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searchaux" style="display:none">Common name for several plant species</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bearberry_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bearberry (disambiguation)">Bearberry (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arctostaphylos-uva-ursi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Arctostaphylos-uva-ursi.JPG/220px-Arctostaphylos-uva-ursi.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Arctostaphylos-uva-ursi.JPG/330px-Arctostaphylos-uva-ursi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Arctostaphylos-uva-ursi.JPG/440px-Arctostaphylos-uva-ursi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Arctostaphylos_uva-ursi" title="Arctostaphylos uva-ursi">Arctostaphylos uva-ursi</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bearberry_Flower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Bearberry_Flower.jpg/220px-Bearberry_Flower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Bearberry_Flower.jpg/330px-Bearberry_Flower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Bearberry_Flower.jpg/440px-Bearberry_Flower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><i>Arcostaphylos uva-ursi</i> flowers</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Bearberries</b> are three species of dwarf <a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrubs</a> in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Arctostaphylos" title="Arctostaphylos">Arctostaphylos</a></i>. Unlike the other species of <i>Arctostaphylos</i> (see <a href="/wiki/Manzanita" title="Manzanita">manzanita</a>), they are adapted to <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">subarctic climates</a>, and have a circumpolar distribution in northern <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_Arctostaphylos_uva-ursi0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Illustration_Arctostaphylos_uva-ursi0.jpg/150px-Illustration_Arctostaphylos_uva-ursi0.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Illustration_Arctostaphylos_uva-ursi0.jpg/225px-Illustration_Arctostaphylos_uva-ursi0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Illustration_Arctostaphylos_uva-ursi0.jpg/300px-Illustration_Arctostaphylos_uva-ursi0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2744" data-file-height="4720" /></a><figcaption>Common bearberry from <i>Thomé Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz</i> 1885</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bearberry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The genus name, <i>Arctostaphylos</i>, derives from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <i>arctos</i> ("bear") and <i>staphylos</i> ("bunch of grapes").<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The species name, <i>uva-ursi</i>, is from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>uva</i>, ("bunch of grapes") and <i>ursus</i> ("bear"), leading to the common name, "bearberry".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the culture of <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations people of Canada</a>, the plant is called <i><a href="/wiki/Kinnikinnick" title="Kinnikinnick">kinnikinnick</a></i>, from an <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a> (possibly a <a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a>) word for "smoking mixture".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bearberry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bearberries grow as low-lying shrubs in soils predominantly composed of sand, gravel, or dunes in the <a href="/wiki/Boreal_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreal forest">boreal forest</a>. It is less common north of the <a href="/wiki/Tree_line" title="Tree line">tree line</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The plant has flexible branches growing up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) long covered with red, shredded bark and dark green, oval leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flowers are white or pink, tipped with red, growing in small clusters at the ends of branches, and later maturing into red oval fruits.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Species">Species</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bearberry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name "bearberry" for the plant derives in part from the edible fruit which is a food for <a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">bears</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fruits are gathered as food for humans, and the leaves are used in indigenous <a href="/wiki/Herbal_medicine" title="Herbal medicine">herbal medicine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <b>alpine bearberry</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Arctostaphylos_alpina" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctostaphylos alpina">Arctostaphylos alpina</a></i> (L.) Spreng (syn. <i>Arctous alpinus</i> (L.) Niedenzu) is a procumbent shrub 10–30 cm high (3.9–11.8 in). Berries are dark purple to black. Its distribution is in northern latitudes from <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> east across <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>; southern limits extend into Europe in the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>, in Asia to the <a href="/wiki/Altay_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Altay Mountains">Altay Mountains</a>, and in North America to <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> in the west, and <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in the east. </p><p>The <b>red bearberry</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Arctostaphylos_rubra" title="Arctostaphylos rubra">Arctostaphylos rubra</a></i> (Rehd. & Wilson) Fernald (syn. <i>Arctous rubra</i> (Rehder and E.H. Wilson) Nakai; <i>Arctous alpinus</i> var. <i>ruber</i> Rehd. and Wilson) is a procumbent shrub 10–30 cm high (3.9–11.8 in) with deciduous leaves. Berries are red. Its distribution is in the mountains of <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, southwestern <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> north and east to eastern <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, east to northern <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bearberry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alpine_bearberry_in_Varrio_Nature_Reserve,_Finland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Alpine_bearberry_in_Varrio_Nature_Reserve%2C_Finland.jpg/220px-Alpine_bearberry_in_Varrio_Nature_Reserve%2C_Finland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Alpine_bearberry_in_Varrio_Nature_Reserve%2C_Finland.jpg/330px-Alpine_bearberry_in_Varrio_Nature_Reserve%2C_Finland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Alpine_bearberry_in_Varrio_Nature_Reserve%2C_Finland.jpg/440px-Alpine_bearberry_in_Varrio_Nature_Reserve%2C_Finland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1363" data-file-height="1303" /></a><figcaption><i>Arctostaphylos rubra</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The berries ripen late in summer and can be eaten raw.