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href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genealogy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genealogy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Genealogy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genealogy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mythology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mythology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mythology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Before_the_Trojan_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_the_Trojan_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Before the Trojan War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_the_Trojan_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-During_the_Trojan_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_the_Trojan_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>During the Trojan War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During_the_Trojan_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Iliad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Iliad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>The <i>Iliad</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Iliad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_stories_from_the_Trojan_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_stories_from_the_Trojan_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Other stories from the Trojan War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_stories_from_the_Trojan_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Cruel,_deceitful_Ulixes"_of_the_Romans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Cruel,_deceitful_Ulixes"_of_the_Romans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>"Cruel, deceitful Ulixes" of the Romans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Cruel,_deceitful_Ulixes"_of_the_Romans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journey_home_to_Ithaca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journey_home_to_Ithaca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Journey home to Ithaca</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journey_home_to_Ithaca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_tales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_tales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Other tales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_tales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_post-classical_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_post-classical_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In post-classical tradition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_post-classical_tradition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In post-classical tradition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_post-classical_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages_and_Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages_and_Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Middle Ages and Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages_and_Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Modern literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Novels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Novels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Literary criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television_and_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television_and_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Television and film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television_and_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparative_mythology_and_folkloristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparative_mythology_and_folkloristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Comparative mythology and folkloristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparative_mythology_and_folkloristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altars_–_islands_–_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altars_–_islands_–_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Altars – islands – cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altars_–_islands_–_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Namesakes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Namesakes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Namesakes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Namesakes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Odysseus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odusseus" title="Odusseus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Odusseus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="أوديسيوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوديسيوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulises" title="Ulises – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ulises" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%82%D5%BD" title="Ոդիսեւս – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ոդիսեւս" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odiseo" title="Odiseo – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Odiseo" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odissey" title="Odissey – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Odissey" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B8" title="ওডিসিউস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওডিসিউস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisseus" title="Odisseus – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Odisseus" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Одиссей – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Одиссей" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Адысей – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Адысей" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%B9" title="Адысэй – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Адысэй" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Одисей – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Одисей" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisej" title="Odisej – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Odisej" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odysse%C3%BCs" title="Odysseüs – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Odysseüs" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisseu" title="Odisseu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Odisseu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Одиссей – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Одиссей" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Odysseus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odysews" title="Odysews – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Odysews" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Odysseus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Odysseus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Odysseus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%B4%CF%85%CF%83%CF%83%CE%AD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Οδυσσέας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οδυσσέας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odiseo" title="Odiseo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Odiseo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odiseo" title="Odiseo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Odiseo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulises" title="Ulises – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ulises" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B3" title="اودیسئوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اودیسئوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysse" title="Ulysse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ulysse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Odysseus" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odais%C3%A9as" title="Odaiséas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Odaiséas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulises" title="Ulises – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ulises" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EB%94%94%EC%84%B8%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="오디세우스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오디세우스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%BD%D6%87%D5%BD" title="Ոդիսևս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ոդիսևս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisej" title="Odisej – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Odisej" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odiseus" title="Odiseus – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Odiseus" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisseus" title="Odisseus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Odisseus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odysseo" title="Odysseo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Odysseo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulisse" title="Ulisse – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Ulisse" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93dysseifur" title="Ódysseifur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ódysseifur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulisse" title="Ulisse – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ulisse" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1" title="אודיסאוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אודיסאוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ოდისევსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოდისევსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odiseo" title="Odiseo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Odiseo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Od%C3%AEseus" title="Odîseus – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Odîseus" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulixes" title="Ulixes – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ulixes" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisejs" title="Odisejs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Odisejs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Odysseus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odis%C4%97jas" title="Odisėjas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Odisėjas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odiseo" title="Odiseo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Odiseo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Od%C3%BCsszeusz" title="Odüsszeusz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Odüsszeusz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%98" title="Одисеј – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Одисеј" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94diseosy" title="Ôdiseosy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ôdiseosy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഒഡീസ്സസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഒഡീസ്സസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8" title="ओडिसियस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ओडिसियस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="اوديسيوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوديسيوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%92%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="အောဒစ်ဆီးယပ်စ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အောဒစ်ဆီးယပ်စ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Odysseus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%87%E3%83%A5%E3%83%83%E3%82%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9" title="オデュッセウス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オデュッセウス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssevs" title="Odyssevs – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Odyssevs" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssevs" title="Odyssevs – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Odyssevs" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulisses" title="Ulisses – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ulisses" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%93%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%B8" title="ଓଡିସିଅସ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଓଡିସିଅସ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odissey" title="Odissey – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Odissey" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyseusz" title="Odyseusz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Odyseusz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisseu" title="Odisseu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Odisseu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odiseu" title="Odiseu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Odiseu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Одиссей – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Одиссей" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Odysseus" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odiseu" title="Odiseu – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Odiseu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulissi_(Odissea)" title="Ulissi (Odissea) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ulissi (Odissea)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Odysseus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyseus" title="Odyseus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Odyseus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisej" title="Odisej – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Odisej" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%98" title="Одисеј – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Одисеј" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisej" title="Odisej – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Odisej" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Odysseus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Odysseus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA" title="โอดิสเซียส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โอดิสเซียส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisseus" title="Odisseus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Odisseus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Одіссей – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Одіссей" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Odysseus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Odysseus" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Odysseus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%BE%B7%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF" title="奥德修斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="奥德修斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%BE%B7%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF" title="奧德修斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="奧德修斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%BE%B7%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF" title="奥德修斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奥德修斯" data-language-autonym="中文" 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.infobox-above,.mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-header{background-color:#DEDEE2}.mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-image img{background-color:#f8f9fa}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-header{background:hsl(240,6%,20%);color:inherit}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-header{background:hsl(240,6%,20%);color:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-character"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above notheme">Odysseus</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Head_Odysseus_MAR_Sperlonga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Head_Odysseus_MAR_Sperlonga.jpg/220px-Head_Odysseus_MAR_Sperlonga.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Head_Odysseus_MAR_Sperlonga.jpg/330px-Head_Odysseus_MAR_Sperlonga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Head_Odysseus_MAR_Sperlonga.jpg/440px-Head_Odysseus_MAR_Sperlonga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1893" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Head of Odysseus from a <a href="/wiki/Sperlonga_sculptures" title="Sperlonga sculptures">Roman period Hellenistic marble group</a> representing Odysseus blinding <a href="/wiki/Polyphemus" title="Polyphemus">Polyphemus</a>, found at the villa of <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sperlonga" title="Sperlonga">Sperlonga</a>, Italy</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme">In-universe information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data">King of Ithaca</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Penelope" title="Penelope">Penelope</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telemachus" title="Telemachus">Telemachus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telegonus_(son_of_Odysseus)" title="Telegonus (son of Odysseus)">Telegonus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassiphone" title="Cassiphone">Cassiphone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agrius" title="Agrius">Agrius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anteias" title="Anteias">Anteias</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardas_(mythology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ardas (mythology) (page does not exist)">Ardas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhomos" title="Rhomos">Rhomos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poliporthes" title="Poliporthes">Poliporthes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latinus" title="Latinus">Latinus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nausinous" title="Nausinous">Nausinous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nausithous" title="Nausithous">Nausithous</a>, Euryalus</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Laertes_(father_of_Odysseus)" title="Laertes (father of Odysseus)">Laertes</a> (father)<br /><a href="/wiki/Anticlea" title="Anticlea">Anticlea</a> (mother)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ctimene" title="Ctimene">Ctimene</a> (sister)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data">Greek</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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style="width:16.0em"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;color:black;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Category:Ancient Greek religion">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#005daa">Greek mythology</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kylix_Theseus_Aison_MNA_Inv11365_n1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Theseus slays the Minotaur under the gaze of Athena"><img alt="Theseus slays the Minotaur under the gaze of Athena" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Kylix_Theseus_Aison_MNA_Inv11365_n1.jpg/195px-Kylix_Theseus_Aison_MNA_Inv11365_n1.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Kylix_Theseus_Aison_MNA_Inv11365_n1.jpg/293px-Kylix_Theseus_Aison_MNA_Inv11365_n1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Kylix_Theseus_Aison_MNA_Inv11365_n1.jpg/390px-Kylix_Theseus_Aison_MNA_Inv11365_n1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2025" data-file-height="2025" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><i>Theseus slays the Minotaur under the gaze of Athena</i></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;color:black;;background-color:#cef2e0; color: black;"> Deities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:Azure"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_primordial_deities" title="Greek primordial deities">Primordial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titans" title="Titans">Titans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Olympians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">Nymphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_water_deities" title="Greek water deities">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chthonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chthonic">Chthonic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;color:black;;background-color:#cef2e0; color: black;"> Heroes and heroism</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:Azure"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labours_of_Heracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Labours of Heracles">Labours</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector" title="Hector">Hector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diomedes" title="Diomedes">Diomedes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Odysseus</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason" title="Jason">Jason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argonauts" title="Argonauts">Argonauts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Fleece" title="Golden Fleece">Golden Fleece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medusa" title="Medusa">Medusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgon" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgon">Gorgon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oedipus" title="Oedipus">Oedipus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">Sphinx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur" title="Minotaur">Minotaur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellerophon" title="Bellerophon">Bellerophon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus" title="Pegasus">Pegasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">Chimera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daedalus" title="Daedalus">Daedalus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labyrinth" title="Labyrinth">Labyrinth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atalanta" title="Atalanta">Atalanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippomenes" title="Hippomenes">Hippomenes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_apple" title="Golden apple">Golden apple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmus" title="Cadmus">Cadmus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaethon" title="Phaethon">Phaethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triptolemus" title="Triptolemus">Triptolemus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Eleusinian Mysteries">Eleusinian Mysteries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelops" title="Pelops">Pelops</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Ancient Olympic Games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirithous" title="Pirithous">Pirithous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centauromachy" class="mw-redirect" title="Centauromachy">Centauromachy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphitryon" title="Amphitryon">Amphitryon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teumessian_fox" title="Teumessian fox">Teumessian fox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissus_(mythology)" title="Narcissus (mythology)">Narcissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meleager" title="Meleager">Meleager</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calydonian_boar_hunt" title="Calydonian boar hunt">Calydonian boar hunt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otrera" title="Otrera">Otrera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazons</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;color:black;;background-color:#cef2e0; color: black;"> Related</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:Azure"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">Satyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragons_in_Greek_mythology" title="Dragons in Greek mythology">Dragons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demogorgon" title="Demogorgon">Demogorgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient Greek religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mycenaean_deities" title="List of Mycenaean deities">List of Mycenaean deities</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greek_mythology_sidebar" title="Template:Greek mythology sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greek_mythology_sidebar" title="Template talk:Greek mythology sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greek_mythology_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greek mythology sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman mythology</a>, <b>Odysseus</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">ə-<span style="font-size:90%">DISS</span>-ee-əs</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ὀδυσσεύς, Ὀδυσεύς</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Odysseús<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049405">.mw-parser-output .noitalic{font-style:normal}</style><span class="noitalic">, </span>Odyseús</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[o.dy(s).sěu̯s]</a></span>), also known by the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> variant <b>Ulysses</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/juː/: 'u' in 'cute'">juː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">yoo-<span