Buddhism") to designate the <a href="/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement" title="Dalit Buddhist movement">Dalit Buddhist movement</a>, which started with Ambedkar's conversion.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now <a href="/wiki/Marathi_Buddhists" title="Marathi Buddhists">Marathi Buddhists</a> are the largest Buddhist community in India.<sup id="cite_ref-census2011_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2011-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1959, <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama</a>, escaped from <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> to India along with numerous Tibetan refugees, and set up the <a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan_Administration" title="Central Tibetan Administration">government of Tibet in Exile</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dharamshala" title="Dharamshala">Dharamshala</a>, India,<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is often referred to as "Little <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a>", after the Tibetan capital city. Tibetan exiles numbering several thousand have since settled in the town. Most of these exiles live in Upper Dharamsala, or <a href="/wiki/McLeod_Ganj" title="McLeod Ganj">McLeod Ganj</a>, where they established monasteries, temples, and schools. The town has become one of the centres of Buddhism in the world. </p><p>In India, the most influential representative of <a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a> is the Vipassana Research Institute founded by <a href="/wiki/S._N._Goenka" title="S. N. Goenka">S. N. Goenka</a> (1924–2013) who promoted Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Vipassan%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipassanā">Vipassanā Meditation</a> in a modern and non-sectarian manner. This form of Buddhist meditation is mainly practiced by elite and <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a> Indians, and the Vipassana movement has also spread to many other countries in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2008, the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Global_Vipassana_Pagoda" title="Global Vipassana Pagoda">Global Vipassana Pagoda</a> was completed on the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>. Ten-day Vipassanā meditation courses are regularly conducted free of charge at the Dhamma Pattana Meditation Centre that is part of the Global Vipassana Pagoda complex.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Buddhist population in the modern era nation of India grew at a decadal rate of 22.5% between 1901 and 1981, due to birth rates and conversions, or about the same rate as Hinduism, Jainism and Sikhism, but faster than Christianity (16.8%), and slower than Islam (30.7%).<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2010 Pew estimate, the total Buddhist population had increased to about 10 million in the nations created from British India. Of these, about 7.2% lived in Bangladesh, 92.5% in India and 0.2% in Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-pewforum.org_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pewforum.org-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">Edicts of Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Buddhist Texts">Early Buddhist Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipassana Movement">Vipassana Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Bodhi_Society" title="Maha Bodhi Society">Maha Bodhi Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Buddhist_Association" title="Bengal Buddhist Association">Bengal Buddhist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadant_Anand_Kausalyayan" title="Bhadant Anand Kausalyayan">Bhadant Anand Kausalyayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Buddhists" title="Bengali Buddhists">Bengali Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Buddhists" title="Marathi Buddhists">Marathi Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Society_of_India" title="Buddhist Society of India">Buddhist Society of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement" title="Dalit Buddhist movement">Dalit Buddhist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Buddha_TV" title="Lord Buddha TV">Lord Buddha TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambedkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Buddhist flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India">Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Buddhism in Himachal Pradesh">Buddhism in Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_North_Karnataka" title="Buddhism in North Karnataka">Buddhism in North Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kashmir" title="Buddhism in Kashmir">Buddhism in Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodh Gaya bombings">Bodh Gaya bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan_Administration" title="Central Tibetan Administration">Central Tibetan Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_diaspora" title="Tibetan diaspora">Tibetan diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan flag">Tibetan flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index of Buddhism-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_converts_to_Buddhism_from_Hinduism" title="List of converts to Buddhism from Hinduism">List of converts to Buddhism from Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">Religion in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_of_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquests of the Indian subcontinent">Muslim conquests of the Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_non-Islamic_places_of_worship_into_mosques" title="Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques">Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elverskog is quoting David Gordon White (2012), <i>The Alchemical Body: Siddha Traditions in Medieval India</i>, p.7, who writes: "The thirty-six or thirty-seven metaphysical levels of being were incomprehensible to India's masses and held few answers to their human concerns and aspirations." Yet, White is writing here about Hindu tantrism, and states that only the Nath Siddhas remained attractive, because of their orientation on <i>worldly</i> power.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Scharfe_2002-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scharfe_2002_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFScharfe2002" class="citation book cs1">Scharfe, Hartmut (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GMyiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA144">"From Monasteries to Universities"</a>. <i>Education in Ancient India</i>. Brill’s Handbook of Oriental Studies, Section 2: South Asia. Vol. 16. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">144–</span>145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789047401476_010">10.1163/9789047401476_010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-47-40147-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-47-40147-6"><bdi>978-90-47-40147-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0169-9377">0169-9377</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2002018456">2002018456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Monasteries+to+Universities&rft.btitle=Education+in+Ancient+India&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.series=Brill%E2%80%99s+Handbook+of+Oriental+Studies%2C+Section+2%3A+South+Asia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E144-%3C%2Fspan%3E145&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789047401476_010&rft.issn=0169-9377&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2002018456&rft.isbn=978-90-47-40147-6&rft.aulast=Scharfe&rft.aufirst=Hartmut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGMyiDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkira_HirakawaPaul_Groner1993" class="citation book cs1">Akira Hirakawa; Paul Groner (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XjjwjC7rcOYC"><i>A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early has been Mahāyāna</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <span class="nowrap">227–</span>240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0955-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0955-0"><bdi>978-81-208-0955-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Indian+Buddhism%3A+From+%C5%9A%C4%81kyamuni+to+Early+has+been+Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E227-%3C%2Fspan%3E240&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0955-0&rft.au=Akira+Hirakawa&rft.au=Paul+Groner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXjjwjC7rcOYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keown2004p208-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keown2004p208_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keown2004p208_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamien_Keown2004" class="citation book cs1">Damien Keown (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=985a1M7L1NcC&pg=PA208"><i>A Dictionary of Buddhism</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">208–</span>209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-157917-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-157917-2"><bdi>978-0-19-157917-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E208-%3C%2Fspan%3E209&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-157917-2&rft.au=Damien+Keown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D985a1M7L1NcC%26pg%3DPA208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015218-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015218_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFogelin2015">Fogelin 2015</a>, p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarao, <i>Decline of Buddhism in India</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pewforum.org-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pewforum.org_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pewforum.org_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/table-religious-composition-by-country-in-numbers/">Religion population totals in 2010 by Country</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180325193107/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/table-religious-composition-by-country-in-numbers/">Archived</a> 25 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Pew Research, Washington DC (2012)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gombrich" title="Richard Gombrich">Richard Gombrich</a>, <i>A Global Theory of Intellectual Change.