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<span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Greek features</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Greek_features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Greek features subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Greek_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phonological_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonological_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Phonological changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonological_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphological_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphological_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Morphological changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphological_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lexical_items" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexical_items"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Lexical items</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lexical_items-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_Ancient_(Homeric)_Greek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_Ancient_(Homeric)_Greek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Comparison with Ancient (Homeric) Greek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_Ancient_(Homeric)_Greek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corpus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corpus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Corpus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corpus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variations_and_possible_dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations_and_possible_dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Variations and possible dialects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Variations_and_possible_dialects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Variations and possible dialects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Variations_and_possible_dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Survival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Survival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Survival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Survival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mycenaean Greek</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykenisches_Griechisch" title="Mykenisches Griechisch – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mykenisches Griechisch" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griego_micenico" title="Griego micenico – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Griego micenico" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griegu_mic%C3%A9nicu" title="Griegu micénicu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Griegu micénicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="মাইসিনীয় গ্রিক ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাইসিনীয় গ্রিক ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Микенски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Микенски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mic%C3%A8nic" title="Micènic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Micènic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykensk_(sprog)" title="Mykensk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mykensk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykenisches_Griechisch" title="Mykenisches Griechisch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mykenisches Griechisch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Μυκηναϊκή ελληνική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μυκηναϊκή ελληνική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griego_mic%C3%A9nico" title="Griego micénico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Griego micénico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luenga_mic%C3%A9nica" title="Luenga micénica – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Luenga micénica" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizenastar_greziera" title="Mizenastar greziera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mizenastar greziera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زبان یونانی میسنی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان یونانی میسنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myc%C3%A9nien" title="Mycénien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mycénien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grego_mic%C3%A9nico" title="Grego micénico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Grego micénico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EC%BC%80%EB%84%A4_%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%EC%96%B4" title="미케네 그리스어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미케네 그리스어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="माइसीनियाई यूनानी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="माइसीनियाई यूनानी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikenski_gr%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Mikenski grčki jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mikenski grčki jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani_Mikenai" title="Bahasa Yunani Mikenai – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Yunani Mikenai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_micenea" title="Lingua micenea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua micenea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מיקנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיקנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Graeca_Mycenaea" title="Lingua Graeca Mycenaea – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Graeca Mycenaea" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mik%C4%97n%C5%B3_kalba" title="Mikėnų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mikėnų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Микенски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Микенски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani_Mykenai" title="Bahasa Yunani Mykenai – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Yunani Mykenai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myceens" title="Myceens – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Myceens" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%82%B1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8D%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E8%AA%9E" title="ミケーネ・ギリシャ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミケーネ・ギリシャ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykensk_gresk" title="Mykensk