style="font-size:90%">LISS</span>-eez</i></a>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a> also </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/juː/: 'u' in 'cute'">juː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">YOO</span>-liss-eez</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Ulysses<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405"><span class="noitalic">, </span>Ulixes</i>), is a legendary <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> king of <a href="/wiki/Homeric_Ithaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeric Ithaca">Ithaca</a> and the hero of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poem</a> the <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i>. Odysseus also plays a key role in Homer's <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> and other works in that same <a href="/wiki/Epic_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic cycle">epic cycle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the son of <a href="/wiki/Laertes_(father_of_Odysseus)" title="Laertes (father of Odysseus)">Laërtes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anticlea" title="Anticlea">Anticlea</a>, husband of <a href="/wiki/Penelope" title="Penelope">Penelope</a>, and father of <a href="/wiki/Telemachus" title="Telemachus">Telemachus</a>, Acusilaus, and <a href="/wiki/Telegonus" title="Telegonus">Telegonus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Odysseus is renowned for his intellectual brilliance, guile, and versatility (<i>polytropos</i>), and he is thus known by the <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithet</a> Odysseus the Cunning (Ancient Greek: <span lang="grc">μῆτις</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">mêtis</i></span>, <small><abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> </small>'cunning intelligence'<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). He is most famous for his <i><a href="/wiki/Nostos" title="Nostos">nostos</a></i>, or "homecoming", which took him ten eventful years after the decade-long <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name,_etymology,_and_epithets"><span id="Name.2C_etymology.2C_and_epithets"></span>Name, etymology, and epithets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odysseus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name, etymology, and epithets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The form <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ὀδυσ(σ)εύς</span></span> <i>Odys(s)eus</i> is used starting in the epic period and through the classical period, but various other forms are also found. In vase inscriptions, we find the variants <i>Oliseus</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ὀλισεύς</span></span>), <i>Olyseus</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ὀλυσεύς</span></span>), <i>Olysseus</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ὀλυσσεύς</span></span>), <i>Olyteus</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ὀλυτεύς</span></span>), <i>Olytteus</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ὀλυττεύς</span></span>) and <i>Ōlysseus</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ὠλυσσεύς</span></span>). The form <i>Oulixēs</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Οὐλίξης</span></span>) is attested in an early source in <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/Diomedes_Grammaticus" title="Diomedes Grammaticus">Diomedes Grammaticus</a>), while the Greek grammarian <a href="/wiki/Aelius_Herodianus" title="Aelius Herodianus">Aelius Herodianus</a> has <i>Oulixeus</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Οὐλιξεύς</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, he was known as <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Ulixēs</i></span></i> or (considered less correct) <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Ulyssēs</i></span></i>. Some have supposed that "there may originally have been two separate figures, one called something like Odysseus, the other something like Ulixes, who were combined into one complex personality."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the change between <i>d</i> and <i>l</i> is common also in some Indo-European and Greek names,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Latin form is supposed to be derived from the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Etruscan</a> <i><span title="Etruscan-language text"><i lang="ett-Latn">Uthuze</i></span></i> (see below), which perhaps accounts for some of the phonetic innovations. </p><p>The etymology of the name is unknown. Ancient authors linked the name to the Greek verbs <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">odussomai</i></span></i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὀδύσσομαι</span></span>) "to be wroth against, to hate",<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">oduromai</i></span></i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὀδύρομαι</span></span>) "to lament, bewail",<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or even to <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">ollumi</i></span></i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὄλλυμι</span></span>) "to perish, to be lost".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burns2008_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns2008-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> relates it to various forms of this verb in references and puns. In Book 19 of the <i>Odyssey</i>, where Odysseus' early childhood is recounted, <a href="/wiki/Euryclea" class="mw-redirect" title="Euryclea">Euryclea</a> asks the boy's grandfather <a href="/wiki/Autolycus" title="Autolycus">Autolycus</a> to name him. Euryclea seems to suggest a name like <i>Polyaretos</i>, "for he has <i>much</i> been <i>prayed for</i>" (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πολυάρητος</span></span>) but Autolycus "apparently in a sardonic mood" decided to give the child another name commemorative of "his own experience in life":<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Since I have been angered (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὀδυσσάμενος</span></span> <i>odyssamenos</i>) with many, both men and women, let the name of the child be Odysseus".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Odysseus often receives the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> epithet <i>Laertiades</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Λαερτιάδης</span></span>), "son of <a href="/wiki/Laertes_(father_of_Odysseus)" title="Laertes (father of Odysseus)">Laërtes</a>". </p><p>It has also been suggested that the name is of non-Greek origin, possibly not even <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a>, with an unknown etymology.<sup id="cite_ref-Dihle1994_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dihle1994-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._P._Beekes" title="Robert S. P. Beekes">Robert S. P. Beekes</a> has suggested a <a href="/wiki/Pre-Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Greek">Pre-Greek</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan religion</a>, the name (and stories) of Odysseus were adopted under the name <i><span title="Etruscan-language text"><i lang="ett-Latn">Uthuze</i></span></i> (<i>Uθuze</i>), which has been interpreted as a parallel borrowing from a preceding <a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan</a> form of the name (possibly <i>*Oduze</i>, pronounced /'ot͡θut͡se/); this theory is supposed to explain also the insecurity of the phonologies (<i>d</i> or <i>l</i>), since the <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricate</a> /t͡θ/, unknown to the Greek of that time, gave rise to different counterparts (i. e. <i>δ</i> or <i>λ</i> in Greek, <i>θ</i> in Etruscan).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <i>Iliad</i> and <i>Odyssey,</i> Homer uses several <a href="/wiki/Epithets_in_Homer" title="Epithets in Homer">epithets</a> to describe Odysseus, starting with the opening, where he is described as "the man of many devices" (in the 1919 Murray translation). The Greek word used is <i>polytropos</i>, literally the man of many turns, and other translators have suggested alternate English translations, including "man of twists and turns" (Fagles 1996) and "a complicated man" (Wilson 2018). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odysseus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the account of <a href="/wiki/Dares_Phrygius" title="Dares Phrygius">Dares the Phrygian</a>, Odysseus was illustrated as "tough, crafty, cheerful, of medium height, eloquent, and wise."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genealogy">Genealogy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odysseus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Genealogy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Relatively little is given of Odysseus' fictional background other than that according to Pseudo-Apollodorus, his paternal grandfather or step-grandfather is <a href="/wiki/Arcesius" title="Arcesius">Arcesius</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Cephalus" title="Cephalus">Cephalus</a> and grandson of <a href="/wiki/Aeolus_(son_of_Hellen)" title="Aeolus (son of Hellen)">Aeolus</a>, while his maternal grandfather is the thief <a href="/wiki/Autolycus" title="Autolycus">Autolycus</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Chione_(Greek_myth)" title="Chione (Greek myth)">Chione</a>. Hence, Odysseus was the great-grandson of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Olympian god</a> Hermes. </p><p>According to the <i>Iliad</i> and <i>Odyssey</i>, his father is <a href="/wiki/Laertes_(father_of_Odysseus)" title="Laertes (father of Odysseus)">Laertes</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his mother <a href="/wiki/Anticlea" title="Anticlea">Anticlea</a>, although there was a non-Homeric tradition<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that <a href="/wiki/Sisyphus" title="Sisyphus">Sisyphus</a> was his true father.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rumour went that Laërtes bought Odysseus from the conniving king.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Odysseus is said to have a younger sister, <a href="/wiki/Ctimene" title="Ctimene">Ctimene</a>, who went to <a href="/wiki/Same_(ancient_Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Same (ancient Greece)">Same</a> to be married to Eurylochus and is mentioned by the swineherd Eumaeus, whom she grew up alongside, in book 15 of the <i>Odyssey</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Women_in_Odyssey_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Women_in_Odyssey-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Odysseus himself, under the guise of an old beggar, gives the swineherd in Ithaca a fictitious genealogy: "From broad Crete I declare that I am come by lineage, the son of a wealthy man. And many other sons too were born and bred in his halls, true sons of a lawful wife; but the mother that bore me was bought, a concubine. Yet <a href="/wiki/Castor_and_Pollux" title="Castor and Pollux">Castor</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Hylas" title="Hylas">Hylax</a>, of whom I declare that I am sprung, honored me even as his true-born sons."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mythology">Mythology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odysseus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_the_Trojan_War">Before the Trojan War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odysseus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Before the Trojan War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The majority of sources for Odysseus' supposed pre-war exploits—principally the mythographers <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Pseudo-Apollodorus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyginus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyginus">Hyginus</a>—postdate Homer by many centuries. Two stories in particular are well known: </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy" title="Helen of Troy">Helen of Troy</a> is abducted, <a href="/wiki/Menelaus" title="Menelaus">Menelaus</a> calls upon the other <a href="/wiki/Suitors_of_Helen" title="Suitors of Helen">suitors</a> to honour their oaths and help him to retrieve her, an attempt that leads to the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a>. Odysseus tries to avoid it by feigning lunacy, as an oracle had prophesied a long-delayed return home for him if he went. He hooks a donkey and an ox to his plow (as they have different stride lengths, hindering the efficiency of the plow) and (some modern sources add) starts <a href="/wiki/Salting_the_earth" title="Salting the earth">sowing his fields with salt</a>. <a href="/wiki/Palamedes_(mythology)" title="Palamedes (mythology)">Palamedes</a>, at the behest of Menelaus' brother <a href="/wiki/Agamemnon" title="Agamemnon">Agamemnon</a>, seeks to disprove Odysseus' madness and places <a href="/wiki/Telemachus" title="Telemachus">Telemachus</a>, Odysseus' infant son, in front of the plow. Odysseus veers the plow away from his son, thus exposing his stratagem.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Odysseus holds a grudge against Palamedes during the war for dragging him away from his home. </p><p>Odysseus and other envoys of Agamemnon travel to <a href="/wiki/Scyros" class="mw-redirect" title="Scyros">Scyros</a> to recruit <a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a> because of a prophecy that Troy could not be taken without him. By most accounts, <a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a>, Achilles' mother, disguises the youth as a woman to hide him from the recruiters because an <a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">oracle</a> had predicted that Achilles would either live a long uneventful life or achieve everlasting glory while dying young. Odysseus cleverly discovers which among the women before him is Achilles when the youth is the only one of them to show interest in examining the weapons hidden among an array of adornment gifts for the daughters of their host. Odysseus arranges further for the sounding of a battle horn, which prompts Achilles to clutch a weapon and show his trained disposition. With his disguise foiled, he is exposed and joins Agamemnon's call to arms among the <a href="/wiki/Hellenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenes">Hellenes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_the_Trojan_War">During the Trojan War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odysseus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: During the Trojan War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Iliad">The <i>Iliad</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odysseus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Iliad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patroclus_corpse_MAN_Firenze.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Patroclus_corpse_MAN_Firenze.jpg/220px-Patroclus_corpse_MAN_Firenze.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Patroclus_corpse_MAN_Firenze.jpg/330px-Patroclus_corpse_MAN_Firenze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Patroclus_corpse_MAN_Firenze.jpg/440px-Patroclus_corpse_MAN_Firenze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="1830" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Menelaus" title="Menelaus">Menelaus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meriones_(mythology)" title="Meriones (mythology)">Meriones</a> lifting <a href="/wiki/Patroclus" title="Patroclus">Patroclus</a>' corpse on a cart while Odysseus looks on, <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_art" title="Etruscan art">Etruscan</a> <a href="/wiki/Alabaster" title="Alabaster">alabaster</a> urn from <a href="/wiki/Volterra" title="Volterra">Volterra</a>, Italy, 2nd century BC</figcaption></figure> <p>Odysseus is represented as one of the most influential Greek champions during the Trojan War in Homer's account. Along with <a href="/wiki/Nestor_(mythology)" title="Nestor (mythology)">Nestor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Idomeneus" class="mw-redirect" title="Idomeneus">Idomeneus</a> he is one of the most trusted counsellors and advisors. He always champions the Achaean cause, especially when others question Agamemnon's command, as in one instance when <a href="/wiki/Thersites" title="Thersites">Thersites</a> speaks against him. When Agamemnon, to test the morale of the Achaeans, announces his intentions to depart Troy, Odysseus restores order to the Greek camp.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later on, after many of the heroes leave the battlefield due to injuries (including Odysseus and Agamemnon), Odysseus once again persuades Agamemnon not to withdraw. Along with two other envoys, he is chosen in the failed embassy to try to persuade Achilles to return to combat.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhesos_MNA_Naples.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Rhesos_MNA_Naples.jpg/220px-Rhesos_MNA_Naples.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Rhesos_MNA_Naples.jpg/330px-Rhesos_MNA_Naples.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Rhesos_MNA_Naples.jpg/440px-Rhesos_MNA_Naples.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2140" /></a><figcaption>Odysseus and <a href="/wiki/Diomedes" title="Diomedes">Diomedes</a> stealing the horses of Thracian king <a href="/wiki/Rhesus_of_Thrace" title="Rhesus of Thrace">Rhesus</a> they have just killed. Apulian red-figure situla, from Ruvo</figcaption></figure> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Hector" title="Hector">Hector</a> proposes a single combat duel, Odysseus is one of the <a href="/wiki/Danaans" class="mw-redirect" title="Danaans">Danaans</a> who reluctantly volunteered to battle him. <a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Great" title="Ajax the Great">Telamonian Ajax</a> ("The Greater"), however, is the volunteer who eventually fights Hector.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Odysseus aids <a href="/wiki/Diomedes" title="Diomedes">Diomedes</a> during the night operations to kill <a href="/wiki/Rhesus_of_Thrace" title="Rhesus of Thrace">Rhesus</a>, because it had been foretold that if his horses drank from the <a href="/wiki/Karamenderes_River" title="Karamenderes River">Scamander River</a>, Troy could not be taken.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Patroclus" title="Patroclus">Patroclus</a> is slain, it is Odysseus who counsels Achilles to let the <a href="/wiki/Achaea_(ancient_region)" title="Achaea (ancient region)">Achaean</a> men eat and rest rather than follow his rage-driven desire to go back on the offensive—and kill Trojans—immediately. Eventually (and reluctantly), he consents.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the funeral games for Patroclus, Odysseus becomes involved in a wrestling match with Ajax "The Greater" and foot race with Ajax "The Lesser", son of Oileus and Nestor's son <a href="/wiki/Antilochus" class="mw-redirect" title="Antilochus">Antilochus</a>. He draws the wrestling match, and with the help of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>, he wins the race.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Odysseus has traditionally been viewed as Achilles' antithesis in the <i>Iliad</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Achilles' anger is all-consuming and of a self-destructive nature, Odysseus is frequently viewed as a man of the mean, a voice of reason, renowned for his self-restraint and diplomatic skills. He is also in some respects antithetical to Telamonian Ajax (Shakespeare's "beef-witted" Ajax): while the latter has only brawn to recommend him, Odysseus is not only ingenious (as evidenced by his idea for the Trojan Horse), but an eloquent speaker, a skill perhaps best demonstrated in the embassy to Achilles in book 9 of the <i>Iliad</i>. The two are not only foils in the abstract but often opposed in practice since they have many duels and run-ins. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_stories_from_the_Trojan_War">Other stories from the Trojan War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odysseus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other stories from the Trojan War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:05-Mosaico_del_Oecus._Aquiles_en_Skyros_alta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/05-Mosaico_del_Oecus._Aquiles_en_Skyros_alta.jpg/220px-05-Mosaico_del_Oecus._Aquiles_en_Skyros_alta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/05-Mosaico_del_Oecus._Aquiles_en_Skyros_alta.jpg/330px-05-Mosaico_del_Oecus._Aquiles_en_Skyros_alta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/05-Mosaico_del_Oecus._Aquiles_en_Skyros_alta.jpg/440px-05-Mosaico_del_Oecus._Aquiles_en_Skyros_alta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1435" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Roman_mosaic" title="Roman mosaic">Roman mosaic</a> depicting Odysseus at Skyros unveiling the disguised <a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <a href="/wiki/La_Olmeda" title="La Olmeda">La Olmeda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedrosa_de_la_Vega" title="Pedrosa de la Vega">Pedrosa de la Vega</a>, Spain, 5th century AD</figcaption></figure> <p>Since a prophecy suggested that the Trojan War would not be won without <a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a>, Odysseus and several other <a href="/wiki/Achaeans_(Homer)" title="Achaeans (Homer)">Achaean</a> leaders are described in the <i><a href="/wiki/Achilleid" title="Achilleid">Achilleid</a></i> as having gone to <a href="/wiki/Achilles_on_Skyros" title="Achilles on Skyros">Skyros</a> to find him. Odysseus discovered Achilles by offering gifts, adornments and musical instruments as well as weapons, to the king's daughters, and then having his companions imitate the noises of an enemy's attack on the island (most notably, making a blast of a trumpet heard), which prompted Achilles to reveal himself by picking a weapon to fight back, and together they departed for the Trojan War.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The story of the death of <a href="/wiki/Palamedes_(mythology)" title="Palamedes (mythology)">Palamedes</a> has many versions. According to some, Odysseus never forgives Palamedes for unmasking his <a href="/wiki/Feigned_madness" title="Feigned madness">feigned madness</a> and plays a part in his downfall. One tradition says Odysseus convinces a Trojan captive to write a letter pretending to be from Palamedes. A sum of gold is mentioned to have been sent as a reward for Palamedes' treachery. Odysseus then kills the prisoner and hides the gold in Palamedes' tent. He ensures that the letter is found and acquired by Agamemnon, and also gives hints directing the Argives to the gold. This is evidence enough for the Greeks, and they have Palamedes stoned to death. Other sources say that Odysseus and Diomedes goad Palamedes into descending a well with the prospect of treasure being at the bottom. When Palamedes reaches the bottom, the two proceed to bury him with stones, killing him.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odysseus_Ajax_Louvre_F340.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Odysseus_Ajax_Louvre_F340.jpg/220px-Odysseus_Ajax_Louvre_F340.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Odysseus_Ajax_Louvre_F340.jpg/330px-Odysseus_Ajax_Louvre_F340.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Odysseus_Ajax_Louvre_F340.jpg/440px-Odysseus_Ajax_Louvre_F340.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="1525" /></a><figcaption>Oinochoe, <i>ca</i> 520 BC, Odysseus and <a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Great" title="Ajax the Great">Ajax</a> fighting over the armour of Achilles</figcaption></figure> <p>When Achilles is slain in battle by <a href="/wiki/Paris_(mythology)" title="Paris (mythology)">Paris</a>, it is Odysseus and <a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Great" title="Ajax the Great">Ajax</a> who retrieve the fallen warrior's body and armour in the thick of heavy fighting. During the funeral games for Achilles, Odysseus competes once again with Ajax. Thetis says that the arms of Achilles will go to the bravest of the Greeks, but only these two warriors dare lay claim to that title. The two Argives became embroiled in a heavy dispute about one another's merits to receive the reward. The Greeks dither out of fear in deciding a winner, because they did not want to insult one and have him abandon the war effort. <a href="/wiki/Nestor_(mythology)" title="Nestor (mythology)">Nestor</a> suggests that they allow the captive Trojans to decide the winner.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The accounts of the <i>Odyssey</i> disagree, suggesting that the Greeks themselves hold a secret vote.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In any case, Odysseus is the winner. Enraged and humiliated, Ajax is driven mad by Athena. When he returns to his senses, in shame at how he has slaughtered livestock in his madness, Ajax kills himself by the sword that Hector had given him after their duel.