</i> Harvard University Press, 2000, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2HS1DOZ35EgC&pg=PA177">p. 205</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gombrich" title="Richard Gombrich">Richard Gombrich</a>, <i>A Global Theory of Intellectual Change.</i> Harvard University Press, 2000, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2000182-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2000182_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2000182_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins2000">Collins 2000</a>, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid2HS1DOZ35EgCpgPA208_208]-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid2HS1DOZ35EgCpgPA208_208]_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins2000">Collins 2000</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2HS1DOZ35EgC&pg=PA208">208</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSir_Roper_Lethbridge" class="citation book cs1">Sir Roper Lethbridge. <i>History of India</i>. p. 53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+India&rft.pages=53&rft.au=Sir+Roper+Lethbridge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2000207–211-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2000207–211_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins2000">Collins 2000</a>, pp. 207–211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGina_Barns1995" class="citation journal cs1">Gina Barns (1995). "An Introduction to Buddhist Archaeology". <i>World Archaeology</i>. <b>27</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">166–</span>168.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Archaeology&rft.atitle=An+Introduction+to+Buddhist+Archaeology&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E166-%3C%2Fspan%3E168&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Gina+Barns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stoddardp3-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stoddardp3_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stoddardp3_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Stoddard2010" class="citation journal cs1">Robert Stoddard (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/geographyfacpub/27">"The Geography of Buddhist Pilgrimage in Asia"</a>. <i>Pilgrimage and Buddhist Art</i>. <b>178</b>. Yale University Press: <span class="nowrap">3–</span>4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pilgrimage+and+Buddhist+Art&rft.atitle=The+Geography+of+Buddhist+Pilgrimage+in+Asia&rft.volume=178&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Robert+Stoddard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.unl.edu%2Fgeographyfacpub%2F27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scharfe2002p144-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scharfe2002p144_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scharfe2002p144_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartmut_Scharfe2002" class="citation book cs1">Hartmut Scharfe (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7s19sZFRxCUC"><i>Handbook of Oriental Studies</i></a>. BRILL Academic. pp. <span class="nowrap">144–</span>153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12556-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12556-6"><bdi>90-04-12556-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Oriental+Studies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E144-%3C%2Fspan%3E153&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=90-04-12556-6&rft.au=Hartmut+Scharfe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7s19sZFRxCUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Craig_Lockard_2007_188-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Craig_Lockard_2007_188_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Craig_Lockard_2007_188_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig_Lockard2007" class="citation book cs1">Craig Lockard (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yJPlCpzOY_QC"><i>Societies, Networks, and Transitions: Volume I: A Global History</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0618386123" title="Special:BookSources/978-0618386123"><bdi>978-0618386123</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Societies%2C+Networks%2C+and+Transitions%3A+Volume+I%3A+A+Global+History&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0618386123&rft.au=Craig+Lockard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyJPlCpzOY_QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-higham2014p121-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-higham2014p121_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-higham2014p121_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Higham2014" class="citation book cs1">Charles Higham (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC"><i>Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations</i></a>. Infobase. pp. 121, 236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0996-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0996-1"><bdi>978-1-4381-0996-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Asian+Civilizations&rft.pages=121%2C+236&rft.pub=Infobase&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0996-1&rft.au=Charles+Higham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH1c1UIEVH9gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merriam155-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Merriam155_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merriam155_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merriam155_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merriam155_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendy_Doniger1999" class="citation book cs1">Wendy Doniger (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440"><i>Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions</i></a></span>. Merriam-Webster. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/155">155</a>–157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0"><bdi>978-0-87779-044-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pages=155-157&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-87779-044-0&rft.au=Wendy+Doniger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780877790440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Buddhism/Historical-Development#toc68658">"Historical Development of Buddhism in India – Buddhism under the Guptas and Palas"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historical+Development+of+Buddhism+in+India+%E2%80%93+Buddhism+under+the+Guptas+and+Palas&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FBuddhism%2FHistorical-Development%23toc68658&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakamura1980" class="citation book cs1">Nakamura, Hajime (1980). <i>Indian Buddhism: A Survey With Bibliographical Notes</i>. Motilal Banarsidass Publications. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8120802721" title="Special:BookSources/8120802721"><bdi>8120802721</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Buddhism%3A+A+Survey+With+Bibliographical+Notes&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publications&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=8120802721&rft.aulast=Nakamura&rft.aufirst=Hajime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sagar-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sagar_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foreign Influence on Ancient India by Krishna Chandra Sagar <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0UA4rkm9MgkC&pg=PA216">p. 216</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Majumdar1977p242-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Majumdar1977p242_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamesh_Chandra_Majumdar1977" class="citation book cs1">Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&pg=PA242"><i>Ancient India</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <span class="nowrap">242–</span>244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0436-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0436-4"><bdi>978-81-208-0436-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E242-%3C%2Fspan%3E244&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0436-4&rft.au=Ramesh+Chandra+Majumdar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXNxiN5tzKOgC%26pg%3DPA242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2013194-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2013194_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2013194_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2013194_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2013194_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2013194_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey2013">Harvey 2013</a>, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015204–205-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015204–205_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFogelin2015">Fogelin 2015</a>, pp. 204–205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkwitz2012140-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkwitz2012140_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkwitz2012140_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerkwitz2012">Berkwitz 2012</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015218–219-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015218–219_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015218–219_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFogelin2015">Fogelin 2015</a>, pp. 218–219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murthy_1987_91-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Murthy_1987_91_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murthy_1987_91_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurthy1987" class="citation book cs1">Murthy, K. Krishna (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tD-7sojtDdYC&pg=PA91"><i>Glimpses of Art, Architecture, and Buddhist Literature in Ancient India</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-226-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-226-0"><bdi>978-81-7017-226-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glimpses+of+Art%2C+Architecture%2C+and+Buddhist+Literature+in+Ancient+India&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-226-0&rft.aulast=Murthy&rft.aufirst=K.