gresk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mykensk gresk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_myke%C5%84ski" title="Język mykeński – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język mykeński" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grego_mic%C3%AAnico" title="Grego micênico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grego micênico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_micenian%C4%83" title="Limba miceniană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba miceniană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Микенский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Микенский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykenel%C3%A4inen_kreikka" title="Mykeneläinen kreikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mykeneläinen kreikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griyegong_Micenico" title="Griyegong Micenico – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Griyegong Micenico" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Мікенська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мікенська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%81%E9%8C%AB%E5%B0%BC%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="邁錫尼希臘語 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="邁錫尼希臘語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q668366#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Mycenaean+Greek%22">"Mycenaean Greek"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Mycenaean+Greek%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Mycenaean+Greek%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Mycenaean+Greek%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Mycenaean+Greek%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mycenaean+Greek%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Mycenaean Greek</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Mycenean_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycenean Greece">Mycenean Greece</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Southern <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>/<a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Era</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">16th–12th century BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Achaean<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Mycenaean Greek</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/gmy" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:gmy">gmy</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Linguist_List" title="Linguist List">Linguist List</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/gmy">gmy</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/myce1242">myce1242</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Homeric_Greece-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Homeric_Greece-en.svg/250px-Homeric_Greece-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Homeric_Greece-en.svg/375px-Homeric_Greece-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Homeric_Greece-en.svg/500px-Homeric_Greece-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1502" data-file-height="1253" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Map of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> as described in <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a>. The geographical data is believed to refer primarily to <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> Greece, when Mycenaean Greek would have been spoken, and so can be used as an estimator of the range.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains text in the Linear B syllabic script and characters used to write reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> words.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Mycenaean Greek</b> is the most ancient attested form of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a>, on the Greek mainland and <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a> (16th to 12th centuries BC). The language is preserved in inscriptions in <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a>, a script first attested on Crete before the 14th century BC. Most inscriptions are on clay tablets found in <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a>, in central Crete, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Pylos" title="Pylos">Pylos</a>, in the southwest of the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a>. Other tablets have been found at <a href="/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Mycenae</a> itself, <a href="/wiki/Tiryns" title="Tiryns">Tiryns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Chania" title="Chania">Chania</a>, in Western Crete.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The language is named after Mycenae, one of the major centres of Mycenaean Greece. </p><p>The tablets long remained undeciphered, and many languages were suggested for them, until <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ventris" title="Michael Ventris">Michael Ventris</a>, building on the extensive work of <a href="/wiki/Alice_Kober" title="Alice Kober">Alice Kober</a>, deciphered the script in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The texts on the tablets are mostly lists and inventories. No prose narrative survives, much less myth or poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, much may be gleaned from these records about the people who produced them and about Mycenaean Greece, the period before the so-called <a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greek&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephant_or_Hippopotamus_Tooth_Warrior_Head_Wearing_Boar_Tusk_Helmets_(3404330867).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Elephant_or_Hippopotamus_Tooth_Warrior_Head_Wearing_Boar_Tusk_Helmets_%283404330867%29.jpg/180px-Elephant_or_Hippopotamus_Tooth_Warrior_Head_Wearing_Boar_Tusk_Helmets_%283404330867%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Elephant_or_Hippopotamus_Tooth_Warrior_Head_Wearing_Boar_Tusk_Helmets_%283404330867%29.jpg/270px-Elephant_or_Hippopotamus_Tooth_Warrior_Head_Wearing_Boar_Tusk_Helmets_%283404330867%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Elephant_or_Hippopotamus_Tooth_Warrior_Head_Wearing_Boar_Tusk_Helmets_%283404330867%29.jpg/360px-Elephant_or_Hippopotamus_Tooth_Warrior_Head_Wearing_Boar_Tusk_Helmets_%283404330867%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="849" data-file-height="1121" /></a><figcaption>Warrior wearing a <a href="/wiki/Boar%27s_tusk_helmet" title="Boar's tusk helmet">boar's tusk helmet</a>, from a <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a> chamber tomb in the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis_of_Athens" title="Acropolis of Athens">Acropolis of Athens</a>, 14th–13th century BC.