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Together with Diomedes, Odysseus fetches Achilles' son, <a href="/wiki/Neoptolemus" title="Neoptolemus">Pyrrhus</a>, to come to the aid of the Achaeans, because an oracle had stated that Troy could not be taken without him. A great warrior, Pyrrhus is also called Neoptolemus (Greek for "new warrior"). Upon the success of the mission, Odysseus gives Achilles' armour to him. </p><p>It is learned that the war can not be won without the poisonous arrows of <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a>, which are owned by the abandoned <a href="/wiki/Philoctetes" title="Philoctetes">Philoctetes</a>. Odysseus and Diomedes (or, according to some accounts, Odysseus and <a href="/wiki/Neoptolemus" title="Neoptolemus">Neoptolemus</a>) leave to retrieve them. Upon their arrival, Philoctetes (still suffering from the wound) is seen still to be enraged at the <a href="/wiki/Danaans" class="mw-redirect" title="Danaans">Danaans</a>, especially at Odysseus, for abandoning him. Although his first instinct is to shoot Odysseus, his anger is eventually diffused by Odysseus' persuasive powers and the influence of the gods. Odysseus returns to the Argive camp with Philoctetes and his arrows.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perhaps Odysseus' most famous contribution to the Greek war effort is devising the strategy of the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_Horse" title="Trojan Horse">Trojan Horse</a>, which allows the Greek army to sneak into Troy under cover of darkness. It is built by <a href="/wiki/Epeius_of_Phocis" title="Epeius of Phocis">Epeius</a> and filled with Greek warriors, led by Odysseus.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Odysseus and Diomedes steal the <a href="/wiki/Palladium_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladium (mythology)">Palladium</a> that lay within Troy's walls, for the Greeks were told they could not sack the city without it. Some late Roman sources indicate that Odysseus schemed to kill his partner on the way back, but Diomedes thwarts this attempt. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wall_painting_-_rape_of_the_palladion_-_Pompeii_(I_2_26)_-_Napoli_MAN_109751_-_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Wall_painting_-_rape_of_the_palladion_-_Pompeii_%28I_2_26%29_-_Napoli_MAN_109751_-_02.jpg/220px-Wall_painting_-_rape_of_the_palladion_-_Pompeii_%28I_2_26%29_-_Napoli_MAN_109751_-_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Wall_painting_-_rape_of_the_palladion_-_Pompeii_%28I_2_26%29_-_Napoli_MAN_109751_-_02.jpg/330px-Wall_painting_-_rape_of_the_palladion_-_Pompeii_%28I_2_26%29_-_Napoli_MAN_109751_-_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Wall_painting_-_rape_of_the_palladion_-_Pompeii_%28I_2_26%29_-_Napoli_MAN_109751_-_02.jpg/440px-Wall_painting_-_rape_of_the_palladion_-_Pompeii_%28I_2_26%29_-_Napoli_MAN_109751_-_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a><figcaption>Odysseus (<a href="/wiki/Pileus_(hat)" title="Pileus (hat)">pileus hat</a>) carrying off the <a href="/wiki/Palladion" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladion">palladion</a> from <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a>, with the help of <a href="/wiki/Diomedes" title="Diomedes">Diomedes</a>, against the resistance of <a href="/wiki/Cassandra" title="Cassandra">Cassandra</a> and other Trojans. Antique fresco from Pompeii.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Cruel,_deceitful_Ulixes"_of_the_Romans"><span id=".22Cruel.2C_deceitful_Ulixes.22_of_the_Romans"></span>"Cruel, deceitful Ulixes" of the Romans</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odysseus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: "Cruel, deceitful Ulixes" of the Romans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Homer's <i>Iliad</i> and <i>Odyssey</i> portray Odysseus as a <a href="/wiki/Culture_hero" title="Culture hero">culture hero</a>, but the Romans, who believed themselves the heirs of Prince <a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a> of Troy, considered him a villainous falsifier. In <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i>, written between 29 and 19 BC, he is constantly referred to as "cruel Odysseus" (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>dirus Ulixes</i>) or "deceitful Odysseus" (<i>pellacis</i>, <i>fandi fictor</i>). Turnus, in <i>Aeneid</i>, book 9, reproaches the Trojan Ascanius with images of rugged, forthright Latin virtues, declaring (in <a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a>'s translation), "You shall not find the sons of Atreus here, nor need the frauds of sly Ulysses fear." While the Greeks admired his cunning and deceit, these qualities did not recommend themselves to the Romans, who possessed a rigid sense of honour. In Euripides' tragedy <i><a href="/wiki/Iphigenia_at_Aulis" class="mw-redirect" title="Iphigenia at Aulis">Iphigenia at Aulis</a></i>, having convinced Agamemnon to consent to the sacrifice of his daughter, Iphigenia, to appease the goddess <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a>, Odysseus facilitates the immolation by telling Iphigenia's mother, <a href="/wiki/Clytemnestra" title="Clytemnestra">Clytemnestra</a>, that the girl is to be wed to <a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a>. Odysseus' attempts to avoid his sacred oath to defend <a href="/wiki/Menelaus" title="Menelaus">Menelaus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy" title="Helen of Troy">Helen</a> offended Roman notions of duty, and the many stratagems and tricks that he employed to get his way offended Roman notions of honour. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journey_home_to_Ithaca">Journey home to Ithaca</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odysseus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Journey home to Ithaca"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Odysseus" title="Special:EditPage/Odysseus">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Homer%27s_Ithaca" title="Homer's Ithaca">Homer's Ithaca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Returns_from_Troy" title="Returns from Troy">Returns from Troy</a></div> <p>Odysseus is probably best known as the eponymous hero of the <i>Odyssey</i>. This epic describes his travails, which lasted for 10 years, as he tries to return home after the Trojan War and reassert his place as rightful king of Ithaca. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arnold_B%C3%B6cklin_-_Odysseus_and_Polyphemus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Arnold_B%C3%B6cklin_-_Odysseus_and_Polyphemus.jpg/220px-Arnold_B%C3%B6cklin_-_Odysseus_and_Polyphemus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Arnold_B%C3%B6cklin_-_Odysseus_and_Polyphemus.jpg/330px-Arnold_B%C3%B6cklin_-_Odysseus_and_Polyphemus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Arnold_B%C3%B6cklin_-_Odysseus_and_Polyphemus.jpg/440px-Arnold_B%C3%B6cklin_-_Odysseus_and_Polyphemus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption><i>Odysseus and Polyphemus</i> (1896) by <a href="/wiki/Arnold_B%C3%B6cklin" title="Arnold Böcklin">Arnold Böcklin</a>: Odysseus and his crew escape the Cyclops <a href="/wiki/Polyphemus" title="Polyphemus">Polyphemus</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Homebound from Troy, after a raid on <a href="/wiki/Ismara" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismara">Ismarus</a> in the land of the <a href="/wiki/Cicones" title="Cicones">Cicones</a>, he and his twelve ships are driven off course by storms. They visit the lethargic <a href="/wiki/Lotus-eaters" title="Lotus-eaters">Lotus-Eaters</a> and are captured by the <a href="/wiki/Cyclopes" title="Cyclopes">Cyclops</a> <a href="/wiki/Polyphemus" title="Polyphemus">Polyphemus</a> while visiting his island. After Polyphemus eats several of his men, he and Odysseus have a discussion and Odysseus tells Polyphemus his name is <a href="/wiki/Outis" title="Outis">Outis</a> ("Nobody"). Odysseus takes a barrel of wine and the Cyclops drinks it, falling asleep. Odysseus and his men take a wooden stake, ignite it with the remaining wine, and blind him. While they escape, Polyphemus cries in pain, and the other Cyclopes ask him what is wrong. Polyphemus cries, "Nobody has blinded me!" and the other Cyclopes think he has gone mad. Odysseus and his crew escape, but Odysseus rashly reveals his real name, and Polyphemus prays to Poseidon, his father, to take revenge. They stay with <a href="/wiki/Aeolus_(son_of_Hippotes)" title="Aeolus (son of Hippotes)">Aeolus</a>, the master of the winds, who gives Odysseus a leather bag containing all the winds, except the west wind, a gift that should have ensured a safe return home. However, the sailors foolishly open the bag while Odysseus sleeps, thinking that it contains gold. All of the winds fly out, and the resulting storm drives the ships back the way they had come, just as Ithaca comes into sight. </p><p>After pleading in vain with Aeolus to help them again, they re-embark and encounter the cannibalistic <a href="/wiki/Laestrygonians" title="Laestrygonians">Laestrygonians</a>. Odysseus' ship is the only one to escape. He sails on and visits the witch-goddess <a href="/wiki/Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a>. She turns half of his men into swine after feeding them cheese and wine. Hermes warns Odysseus about Circe and gives him a drug called <a href="/wiki/Moly_(herb)" title="Moly (herb)">moly</a>, which resists Circe's magic. Circe, being attracted to Odysseus' resistance, falls in love with him and releases his men. Odysseus and his crew remain with her on the island for one year, while they feast and drink. Finally, Odysseus' men convince him to leave for Ithaca. </p><p>Guided by Circe's instructions, Odysseus and his crew cross the ocean and reach a harbor at the western edge of the world, where Odysseus sacrifices to the dead and <a href="/wiki/Nekuia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nekuia">summons the spirit</a> of the old prophet <a href="/wiki/Tiresias" title="Tiresias">Tiresias</a> for advice. Next Odysseus meets the spirit of his own mother, who had died of grief during his long absence. From her, he learns for the first time news of his own household, threatened by the greed of <a href="/wiki/Penelope" title="Penelope">Penelope</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Suitors_of_Penelope" title="Suitors of Penelope">suitors</a>. Odysseus also talks to his fallen war comrades and the mortal shade of <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosa%C3%AFque_d%27Ulysse_et_les_sir%C3%A8nes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mosa%C3%AFque_d%27Ulysse_et_les_sir%C3%A8nes.jpg/220px-Mosa%C3%AFque_d%27Ulysse_et_les_sir%C3%A8nes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mosa%C3%AFque_d%27Ulysse_et_les_sir%C3%A8nes.jpg/330px-Mosa%C3%AFque_d%27Ulysse_et_les_sir%C3%A8nes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mosa%C3%AFque_d%27Ulysse_et_les_sir%C3%A8nes.jpg/440px-Mosa%C3%AFque_d%27Ulysse_et_les_sir%C3%A8nes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="1121" /></a><figcaption>Odysseus and the <a href="/wiki/Siren_(mythology)" title="Siren (mythology)">Sirens</a>, Ulixes <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Bardo_National_Museum_(Tunis)" title="Bardo National Museum (Tunis)">Bardo National Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, Tunisia, 2nd century AD</figcaption></figure> <p>Odysseus and his men return to Circe's island, and she advises them on the remaining stages of the journey. They skirt the land of the <a href="/wiki/Siren_(mythology)" title="Siren (mythology)">Sirens</a>, pass between the six-headed monster <a href="/wiki/Scylla" title="Scylla">Scylla</a> and the whirlpool <a href="/wiki/Charybdis" title="Charybdis">Charybdis</a>, where they row directly between the two. However, <a href="/wiki/Scylla" title="Scylla">Scylla</a> drags the boat towards her by grabbing the oars and eats six men. </p><p>They land on the island of <a href="/wiki/Thrinacia" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrinacia">Thrinacia</a>. There, Odysseus' men ignore the warnings of Tiresias and Circe and hunt down the sacred cattle of the sun god <a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a>. Helios tells <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> what happened and demands Odysseus' men be punished or else he will take the sun and shine it in the Underworld. Zeus fulfills Helios' demands by causing a shipwreck during a thunderstorm in which all but Odysseus drown. He washes ashore on the island of <a href="/wiki/Ogygia" title="Ogygia">Ogygia</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Calypso_(mythology)" title="Calypso (mythology)">Calypso</a> compels him to remain as her lover for seven years. He finally escapes when <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a> tells Calypso to release Odysseus. </p><p>Odysseus is shipwrecked and befriended by the <a href="/wiki/Scheria" title="Scheria">Phaeacians</a>. After he tells them his story, the Phaeacians, led by King <a href="/wiki/Alcinous" title="Alcinous">Alcinous</a>, agree to help Odysseus get home. They deliver him at night, while he is fast asleep, to a hidden harbor on Ithaca. He finds his way to the hut of one of his own former slaves, the swineherd <a href="/wiki/Eumaeus" title="Eumaeus">Eumaeus</a>, and also meets up with <a href="/wiki/Telemachus" title="Telemachus">Telemachus</a> returning from Sparta. Athena disguises Odysseus as a wandering beggar to learn how things stand in his household. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_return_of_Ulysses.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/The_return_of_Ulysses.gif/220px-The_return_of_Ulysses.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/The_return_of_Ulysses.gif/330px-The_return_of_Ulysses.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/The_return_of_Ulysses.gif/440px-The_return_of_Ulysses.gif 2x" data-file-width="1496" data-file-height="2074" /></a><figcaption>The return of Ulysses, illustration by E. M. Synge from the 1909 <i>Story of the World</i> children's book series (book 1: <i>On the shores of Great Sea</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>When the disguised Odysseus returns after 20 years, he is recognized only by his faithful dog, <a href="/wiki/Argos_(dog)" title="Argos (dog)">Argos</a>. Penelope announces in her long interview with the disguised hero that whoever can string Odysseus' rigid bow and shoot an arrow through twelve axe shafts may have her hand. According to <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Knox" title="Bernard Knox">Bernard Knox</a>, "For the plot of the <i>Odyssey</i>, of course, her decision is the turning point, the move that makes possible the long-predicted triumph of the returning hero".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Odysseus' identity is discovered by the housekeeper, <a href="/wiki/Eurycleia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurycleia">Eurycleia</a>, as she is washing his feet and discovers an old scar Odysseus received during a boar hunt. Odysseus swears her to secrecy, threatening to kill her if she tells anyone. </p><p>When the contest of the bow begins, none of the suitors are able to string the bow. After all the suitors have given up, the disguised Odysseus asks to participate. Though the suitors refuse at first, Penelope intervenes and allows the "stranger" (the disguised Odysseus) to participate. Odysseus easily strings his bow and wins the contest. Having done so, he proceeds to slaughter the suitors (beginning with Antinous whom he finds drinking from Odysseus' cup) with help from Telemachus and two of Odysseus' servants, Eumaeus the swineherd and <a href="/wiki/Philoetius" title="Philoetius">Philoetius</a> the cowherd. Odysseus tells the serving women who slept with the suitors to clean up the mess of corpses and then has those women hanged in terror. He tells Telemachus that he will replenish his stocks by raiding nearby islands. Odysseus has now revealed himself in all his glory (with a little makeover by Athena); yet Penelope cannot believe that her husband has really returned—she fears that it is perhaps some god in disguise, as in the story of <a href="/wiki/Alcmene" title="Alcmene">Alcmene</a> (mother of Heracles)—and tests him by ordering her servant Euryclea to move the bed in their wedding-chamber. Odysseus protests that this cannot be done since he made the bed himself and knows that one of its legs is a living <a href="/wiki/Olive_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Olive tree">olive tree</a>. Penelope finally accepts that he truly is her husband, a moment that highlights their <i>homophrosýnē</i> ("like-mindedness"). </p><p>The next day Odysseus and Telemachus visit the country farm of his old father <a href="/wiki/Laertes_(father_of_Odysseus)" title="Laertes (father of Odysseus)">Laërtes</a>. The citizens of Ithaca follow Odysseus on the road, planning to avenge the killing of the Suitors, their sons. The goddess Athena and the god Zeus intervene and persuade both sides to make peace. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_tales">Other tales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odysseus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other tales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to some late sources, most of them purely genealogical, Odysseus had many other children besides <a href="/wiki/Telemachus" title="Telemachus">Telemachus</a>. Most such genealogies aimed to link Odysseus with the foundation of many <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italic</a> cities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This would seem to contradict <i>The Odyssey</i>, which says that Odysseus' family line can only produce a single child per generation by the order of Zeus, with Telemachus already existing as that sole heir.<sup id="cite_ref-After_the_Odyssey_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-After_the_Odyssey-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <i>Odyssey</i> also notes the existence of Odysseus's sister, Ctimene.<sup id="cite_ref-Women_in_Odyssey_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Women_in_Odyssey-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most famous of the other children are: </p> <ul><li>with <a href="/wiki/Penelope" title="Penelope">Penelope</a>: <a href="/wiki/Poliporthes" title="Poliporthes">Poliporthes</a> (born after Odysseus' return from Troy)</li> <li>with <a href="/wiki/Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a>: <a href="/wiki/Telegonus_(son_of_Odysseus)" title="Telegonus (son of Odysseus)">Telegonus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ardeas" title="Ardeas">Ardeas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latinus" title="Latinus">Latinus</a>, also <a href="/wiki/Auson_(king)" title="Auson (king)">Auson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cassiphone" title="Cassiphone">Cassiphone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Xenagoras_(historian)" title="Xenagoras (historian)">Xenagoras</a> writes that Odysseus with Circe had three sons, <a href="/wiki/Rhomos" title="Rhomos">Romos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ῥώμος</span>), Anteias (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἀντείας</span>) and Ardeias (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἀρδείας</span>), who built three cities and called them after their own names. The city that Romos founded was <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>with <a href="/wiki/Calypso_(mythology)" title="Calypso (mythology)">Calypso</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nausithous" title="Nausithous">Nausithous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nausinous" title="Nausinous">Nausinous</a></li> <li>with <a href="/wiki/Callidice_of_Thesprotia" title="Callidice of Thesprotia">Callidice</a>: <a href="/wiki/Polypoetes" title="Polypoetes">Polypoetes</a></li> <li>with <a href="/wiki/Euippe_(daughter_of_Tyrimmas)" title="Euippe (daughter of Tyrimmas)">Euippe</a>: Euryalus</li> <li>with daughter of <a href="/wiki/Thoas_(king_of_Aetoila)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thoas (king of Aetoila)">Thoas</a>: Leontophonus</li></ul> <p>He figures in the end of the story of King <a href="/wiki/Telephus" title="Telephus">Telephus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mysia" title="Mysia">Mysia</a>. </p><p>The last poem in the <a href="/wiki/Epic_Cycle" title="Epic Cycle">Epic Cycle</a> is called the <i><a href="/wiki/Telegony" title="Telegony">Telegony</a></i>, and is now lost. According to remaining fragments, it told the story of Odysseus' last voyage to the land of the Thesprotians. There he married the queen <a href="/wiki/Callidice_of_Thesprotia" title="Callidice of Thesprotia">Callidice</a>. Then he led the Thesprotians in a war with their neighbors the Brygoi (Brygi, Brygians) and defeated in battle the neighboring peoples who attacked him. When Callidice died, Odysseus returned home to Ithaca, leaving their son, <a href="/wiki/Polypoetes" title="Polypoetes">Polypoetes</a>, to rule Thesprotia.<sup id="cite_ref-CinaethonTelegony_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CinaethonTelegony-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contradicting the reading of Tiresias' prophecy in <i>The Odyssey</i> that Odysseus will have a gentle death in old age after making it home,<sup id="cite_ref-After_the_Odyssey_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-After_the_Odyssey-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i>Telogony</i> claims that he met his death at the hands of <a href="/wiki/Telegonus_(son_of_Odysseus)" title="Telegonus (son of Odysseus)">Telegonus</a>, his son with Circe, after a misunderstanding. Telegonus attacked his father with a poisoned spear, given to him by Circe. Before dying, Odysseus recognized his son. Telegonus then brought back his father's corpse to Aeaea, together with Penelope and Odysseus' son by her, Telemachus. After burying Odysseus, Circe made the other three immortal. Circe married Telemachus, and Telegonus married Penelope<sup id="cite_ref-CinaethonTelegony_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CinaethonTelegony-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the advice of Athena.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to what seems to be later tradition, Odysseus was resurrected by Circe after his death at the hands of Telegonus. Afterward, he marries Telemachus with <a href="/wiki/Cassiphone" title="Cassiphone">Cassiphone</a>, the daughter whom Odysseus had with Circe.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 5th century BC <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, tales of the Trojan War were popular subjects for <a href="/wiki/Tragedies" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragedies">tragedies</a>. Odysseus figures centrally or indirectly in a number of the extant plays by <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ajax_(Sophocles)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajax (Sophocles)">Ajax</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Philoctetes_(Sophocles)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philoctetes (Sophocles)">Philoctetes</a></i>) and <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Hecuba_(play)" title="Hecuba (play)">Hecuba</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rhesus_(play)" title="Rhesus (play)">Rhesus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cyclops_(play)" title="Cyclops (play)">Cyclops</a></i>) and figured in still more that have not survived. In his <i>Ajax</i>, Sophocles portrays Odysseus as a modern voice of reasoning compared to the title character's rigid antiquity. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> in his dialogue <i><a href="/wiki/Hippias_Minor" title="Hippias Minor">Hippias Minor</a></i> examines a literary question about whom Homer intended to portray as the better man, Achilles or Odysseus. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odysseus_-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Odysseus_-01.jpg/260px-Odysseus_-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Odysseus_-01.jpg/390px-Odysseus_-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Odysseus_-01.jpg/520px-Odysseus_-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="296" /></a><figcaption>Head of Odysseus wearing a <a href="/wiki/Pileus_(hat)" title="Pileus (hat)">pileus</a> depicted on a 3rd-century BC coin from <a href="/wiki/Ithaca_(island)" title="Ithaca (island)">Ithaca</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Description_of_Greece" title="Description of Greece">Description of Greece</a></i> writes that at <a href="/wiki/Pheneus" title="Pheneus">Pheneus</a> there was a bronze statue of Poseidon, surnamed Hippios (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἵππιος</span>), meaning <i>of horse</i>, which according to the legends was dedicated by Odysseus and also a sanctuary of <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a> which was called Heurippa (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Εὑρίππα</span>), meaning <i>horse finder</i>, and was founded by Odysseus.<sup id="cite_ref-perseus.tufts.edu_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perseus.tufts.edu-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the legends Odysseus lost his mares and traversed Greece in search of them. He found them on that site in Pheneus.