+Krishna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtD-7sojtDdYC%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BUDDHISM_IN_ANDHRA_PRADESH-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BUDDHISM_IN_ANDHRA_PRADESH_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BUDDHISM_IN_ANDHRA_PRADESH_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110518034805/http://www.metta.lk/english/buddhism-ap.htm?bcsi_scan_40D940621B5BD15F=0&bcsi_scan_filename=buddhism-ap.htm">"BUDDHISM IN ANDHRA PRADESH"</a>. <i>metta.lk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metta.lk/english/buddhism-ap.htm?bcsi_scan_40D940621B5BD15F=0&bcsi_scan_filename=buddhism-ap.htm">the original</a> on 18 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=metta.lk&rft.atitle=BUDDHISM+IN+ANDHRA+PRADESH&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metta.lk%2Fenglish%2Fbuddhism-ap.htm%3Fbcsi_scan_40D940621B5BD15F%3D0%26bcsi_scan_filename%3Dbuddhism-ap.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kanai_Lal_Hazra_1995_371–385-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kanai_Lal_Hazra_1995_371–385_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kanai_Lal_Hazra_1995_371–385_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanai_Lal_Hazra1995" class="citation book cs1">Kanai Lal Hazra (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N3wEAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Rise And Decline of Buddhism in India</i></a>. Munshiram Manoharlal. pp. <span class="nowrap">371–</span>385. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0651-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0651-9"><bdi>978-81-215-0651-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+And+Decline+of+Buddhism+in+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E371-%3C%2Fspan%3E385&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-81-215-0651-9&rft.au=Kanai+Lal+Hazra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN3wEAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2000205–206-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2000205–206_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins2000">Collins 2000</a>, pp. 205–206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQueenKing199617–18-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQueenKing199617–18_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQueenKing1996">Queen & King 1996</a>, pp. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Gombrich2012" class="citation book cs1">Richard Gombrich (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lqp4LuZQnHsC"><i>Buddhist Precept & Practice</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">344–</span>345. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-15623-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-15623-6"><bdi>978-1-136-15623-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Precept+%26+Practice&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E344-%3C%2Fspan%3E345&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-15623-6&rft.au=Richard+Gombrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlqp4LuZQnHsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200442-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200442_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200442_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200442_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichaels2004">Michaels 2004</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInden197867-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInden197867_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInden1978">Inden 1978</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2000189–190-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2000189–190_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins2000">Collins 2000</a>, pp. 189–190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst201199-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst201199_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst2011">Bronkhorst 2011</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst201199–101-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst201199–101_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst2011">Bronkhorst 2011</a>, pp. 99–101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2011103-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2011103_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst2011">Bronkhorst 2011</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2011108-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2011108_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst2011">Bronkhorst 2011</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015210-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015210_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFogelin2015">Fogelin 2015</a>, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jaini, Padmanabh S. (1980): "The disappearance of Buddhism and the survival of Jainism: a study in contrast". <i>Studies in History of Buddhism</i>. Ed. A. K. Narain. Delhi: B. R. Publishing. pp. 81–91. Reprint: Jaini, 2001: 139–153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015219-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015219_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFogelin2015">Fogelin 2015</a>, p. 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kanai Lal Hazra (1995). <i>The Rise And Decline of Buddhism in India</i>. Munshiram Manoharlal. p. 356. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0651-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0651-9">978-81-215-0651-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2013140-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2013140_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2013140_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2013140_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey2013">Harvey 2013</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElverskog201195–96-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElverskog201195–96_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElverskog2011">Elverskog 2011</a>, p. 95–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite20127-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite20127_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite2012">White 2012</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525144408/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/Religions/paths/BuddhismDisappear.doc">"Vinay Lal, <i>Buddhism's Disappearance from India</i>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/Religions/paths/BuddhismDisappear.doc">the original</a> on 25 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vinay+Lal%2C+Buddhism%27s+Disappearance+from+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sscnet.ucla.edu%2Fsouthasia%2FReligions%2Fpaths%2FBuddhismDisappear.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2000239–240-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2000239–240_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins2000">Collins 2000</a>, pp. 239–240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Govind Chandra Pande (1994). <i>Life and thought of Śaṅkarācārya</i>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1104-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1104-1">978-81-208-1104-1</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1104-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1104-1">978-81-208-1104-1</a>. Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xKJCLHc1mAQC&q=sramana">[1]</a> (accessed: Friday, 19 March 2010), p.255; "The relationship of Śaṅkara to Buddhism has been the subject of considerable debate since ancient times. He has been hailed as the arch critic of Buddhism and the principal architect of its downfall in India. At the same time, he has been described as a Buddhist in disguise. Both these opinions have been expressed by ancient as well as modern authors—scholars, philosophers, historians, and sectaries."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eroer1-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eroer1_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3uwDAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA3">"Shankara's Introduction"</a>. <i>Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad</i>. Translated by Edward Roer. 1908. pp. <span class="nowrap">3–</span>4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shankara%27s+Introduction&rft.btitle=Brihad+Aranyaka+Upanishad&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=1908&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3uwDAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eroer2-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eroer2_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3uwDAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA3">"Shankara's Introduction"</a>. <i>Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad</i>. Translated by Edward Roer. 1908. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/19373677">19373677</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shankara%27s+Introduction&rft.btitle=Brihad+Aranyaka+Upanishad&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1908&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F19373677&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3uwDAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">KN Jayatilleke (2010), Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0619-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0619-1">978-81-208-0619-1</a>, pp. 246–249, from note 385 onwards</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Collins (1994), Religion and Practical Reason (Editors: Frank Reynolds, David Tracy), State Univ of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2217-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2217-5">978-0-7914-2217-5</a>, p. 64; Quote: "Central to Buddhist soteriology is the doctrine of not-self (Pali: anattā, Sanskrit: anātman, the opposed doctrine of <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">ātman</a> is central to Brahmanical thought). Put very briefly, this is the [Buddhist] doctrine that human beings have no soul, no self, no unchanging essence."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3uwDAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA2">"Shankara's Introduction"</a>. <i>Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad</i>. Translated by Edward Roer. 1908. pp. <span class="nowrap">2–</span>4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shankara%27s+Introduction&rft.btitle=Brihad+Aranyaka+Upanishad&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=1908&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3uwDAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span><br />Katie Javanaud (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philosophynow.org/issues/97/Is_The_Buddhist_No-Self_Doctrine_Compatible_With_Pursuing_Nirvana">"Is The Buddhist 'No-Self' Doctrine Compatible With Pursuing Nirvana?