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Type </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size: x-small;"> <th>central </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">lab.</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span>* </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kʷ</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a></span>* </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɡʷ</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">pʰ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʰ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kʰ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kʰʷ</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Mycenaean preserves some archaic <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a> features not present in later <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labialized_velar_consonant" title="Labialized velar consonant">labialized velar consonants</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡʷ,<span class="wrap"> </span>kʷ,<span class="wrap"> </span>kʷʰ]</span>, written as <span class="nowrap">⟨q⟩</span> in transcriptions of the Mycenaean spelling system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVentrisChadwick197345_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVentrisChadwick197345-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other ancient Greek varieties, labialized velars were replaced with labials <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b,<span class="wrap"> </span>p,<span class="wrap"> </span>pʰ/</span>, dentals <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d,<span class="wrap"> </span>t,<span class="wrap"> </span>tʰ/</span>, or velars <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ<span class="wrap"> </span>k<span class="wrap"> </span>kʰ/</span>, depending on the context and the dialect. For example, Mycenaean <span title="Mycenaean Greek-language text"><span lang="gmy">𐀦𐀄𐀒𐀫</span></span> (<span title="Mycenaean Greek-language romanization"><i lang="gmy-Latn">qo-u-ko-ro</i></span>), pronounced <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">gʷoukoloi</i></span>, corresponds to classical Greek <span title="Classical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">βουκόλοι</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">boukóloi</i></span>, "cowherds".</li></ul> <ul><li>The semivowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j<span class="wrap"> </span>w/</span>. Both were lost in standard <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic Greek</a>, although <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> was preserved in some Greek dialects and written as <a href="/wiki/Digamma" title="Digamma">digamma</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ϝ</span></span>⟩</span> or <a href="/wiki/Beta" title="Beta">beta</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">β</span></span>⟩</span>.</li></ul> <ul><li>The glottal fricative <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> between vowels.</li></ul> <p>The voiceless and voiced affricates <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a>/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a>/</span> (marked with asterisks in the table above), are hypothesized to have been used in the pronunciation of words written with <span class="nowrap">⟨z⟩</span> in transcriptions of the Mycenaean spelling system. Voiced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a>/</span> developed from Pre-Greek clusters of a voiced dental or velar stop + *y (<i>*dy, *gy, *ɡʷy</i>), or in certain instances from word-initial <i>*y</i>, and corresponds to <a href="/wiki/%CE%96" class="mw-redirect" title="Ζ">ζ</a> in the Greek alphabet. For example, the Mycenaean words <span title="Mycenaean Greek-language text"><span lang="gmy">𐀕𐀿, 𐀵𐀟𐀼</span></span> (<span title="Mycenaean Greek-language romanization"><i lang="gmy-Latn">me-zo, to-pe-za</i></span>), pronounced <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">medzōs, torpedza</i></span>, correspond to classical Greek <span title="Classical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">μέζων, τράπεζα</span></span>. Voiceless <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a>/</span> developed from Pre-Greek clusters of a voiceless or voiceless aspirated velar stop + *y (*ky, *kʰy, *kʷy, kʷʰy) and corresponds to <i>-ττ-</i> or <i>-σσ-</i> in Greek varieties written in the Greek alphabet. The exact pronunciation of these consonants in Mycenaean is uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVentrisChadwick197344,_398–399,_476,_561_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVentrisChadwick197344,_398–399,_476,_561-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were at least five vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a<span class="wrap"> </span>e<span class="wrap"> </span>i<span class="wrap"> </span>o<span class="wrap"> </span>u/</span>, which could be both short and long. </p><p>As noted below, the syllabic <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a> script used to record Mycenaean is extremely <a href="/wiki/Defective_script" title="Defective script">defective</a> and distinguishes only the <a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">semivowels</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨j w⟩</span>, the <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorants</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨m n r⟩</span>, the <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stops</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨p t d k q⟩</span>, the <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricate</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨z⟩</span>, the <a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">sibilant</a> <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricative</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span>, and (marginally) the glottal fricative <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span>. Voiced, voiceless and aspirate occlusives are all written with the same symbols except that <span class="nowrap">⟨d⟩</span> stands for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨t⟩</span> for both <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a>/</span>). Both <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/</span> are written <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span>; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> is unwritten unless followed by <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span>. </p><p>The length of vowels and consonants is not notated. In most circumstances, the script is