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The plant contains diverse <a href="/wiki/Phytochemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytochemicals">phytochemicals</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Ursolic_acid" title="Ursolic acid">ursolic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tannic_acid" title="Tannic acid">tannic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallic_acid" title="Gallic acid">gallic acid</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">essential oils</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroquinone" title="Hydroquinone">hydroquinones</a> (mainly <a href="/wiki/Arbutin" title="Arbutin">arbutin</a>, up to 17%), <a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannins</a> (up to 15%), <a href="/wiki/Glycoside#Simple_phenolic_glycosides" title="Glycoside">phenolic glycosides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flavonoid" title="Flavonoid">flavonoids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (November 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Native American Indians traditionally made use of the plant's leaves, which they gathered in summer and dried for use as a <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> substitute or mixed with tobacco.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folk_medicine">Folk medicine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bearberry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Folk medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dried leaves can be used in teas, liquid diffusions, tea bags or tablets for <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">traditional medicine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Blumenthal_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blumenthal-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bearberry appears to be relatively safe, although large doses may cause <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, vomiting, <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a>, chills, back pain and <a href="/wiki/Tinnitus" title="Tinnitus">tinnitus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowling_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowling-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cautions for use apply during pregnancy, breast feeding, or in people with <a href="/wiki/Kidney_disease" title="Kidney disease">kidney disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Blumenthal_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blumenthal-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The efficacy and safety of bearberry treatment in humans remain unproven,<sup id="cite_ref-Bowling_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowling-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as no <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">clinical trials</a> exist to interpret effects on any disease. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_folklore">History and folklore</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bearberry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History and folklore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bearberry was first documented in <i>The Physicians of Myddfai</i>, a 13th-century <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Welsh</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbal" title="Herbal">herbal</a>. It was also described by <a href="/wiki/Carolus_Clusius" title="Carolus Clusius">Clusius</a> in 1601, and recommended for medicinal use in 1763 by <a href="/wiki/Gerhard" title="Gerhard">Gerhard</a> and others. It first appeared in the London Pharmacopoeia in 1788.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a> use bearberry leaves with <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> and other herbs in religious ceremonies, both as a smudge (type of incense) or smoked in a sacred pipe carrying the smoker's prayers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the ingredients in kinnikinnick were non-poisonous <a href="/wiki/Sumac" title="Sumac">sumac</a> leaves,<sup id="cite_ref-Upham_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Upham-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the inner bark of certain bushes such as <a href="/wiki/Cornus_sericea" title="Cornus sericea">red osier dogwood (silky cornell)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Upham_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Upham-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chokecherry" class="mw-redirect" title="Chokecherry">chokecherry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alder" title="Alder">alder</a>, to improve the taste of the bearberry leaf.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bearberry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBeryl_Hallworth2015" class="citation web cs1">Beryl Hallworth (March 4, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/bearberry">"Bearberry"</a>. The Canadian Encyclopedia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bearberry&rft.pub=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2015-03-04&rft.au=Beryl+Hallworth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fbearberry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABearberry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanice_J._Schofield1989" class="citation book cs1">Janice J. Schofield (1989). <i>Discovering wild plants: Alaska, western Canada, the Northwest</i>. Alaska Northwest Books. p. 217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88240-355-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88240-355-7"><bdi>978-0-88240-355-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discovering+wild+plants%3A+Alaska%2C+western+Canada%2C+the+Northwest&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=Alaska+Northwest+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-88240-355-7&rft.au=Janice+J.+Schofield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABearberry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._P._Lyons" title="C. P. Lyons">Lyons, C. P.</a> (1956). <i>Trees, Shrubs and Flowers to Know in Washington</i> (1st ed.). Canada: J. M. Dent & Sons. p. 196.