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170913132314/https://philosophynow.org/issues/97/Is_The_Buddhist_No-Self_Doctrine_Compatible_With_Pursuing_Nirvana">Archived</a> 13 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Philosophy Now</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John C. Plott et al. (2000), <i>Global History of Philosophy: The Axial Age</i>, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0158-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0158-5">978-81-208-0158-5</a>, p. 63. "The Buddhist schools reject any Ātman concept. As we have already observed, this is the basic and ineradicable distinction between Hinduism and Buddhism".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2013195-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2013195_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey2013">Harvey 2013</a>, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2011153-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2011153_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst2011">Bronkhorst 2011</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2011156,_163-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2011156,_163_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst2011">Bronkhorst 2011</a>, pp. 156, 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2011162-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2011162_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst2011">Bronkhorst 2011</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2011156,_168-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2011156,_168_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst2011">Bronkhorst 2011</a>, pp. 156, 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2011235-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2011235_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst2011">Bronkhorst 2011</a>, p. 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2011238–241-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2011238–241_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst2011">Bronkhorst 2011</a>, pp. 238–241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2011244-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2011244_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst2011">Bronkhorst 2011</a>, p. 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2011245-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2011245_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst2011">Bronkhorst 2011</a>, p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2000180,_182-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2000180,_182_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins2000">Collins 2000</a>, pp. 180, 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nakamura1980p146-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nakamura1980p146_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHajime_Nakamura1980" class="citation book cs1">Hajime Nakamura (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w0A7y4TCeVQC"><i>Indian Buddhism: A Survey with Bibliographical Notes</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 145–148 with footnotes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0272-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0272-8"><bdi>978-81-208-0272-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Buddhism%3A+A+Survey+with+Bibliographical+Notes&rft.pages=145-148+with+footnotes&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0272-8&rft.au=Hajime+Nakamura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw0A7y4TCeVQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkira_Shimada2012" class="citation book cs1">Akira Shimada (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pfUyAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA200"><i>Early Buddhist Architecture in Context: The Great Stūpa at Amarāvatī (ca. 300 BCE-300 CE)</i></a>. BRILL Academic. pp. <span class="nowrap">200–</span>204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23326-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23326-3"><bdi>978-90-04-23326-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Buddhist+Architecture+in+Context%3A+The+Great+St%C5%ABpa+at+Amar%C4%81vat%C4%AB+%28ca.+300+BCE-300+CE%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E200-%3C%2Fspan%3E204&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-23326-3&rft.au=Akira+Shimada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpfUyAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schopen1997p259-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schopen1997p259_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schopen1997p259_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory_Schopen1997" class="citation book cs1">Gregory Schopen (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rxdZ-BVNm_IC&pg=PA259"><i>Bones, Stones, and Buddhist Monks: Collected Papers on the Archaeology, Epigraphy, and Texts of Monastic Buddhism in India</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">259–</span>278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1870-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1870-8"><bdi>978-0-8248-1870-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bones%2C+Stones%2C+and+Buddhist+Monks%3A+Collected+Papers+on+the+Archaeology%2C+Epigraphy%2C+and+Texts+of+Monastic+Buddhism+in+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E259-%3C%2Fspan%3E278&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1870-8&rft.au=Gregory+Schopen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrxdZ-BVNm_IC%26pg%3DPA259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGina_Barns1995" class="citation journal cs1">Gina Barns (1995). "An Introduction to Buddhist Archaeology". <i>World Archaeology</i>. <b>27</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">166–</span>168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00438243.1995.9980301">10.1080/00438243.1995.9980301</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Archaeology&rft.atitle=An+Introduction+to+Buddhist+Archaeology&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E166-%3C%2Fspan%3E168&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00438243.1995.9980301&rft.au=Gina+Barns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015229–230-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015229–230_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015229–230_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015229–230_71-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFogelin2015">Fogelin 2015</a>, pp. 229–230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanyal2012" class="citation book cs1">Sanyal, Sanjeev (15 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xu-O9eNmQXMC&pg=PT130"><i>Land of seven rivers: History of India's Geography</i></a>. Penguin Books Limited. pp. <span class="nowrap">130–</span>131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-671-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-671-5"><bdi>978-81-8475-671-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+of+seven+rivers%3A+History+of+India%27s+Geography&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E130-%3C%2Fspan%3E131&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2012-11-15&rft.isbn=978-81-8475-671-5&rft.aulast=Sanyal&rft.aufirst=Sanjeev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxu-O9eNmQXMC%26pg%3DPT130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levy, Robert I. Mesocosm: Hinduism and the Organization of a Traditional Newar City in Nepal. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1990 1990.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandra2004" class="citation book cs1">Chandra, Satish (2004). <i>Medieval India: from Sultanat to the Mughals – Part One: Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526)</i>. New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications. p. 41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+India%3A+from+Sultanat+to+the+Mughals+%E2%80%93+Part+One%3A+Delhi+Sultanat+%281206%E2%80%931526%29&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Har-Anand+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Satish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders1947" class="citation book cs1">Saunders, Kenneth (1947). <i>A Pageant of India</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">162–</span>163.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Pageant+of+India&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E162-%3C%2Fspan%3E163&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuhammad_ibn_Ahmad_Biruni1888" class="citation book cs1">Muhammad ibn Ahmad Biruni (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lfUH7Qnm1VkC"><i>Alberuni's India: An Account of the Religion, Philosophy, Literature, Geography, Chronology, Astronomy, Customs, Laws and Astrology of India about AD 1030</i></a>. Translated by Edward C. Sachau. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">253–</span>254. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-04720-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-04720-3"><bdi>978-1-108-04720-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alberuni%27s+India%3A+An+Account+of+the+Religion%2C+Philosophy%2C+Literature%2C+Geography%2C+Chronology%2C+Astronomy%2C+Customs%2C+Laws+and+Astrology+of+India+about+AD+1030&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E253-%3C%2Fspan%3E254&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1888&rft.isbn=978-1-108-04720-3&rft.au=Muhammad+ibn+Ahmad+Biruni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlfUH7Qnm1VkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Buddhism/Historical-Development#toc68658">"Historical Development of Buddhism in India – Buddhism under the Guptas and Palas"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historical+Development+of+Buddhism+in+India+%E2%80%93+Buddhism+under+the+Guptas+and+Palas&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FBuddhism%2FHistorical-Development%23toc68658&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mcleod-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mcleod_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mcleod_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>McLeod, John, </i>The History of India<i>, Greenwood Press (2002), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-31459-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-31459-4">0-313-31459-4</a>, pp. 41–42.