<sup id="cite_ref-perseus.tufts.edu_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perseus.tufts.edu-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pausanias adds that according to the people of Pheneus, when Odysseus found his mares he decided to keep horses in the land of Pheneus, just as he reared his cows. The people of Pheneus also pointed out to him writing, purporting to be instructions of Odysseus to those tending his mares.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Ulysses, he is mentioned regularly in <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i> written between 29 and 19 BC, and the poem's hero, <a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a>, rescues one of Ulysses' crew members who was left behind on the island of the Cyclopes. He in turn offers a first-person account of some of the same events Homer relates, in which Ulysses appears directly. Virgil's Ulysses typifies his view of the Greeks: he is cunning but impious, and ultimately malicious and hedonistic. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> retells parts of Ulysses' journeys, focusing on his romantic involvements with Circe and Calypso, and recasts him as, in <a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Harold Bloom</a>'s phrase, "one of the great wandering womanizers". Ovid also gives a detailed account of the contest between Ulysses and <a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Great" title="Ajax the Great">Ajax</a> for the armour of Achilles. </p><p>Greek legend tells of Ulysses as the founder of <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, calling it <i>Ulisipo</i> or <i>Ulisseya</i>, during his twenty-year errand on the Mediterranean and Atlantic seas. <a href="/wiki/Olisipo" title="Olisipo">Olisipo</a> was Lisbon's name in the Roman Empire. This <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk etymology</a> is recounted by <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Asclepiades_of_Myrlea" title="Asclepiades of Myrlea">Asclepiades of Myrlea</a>'s words, by <a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Mela" title="Pomponius Mela">Pomponius Mela</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Solinus" title="Gaius Julius Solinus">Gaius Julius Solinus</a> (3rd century AD), and would later be reiterated by <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_de_Cam%C3%B5es" title="Luís de Camões">Camões</a> in his epic poem <i><a href="/wiki/Os_Lus%C3%ADadas" title="Os Lusíadas">Os Lusíadas</a></i> (first printed in 1572).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In one version of Odysseus's end, he is eventually turned into a horse by Athena.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_post-classical_tradition">In post-classical tradition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odysseus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In post-classical tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Odysseus is one of the most recurrent characters in <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages_and_Renaissance">Middle Ages and Renaissance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odysseus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Middle Ages and Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Canto" title="Canto">Canto</a> XXVI of the <i><a href="/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)" title="Inferno (Dante)">Inferno</a></i> segment of his <i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a></i> (1308–1320), encounters Odysseus ("Ulisse" in Italian) near the very bottom of Hell: with <a href="/wiki/Diomedes" title="Diomedes">Diomedes</a>, he walks wrapped in flame in the eighth ring (<i>Counselors of Fraud</i>) of the <a href="/wiki/Malebolge" title="Malebolge">Eighth Circle</a> (<i>Sins of Malice</i>), as punishment for his schemes and conspiracies that won the Trojan War. In a famous passage, Dante has Odysseus relate a different version of his voyage and death from the one told by Homer. He tells how he set out with his men from Circe's island for a journey of exploration to sail beyond the <a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Hercules" title="Pillars of Hercules">Pillars of Hercules</a> and into the Western sea to find what adventures awaited them. Men, says Ulisse, are not made to live like brutes, but to follow virtue and knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After travelling west and south for five months, they see in the distance a great mountain rising from the sea (this is <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a>, in Dante's cosmology) before a storm sinks them. Dante did not have access to the original Greek texts of the Homeric epics, so his knowledge of their subject-matter was based only on information from later sources, chiefly <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i> but also <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>; hence the discrepancy between Dante and Homer.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He appears in <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Troilus_and_Cressida" title="Troilus and Cressida">Troilus and Cressida</a></i> (1602), set during the Trojan War. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_literature">Modern literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odysseus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Modern literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poetry">Poetry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odysseus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In her poem <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon_(L._E._L.)_in_Fisher%27s_Drawing_Room_Scrap_Book,_1837/Site_of_the_Castle_of_Ulysses" class="extiw" title="s:Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1837/Site of the Castle of Ulysses">Site of the Castle of Ulysses</a>. (published in 1836), <a href="/wiki/Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon" title="Letitia Elizabeth Landon">Letitia Elizabeth Landon</a> gives her version of <i>The Song of the Sirens</i> with an explanation of its purpose, structure and meaning. This illustrates a painting by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bentley_(painter)" title="Charles Bentley (painter)">Charles Bentley</a> engraved by R. Sands, and showing The Black Mountains of <a href="/wiki/Cephalonia" title="Cephalonia">Cephalonia</a> in the background.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A further poetical illustration, also in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1837, is to an engraving of a painting by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bentley_(painter)" title="Charles Bentley (painter)">Charles Bentley</a>, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon_(L._E._L.)_in_Fisher%27s_Drawing_Room_Scrap_Book,_1837/Town_and_Harbour_of_Ithaca" class="extiw" title="s:Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1837/Town and Harbour of Ithaca">Town and Harbour of Ithaca</a>. and harks back to the island 'where Ulysses was king'.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Lord_Tennyson" title="Alfred, Lord Tennyson">Alfred, Lord Tennyson</a>'s poem "<a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(poem)" title="Ulysses (poem)">Ulysses</a>" (published in 1842) presents an aging king who has seen too much of the world to be happy sitting on a throne idling his days away. Leaving the task of civilizing his people to his son, he gathers together a band of old comrades "to sail beyond the sunset". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nikos_Kazantzakis" title="Nikos Kazantzakis">Nikos Kazantzakis</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Odyssey:_A_Modern_Sequel" title="The Odyssey: A Modern Sequel">The Odyssey: A Modern Sequel</a></i> (1938), a 33,333-line epic poem, begins with Odysseus cleansing his body of the blood of <a href="/wiki/Penelope" title="Penelope">Penelope</a>'s suitors. Odysseus soon leaves Ithaca in search of new adventures. Before his death he abducts Helen, incites revolutions in <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, communes with God, and meets representatives of such famous historical and literary figures as <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alonso_Quijano" title="Alonso Quijano">Don Quixote</a> and Jesus. </p><p>In 1986, Irish poet <a href="/wiki/Eilean_Ni_Chuilleanain" class="mw-redirect" title="Eilean Ni Chuilleanain">Eilean Ni Chuilleanain</a> published "The Second Voyage", a poem in which she makes use of the story of Odysseus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Novels">Novels</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odysseus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Novels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bay_of_Palaiokastritsa_from_Bellavista.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bay_of_Palaiokastritsa_from_Bellavista.JPG/220px-Bay_of_Palaiokastritsa_from_Bellavista.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bay_of_Palaiokastritsa_from_Bellavista.JPG/330px-Bay_of_Palaiokastritsa_from_Bellavista.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bay_of_Palaiokastritsa_from_Bellavista.JPG/440px-Bay_of_Palaiokastritsa_from_Bellavista.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The bay of <a href="/wiki/Palaiokastritsa" title="Palaiokastritsa">Palaiokastritsa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a> as seen from Bella vista of Lakones, considered to be the place where Odysseus disembarked and met <a href="/wiki/Nausicaa" title="Nausicaa">Nausicaa</a> for the first time. The rock in the sea near the horizon at the top centre-left is held by the locals to be the mythical petrified ship of Odysseus.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Rolfe" title="Frederick Rolfe">Frederick Rolfe</a>'s <i>The Weird of the Wanderer</i> (1912) has the hero Nicholas Crabbe (based on the author) travelling back in time, discovering that he is the reincarnation of Odysseus, marrying Helen, being deified and ending up as one of the three <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Magi</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a></i> (first published 1918–1920) uses modern literary devices to narrate a single day in the life of a Dublin businessman named <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Bloom" title="Leopold Bloom">Leopold Bloom</a>. Bloom's day bears many elaborate parallels to Odysseus' ten years of wandering. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Return_to_Ithaca_(novel)" title="Return to Ithaca (novel)">Return to Ithaca</a></i> (1946) by <a href="/wiki/Eyvind_Johnson" title="Eyvind Johnson">Eyvind Johnson</a> is a more realistic retelling of the events that adds a deeper psychological study of the characters of Odysseus, Penelope, and Telemachus. Thematically, it uses Odysseus' backstory and struggle as a metaphor for dealing with the aftermath of war (the novel being written immediately after the end of the Second World War).<sup id="cite_ref-Nordgren_2004_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordgren_2004-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the eleventh chapter of <a href="/wiki/Primo_Levi" title="Primo Levi">Primo Levi</a>'s 1947 memoir <i><a href="/wiki/If_This_Is_a_Man" title="If This Is a Man">If This Is a Man</a></i>, "The Canto of Ulysses", the author describes the last voyage of Ulysses as told by <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)" title="Inferno (Dante)">The Inferno</a></i> to a fellow-prisoner during forced labour in the Nazi concentration camp <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a>. </p><p>Odysseus is the hero of <i>The Luck of Troy</i> (1961) by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Lancelyn_Green" title="Roger Lancelyn Green">Roger Lancelyn Green</a>, whose title refers to the theft of the <a href="/wiki/Palladium_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladium (mythology)">Palladium</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/S._M._Stirling" title="S. M. Stirling">S. M. Stirling</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Island_in_the_Sea_of_Time" title="Island in the Sea of Time">Island in the Sea of Time</a></i> (1998), first part to his <a href="/wiki/Nantucket_series" title="Nantucket series">Nantucket series</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">alternate history</a> novels, Odikweos ("Odysseus" in <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a>) is a "historical" figure who is every bit as cunning as his legendary self and is one of the few <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> inhabitants who discerns the time-travellers' real background. Odikweos first aids William Walker's rise to power in <a href="/wiki/Achaea" title="Achaea">Achaea</a> and later helps bring Walker down after seeing his homeland turn into a <a href="/wiki/Police_state" title="Police state">police state</a>. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Penelopiad" title="The Penelopiad">The Penelopiad</a></i> (2005) by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" title="Margaret Atwood">Margaret Atwood</a> retells his story from the point of view of his wife <a href="/wiki/Penelope" title="Penelope">Penelope</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rick_Riordan" title="Rick Riordan">Rick Riordan's</a> novel series <i><a href="/wiki/Percy_Jackson_%26_the_Olympians" title="Percy Jackson & the Olympians">Percy Jackson & the Olympians</a></i>, which centres on the presence of Greek mythology in the 21st century, incorporates several elements from Odysseus's story. The second novel in particular, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sea_of_Monsters" title="The Sea of Monsters">The Sea of Monsters</a></i> (2006), is a loose adaptation of <i>The Odyssey</i>, with protagonists Percy and Annabeth seeking to save their satyr friend Grover from Polyphemus, and facing many of the same obstacles Odysseus faced over the course of the journey. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Yermolenko" title="Volodymyr Yermolenko">Volodymyr Yermolenko</a>, Ukrainian philosopher and essayist, wrote <i>Ocean Catcher: The Story of Odysseus</i>, Stary Lev, 2017, which is loose adaptation of The Odyssey, where after coming back home to Ithaca, where he cannot find either Penelope or <a href="/wiki/Telemachus" title="Telemachus">Telemachus</a>, he decides to have a reverse trip to Troy.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Literary_criticism">Literary criticism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odysseus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Literary criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The literary theorist <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAria_Perpiny%C3%A0" title="Núria Perpinyà">Núria Perpinyà</a> conceived twenty different interpretations of the <i>Odyssey</i> in a 2008 study.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television_and_film">Television and film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odysseus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Television and film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The actors who have portrayed Odysseus in feature films include <a href="/wiki/Kirk_Douglas" title="Kirk Douglas">Kirk Douglas</a> in the Italian <i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(1955_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulysses (1955 film)">Ulysses</a></i> (1955), <a href="/wiki/John_Drew_Barrymore" title="John Drew Barrymore">John Drew Barrymore</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Guerra_di_Troia" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerra di Troia">The Trojan Horse</a></i> (1961), <a href="/wiki/Piero_Lulli" title="Piero Lulli">Piero Lulli</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fury_of_Achilles" title="The Fury of Achilles">The Fury of Achilles</a></i> (1962), and <a href="/wiki/Sean_Bean" title="Sean Bean">Sean Bean</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Troy_(film)" title="Troy (film)">Troy</a></i> (2004). </p><p>In TV miniseries he has been played by <a href="/wiki/Bekim_Fehmiu" title="Bekim Fehmiu">Bekim Fehmiu</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Odyssey_(1968_miniseries)" title="The Odyssey (1968 miniseries)">L'Odissea</a></i> (1968), <a href="/wiki/Armand_Assante" title="Armand Assante">Armand Assante</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Odyssey_(TV_miniseries)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Odyssey (TV miniseries)">The Odyssey</a></i> (1997), and by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mawle" title="Joseph Mawle">Joseph Mawle</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Troy:_Fall_of_a_City" title="Troy: Fall of a City">Troy: Fall of a City</a></i> (2018). </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_31" title="Ulysses 31">Ulysses 31</a></i> is a French-Japanese animated television series (1981) that updates the Greek mythology of Odysseus to the 31st century.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odysseus&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The British group <a href="/wiki/Cream_(band)" title="Cream (band)">Cream</a> recorded the song "<a href="/wiki/Tales_of_Brave_Ulysses" title="Tales of Brave Ulysses">Tales of Brave Ulysses</a>" in 1967. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Vega" title="Suzanne Vega">Suzanne Vega</a>'s song "Calypso" from 1987 album <i><a href="/wiki/Solitude_Standing" title="Solitude Standing">Solitude Standing</a></i> shows Odysseus from <a href="/wiki/Calypso_(mythology)" title="Calypso (mythology)">Calypso</a>'s point of view, and tells the tale of him coming to the island and his leaving. </p><p>The American progressive metal band <a href="/wiki/Symphony_X" title="Symphony X">Symphony X</a> released a 24-minute adaption of the tale on their 2002 album <i><a href="/wiki/The_Odyssey_(album)" title="The Odyssey (album)">The Odyssey</a></i>. </p><p>Odysseus is featured in a verse of the song "Journey of the Magi" on <a href="/wiki/Frank_Turner" title="Frank Turner">Frank Turner</a>'s 2009 album <i><a href="/wiki/Poetry_of_the_Deed" title="Poetry of the Deed">Poetry of the Deed</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Journey_of_the_Magi_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Journey_of_the_Magi-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Riehm" title="Rolf Riehm">Rolf Riehm</a> composed an opera based on the myth, <i><a href="/wiki/Sirenen" title="Sirenen">Sirenen – Bilder des Begehrens und des Vernichtens</a></i> (<i>Sirens – Images of Desire and Destruction</i>) which premiered at the <a href="/wiki/Oper_Frankfurt" title="Oper Frankfurt">Oper Frankfurt</a> in 2014. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparative_mythology_and_folkloristics">Comparative mythology and folkloristics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odysseus&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Comparative mythology and folkloristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over time, comparisons between Odysseus and other heroes of different mythologies and religions have been made. A similar story exists in <a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a> with <a href="/wiki/Nala" title="Nala">Nala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Damayanti" title="Damayanti">Damayanti</a> where Nala separates from Damayanti and is reunited with her.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The story of stringing a bow is similar to the description in the <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> stringing the bow to win <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a>'s hand in marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Odyssey</i> has <a href="/wiki/Parallels_between_Virgil%27s_Aeneid_and_Homer%27s_Iliad_and_Odyssey" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallels between Virgil's Aeneid and Homer's Iliad and Odyssey">evident similarities to Virgil's <i>Aeneid</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> tells the story of <a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a> and his travels to what would become Rome. On his journey he endures strife comparable to that of Odysseus. However, the motives for both of their journeys differ as Aeneas was driven by this sense of duty granted to him by the gods that he must abide by. He keeps in mind the future of his people, fitting for the future <i>Father of Rome</i>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Folkloristics" class="mw-redirect" title="Folkloristics">folkloristics</a>, the story of Odysseus's journey back to his native Ithaca and wife Penelope corresponds to the tale type ATU 974, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%22The_Homecoming_Husband%22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=""The Homecoming Husband" (page does not exist)">"The Homecoming Husband"</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimkehr_des_Gatten" class="extiw" title="de:Heimkehr des Gatten">de</a>]</span>, of the international <a href="/wiki/Aarne%E2%80%93Thompson%E2%80%93Uther_Index" title="Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index">Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index</a> for folktale classification.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altars_–_islands_–_cities"><span id="Altars_.E2.80.93_islands_.E2.80.93_cities"></span>Altars – islands – cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odysseus&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Altars – islands – cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> writes that on Meninx (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Μῆνιγξ</span>) island, modern <a href="/wiki/Djerba" title="Djerba">Djerba</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, there was an altar to Odysseus.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> writes that in Italy there were some small islands (modern Torricella, Praca, Brace and other rocks)<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which were called Ithacesiae because of a watchtower that Odysseus built there.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to ancient Greek tradition, Odysseus founded a city in <a href="/wiki/Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberia">Iberia</a> which was called Odysseia (Ὀδύσσεια)<sup id="cite_ref-Strabo,_3.2.13_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strabo,_3.2.13-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Strabo,_3.4.3_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strabo,_3.4.3-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Odysseis (Ὀδυσσεῖς)<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had a sanctuary of goddess <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Strabo,_3.2.13_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strabo,_3.2.13-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Strabo,_3.4.3_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strabo,_3.4.3-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Geography_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Geography-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient authors identified it with <a href="/wiki/Olisipo" title="Olisipo">Olisipo</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>), but modern researchers believe that even its existence is uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Geography_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Geography-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hellanicus_of_Lesbos" title="Hellanicus of Lesbos">Hellanicus of Lesbos</a> wrote that <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> was founded by Aeneas and Odysseus who came together there. Other ancient historians, including <a href="/wiki/Damastes_of_Sigeum" title="Damastes of Sigeum">Damastes of Sigeum</a>, agreed with him.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Namesakes">Namesakes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odysseus&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Namesakes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odysseus_(crater)" title="Odysseus (crater)">Odysseus (crater)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Odysseas-Kimon_of_Greece_and_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Odysseas-Kimon of Greece and Denmark">Prince Odysseas-Kimon of Greece and Denmark</a> (born 2004) is the grandson of the deposed Greek king, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_the_Hellenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine II of the Hellenes">Constantine II</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1143_Odysseus" title="1143 Odysseus">1143 Odysseus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5254_Ulysses" title="5254 Ulysses">5254 Ulysses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IM-1" title="IM-1">IM-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odysseus&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Odysseus_Unbound" title="Odysseus Unbound">Odysseus Unbound</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odysseus&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625082754/https://www.lexico.com/definition/Odysseus">"Odysseus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Odysseus">the original</a> on 25 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Odysseus&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FOdysseus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdysseus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greekmythology.com/Myths/Heroes/Odysseus/odysseus.html#:~:text=Odysseus%20was%20a%20legendary%20hero,an%20ingenious%20and%20cunning%20trickster.">"Odysseus"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210424154204/https://www.greekmythology.com/Myths/Heroes/Odysseus/odysseus.html#:~:text=Odysseus%20was%20a%20legendary%20hero,an%20ingenious%20and%20cunning%20trickster.">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Odysseus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.greekmythology.com%2FMyths%2FHeroes%2FOdysseus%2Fodysseus.