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trees%2C+Shrubs+and+Flowers+to+Know+in+Washington&rft.place=Canada&rft.pages=196&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=J.+M.+Dent+%26+Sons&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=C.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABearberry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKephart1916" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Horace_Kephart" title="Horace Kephart">Kephart, H.</a> (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/campingwoodcraft0000keph/page/n7/mode/2up"><i>Camping and Woodcraft; A Handbook for Vacation Campers and for Travelers in the Wilderness</i></a>. Vol. 2 (18 ed.). New York: The Macmillan Company. pp. 401–402. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2191524">2191524</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Camping+and+Woodcraft%3B+A+Handbook+for+Vacation+Campers+and+for+Travelers+in+the+Wilderness&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=401-402&rft.edition=18&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1916&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2191524&rft.aulast=Kephart&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcampingwoodcraft0000keph%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABearberry" class="Z3988"></span> (reprinted in 1957)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blumenthal-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blumenthal_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blumenthal_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumenthal_M_(translation_from_German)1998" class="citation book cs1">Blumenthal M (translation from German) (1998). <i>Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines</i>. American Botanical Council. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9655555-0-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9655555-0-0"><bdi>978-0-9655555-0-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Therapeutic+Guide+to+Herbal+Medicines&rft.pub=American+Botanical+Council&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-9655555-0-0&rft.au=Blumenthal+M+%28translation+from+German%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABearberry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowling-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bowling_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bowling_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen_C._Bowling2006" class="citation book cs1">Allen C. Bowling (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vf1EAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA127"><i>Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Multiple Sclerosis</i></a>. Demos Medical Publishing. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932603-54-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932603-54-5"><bdi>978-1-932603-54-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complementary+and+Alternative+Medicine+and+Multiple+Sclerosis&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Demos+Medical+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-932603-54-5&rft.au=Allen+C.+Bowling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVf1EAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABearberry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nordeng H. and Havnen, G.C. (2005) "Impact of socio-demographic factors, knowledge and attitude on the use of herbal drugs in pregnancy" <i>Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica</i> 84(1): pp. 26–33, note 16, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0001-6349.2005.00648.x">10.1111/j.0001-6349.2005.00648.x</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Upham-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Upham_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Upham_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpham2001" class="citation book cs1">Upham, Warren (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ho23eS5qjNgC&pg=PA481"><i>Minnesota Place Names: A Geographical Encyclopedia</i></a>. Minnesota Historical Society Press. p. 481. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87351-396-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87351-396-8"><bdi>978-0-87351-396-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minnesota+Place+Names%3A+A+Geographical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=481&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-87351-396-8&rft.aulast=Upham&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dho23eS5qjNgC%26pg%3DPA481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABearberry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Staff (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lewis-clark.org/content/content-article.asp?ArticleID=1355">"Bearberry"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101218093355/http://lewis-clark.org/content/content-article.asp?ArticleID=1355">Archived</a> 2010-12-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Discovering Lewis and Clark</i> The Lewis and Clark Fort Mandan Foundation</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bearberry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>European Medicines Agency, Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC) (30 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/herbal/uvae-ursi-folium">Assessment report on Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng., folium</a>, London</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bearberry&oldid=1220306802">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bearberry&oldid=1220306802</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plant_common_names" title="Category:Plant common names">Plant common names</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arctostaphylos" title="Category:Arctostaphylos">Arctostaphylos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Canada" title="Category:Flora of Canada">Flora of Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Oregon" title="Category:Flora of Oregon">Flora of Oregon</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_November_2023" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from November 2023">Articles lacking reliable references from November 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_without_expected_TNC_conservation_status" title="Category:Flora without expected TNC conservation status">Flora without expected TNC conservation status</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 April 2024, at 23:49<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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