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Powers-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Powers_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowers2015" class="citation book cs1">Powers, John (5 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p-uoCgAAQBAJ&q=buddhism+decline+pockets&pg=PA44"><i>The Buddhist World</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317420170" title="Special:BookSources/9781317420170"><bdi>9781317420170</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buddhist+World&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-10-05&rft.isbn=9781317420170&rft.aulast=Powers&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp-uoCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbuddhism%2Bdecline%2Bpockets%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090319060424/http://www.thdl.org/texts/reprints/bot/bot_06_02_03.pdf">Chap. XXVII-XLIV</a>, Synopsis by Nalinaksha Dutt, Accounts of <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena</a> kings, <a href="/wiki/Vikramshila" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikramshila">Vikramshila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turushkas</a> and status of Buddhism in India, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnston2000p335-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnston2000p335_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_M._Johnston2000" class="citation book cs1">William M. Johnston (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GfC0TDkJJNgC&pg=PA335"><i>Encyclopedia of Monasticism: A–L</i></a>. Routledge. p. 335. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-090-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-090-2"><bdi>978-1-57958-090-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Monasticism%3A+A%E2%80%93L&rft.pages=335&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-57958-090-2&rft.au=William+M.+Johnston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGfC0TDkJJNgC%26pg%3DPA335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEraly2015" class="citation book cs1">Eraly, Abraham (April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vyEoAwAAQBAJ&q=bakhtiyar+mistook+buddhist+fort&pg=PT508"><i>The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate</i></a>. Penguin UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789351186588" title="Special:BookSources/9789351186588"><bdi>9789351186588</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Wrath%3A+A+History+of+the+Delhi+Sultanate&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2015-04&rft.isbn=9789351186588&rft.aulast=Eraly&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvyEoAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbakhtiyar%2Bmistook%2Bbuddhist%2Bfort%26pg%3DPT508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Comprehensive History of India</i>, Vol. 4, Part 1, pp. 600–601.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. J. Bleeker, G. Widengren, <i>Historia Religionum: Handbook for the History of Religions</i> p. 381.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Muthiah" class="citation book cs1">S. Muthiah. <i>Where the Buddha Walked</i>. p. 41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+the+Buddha+Walked&rft.pages=41&rft.au=S.+Muthiah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanderson, Alexis. "The Śaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period". In:<i> Genesis and Development of Tantrism</i>, edited by Shingo Einoo. Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo, 2009. Institute of Oriental Culture Special Series, 23, pp. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark W. Walton, George F. Nafziger, Laurent W. Mbanda, <i>Islam at War: A History</i> (p. 226)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SjzSpGf1eM0C&q=Ch%C3%B6jepal&pg=PA66"><i>The Holy Land Reborn: Pilgrimage and the Tibetan Reinvention of Buddhist India</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. 15 September 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226356501" title="Special:BookSources/9780226356501"><bdi>9780226356501</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Land+Reborn%3A+Pilgrimage+and+the+Tibetan+Reinvention+of+Buddhist+India&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2008-09-15&rft.isbn=9780226356501&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSjzSpGf1eM0C%26q%3DCh%25C3%25B6jepal%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roerich, G. 1959. <i>Biography of Dharmasvamin (Chag lo tsa-ba Chos-rje-dpal): A Tibetan Monk Pilgrim</i>. Patna: K. P. Jayaswal Research Institute. pp. 61–62, 64, 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015222-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015222_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFogelin2015">Fogelin 2015</a>, p. 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wink1997-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wink1997_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wink1997_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndré_Wink1997" class="citation book cs1">André Wink (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=75FlxDhZWpwC&pg=PA348"><i>Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World</i></a>. BRILL Academic. pp. <span class="nowrap">348–</span>349. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10236-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10236-1"><bdi>90-04-10236-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Hind+the+Making+of+the+Indo-Islamic+World&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E348-%3C%2Fspan%3E349&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=90-04-10236-1&rft.au=Andr%C3%A9+Wink&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D75FlxDhZWpwC%26pg%3DPA348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexis_Sanderson2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Sanderson" title="Alexis Sanderson">Alexis Sanderson</a> (2009). "The Śaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period". In Einoo, Shingo (ed.). <i>Genesis and Development of Tantrism</i>. Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo. p. 89.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+%C5%9Aaiva+Age%3A+The+Rise+and+Dominance+of+%C5%9Aaivism+during+the+Early+Medieval+Period&rft.btitle=Genesis+and+Development+of+Tantrism&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Institute+of+Oriental+Culture%2C+University+of+Tokyo&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Alexis+Sanderson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2000184–185-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2000184–185_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2000184–185_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins2000">Collins 2000</a>, pp. 184–185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramesh_Chandra_Majumdar_1951_426-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ramesh_Chandra_Majumdar_1951_426_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramesh_Chandra_Majumdar_1951_426_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamesh_Chandra_Majumdar1951" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ramesh_Chandra_Majumdar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramesh Chandra Majumdar">Ramesh Chandra Majumdar</a> (1951). <i>The History and Culture of the Indian People: The struggle for empire</i>. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 426.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Culture+of+the+Indian+People%3A+The+struggle+for+empire&rft.pages=426&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&rft.date=1951&rft.au=Ramesh+Chandra+Majumdar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig_Lockard2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Craig Lockard (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yJPlCpzOY_QC"><i>Societies, Networks, and Transitions</i></a>. Vol. I: A Global History. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 364. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-38612-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-38612-3"><bdi>978-0-618-38612-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Societies%2C+Networks%2C+and+Transitions&rft.pages=364&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-618-38612-3&rft.au=Craig+Lockard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyJPlCpzOY_QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2013194–195-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2013194–195_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey2013">Harvey 2013</a>, pp. 194–195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wink3-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wink3_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wink3_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndré_Wink1997" class="citation book cs1">André Wink (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=75FlxDhZWpwC&pg=PA348"><i>Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World</i></a>. BRILL Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10236-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10236-1"><bdi>90-04-10236-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Hind+the+Making+of+the+Indo-Islamic+World&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=90-04-10236-1&rft.au=Andr%C3%A9+Wink&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D75FlxDhZWpwC%26pg%3DPA348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015223–224-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015223–224_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015223–224_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015223–224_98-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFogelin2015">Fogelin 2015</a>, pp. 223–224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2013196-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2013196_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey2013">Harvey 2013</a>, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015224-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015224_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFogelin2015">Fogelin 2015</a>, p. 