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DOdysseus%2520was%2520a%2520legendary%2520hero%2Can%2520ingenious%2520and%2520cunning%2520trickster.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdysseus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Epic_Cycle" title="Epic Cycle">Epic Cycle</a>. <i>Fragments on <a href="/wiki/Telegony" title="Telegony">Telegony</a></i>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Text/EpicCycle.html">2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200829160150/https://www.theoi.com/Text/EpicCycle.html">Archived</a> 29 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> as cited in <i><a href="/wiki/Eustathius_of_Thessalonica" title="Eustathius of Thessalonica">Eustathias</a>, 1796.35.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180904071133/http://logeion.uchicago.edu/index.html#%CE%9C%E1%BF%86%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%82">"μῆτις – Liddell and Scott's Greek-English Lexicon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://logeion.uchicago.edu/index.html#%CE%9C%E1%BF%86%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%82">the original</a> on 4 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%CE%BC%E1%BF%86%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%82+%E2%80%93+Liddell+and+Scott%27s+Greek-English+Lexicon&rft.pub=Perseus+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flogeion.uchicago.edu%2Findex.html%23%25CE%259C%25E1%25BF%2586%25CF%2584%25CE%25B9%25CF%2582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdysseus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.classics.upenn.edu/myth/php/homer/index.php?page=odywar">"Greek & Roman Mythology - Homer"</a>. <i>www2.classics.upenn.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www2.classics.upenn.edu&rft.atitle=Greek+%26+Roman+Mythology+-+Homer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.classics.upenn.edu%2Fmyth%2Fphp%2Fhomer%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Dodywar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdysseus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Entry <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2372123">"<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ὀδυσσεύς</span></span>"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080305063452/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2372123">Archived</a> 5 March 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in: Henry George Liddell and Robert Scott: <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i>, 1940.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanford1968" class="citation book cs1">Stanford, William Bedell (1968). <i>The Ulysses theme. A Study in the Adaptability of a Traditional Hero</i>. New York: Spring Publications. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ulysses+theme.+A+Study+in+the+Adaptability+of+a+Traditional+Hero&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Spring+Publications&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Stanford&rft.aufirst=William+Bedell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdysseus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the entry <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%88%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%8D%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:Ἀχιλλεύς">"Ἀχιλλεύς"</a> in Wiktionary; <i>cfr.</i> Greek <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B4%CE%AC%CE%BA%CF%81%CF%85" class="extiw" title="wikt:δάκρυ">δάκρυ, <i>dákru</i></a>, vs. Latin <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lacrima" class="extiw" title="wikt:lacrima">lacrima</a></i> "tear".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Entry <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Do)du%2Fssomai">"<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὀδύσσομαι</span></span>"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210106112951/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Do%29du%2Fssomai">Archived</a> 6 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in Liddell and Scott, <i>A Greek–English Lexicon</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Entry <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Do)du%2Fromai">"<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὀδύρομαι</span></span>"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806092701/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Do)du%2Fromai">Archived</a> 6 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in Liddell and Scott, <i>A Greek–English Lexicon</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelmut_van_Thiel2009" class="citation book cs1">Helmut van Thiel, ed. (2009). <i>Homers Odysseen</i>. Berlin: Lit. p. 194.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homers+Odysseen&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=Lit&rft.date=2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdysseus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Entry <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=LSJ+o%29%2Fllumi&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057">"<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὄλλυμι</span></span>"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806004754/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=LSJ+o%29%2Fllumi&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057">Archived</a> 6 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in Liddell and Scott, <i>A Greek–English Lexicon</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns2008-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burns2008_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcy_George-Kokkinaki2008" class="citation book cs1">Marcy George-Kokkinaki (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antrocom.net/upload/sub/antrocom/040208/10-Antrocom.pdf"><i>Literary Anthroponymy: Decoding the Characters in Homer's Odyssey</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. 4. Antrocom. pp. 145–157. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180422065930/http://www.antrocom.net/upload/sub/antrocom/040208/10-Antrocom.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literary+Anthroponymy%3A+Decoding+the+Characters+in+Homer%27s+Odyssey&rft.pages=145-157&rft.pub=Antrocom&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Marcy+George-Kokkinaki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antrocom.net%2Fupload%2Fsub%2Fantrocom%2F040208%2F10-Antrocom.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdysseus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanford1968" class="citation book cs1">Stanford, William Bedell (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ulyssesthemestud0000stan_n5f7"><i>The Ulysses theme</i></a></span>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ulyssesthemestud0000stan_n5f7/page/11">11</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ulysses+theme&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Stanford&rft.aufirst=William+Bedell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fulyssesthemestud0000stan_n5f7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdysseus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Odyssey</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0136%3Abook%3D19%3Acard%3D361">19.400–405</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210617013557/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0136%3Abook%3D19%3Acard%3D361">Archived</a> 17 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dihle1994-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dihle1994_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDihle1994" class="citation book cs1">Dihle, Albrecht (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NkO_Eozss_cC&pg=PA19"><i>A History of Greek Literature. From Homer to the Hellenistic Period</i></a>. Translated by Clare Krojzl. London and New York: Routledge. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08620-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08620-2"><bdi>978-0-415-08620-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Greek+Literature.+From+Homer+to+the+Hellenistic+Period&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-415-08620-2&rft.aulast=Dihle&rft.aufirst=Albrecht&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNkO_Eozss_cC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdysseus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert S. P. Beekes, <i>Etymological Dictionary of Greek</i>, Brill, Leiden 2009, p. 1048.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glen Gordon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paleoglot.blogspot.de/2009/11/pre-greek-name-for-odysseus.html"><i>A Pre-Greek name for Odysseus</i></a>, published at <i>Paleoglot. Ancient languages. Ancient civilizations</i>. Retrieved 4 May 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dares_Phrygius" title="Dares Phrygius">Dares Phrygius</a>, <i>History of the Fall of Troy</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theoi.com/Text/DaresPhrygius.html">13</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407120900/http://www.theoi.com/Text/DaresPhrygius.html">Archived</a> 7 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Apollodorus, <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)"><i>Bibliotheca</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0022:text=Library:book=1:chapter=9&highlight=autolycus">Library 1.9.16</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201231050559/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0022:text=Library:book=1:chapter=9&highlight=autolycus">Archived</a> 31 December 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Homer does not list Laërtes as one of the <a href="/wiki/Argonauts" title="Argonauts">Argonauts</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Scholium" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholium">Scholium</a> on <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Ajax_(Sophocles)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajax (Sophocles)">Aiax</a></i> 190, noted in <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ker%C3%A9nyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Kerényi">Karl Kerényi</a>, <i>The Heroes of the Greeks</i>, 1959:77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Spread by the powerful kings, // And by the child of the infamous Sisyphid line" (κλέπτουσι μύθους οἱ μεγάλοι βασιλῆς // ἢ τᾶς ἀσώτου Σισυφιδᾶν γενεᾶς): Chorus in <i>Ajax</i> 189–190, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Sophocles/ajax.html">translated</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050418080946/http://classics.mit.edu/Sophocles/ajax.html">Archived</a> 18 April 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by <a href="/wiki/R._C._Trevelyan" title="R. C. Trevelyan">R. C. Trevelyan</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"A so-called 'Homeric' drinking-cup shows pretty undisguisedly Sisyphos in the bed-chamber of his host's daughter, the arch-rogue sitting on the bed and the girl with her spindle." <i>The Heroes of the Greeks</i> 1959:77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Sold by his father Sisyphus" (οὐδ᾽ οὑμπολητὸς Σισύφου Λαερτίῳ): Philoctetes in <i>Philoctetes</i> 417, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Sophocles/philoct.html">translated</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110106123730/http://classics.mit.edu/Sophocles/philoct.html">Archived</a> 6 January 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Francklin" title="Thomas Francklin">Thomas Francklin</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Women_in_Odyssey-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Women_in_Odyssey_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Women_in_Odyssey_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111004054530/http://records.viu.ca/~mcneil/lec/womenlec.htm">"Women in Homer's Odyssey"</a>. Records.viu.ca. 16 September 1997. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://records.viu.ca/~mcneil/lec/womenlec.htm">the original</a> on 4 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Women+in+Homer%27s+Odyssey&rft.pub=Records.viu.ca&rft.date=1997-09-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frecords.viu.ca%2F~mcneil%2Flec%2Fwomenlec.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdysseus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hom. Od. 14.199–200. Quoted from Homer. The Odyssey with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PH.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hyginus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae2.html#95"><i>Fabulae</i> 95</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170212023857/https://books.google.com/books?id=hDhgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA177&dq=sowed%20salt#95">Archived</a> 12 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Cf. Apollodorus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Text/ApollodorusE.html#3"><i>Epitome</i> 3.7</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703212703/http://www.theoi.com/Text/ApollodorusE.html#3">Archived</a> 3 July 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hyginus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae2.html#96"><i>Fabulae</i> 96</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170212023857/https://books.google.com/books?id=hDhgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA177&dq=sowed%20salt#96">Archived</a> 12 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Iliad</i> 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Iliad</i> 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Iliad</i> 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Iliad</i> 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Iliad</i> 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Iliad</i> 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Gary Miller (2014 ), <i>Ancient Greek Dialects and Early Authors</i>, De Gruyter <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61451-493-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61451-493-0">978-1-61451-493-0</a>. pp. 120–121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.uned.es/geo-1-historia-antigua-universal/NOTICIAS/INICIO_NOTICIAS_26-mayo_05.htm">Documentation on the "Villa romana de Olmeda"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161204161344/http://www2.uned.es/geo-1-historia-antigua-universal/NOTICIAS/INICIO_NOTICIAS_26-mayo_05.htm">Archived</a> 4 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, displaying a photograph of the whole mosaic, entitled "Aquiles en el gineceo de Licomedes" (Achilles in <a href="/wiki/Lycomedes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycomedes">Lycomedes</a>' 'seraglio').</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Achilleid" title="Achilleid">Achilleid</a></i>, book 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Apollodorus, <i>Epitome</i> 3.8; Hyginus 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scholium to <i>Odyssey</i> 11.547.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Odyssey</i> 11.543–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sophocles, <i>Ajax</i> 662, 865.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Apollodorus, <i>Epitome</i> 5.8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g., <i>Odyssey</i> 8.493; Apollodorus, <i>Epitome</i> 5.14–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Knox" title="Bernard Knox">Bernard Knox</a> (1996): Introduction to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fagles" title="Robert Fagles">Robert Fagles</a>' translation of <i>The Odyssey</i>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-After_the_Odyssey-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-After_the_Odyssey_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-After_the_Odyssey_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240810093520/https://chs.harvard.edu/chapter/4-after-the-odyssey/">"Zeus in the <i>Odyssey</i>: After the <i>Odyssey</i>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Hellenic_Studies_in_Greece,_Harvard_University" title="Center for Hellenic Studies in Greece, Harvard University">Center for Hellenic Studies in Greece, Harvard University</a>. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chs.harvard.edu/chapter/4-after-the-odyssey/">the original</a> on 10 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zeus+in+the+Odyssey%3A+After+the+Odyssey&rft.pub=Center+for+Hellenic+Studies+in+Greece%2C+Harvard+University&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchs.harvard.edu%2Fchapter%2F4-after-the-odyssey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdysseus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Odyssey</i>, Book 14.115 - 14.121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Text/TzetzesChiliades5.html#23">"Chiliades, 5.23 lines 568–570"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181030090556/http://www.theoi.com/Text/TzetzesChiliades5.html#23">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chiliades%2C+5.23+lines+568%E2%80%93570&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theoi.com%2FText%2FTzetzesChiliades5.html%2323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdysseus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0081.tlg001.perseus-grc1:1.72.5">"Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, 1.72.5"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220616051817/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0081.tlg001.perseus-grc1:1.72.5">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dionysius+of+Halicarnassus%2C+Roman+Antiquities%2C+1.72.5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3Durn%3Acts%3AgreekLit%3Atlg0081.tlg001.perseus-grc1%3A1.72.5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdysseus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CinaethonTelegony-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CinaethonTelegony_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CinaethonTelegony_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Cinaethon_of_Sparta" title="Cinaethon of Sparta">Cinaethon of Sparta</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Telegony" title="Telegony">Telegony</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/348/348-h/348-h.htm#chap80">summary</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Odyssey</i>, Book 11.135 - 11.136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a>, <i>Fabulae</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topostext.org/work/206#127">127</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVisser2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Visser, Edzard (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/cassiphone-e610200">"Cassiphone"</a>. In Cancik, Hubert; Schneider, Helmuth (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Brill%27s_New_Pauly" class="mw-redirect" title="Brill's New Pauly">Brill's New Pauly</a></i>. Translated by Christine F. Salazar. Basle: Brill Reference Online. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1574-9347_bnp_e610200">10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e610200</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cassiphone&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+New+Pauly&rft.place=Basle&rft.pub=Brill+Reference+Online&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1574-9347_bnp_e610200&rft.aulast=Visser&rft.aufirst=Edzard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fbrill-s-new-pauly%2Fcassiphone-e610200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdysseus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalazar2002–2003" class="citation book cs1">Salazar, Christine (2002–2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brillsnewpaulyen0002unse"><i>Brill's New Pauly Volume 2</i></a>. The Netherlands: Brill Leiden Boston. p. 1164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004122656" title="Special:BookSources/9004122656"><bdi>9004122656</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+New+Pauly+Volume+2&rft.place=The+Netherlands&rft.pages=1164&rft.pub=Brill+Leiden+Boston&rft.date=2002%2F2003&rft.isbn=9004122656&rft.aulast=Salazar&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbrillsnewpaulyen0002unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdysseus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-perseus.tufts.edu-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-perseus.tufts.edu_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-perseus.tufts.edu_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-grc1:8.14.5">"Pausanias, Description of Greece, 8.14.5"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220428171102/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-grc1:8.14.5">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pausanias%2C+Description+of+Greece%2C+8.14.5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3Durn%3Acts%3AgreekLit%3Atlg0525.tlg001.perseus-grc1%3A8.14.5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdysseus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-grc1:8.14.6">"Pausanias, Description of Greece, 8.14.6"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220428172342/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-grc1:8.14.6">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pausanias%2C+Description+of+Greece%2C+8.14.6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3Durn%3Acts%3AgreekLit%3Atlg0525.tlg001.perseus-grc1%3A8.14.6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdysseus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a>, <i>Commentary on Virgil's Aeneid</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Serv.+A.+2.44&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0053">2.44</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230107130302/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Serv.+A.+2.44&fromdoc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0053">Archived</a> 7 January 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dante, <i>Divine Comedy</i>, canto 26: "fatti non-foste a viver come bruti / ma per seguir virtute e conoscenza".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagnaghi-DelfinoNorando2015" class="citation journal cs1">Magnaghi-Delfino, Paoloa; Norando, Tullia (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281900574">"The Size and Shape of Dante's Mount Purgatory"</a>. <i>Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 123–134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3724%2FSP.J.1440-2807.2015.02.02">10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2015.02.02</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11311%2F964116">11311/964116</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Astronomical+History+and+Heritage&rft.atitle=The+Size+and+Shape+of+Dante%27s+Mount+Purgatory&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=123-134&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11311%2F964116&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3724%2FSP.J.1440-2807.2015.02.02&rft.aulast=Magnaghi-Delfino&rft.aufirst=Paoloa&rft.au=Norando%2C+Tullia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F281900574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdysseus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandon1836" class="citation book cs1">Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1836). "poetical illustration". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=39BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA42"><i>Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1837</i></a>. Fisher, Son & Co. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205220157/https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=39BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA42">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=poetical+illustration&rft.btitle=Fisher%27s+Drawing+Room+Scrap+Book%2C+1837&rft.pub=Fisher%2C+Son+%26+Co.&rft.date=1836&rft.aulast=Landon&rft.aufirst=Letitia+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fbooks%2Freader%3Fid%3D39BbAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DGBS.PA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdysseus" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandon1836" class="citation book cs1">Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1836). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=39BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA44section=picture"><i>Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1837</i></a>. Fisher, Son & Co. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205220158/https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=39BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA44section=picture">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fisher%27s+Drawing+Room+Scrap+Book%2C+1837&rft.pub=Fisher%2C+Son+%26+Co.