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sukomal Chaudhuri, <i>Contemporary Buddhism in Bangladesh</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bimala Churn Law, <i>Indological Studies</i>, p. 180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrasad2021" class="citation book cs1">Prasad, Birendra Nath (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TB4gEAAAQBAJ&q=Pīṭhipati"><i>Archaeology of Religion in South Asia: Buddhist, Brahmanical and Jaina Religious Centres in Bihar and Bengal, c. AD 600–1200</i></a>. Routledge. p. 614. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781000416756" title="Special:BookSources/9781000416756"><bdi>9781000416756</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+of+Religion+in+South+Asia%3A+Buddhist%2C+Brahmanical+and+Jaina+Religious+Centres+in+Bihar+and+Bengal%2C+c.+AD+600%E2%80%931200&rft.pages=614&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781000416756&rft.aulast=Prasad&rft.aufirst=Birendra+Nath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTB4gEAAAQBAJ%26q%3DP%C4%AB%E1%B9%ADhipati&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKeown2018-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McKeown2018_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKeown2018" class="citation book cs1">McKeown, Arthur P. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fb86tAEACAAJ"><i>Guardian of a Dying Flame: Śāriputra (c. 1335-1426) and the End of Late Indian Buddhism</i></a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 463 pages. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674984356" title="Special:BookSources/9780674984356"><bdi>9780674984356</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guardian+of+a+Dying+Flame%3A+%C5%9A%C4%81riputra+%28c.+1335-1426%29+and+the+End+of+Late+Indian+Buddhism&rft.pages=463+pages&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780674984356&rft.aulast=McKeown&rft.aufirst=Arthur+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFb86tAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middle Land, Middle Way: A Pilgrim's Guide to the Buddha's India, Shravasti Dhammika, Buddhist Publication Society, 1992, p. 55–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKishori_Saran_Lal1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kishori_Saran_Lal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kishori Saran Lal">Kishori Saran Lal</a> (1999). <i>Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India</i>. Aditya Prakashan. p. 110.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theory+and+Practice+of+Muslim+State+in+India&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Aditya+Prakashan&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Kishori+Saran+Lal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrfan_Habib1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Irfan_Habib" title="Irfan Habib">Irfan Habib</a> (1997). <i>Akbar and His India</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 98.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Akbar+and+His+India&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Irfan+Habib&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tharanatha; Chattopadhyaya, Chimpa, Alaka, trans. (2000). <i>History of Buddhism in India</i>. Motilal Books UK, p. 333–338 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8120806964" title="Special:BookSources/8120806964">8120806964</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1781"><i>Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211231135657/https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1781">Archived</a> 31 December 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Volume 2, Amaresh Datta, Jain Literature (Marathi), Sahitya Akademi, 1988 p. 1779</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shodha Tippana, Pro. Vidyadhar Joharapurkar, in Anekanta, June 1963, pp. 73–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141009222827/http://www.buddhistnews.tv/current/tamil-nadu-100704.php">"tibetan translation buddhist teachings hindu at buddhistnews.tv"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhistnews.tv/current/tamil-nadu-100704.php">the original</a> on 9 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=tibetan+translation+buddhist+teachings+hindu+at+buddhistnews.tv&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhistnews.tv%2Fcurrent%2Ftamil-nadu-100704.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1901census-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1901census_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/statistics/1894_excel/">No. 7.-Distribution of Population according to Religion (Census of 1901)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211127150447/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/statistics/1894_excel/">Archived</a> 27 November 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, South Asia Library, University of Chicago</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/statistics/1910_excel/index.html">No. 7.-Distribution of Population according to Religion (Census of 1911)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210612110226/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/statistics/1910_excel/index.html">Archived</a> 12 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, South Asia Library, University of Chicago</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Achary Tsultsem Gyatso; Mullard, Saul & Tsewang Paljor (Transl.): "A Short Biography of Four Tibetan Lamas and Their Activities in Sikkim", in: <i>Bulletin of Tibetology</i> Nr. 49, 2/2005, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQueenKing199622–25-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQueenKing199622–25_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQueenKing1996">Queen & King 1996</a>, pp. 22–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPritchett" class="citation web cs1">Pritchett, Frances. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/timeline/1950s.html">"in the 1950s"</a>. Columbia University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=in+the+1950s&rft.pub=Columbia+University&rft.aulast=Pritchett&rft.aufirst=Frances&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fitc%2Fmealac%2Fpritchett%2F00ambedkar%2Ftimeline%2F1950s.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaren_Bellwinkel-Schempp2004" class="citation web cs1">Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maren-bellwinkel.de/artikel/ambedkarbuddhism.pdf">"Roots of Ambedkar Buddhism in Kanpur"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roots+of+Ambedkar+Buddhism+in+Kanpur&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Maren+Bellwinkel-Schempp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maren-bellwinkel.de%2Fartikel%2Fambedkarbuddhism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census2011-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-census2011_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS">"Population by religion community – 2011"</a>. <i>Census of India, 2011</i>. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS">the original</a> on 25 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+of+India%2C+2011&rft.atitle=Population+by+religion+community+%E2%80%93+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2FC-01%2FDDW00C-01%2520MDDS.XLS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sidney Piburn, <i>The Dalai Lama: A Policy of Kindness</i> p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/vipassana-pioneer-sn-goenka-is-dead_880114.html">"Vipassana pioneer SN Goenka is dead"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021210557/http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/vipassana-pioneer-sn-goenka-is-dead_880114.html">Archived</a> 21 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Zeenews.india.com. 30 September 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pattana.dhamma.org/">"Dhamma Pattana Vipassana Centre website"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dhamma+Pattana+Vipassana+Centre+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pattana.dhamma.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_Park2002" class="citation book cs1">Chris Park (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qSeIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA68"><i>Sacred Worlds: An Introduction to Geography and Religion</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">66–</span>68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-87735-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-87735-5"><bdi>978-1-134-87735-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Worlds%3A+An+Introduction+to+Geography+and+Religion&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E66-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-134-87735-5&rft.au=Chris+Park&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqSeIAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Anand, Ashok Kumar (1996), <i>"Buddhism in India"</i>, Gyan Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-212-0506-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-212-0506-1">978-81-212-0506-1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerkwitz2012" class="citation cs2">Berkwitz, Stephen C. (2012), <i>South Asian Buddhism: A Survey</i>, Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asian+Buddhism%3A+A+Survey&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Berkwitz&rft.aufirst=Stephen+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bhagwan, Das (1988), <i>Revival of Buddhism in India and Role of Dr. Baba Saheb B.R. Ambedkar</i>, Dalit Today Prakashan, Lucknow -226016, India. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8187558016" title="Special:BookSources/8187558016">8187558016</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronkhorst2011" class="citation book cs1">Bronkhorst, Johannes (2011). <i>Buddhism in the Shadow of Brahmanism</i>. BRILL.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+in+the+Shadow+of+Brahmanism&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Bronkhorst&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2000" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Randall (2000). <i>The Sociology of Philosophies: A Global Theory of Intellectual Change</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-00187-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-00187-7"><bdi>0-674-00187-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sociology+of+Philosophies%3A+A+Global+Theory+of+Intellectual+Change&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-674-00187-7&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Randall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhammika1993" class="citation book cs1">Dhammika, S. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131222214905/http://www.bps.lk/olib/wh/wh386.pdf"><i>The Edicts of King Ashoka</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-955-24-0104-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-955-24-0104-6"><bdi>978-955-24-0104-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bps.lk/olib/wh/wh386.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Edicts+of+King+Ashoka&rft.place=Kandy%2C+Sri+Lanka&rft.pub=Buddhist+Publication+Society&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-955-24-0104-6&rft.aulast=Dhammika&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bps.lk%2Folib%2Fwh%2Fwh386.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoniger2000" class="citation book cs1">Doniger, Wendy (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/1378"><i>Merriam-Webster Encyclopedia of World Religions</i></a></span>. Merriam-Webster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/1378">1378</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0"><bdi>978-0-87779-044-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pages=1378&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-87779-044-0&rft.aulast=Doniger&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780877790440%2Fpage%2F1378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElverskog2011" class="citation cs2">Elverskog, Johan (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N7_4Gr9Q438C&pg=PA96"><i>Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812205312" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812205312"><bdi>978-0812205312</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+and+Islam+on+the+Silk+Road&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0812205312&rft.aulast=Elverskog&rft.aufirst=Johan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN7_4Gr9Q438C%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFogelin2015" class="citation book cs1">Fogelin, Lars (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yPZzBgAAQBAJ"><i>An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-994823-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-994823-9"><bdi>978-0-19-994823-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Archaeological+History+of+Indian+Buddhism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-994823-9&rft.aulast=Fogelin&rft.aufirst=Lars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyPZzBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-994822-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-994822-2">978-0-19-994822-2</a>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yPZzBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA219">p. 219</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tRV0BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA223">p. 223</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205144236/https://books.google.com/books?id=tRV0BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA223">Archived</a> 5 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2013" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, Peter (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u0sg9LV_rEgC"><i>An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85942-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85942-4"><bdi>978-0-521-85942-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Buddhism%3A+Teachings%2C+History+and+Practices&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85942-4&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du0sg9LV_rEgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInden1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Inden" title="Ronald Inden">Inden, Ronald</a> (1978). "Ritual, Authority, and Cycle Time in Hindu Kingship". In John F. Richards (ed.). <i>Kingship and Authority in South Asia</i>. New Delhi: South Asian Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ritual%2C+Authority%2C+and+Cycle+Time+in+Hindu+Kingship&rft.btitle=Kingship+and+Authority+in+South+Asia&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=South+Asian+Studies&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Inden&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInden2000" class="citation cs2">Inden, Ronald B. (2000), <i>Imagining India</i>, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imagining+India&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Inden&rft.aufirst=Ronald+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichaels2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Axel_Michaels" title="Axel Michaels">Michaels, Axel</a> (2004), <i>Hinduism. Past and present</i>, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism.+Past+and+present&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Michaels&rft.aufirst=Axel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQueenKing1996" class="citation book cs1">Queen, Christopher S.; King, Sallie B. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZsTgY1lNNsC"><i>Engaged Buddhism: Buddhist Liberation Movements in Asia</i></a>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2844-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2844-3"><bdi>978-0-7914-2844-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engaged+Buddhism%3A+Buddhist+Liberation+Movements+in+Asia&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-2844-3&rft.aulast=Queen&rft.aufirst=Christopher+S.&rft.au=King%2C+Sallie+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6ZsTgY1lNNsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2012" class="citation cs2">White, David Gordon (2012), <i>The Alchemical Body: Siddha Traditions in Medieval India</i>, University of Chicago Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Alchemical+Body%3A+Siddha+Traditions+in+Medieval+India&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=David+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillemenDesseinCox1998" class="citation book cs1">Willemen, Charles; Dessein, Bart; Cox, Collett (1998). <i>Sarvastivada Buddhist Scholasticism</i>. Brill Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-004-10231-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-004-10231-6"><bdi>978-9-004-10231-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sarvastivada+Buddhist+Scholasticism&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-9-004-10231-6&rft.aulast=Willemen&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Dessein%2C+Bart&rft.au=Cox%2C+Collett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecline+of+Buddhism+in+the+Indian+subcontinent" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wink, André (2004), <i>"Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World"</i>, BRILL, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10236-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10236-1">90-04-10236-1</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1062872">Archaeology and Protestant Presuppositions in the Study of Indian Buddhism</a>, Gregory Schopen (1991), <i>History of Religions</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2952516">Commerce and Culture in South Asia: Perspectives from Archaeology and History</a>, Kathleen D. Morrison (1997), <i>Annual Reviews</i>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religious_persecution_and_discrimination212" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religious_persecution" title="Template:Religious persecution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religious_persecution" title="Template talk:Religious persecution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religious_persecution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religious persecution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religious_persecution_and_discrimination212" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">discrimination</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligious_campaigns_in_China" title="Antireligious campaigns in China">Campaigns in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_violence" title="Communal violence">Communal violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deprogramming" title="Deprogramming">Deprogramming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecration" title="Desecration">Desecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">Extrajudicial killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_punishment" title="Extrajudicial punishment">Extrajudicial punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_exclusivism" title="Religious exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_cleansing" title="Population cleansing">Population cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cleansing" title="Social cleansing">Social cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persecution_of_Canaanite_Pagans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Persecution of Canaanite Pagans (page does not exist)">Persecution of Canaanite Pagans</a> (1210 BC-1200 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire</a> (64–313)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire</a> (c. 324–c. 491)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent</a> (c.550–c. 1200)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Turban_Rebellion" title="Yellow Turban Rebellion">Yellow Turban Rebellion</a> (c.184–c. 205)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tours" title="Battle of Tours">Battle of Tours</a> (732)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a> (1096)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1099)">Jerusalem massacre</a> (1099)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent">Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent</a> (643–1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a> (1184–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_at_Ayyadieh" title="Massacre at Ayyadieh">Massacre at Ayyadieh</a> (1191)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades</a> (12th–16th cent.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusades#Crusades_against_Christians" title="List of Crusades">Crusades against Christians</a> (13th–15th cent.