&rft.date=1836&rft.aulast=Landon&rft.aufirst=Letitia+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fbooks%2Freader%3Fid%3D39BbAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DGBS.PA44section%3Dpicture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdysseus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandon1836" class="citation book cs1">Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1836). "picture". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=39BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA160"><i>Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1837</i></a>. Fisher, Son & Co. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221209202628/https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=39BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA160">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=picture&rft.btitle=Fisher%27s+Drawing+Room+Scrap+Book%2C+1837&rft.pub=Fisher%2C+Son+%26+Co.&rft.date=1836&rft.aulast=Landon&rft.aufirst=Letitia+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fbooks%2Freader%3Fid%3D39BbAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DGBS.PA160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdysseus" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandon1836" class="citation book cs1">Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1836). "poetical illustration". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=39BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA162"><i>Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1837</i></a>. Fisher, Son & Co. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221209202627/https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=39BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA162">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=poetical+illustration&rft.btitle=Fisher%27s+Drawing+Room+Scrap+Book%2C+1837&rft.pub=Fisher%2C+Son+%26+Co.&rft.date=1836&rft.aulast=Landon&rft.aufirst=Letitia+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fbooks%2Freader%3Fid%3D39BbAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DGBS.PA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdysseus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nordgren_2004-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nordgren_2004_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordgren2004" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nordgren, Elisabeth (14 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040901194345/http://www.kiiltomato.net/?rcat=Muu+kirjallisuus&rid=811&lang=swe">"Sommarklassiker: Med fokus på det närvarande. Eyvind Johnson: Strändernas svall, Bonniers 2004"</a>. <i>Lysmasken</i> (in Swedish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kiiltomato.net/?rcat=Muu+kirjallisuus&rid=811&lang=swe">the original</a> on 1 September 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lysmasken&rft.atitle=Sommarklassiker%3A+Med+fokus+p%C3%A5+det+n%C3%A4rvarande.+Eyvind+Johnson%3A+Str%C3%A4ndernas+svall%2C+Bonniers+2004&rft.date=2004-07-14&rft.aulast=Nordgren&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kiiltomato.net%2F%3Frcat%3DMuu%2Bkirjallisuus%26rid%3D811%26lang%3Dswe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdysseus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYermolenko2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Yermolenko, Volodymyr (2017). <i>Ловець океану : Історія Одіссея</i> [<i>Ocean Catcher: The Story of Odysseus</i>] (in Ukrainian). Lviv: Lviv: Old Lion Publishing House. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786176793717" title="Special:BookSources/9786176793717"><bdi>9786176793717</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83+%3A+%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F+%D0%9E%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%8F&rft.place=Lviv&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=Lviv%3A+Old+Lion+Publishing+House&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9786176793717&rft.aulast=Yermolenko&rft.aufirst=Volodymyr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdysseus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://starylev.com.ua/lovec-okeanu">"Ловець океану Володимир Єрмоленко купити у ВСЛ"</a>. <i>Видавництво Старого Лева</i> (in Ukrainian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.atitle=%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83+%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80+%D0%84%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8+%D1%83+%D0%92%D0%A1%D0%9B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstarylev.com.ua%2Flovec-okeanu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdysseus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Núria Perpinyà (2008): <i>The Crypts of Criticism: Twenty Readings of The Odyssey</i> (Spanish original: <i>Las criptas de la crítica: veinte lecturas de la Odisea</i>, Madrid, Gredos).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ulysses-31.com/">"<i>Ulysses 31</i> webpage"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190413011938/https://www.ulysses-31.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ulysses+31+webpage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ulysses-31.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdysseus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Journey_of_the_Magi-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Journey_of_the_Magi_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genius.com/Frank-turner-journey-of-the-magi-lyrics">"Genius Lyrics – Frank Turner, Journey of the Magi"</a>. <i>Genius Lyrics</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210426093531/https://genius.com/Frank-turner-journey-of-the-magi-lyrics">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Genius+Lyrics&rft.atitle=Genius+Lyrics+%E2%80%93+Frank+Turner%2C+Journey+of+the+Magi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgenius.com%2FFrank-turner-journey-of-the-magi-lyrics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdysseus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendy_Doniger1999" class="citation book cs1">Wendy Doniger (1999). <i>Splitting the difference: gender and myth in ancient Greece and India</i>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-15641-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-15641-5"><bdi>978-0-226-15641-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Splitting+the+difference%3A+gender+and+myth+in+ancient+Greece+and+India&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-226-15641-5&rft.au=Wendy+Doniger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdysseus" class="Z3988"></span> pp. 157ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarry_Fokkens2008" class="citation journal cs1">Harry Fokkens; et al. (2008). "Bracers or bracelets? About the functionality and meaning of Bell Beaker wrist-guards". <i>Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society</i>. <b>74</b>. University of Leiden.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Prehistoric+Society&rft.atitle=Bracers+or+bracelets%3F+About+the+functionality+and+meaning+of+Bell+Beaker+wrist-guards&rft.volume=74&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Harry+Fokkens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdysseus" class="Z3988"></span> p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark, Raymond J. "The Returning Husband and the Waiting Wife: Folktale Adaptations in Homer, Tennyson and Pratt". In: <i>Folklore</i> 91, no. 1 (1980): 46–62. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1259818">http://www.jstor.org/stable/1259818</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220315171921/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1259818">Archived</a> 15 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ready, Jonathan L. "ATU 974 <i>The Homecoming Husband</i>, The Returns of Odysseus, and the End of Odyssey 21.". In: <i><a href="/wiki/Arethusa_(journal)" title="Arethusa (journal)">Arethusa</a></i> 47, no. 3 (2014): 265–85. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26314683">https://www.jstor.org/stable/26314683</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220315171859/https://www.jstor.org/stable/26314683">Archived</a> 15 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw, John. "Mythological Aspects of the 'Return Song' Theme and their Counterparts in North-western Europe". In: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nouvellemythologiecomparee.hautetfort.com/archive/2021/06/29/john-shaw-mythological-aspects-of-the-return-song-theme-and-6324261.html">Nouvelle Mythologie Comparée</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211208055934/http://nouvellemythologiecomparee.hautetfort.com/archive/2021/06/29/john-shaw-mythological-aspects-of-the-return-song-theme-and-6324261.html">Archived</a> 8 December 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> nº. 6 (2021).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/William_Hansen_(classicist)" title="William Hansen (classicist)">Hansen, William P.</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ezDlXl7gP9oC&pg=PA210">Ariadne's Thread: A Guide to International Tales Found in Classical Literature</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164807/https://books.google.com/books?id=ezDlXl7gP9oC&pg=PA210">Archived</a> 26 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Cornell University Press, 2002. pp. 202–210. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801436703" title="Special:BookSources/9780801436703">9780801436703</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc1:17.3.17">"Strabo, Geography, §17.3.17"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806010635/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc1:17.3.17">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Strabo%2C+Geography%2C+%C2%A717.3.17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3Durn%3Acts%3AgreekLit%3Atlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc1%3A17.3.17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdysseus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137:book=3:chapter=13#note21">"Pliny the Elder, Natural History, 3.13, note 21"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220113114421/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137:book=3:chapter=13#note21">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pliny+the+Elder%2C+Natural+History%2C+3.13%2C+note+21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D3%3Achapter%3D13%23note21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdysseus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137:book=3:chapter=13">"Pliny the Elder, Natural History, 3.13"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220113114421/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137:book=3:chapter=13">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pliny+the+Elder%2C+Natural+History%2C+3.13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D3%3Achapter%3D13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdysseus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strabo,_3.2.13-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Strabo,_3.2.13_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strabo,_3.2.13_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc1:3.2.13">"Strabo, Geography, 3.2.13"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024103849/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc1:3.2.13">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Strabo%2C+Geography%2C+3.2.13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3Durn%3Acts%3AgreekLit%3Atlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc1%3A3.2.13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdysseus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strabo,_3.4.3-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Strabo,_3.4.3_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strabo,_3.4.3_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc1:3.4.3">"Strabo, Geography, 3.4.3"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024092254/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc1:3.4.3">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Strabo%2C+Geography%2C+3.4.3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3Durn%3Acts%3AgreekLit%3Atlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc1%3A3.4.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdysseus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topostext.org/work/241#O484.7">"Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica, O484.7"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410155716/https://topostext.org/work/241#O484.7">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stephanus+of+Byzantium%2C+Ethnica%2C+O484.7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftopostext.org%2Fwork%2F241%23O484.7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdysseus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Geography-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Geography_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Geography_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:entry=odysseia-geo">"Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), Odysseia"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220212171620/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:entry=odysseia-geo">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Geography+%281854%29%2C+Odysseia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0064%3Aentry%3Dodysseia-geo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdysseus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus/1D*.html">"Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, Book I, 72"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210324055826/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus/1D%2A.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dionysius+of+Halicarnassus%2C+Roman+Antiquities%2C+Book+I%2C+72&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FDionysius_of_Halicarnassus%2F1D%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdysseus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolmsen1986" class="citation journal cs1">Solmsen, Friedrich (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/311463">"Aeneas Founded Rome with Odysseus"</a>. <i>Harvard Studies in Classical Philology</i>. <b>90</b>: 93–110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F311463">10.2307/311463</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/311463">311463</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220410210717/https://www.jstor.org/stable/311463">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Studies+in+Classical+Philology&rft.atitle=Aeneas+Founded+Rome+with+Odysseus.&rft.volume=90&rft.pages=93-110&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F311463&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F311463%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Solmsen&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F311463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdysseus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odysseus&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBittlestoneDiggleUnderhill2005" class="citation book cs1">Bittlestone, Robert; Diggle, James; Underhill, John (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/odysseusunbounds00bitt"><i>Odysseus Unbound: The Search for Homer's Ithaca</i></a></span>. Cambridge, UK: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-85357-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-85357-5"><bdi>0-521-85357-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Odysseus+Unbound%3A+The+Search+for+Homer%27s+Ithaca&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-521-85357-5&rft.aulast=Bittlestone&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Diggle%2C+James&rft.au=Underhill%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fodysseusunbounds00bitt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdysseus" class="Z3988"></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.odysseus-unbound.org/">Odysseus Unbound Foundation</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraccesi2023" class="citation book cs1">Braccesi, Lorenzo (2023). <i>Ulisse: rifrangenze poetiche</i>. Rome: L'Erma di Bretschneider. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788891328489" title="Special:BookSources/9788891328489"><bdi>9788891328489</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ulisse%3A+rifrangenze+poetiche&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=L%27Erma+di+Bretschneider&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9788891328489&rft.aulast=Braccesi&rft.aufirst=Lorenzo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdysseus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradford1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernle_Bradford" title="Ernle Bradford">Bradford, Ernle</a> (1963). <i>Ulysses Found</i>. <a href="/wiki/Hodder_%26_Stoughton" title="Hodder & Stoughton">Hodder & Stoughton</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ulysses+Found&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Bradford&rft.aufirst=Ernle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdysseus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Garcin, Milan (2021). <i>Ulysse: voyage dans une Méditerranée de légendes</i>, Paris, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union_des_Mus%C3%A9es_Nationaux" title="Réunion des Musées Nationaux">Réunion des Musées Nationaux</a>. Exhibition catalogue (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdevar.fr/fr/d%C3%A9couvrir">HDE Var</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTole2005" class="citation book cs1">Tole, Vasil S. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EWStoAEACAAJ&q=Odyssey+and+Sirens:+A+Temptation+towards+the+Mystery+of+the+Iso-polyphonic+Regions+of+Epirus"><i>Odyssey and Sirens: A Temptation towards the Mystery of the Iso-polyphonic Regions of Epirus. A Homeric theme with variations</i></a>. Tirana, Albania. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99943-31-63-9" title="Special:BookSources/99943-31-63-9"><bdi>99943-31-63-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Odyssey+and+Sirens%3A+A+Temptation+towards+the+Mystery+of+the+Iso-polyphonic+Regions+of+Epirus.+A+Homeric+theme+with+variations&rft.place=Tirana%2C+Albania&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=99943-31-63-9&rft.aulast=Tole&rft.aufirst=Vasil+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEWStoAEACAAJ%26q%3DOdyssey%2Band%2BSirens%3A%2BA%2BTemptation%2Btowards%2Bthe%2BMystery%2Bof%2Bthe%2BIso-polyphonic%2BRegions%2Bof%2BEpirus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdysseus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: 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class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110427084610/http://maderatribune.1871dev.com/news/newsview.asp?c=167178">"Archaeological discovery in Greece may be the tomb of Odysseus" from the <i>Madera Tribune</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Characters_in_the_Iliad" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Characters_in_the_Iliad" title="Template:Characters in the Iliad"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Characters_in_the_Iliad" title="Template talk:Characters in the Iliad"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Characters_in_the_Iliad" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Characters in the Iliad"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Characters_in_the_Iliad" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Homeric_characters" title="List of Homeric characters">Characters in the <i>Iliad</i></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Achaeans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acamas" title="Acamas">Acamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agamemnon" title="Agamemnon">Agamemnon</a> (king of Mycenae)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agapenor" title="Agapenor">Agapenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Great" title="Ajax the Great">Ajax the Greater</a> (king of Salamis)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Lesser" title="Ajax the Lesser">Ajax the Lesser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcimus_(mythology)" title="Alcimus (mythology)">Alcimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticlus" title="Anticlus">Anticlus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antilochus" class="mw-redirect" title="Antilochus">Antilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcesilaus_(mythology)" title="Arcesilaus (mythology)">Arcesilaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalaphus_(son_of_Ares)" title="Ascalaphus (son of Ares)">Ascalaphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automedon" title="Automedon">Automedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balius_and_Xanthus" title="Balius and Xanthus">Balius and Xanthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_(mythology)" title="Bias (mythology)">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calchas" title="Calchas">Calchas</a> (prophet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diomedes" title="Diomedes">Diomedes</a> (king of Argos)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephenor" title="Elephenor">Elephenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epeius" title="Epeius">Epeius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoros" title="Eudoros">Eudoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euryalus" title="Euryalus">Euryalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurybates" title="Eurybates">Eurybates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurydamas" title="Eurydamas">Eurydamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurypylus_(king_of_Thessaly)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurypylus (king of Thessaly)">Eurypylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guneus" title="Guneus">Guneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy" title="Helen of Troy">Helen</a> (queen of Sparta)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ialmenus" title="Ialmenus">Ialmenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idomeneus" class="mw-redirect" title="Idomeneus">Idomeneus</a> (king of Crete)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iphigenia" title="Iphigenia">Iphigenia</a> (princess of Mycenae)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leitus" title="Leitus">Leitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonteus_(mythology)" title="Leonteus (mythology)">Leonteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycomedes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycomedes">Lycomedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machaon_(mythology)" title="Machaon (mythology)">Machaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medon_(mythology)" title="Medon (mythology)">Medon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meges" title="Meges">Meges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelaus" title="Menelaus">Menelaus</a> (king of Sparta)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menestheus" title="Menestheus">Menestheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meriones_(mythology)" title="Meriones (mythology)">Meriones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoptolemus" title="Neoptolemus">Neoptolemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_(mythology)" title="Nestor (mythology)">Nestor</a> (king of Pylos)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nireus" title="Nireus">Nireus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Odysseus</a> (king of Ithaca)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palamedes_(mythology)" title="Palamedes (mythology)">Palamedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patroclus" title="Patroclus">Patroclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peneleos" title="Peneleos">Peneleos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philoctetes" title="Philoctetes">Philoctetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(son_of_Amyntor)" title="Phoenix (son of Amyntor)">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podalirius" title="Podalirius">Podalirius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podarces" title="Podarces">Podarces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polites_(friend_of_Odysseus)" title="Polites (friend of Odysseus)">Polites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polypoetes" title="Polypoetes">Polypoetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promachus" title="Promachus">Promachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protesilaus" title="Protesilaus">Protesilaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prothoenor" title="Prothoenor">Prothoenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schedius" title="Schedius">Schedius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinon" title="Sinon">Sinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stentor" title="Stentor">Stentor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthenelus" title="Sthenelus">Sthenelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talthybius" title="Talthybius">Talthybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teucer" title="Teucer">Teucer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thersites" title="Thersites">Thersites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoas_(king_of_Aetolia)" title="Thoas (king of Aetolia)">Thoas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrasymedes_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrasymedes (mythology)">Thrasymedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlepolemus" title="Tlepolemus">Tlepolemus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trojans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a> (royal demigod)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesepus" title="Aesepus">Aesepus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agenor,_son_of_Antenor" class="mw-redirect" title="Agenor, son of Antenor">Agenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcathous" title="Alcathous">Alcathous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphimachus" title="Amphimachus">Amphimachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchises" title="Anchises">Anchises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andromache" title="Andromache">Andromache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenor_(Trojan)" title="Antenor (Trojan)">Antenor</a> (king's brother-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiphates" title="Antiphates">Antiphates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiphus" title="Antiphus">Antiphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archelochus" title="Archelochus">Archelochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asius_(mythology)" title="Asius (mythology)">Asius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteropaios" title="Asteropaios">Asteropaios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astyanax" title="Astyanax">Astyanax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atymnius" title="Atymnius">Atymnius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axylus" title="Axylus">Axylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briseis" title="Briseis">Briseis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calesius" title="Calesius">Calesius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caletor" title="Caletor">Caletor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassandra" title="Cassandra">Cassandra</a> (princess of Troy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chryseis" title="Chryseis">Chryseis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chryses" class="mw-redirect" title="Chryses">Chryses</a> (priest of Apollo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clytius" title="Clytius">Clytius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co%C3%B6n" title="Coön">Coön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dares_Phrygius" title="Dares Phrygius">Dares Phrygius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deiphobus" title="Deiphobus">Deiphobus</a> (prince of Troy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolon_(mythology)" title="Dolon (mythology)">Dolon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistrophus_(mythology)" title="Epistrophus (mythology)">Epistrophus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemus" title="Euphemus">Euphemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphorbus" title="Euphorbus">Euphorbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaucus_(soldier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaucus (soldier)">Glaucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgythion" title="Gorgythion">Gorgythion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector" title="Hector">Hector</a> (prince of Troy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecuba" title="Hecuba">Hecuba</a> (queen of Troy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Helenus">Helenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperenor" title="Hyperenor">Hyperenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypsenor" title="Hypsenor">Hypsenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iamenus" title="Iamenus">Iamenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilioneus" title="Ilioneus">Ilioneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbrius" title="Imbrius">Imbrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iphidamas" title="Iphidamas">Iphidamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebriones" class="mw-redirect" title="Kebriones">Kebriones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laoco%C3%B6n" title="Laocoön">Laocoön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycaon_of_Troy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycaon of Troy">Lycaon</a> (prince of Troy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanippus" title="Melanippus">Melanippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memnon" title="Memnon">Memnon</a> (King of Ethiopia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentes_(King_of_the_Cicones)" title="Mentes (King of the Cicones)">Mentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mydon" title="Mydon">Mydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mygdon_of_Phrygia" title="Mygdon of Phrygia">Mygdon of Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othryoneus" title="Othryoneus">Othryoneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandarus" title="Pandarus">Pandarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panthous" title="Panthous">Panthous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_(mythology)" title="Paris (mythology)">Paris</a> (prince of Troy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedasus" title="Pedasus">Pedasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peirous" title="Peirous">Peirous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penthesilea" title="Penthesilea">Penthesilea</a> (Queen of the Amazons)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phorcys_(Trojan_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phorcys (Trojan War)">Phorcys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podes" title="Podes">Podes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polites_(prince_of_Troy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polites (prince of Troy)">Polites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polydamas_(mythology)" title="Polydamas (mythology)">Polydamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybus_(Trojan_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polybus (Trojan War)">Polybus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polydorus_of_Troy" title="Polydorus of Troy">Polydorus</a> (prince of Troy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyxena" title="Polyxena">Polyxena</a> (princess of Troy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priam" title="Priam">Priam</a> (king of Troy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pylaemenes" title="Pylaemenes">Pylaemenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pylaeus" title="Pylaeus">Pylaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyraechmes" title="Pyraechmes">Pyraechmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhesus_of_Thrace" title="Rhesus of Thrace">Rhesus of Thrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarpedon_(Trojan_War_hero)" title="Sarpedon (Trojan War hero)">Sarpedon</a> (king of Lycia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scamandrius_(Trojan_war)" title="Scamandrius (Trojan war)">Scamandrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theano" title="Theano">Theano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucalegon" title="Ucalegon">Ucalegon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(mythology)" title="Eris (mythology)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnos" title="Hypnos">Hypnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_(mythology)" title="Iris (mythology)">Iris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leto" title="Leto">Leto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scamander" title="Scamander">Scamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatos" title="Thanatos">Thanatos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Characters_in_the_Odyssey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Characters_in_the_Odyssey" title="Template:Characters in the Odyssey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Characters_in_the_Odyssey" title="Template talk:Characters in the Odyssey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Characters_in_the_Odyssey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Characters in the Odyssey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Characters_in_the_Odyssey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Homeric_characters" title="List of Homeric characters">Characters in the <i>Odyssey</i></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Odysseus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penelope" title="Penelope">Penelope</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemachus" title="Telemachus">Telemachus</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctimene" title="Ctimene">Ctimene</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticlea" title="Anticlea">Anticlea</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laertes_(father_of_Odysseus)" title="Laertes (father of Odysseus)">Laertes (father of Odysseus)</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autolycus" title="Autolycus">Autolycus</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurycleia_of_Ithaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurycleia of Ithaca">Eurycleia</a> (chief servant)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentor_(Odyssey)" title="Mentor (Odyssey)">Mentor</a> (advisor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phemius" title="Phemius">Phemius</a> (musician)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eumaeus" title="Eumaeus">Eumaeus</a> (swineherd)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philoetius" title="Philoetius">Philoetius</a> (cowherd)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanthius_(Odyssey)" title="Melanthius (Odyssey)">Melanthius</a> (goatherd)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melantho_(Odyssey)" title="Melantho (Odyssey)">Melantho</a> (maid)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medon_(mythology)" title="Medon (mythology)">Medon</a> (herald)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argos_(dog)" title="Argos (dog)">Argos</a> (pet dog)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Other monarchs<br />and royals</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcinous" title="Alcinous">Alcinous</a> of <a href="/wiki/Scheria" title="Scheria">Phaeacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiphates" title="Antiphates">Antiphates</a>, king of the <a href="/wiki/Laestrygonians" title="Laestrygonians">Laestrygones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretus" title="Aretus">Aretus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arete_(mythology)" title="Arete (mythology)"> Arete</a> of Phaeacia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deucalion_of_Crete" class="mw-redirect" title="Deucalion of Crete">Deucalion of Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echetus" title="Echetus">Echetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_(mythology)" title="Nestor (mythology)">Nestor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pylos" title="Pylos">Pylos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echephron" title="Echephron">Echephron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseus_(son_of_Nestor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus (son of Nestor)">Perseus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratichus" title="Stratichus">Stratichus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peisistratus_(Odyssey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peisistratus (Odyssey)">Peisistratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelaus" title="Menelaus">Menelaus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy" title="Helen of Troy">Helen</a></li> <li>Princess <a href="/wiki/Nausicaa" title="Nausicaa">Nausicaa</a> of Phaeacia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laodamas" title="Laodamas">Laodamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agamemnon" title="Agamemnon">Agamemnon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Mycenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idomeneus" class="mw-redirect" title="Idomeneus">Idomeneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentes_(King_of_the_Taphians)" title="Mentes (King of the Taphians)">Mentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrasymedes_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrasymedes (mythology)">Thrasymedes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolus" title="Aeolus">Aeolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calypso_(mythology)" title="Calypso (mythology)">Calypso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucothea" title="Leucothea">Leucothea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ino_(Greek_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ino (Greek mythology)">Ino</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanus" title="Oceanus">Oceanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Man_of_the_Sea" title="Old Man of the Sea">Old Man of the Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suitors_of_Penelope" title="Suitors of Penelope">Suitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agelaus" title="Agelaus">Agelaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphimedon" title="Amphimedon">Amphimedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphinomus" title="Amphinomus">Amphinomus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antinous_of_Ithaca" title="Antinous of Ithaca">Antinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctesippus" title="Ctesippus">Ctesippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demoptolemus" title="Demoptolemus">Demoptolemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurymachus" title="Eurymachus">Eurymachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leodes" title="Leodes">Leodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perimedes" title="Perimedes">Perimedes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Characters_in_the_Odyssey" title="Category:Characters in the Odyssey">Others</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Great" title="Ajax the Great">Ajax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticlus" title="Anticlus">Anticlus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiphus" title="Antiphus">Antiphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopes" title="Cyclopes">Cyclopes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polyphemus" title="Polyphemus">Polyphemus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demodocus_(Odyssey_character)" title="Demodocus (Odyssey character)">Demodocus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolius" title="Dolius">Dolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elpenor" title="Elpenor">Elpenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupeithes" title="Eupeithes">Eupeithes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euryalus" title="Euryalus">Euryalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurylochus_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurylochus (mythology)">Eurylochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halitherses" title="Halitherses">Halitherses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracles#Hero_or_god" title="Heracles">Heracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaeus" title="Arnaeus">Irus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicones" title="Cicones">Kikonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestrygonians" title="Laestrygonians">Laestrygones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesaulius" title="Mesaulius">Mesaulius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polites_(friend_of_Odysseus)" title="Polites (friend of Odysseus)">Polites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polydamna" title="Polydamna">Polydamna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylla" title="Scylla">Scylla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charybdis" title="Charybdis">Charybdis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siren_(mythology)" title="Siren (mythology)">Sirens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiresias" title="Tiresias">Tiresias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoclymenus" title="Theoclymenus">Theoclymenus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metamorphoses_in_Greek_mythology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#cef2e0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Metamorphoses_in_Greek_mythology" title="Template:Metamorphoses in Greek mythology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Metamorphoses_in_Greek_mythology" title="Template talk:Metamorphoses in Greek mythology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Metamorphoses_in_Greek_mythology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Metamorphoses in Greek mythology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metamorphoses_in_Greek_mythology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses_in_Greek_mythology" title="Metamorphoses in Greek mythology">Metamorphoses in Greek mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Avian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abas_(mythology)" title="Abas (mythology)">Abas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acanthis_(mythology)" title="Acanthis (mythology)">Acanthis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acanthus_(son_of_Autonous)" title="Acanthus (son of Autonous)">Acanthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acmon" title="Acmon">Acmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%ABdon" title="Aëdon">Aëdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegolius_(mythology)" title="Aegolius (mythology)">Aegolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegypius_(mythology)" title="Aegypius (mythology)">Aegypius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%ABtos" title="Aëtos">Aëtos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesacus" title="Aesacus">Aesacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrius_and_Oreius_(mythology)" title="Agrius and Oreius (mythology)">Agrius and Oreius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agron_(mythology)" title="Agron (mythology)">Agron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcander_(mythology)" title="Alcander (mythology)">Alcander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcyone_(daughter_of_Sciron)" title="Alcyone (daughter of Sciron)">Alcyone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcyone_and_Ceyx" title="Alcyone and Ceyx">Alcyone and Ceyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcyonides" title="Alcyonides">Alcyonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alectryon_(mythology)" title="Alectryon (mythology)">Alectryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthus_(mythology)" title="Anthus (mythology)">Anthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigone_of_Troy" title="Antigone of Troy">Antigone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argus_Panoptes" title="Argus Panoptes">Argus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Sithonis" title="Arne Sithonis">Arne Sithonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemiche" title="Artemiche">Artemiche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalaphus_(son_of_Acheron)" title="Ascalaphus (son of Acheron)">Ascalaphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteria_(Titaness)" title="Asteria (Titaness)">Asteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonous" title="Autonous">Autonous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botres" title="Botres">Botres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulis_(mythology)" title="Bulis (mythology)">Bulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byssa_(mythology)" title="Byssa (mythology)">Byssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caeneus" title="Caeneus">Caeneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celeus_(Crete)" title="Celeus (Crete)">Celeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerberus_(Greek_myth)" title="Cerberus (Greek myth)">Cerberus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelidon_(mythology)" title="Chelidon (mythology)">Chelidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinyras" title="Cinyras">Cinyras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinis" title="Clinis">Clinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combe_(mythology)" title="Combe (mythology)">Combe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corone_(crow)" title="Corone (crow)">Corone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctesylla" title="Ctesylla">Ctesylla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycnus_(son_of_Apollo)" title="Cycnus (son of Apollo)">Cycnus of Aetolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycnus_(son_of_Ares)" title="Cycnus (son of Ares)">Cycnus of Ares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycnus_of_Kolonai" title="Cycnus of Kolonai">Cycnus of Colonae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycnus_of_Liguria" title="Cycnus of Liguria">Cycnus of Liguria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daedalion" title="Daedalion">Daedalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erinoma" title="Erinoma">Erinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erodius" title="Erodius">Erodius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eumelus" title="Eumelus">Eumelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerana" title="Gerana">Gerana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmotho%C3%AB" title="Harmothoë">Harmothoë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpalyce_(daughter_of_Clymenus)" title="Harpalyce (daughter of Clymenus)">Harpalyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpasus" title="Harpasus">Harpasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpe_(mythology)" title="Harpe (mythology)">Harpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierax_(mythology)" title="Hierax (mythology)">Hierax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippodamia_(wife_of_Autonous)" title="Hippodamia (wife of Autonous)">Hippodamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperippe" title="Hyperippe">Hyperippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyria_(mythology)" title="Hyria (mythology)">Hyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ictinus_(mythology)" title="Ictinus (mythology)">Ictinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idas_(mythology)" title="Idas (mythology)">Idas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ino_(Greek_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ino (Greek mythology)">Ino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itys" title="Itys">Itys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iynx" title="Iynx">Iynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laius_(Crete)" title="Laius (Crete)">Laius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelante" title="Lelante">Lelante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycius_(son_of_Clinis)" title="Lycius (son of Clinis)">Lycius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycus_(mythology)" title="Lycus (mythology)">Lycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megaletor" title="Megaletor">Megaletor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meleagrids" title="Meleagrids">Meleagrids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memnon" title="Memnon">Memnonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meropis_(mythology)" title="Meropis (mythology)">Meropis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merops_(mythology)" title="Merops (mythology)">Merops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyades" title="Minyades">Minyades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munichus" title="Munichus">Munichus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neophron_(Greek_myth)" title="Neophron (Greek myth)">Neophron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisos" title="Nisos">Nisus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyctaea" title="Nyctaea">Nyctaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyctimene_(mythology)" title="Nyctimene (mythology)">Nyctimene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenoe_(mythology)" title="Oenoe (mythology)">Oenoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenotropae" title="Oenotropae">Oenotropae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortygius" title="Ortygius">Ortygius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandareus" title="Pandareus">Pandareus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelia_(mythology)" title="Pelia (mythology)">Pelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdix_(mythology)" title="Perdix (mythology)">Perdix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periphas_(king_of_Attica)" title="Periphas (king of Attica)">Periphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peristera_(mythology)" title="Peristera (mythology)">Peristera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picus" title="Picus">Picus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierides_(mythology)" title="Pierides (mythology)">Pierides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phene_(mythology)" title="Phene (mythology)">Phene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philaeus_(mythology)" title="Philaeus (mythology)">Philaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomela" title="Philomela">Philomela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleiades_(Greek_mythology)" title="Pleiades (Greek mythology)">Pleiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyphonte" title="Polyphonte">Polyphonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytechnus" title="Polytechnus">Polytechnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procne" title="Procne">Procne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhexenor" title="Rhexenor">Rhexenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoeneus" title="Schoeneus">Schoeneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylla_(daughter_of_Nisus)" title="Scylla (daughter of Nisus)">Scylla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tereus" title="Tereus">Tereus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timandra_(mother_of_Neophron)" title="Timandra (mother of Neophron)">Timandra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Non-avian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abas_(mythology)" title="Abas (mythology)">Abas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actaeon" title="Actaeon">Actaeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arachne" title="Arachne">Arachne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcas" title="Arcas">Arcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arge" title="Arge">Arge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristaeus_(Giant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristaeus (Giant)">Aristaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalabus" title="Ascalabus">Ascalabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atalanta" title="Atalanta">Atalanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmus" title="Cadmus">Cadmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calchus" title="Calchus">Calchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(mythology)" title="Callisto (mythology)">Callisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephissus_(mythology)" title="Cephissus (mythology)">Cephissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerambus" title="Cerambus">Cerambus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercopes" title="Cercopes">Cercopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeus_and_the_Tortoise" title="Zeus and the Tortoise">Chelone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korybantes" title="Korybantes">Curetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynosura_(nymph)" title="Cynosura (nymph)">Cynosura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galanthis" title="Galanthis">Galanthis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gale_(mythology)" title="Gale (mythology)">Gale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonia" title="Harmonia">Harmonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecuba" title="Hecuba">Hecuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helice_(mythology)" title="Helice (mythology)">Helice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippomenes" title="Hippomenes">Hippomenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Io_(mythology)" title="Io (mythology)">Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycaon_(king_of_Arcadia)" title="Lycaon (king of Arcadia)">Lycaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_peasants" title="Lycian peasants">Lycian peasants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyncus" title="Lyncus">Lyncus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanippe" title="Melanippe">Melanippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphorion_(mythology)" title="Euphorion (mythology)">Melian nymphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melissa" title="Melissa">Melissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyades" title="Minyades">Minyades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myia_(mythology)" title="Myia (mythology)">Myia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmex_(Attic_woman)" title="Myrmex (Attic woman)">Myrmex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFs_(mythology)" title="Naïs (mythology)">Naïs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerites_(mythology)" title="Nerites (mythology)">Nerites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocyrhoe" title="Ocyrhoe">Ocyrhoe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Odysseus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentheus" title="Pentheus">Pentheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx_(mythology)" title="Phalanx (mythology)">Phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phineus" title="Phineus">Phineus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenice_(mythology)" title="Phoenice (mythology)">Phoenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompilus_(mythology)" title="Pompilus (mythology)">Pompilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taygete" title="Taygete">Taygete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophane" title="Theophane">Theophane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiresias" title="Tiresias">Tiresias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanis_(mythology)" title="Titanis (mythology)">Titanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithonus" title="Tithonus">Tithonus</a></li> <li>Tyrrhenian pirates <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aethalides_(mythology)" title="Aethalides (mythology)">Aethalides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcimedon" title="Alcimedon">Alcimedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictys" title="Dictys">Dictys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epopeus" title="Epopeus">Epopeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melas_(mythology)" title="Melas (mythology)">Melas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medon_(mythology)" title="Medon (mythology)">Medon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opheltes_(mythology)" title="Opheltes (mythology)">Opheltes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pygmalion_(Raoux).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pygmalion and Galatea"><img alt="Pygmalion and Galatea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Pygmalion_%28Raoux%29.jpg/91px-Pygmalion_%28Raoux%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Pygmalion_%28Raoux%29.jpg/137px-Pygmalion_%28Raoux%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Pygmalion_%28Raoux%29.jpg/182px-Pygmalion_%28Raoux%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1436" data-file-height="1898" /></a></span><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_and_Daphne_(Bernini).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Apollo and Daphne"><img alt="Apollo and Daphne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Apollo_and_Daphne_%28Bernini%29.jpg/90px-Apollo_and_Daphne_%28Bernini%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Apollo_and_Daphne_%28Bernini%29.jpg/135px-Apollo_and_Daphne_%28Bernini%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Apollo_and_Daphne_%28Bernini%29.jpg/180px-Apollo_and_Daphne_%28Bernini%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5048" data-file-height="7800" /></a></span><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Io_changed_into_a_cow,_Mercury_cuts_of_Argus%27s_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Io"><img alt="Io" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Io_changed_into_a_cow%2C_Mercury_cuts_of_Argus%27s_head.jpg/90px-Io_changed_into_a_cow%2C_Mercury_cuts_of_Argus%27s_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Io_changed_into_a_cow%2C_Mercury_cuts_of_Argus%27s_head.jpg/135px-Io_changed_into_a_cow%2C_Mercury_cuts_of_Argus%27s_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Io_changed_into_a_cow%2C_Mercury_cuts_of_Argus%27s_head.jpg/180px-Io_changed_into_a_cow%2C_Mercury_cuts_of_Argus%27s_head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1913" data-file-height="2645" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Base appearance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achilles_(son_of_Zeus)" title="Achilles (son of Zeus)">Achilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigone_of_Troy" title="Antigone of Troy">Antigone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charybdis" title="Charybdis">Charybdis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamia" title="Lamia">Lamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medusa" title="Medusa">Medusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midas" title="Midas">Midas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramus_and_Thisbe" title="Pyramus and Thisbe">Mulberry fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaon" title="Phaon">Phaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylla" title="Scylla">Scylla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siren_(mythology)" title="Siren (mythology)">Sirens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycius_(son_of_Clinis)" title="Lycius (son of Clinis)">White raven</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Humanoids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arne_(daughter_of_Aeolus)" title="Arne (daughter of Aeolus)">Arne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calliste_(mythology)" title="Calliste (mythology)">Calliste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymodoce_(mythology)" title="Cymodoce (mythology)">Cymodoce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcesius" title="Arcesius">Cephalus' wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatea_(mythology)" title="Galatea (mythology)">Galatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leleges" title="Leleges">Leleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmidons" title="Myrmidons">Myrmidons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephele" title="Nephele">Nephele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartoi">Spartoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Weasel_and_Aphrodite" title="The Weasel and Aphrodite">Weasel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Inanimate objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aconteus" title="Aconteus">Aconteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aglaurus,_daughter_of_Cecrops" title="Aglaurus, daughter of Cecrops">Aglaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcmene" title="Alcmene">Alcmene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaxarete" title="Anaxarete">Anaxarete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariadne" title="Ariadne">Ariadne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsino%C3%AB_of_Cyprus" title="Arsinoë of Cyprus">Arsinoë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspalis" title="Aspalis">Aspalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battus_(mythology)" title="Battus (mythology)">Battus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britomartis" title="Britomartis">Britomartis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calydon_(son_of_Ares)" title="Calydon (son of Ares)">Calydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercopes" title="Cercopes">Cercopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cragaleus" title="Cragaleus">Cragaleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphnis" title="Daphnis">Daphnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodame" title="Iodame">Iodame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laelaps_(mythology)" title="Laelaps (mythology)">Laelaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethaea" title="Lethaea">Lethaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyco_and_Orphe" title="Lyco and Orphe">Lyco and Orphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olenus" title="Olenus">Olenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallas_(Giant)" title="Pallas (Giant)">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandareus" title="Pandareus">Pandareus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phineus_(son_of_Belus)" title="Phineus (son of Belus)">Phineus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polydectes" title="Polydectes">Polydectes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proetus_(son_of_Abas)" title="Proetus (son of Abas)">Proetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propoetides" title="Propoetides">Propoetides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_(mythology)" title="Pyrrhus (mythology)">Pyrrhus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teumessian_fox" title="Teumessian fox">Teumessian fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamathe_(Nereid)" title="Psamathe (Nereid)">Wolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Landforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achelous" title="Achelous">Achelous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acheron" title="Acheron">Acheron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acis_and_Galatea" title="Acis and Galatea">Acis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aea_(mythology)" title="Aea (mythology)">Aea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alope" title="Alope">Alope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpheus_(deity)" title="Alpheus (deity)">Alpheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arethusa_(Boeotia)" title="Arethusa (Boeotia)">Arethusa (Boeotia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arethusa_(mythology)" title="Arethusa (mythology)">Arethusa (Elis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arethusa_(Ithaca)" title="Arethusa (Ithaca)">Arethusa (Ithaca)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteria_(Titaness)" title="Asteria (Titaness)">Asteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)" title="Atlas (mythology)">Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aura_(mythology)" title="Aura (mythology)">Aura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblis" title="Byblis">Byblis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calliste_(mythology)" title="Calliste (mythology)">Calliste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castalia" title="Castalia">Castalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chione_(daughter_of_Callirrhoe)" title="Chione (daughter of Callirrhoe)">Chione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleite" title="Cleite">Cleite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comaetho_of_Cilicia" title="Comaetho of Cilicia">Comaetho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyane" title="Cyane">Cyane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirce" title="Dirce">Dirce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haemus" title="Haemus">Haemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichas" title="Lichas">Lichas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilaeus_(mythology)" title="Lilaeus (mythology)">Lilaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manto_(daughter_of_Tiresias)" title="Manto (daughter of Tiresias)">Manto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsyas" title="Marsyas">Marsyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menippe_and_Metioche" title="Menippe and Metioche">Menippe and Metioche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobe" title="Niobe">Niobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perimele" title="Perimele">Perimele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirene_(nymph)" title="Pirene (nymph)">Pirene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramus_and_Thisbe" title="Pyramus and Thisbe">Pyramus and Thisbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodope_(mythology)" title="Rhodope (mythology)">Rhodope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodopis_and_Euthynicus" title="Rhodopis and Euthynicus">Rhodopis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangarius_(mythology)" title="Sangarius (mythology)">Sangas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selemnos" title="Selemnos">Selemnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris_(mythology)" title="Sybaris (mythology)">Sybaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Opposite sex</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caeneus" title="Caeneus">Caeneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaphroditus" title="Hermaphroditus">Hermaphroditus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iphis" title="Iphis">Iphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus_of_Crete" title="Leucippus of Crete">Leucippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmacis" title="Salmacis">Salmacis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siproites" title="Siproites">Siproites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sithon_(mythology)" title="Sithon (mythology)">Sithon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiresias" title="Tiresias">Tiresias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agdistis" title="Agdistis">Agdistis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Great" title="Ajax the Great">Ajax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaracus" title="Amaracus">Amaracus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosia_(Hyades)" title="Ambrosia (Hyades)">Ambrosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampelos" title="Ampelos">Ampelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anethus" title="Anethus">Anethus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attis" title="Attis">Attis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baucis_and_Philemon" title="Baucis and Philemon">Baucis and Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamos" title="Kalamos">Calamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karpos" title="Karpos">Carpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carya_of_Laconia" title="Carya of Laconia">Carya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cissus_(mythology)" title="Cissus (mythology)">Cissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clytie_(Oceanid)" title="Clytie (Oceanid)">Clytie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocus_(mythology)" title="Crocus (mythology)">Crocus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyparissus" title="Cyparissus">Cyparissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphne" title="Daphne">Daphne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diopatra_(mythology)" title="Diopatra (mythology)">Diopatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dryope_(daughter_of_Dryops)" title="Dryope (daughter of Dryops)">Dryope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaea_(mythology)" title="Elaea (mythology)">Elaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elate_(mythology)" title="Elate (mythology)">Elate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eteocles_of_Orchomenus" title="Eteocles of Orchomenus">Eteocleides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliades" title="Heliades">Heliades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegle_(mythology)" title="Aegle (mythology)">Aegle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioxippe" title="Dioxippe">Dioxippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampetia" title="Lampetia">Lampetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merope_(Greek_myth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Merope (Greek myth)">Merope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaethusa" title="Phaethusa">Phaethusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(Greek_myth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoebe (Greek myth)">Phoebe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperides" title="Hesperides">Hesperides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegle_(mythology)" title="Aegle (mythology)">Aegle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erytheia_(mythology)" title="Erytheia (mythology)">Erytheia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyacinth_(mythology)" title="Hyacinth (mythology)">Hyacinthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leuce_(mythology)" title="Leuce (mythology)">Leuce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucothoe_(daughter_of_Orchamus)" title="Leucothoe (daughter of Orchamus)">Leucothoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libanus_(mythology)" title="Libanus (mythology)">Libanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotis_(mythology)" title="Lotis (mythology)">Lotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycurgus_of_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycurgus of Thrace">Lycurgus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecon_(mythology)" title="Mecon (mythology)">Mecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melos_of_Delos" title="Melos of Delos">Melos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapian_shepherds" title="Messapian shepherds">Messapians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_of_Hera" title="Milk of Hera">Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minthe" title="Minthe">Minthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrice_(mythology)" title="Myrice (mythology)">Myrice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrina_(priestess)" title="Myrina (priestess)">Myrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrsine_(mythology)" title="Myrsine (mythology)">Myrsine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissus_(mythology)" title="Narcissus (mythology)">Narcissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oechalides" title="Oechalides">Oechalides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philyra_(Oceanid)" title="Philyra (Oceanid)">Philyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_(mythology)" title="Phyllis (mythology)">Phyllis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picolous" title="Picolous">Picolous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitys_(mythology)" title="Pitys (mythology)">Pitys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platanus_(mythology)" title="Platanus (mythology)">Platanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalacantha" title="Psalacantha">Psalacantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerberus" title="Cerberus">Saliva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_(daughter_of_Ictinus)" title="Side (daughter of Ictinus)">Side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smilax_(mythology)" title="Smilax (mythology)">Smilax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrha" title="Myrrha">Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphiaraus" title="Amphiaraus">Spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syceus" title="Syceus">Syceus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrinx" title="Syrinx">Syrinx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Voluntary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek gods">Greek gods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobalos" title="Kobalos">Kobalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestra" title="Mestra">Mestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periclymenus" title="Periclymenus">Periclymenus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumaean_Sibyl" title="Cumaean Sibyl">Cumaean Sibyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_(mythology)" title="Echo (mythology)">Echo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyades_(mythology)" title="Hyades (mythology)">Hyades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hylas" title="Hylas">Hylas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_of_Hera" title="Milk of Hera">Milk of Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleiades_(Greek_mythology)" title="Pleiades (Greek mythology)">Pleiades</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">False myths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acantha" title="Acantha">Acantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amethyste" title="Amethyste">Amethyste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchis_(mythology)" title="Orchis (mythology)">Orchis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodanthe_(mythology)" title="Rhodanthe (mythology)">Rhodanthe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#cef2e0"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47231#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47231#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control 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class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/62341158">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/24151776732018010700">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/230146284389815331517">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/61147905225279092061">4</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316807833">5</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/9148704131536932350">6</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/16157523177327030713">7</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/599159474337027662551">8</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a 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