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversions_of_Muslims_in_Spain" title="Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain">Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain</a> (1500–1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a> (1522–1712)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a> (1526–1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_Inquisition" title="Goa Inquisition">Goa Inquisition</a> (1561–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a> (1562–1598)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a> (1609–1614)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_Acts_1673_%26_1678" title="Test Acts 1673 & 1678">Test Acts</a> (1673–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction" title="Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction">Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction</a> (1683–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_S%C3%A1mi_people" title="Christianization of the Sámi people">Christianization of the Sámi people</a> (1700s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolutionary dechristianisation</a> (1789–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a> (1857–1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_civil_conflict_in_Mount_Lebanon_and_Damascus" title="1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus">1860 Mount Lebanon civil war</a> (1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassian genocide</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan Revolt</a> (1862–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars</a> (1912–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a> (1913–1922) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_genocide" title="Pontic Greek genocide">Pontic Greek genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a> (1914–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> (1915–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc">Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc</a> (1917–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Soviet persecution</a> (1922–1991) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-religious_campaign_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Anti-religious campaign during the Russian Civil War">1917–1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1921%E2%80%931928)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)">1921–1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1928%E2%80%931941)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1928–1941)">1928–1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1958%E2%80%931964)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1958–1964)">1958–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1970s%E2%80%931987)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1970s–1987)">1970–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-religious_legislation" title="Soviet anti-religious legislation">legislation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ahovi%C4%87i_massacre" title="Šahovići massacre">Šahovići massacre</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">White Terror (Spain)</a> (1936–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_boycott_of_Jewish_businesses" title="Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses">Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_anti-religious_campaign" title="Polish anti-religious campaign">Communist Polish persecution</a> (1945–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Religious_Campaign_in_communist_Romania" title="Anti-Religious Campaign in communist Romania">Communist Romanian persecution</a> (1945–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Bihar_riots" title="1946 Bihar riots">1946 Bihar riots</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Rawalpindi_massacres" title="1947 Rawalpindi massacres">Rawalpindi massacres</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Pakistan#Religious_persecution" title="Hinduism in Pakistan">Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Muslims_in_independent_India" title="Violence against Muslims in independent India">Violence against Muslims in India</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus#India" title="Persecution of Hindus">Violence against Hindus in independent India</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">Jewish exodus from the Muslim world</a> (1948–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligious_campaigns_in_China" title="Antireligious campaigns in China">Antireligious campaigns in China</a> (1949–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_and_uprisings_in_Tibet_since_1950" title="Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950">Persecution of Tibetans</a> (1950–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria_(1950%E2%80%931951)" title="Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950–1951)">Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Religious violence in Nigeria">Religious violence in Nigeria</a> (1953–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom" title="Istanbul pogrom">Istanbul pogrom</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a> (1963) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF_Ph%E1%BA%ADt_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3n_shootings" title="Huế Phật Đản shootings">Huế Phật Đản shootings</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Thích Quảng Đức">Thích Quảng Đức</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C3%A1_L%E1%BB%A3i_Pagoda_raids" title="Xá Lợi Pagoda raids">Xá Lợi Pagoda raids</a> (1963)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> (1966–1976) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famen_Temple#People's_Republic_of_China" title="Famen Temple">Famen Temple</a> (1966)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh genocide</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus#Bangladesh" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh</a> (1971–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a> (1975–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a> (1975–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_anti-Sikh_riots" title="1984 anti-Sikh riots">1984 anti-Sikh riots</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_Process" title="Revival Process">Revival Process</a> (1984–1989) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Excursion" title="Big Excursion">Big Excursion</a> (1989)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Kashmiri_Hindus" title="Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus">Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> (1991–2001) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War">Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War</a> (1992–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide" title="Bosnian genocide">Bosnian genocide</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Kosovo_War" title="War crimes in the Kosovo War">War crimes in the Kosovo War</a> (1999)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walisongo_school_massacre" title="Walisongo school massacre">Walisongo school massacre</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosheh_massacres" title="Kosheh massacres">Kosheh massacres</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Gujarat_riots" title="2002 Gujarat riots">2002 Gujarat riots</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency</a> (2004–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a> (2009–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maspero_demonstrations" title="Maspero demonstrations">Maspero demonstrations</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_by_Islamic_extremists_in_Bangladesh" title="Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh">Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh</a> (2013–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidi_genocide" title="Yazidi genocide">Yazidi genocide</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Christians by the Islamic State">Genocide of Christians by ISIL</a> (2014–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_genocide" title="Iraqi Turkmen genocide">Iraqi Turkmen genocide</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a> (2014–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya genocide</a> (2016–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christchurch_mosque_shootings" title="Christchurch mosque shootings">Christchurch mosque shootings</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sri_Lanka_Easter_bombings" title="2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings">2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Delhi_riots" title="2020 Delhi riots">2020 Delhi riots</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_October_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel">7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Istanbul_church_shooting" title="2024 Istanbul church shooting">2024 Istanbul church shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocus_City_Hall_attack" title="Crocus City Hall attack">Crocus City Hall attack</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism_topics" title="Template talk:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag1225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/25px-Buddhism_Symbol.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/38px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/50px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="278" /></a></span>   Topics in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>   <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/25px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/50px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna <small>(father)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā <small>(mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī<small> (aunt, adoptive mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā <small>(wife)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula <small>(son)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda <small>(cousin)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta <small>(cousin)</small></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern,_Eastern_and_Northern_Buddhism" title="Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism">Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandharan_Buddhism" title="Gandharan Buddhism">Gandharan Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ran_Buddhist_texts" title="Gandhāran Buddhist texts">Texts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">In Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">In Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement" title="Dalit Buddhist movement">Dalit Buddhist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Chinese invasion of Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a 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