unable to notate a consonant not followed by a vowel. Either an extra vowel is inserted (often echoing the quality of the following vowel), or the consonant is omitted. (See above for more details.) </p><p>Thus, determining the actual pronunciation of written words is often difficult, and using a combination of the PIE etymology of a word, its form in later Greek and variations in spelling is necessary. Even so, for some words the pronunciation is not known exactly, especially when the meaning is unclear from context, or the word has no descendants in the later dialects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greek&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linear_B_Mus%C3%A9e_arch%C3%A9ologique_de_Myc%C3%A8nes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Linear_B_Mus%C3%A9e_arch%C3%A9ologique_de_Myc%C3%A8nes.jpg/220px-Linear_B_Mus%C3%A9e_arch%C3%A9ologique_de_Myc%C3%A8nes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Linear_B_Mus%C3%A9e_arch%C3%A9ologique_de_Myc%C3%A8nes.jpg/330px-Linear_B_Mus%C3%A9e_arch%C3%A9ologique_de_Myc%C3%A8nes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Linear_B_Mus%C3%A9e_arch%C3%A9ologique_de_Myc%C3%A8nes.jpg/440px-Linear_B_Mus%C3%A9e_arch%C3%A9ologique_de_Myc%C3%A8nes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Inscription of Mycenaean Greek written in <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a>. Archaeological Museum of Mycenae.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></div> <p>The Mycenaean language is preserved in <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a> writing, which consists of about 200 <a href="/wiki/Syllabogram" title="Syllabogram">syllabic characters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">ideograms</a>. Since Linear B was derived from <a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a>, the script of an undeciphered <a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan language</a>, the sounds of Mycenaean are not fully represented. A limited number of syllabic characters must represent a much greater number of syllables used in spoken speech: in particular, the Linear B script only fully represents <a href="/wiki/Open_syllables" class="mw-redirect" title="Open syllables">open syllables</a> (those ending in vowel sounds), where Mycenaean Greek frequently used closed syllables (those ending in consonants). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">Orthographic</a> simplifications therefore had to be made:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVentrisChadwick197342–48_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVentrisChadwick197342–48-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Contrasts of <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspiration</a> were not marked for any consonants except the dentals <i>d</i>, <i>t</i>. For example, <span title="Mycenaean Greek-language text"><span lang="gmy">𐀁𐀒</span></span>, <span title="Mycenaean Greek-language romanization"><i lang="gmy-Latn">e-ko</i></span> may be either <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">egō</i></span> ("I") or <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">ekhō</i></span> ("I have").</li> <li><i>r</i> and <i>l</i> are not distinguished: <span title="Mycenaean Greek-language text"><span lang="gmy">𐀣𐀯𐀩𐀄</span></span>, <span title="Mycenaean Greek-language romanization"><i lang="gmy-Latn">qa-si-re-u</i></span> is <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">gʷasileus</i></span> (classical <span title="Classical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">βασιλεύς</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">basileús</i></span> "king").</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Rough_breathing" title="Rough breathing">rough breathing</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> is generally not indicated: <span title="Mycenaean Greek-language text"><span lang="gmy">𐀀𐀛𐀊</span></span>, <span title="Mycenaean Greek-language romanization"><i lang="gmy-Latn">a-ni-ja</i></span> is <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hāniai</i></span> ("reins"). However, <span title="Mycenaean Greek-language text"><span lang="gmy">𐁀</span></span>, <i>a<sub>2</sub></i> is optionally used to indicate <i>ha</i> at word beginning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVentrisChadwick197347_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVentrisChadwick197347-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The consonants <i>l</i>, <i>m</i>, <i>n</i>, <i>r</i>, <i>s</i> are omitted at the end of a syllable or before another consonant (including word-initial <i>s</i> before a consonant): <span title="Mycenaean Greek-language text"><span lang="gmy">𐀞𐀲</span></span>, <span title="Mycenaean Greek-language romanization"><i lang="gmy-Latn">pa-ta</i></span> is <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">panta</i></span> ("all"); <span title="Mycenaean Greek-language text"><span lang="gmy">𐀏𐀒</span></span>, <span title="Mycenaean Greek-language romanization"><i lang="gmy-Latn">ka-ko</i></span> is <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">khalkos</i></span> ("copper"), <span title="Mycenaean Greek-language text"><span lang="gmy">𐀲𐀵𐀗</span></span>, <span title="Mycenaean Greek-language romanization"><i lang="gmy-Latn">ta-to-mo</i></span> is <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σταθμός</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">stathmós</i></span> ("station, outpost").</li> <li>Double consonants are not represented: <span title="Mycenaean Greek-language text"><span lang="gmy">𐀒𐀜𐀰</span></span>, <span title="Mycenaean Greek-language romanization"><i lang="gmy-Latn">ko-no-so</i></span> is <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Knōsos</i></span> (classical <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a>).</li> <li>Other consonant clusters are dissolved orthographically, creating apparent vowels: <span title="Mycenaean Greek-language text"><span lang="gmy">𐀡𐀵𐀪𐀚</span></span>, <span title="Mycenaean Greek-language romanization"><i lang="gmy-Latn">po-to-ri-ne</i></span> is <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Hellenic/pt%C3%B3lis" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Hellenic/ptólis">ptolin</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">πόλιν</span> <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">pólin</i></span></i> or <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πτόλιν</span></span> <i>ptólin</i>, "city" <small><a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative case</a></small>).</li> <li>Length of vowels is not marked.</li></ul> <p>Certain characters can be used alternately: for example, <span title="Mycenaean Greek-language text"><span lang="gmy">𐀀</span></span>, <i>a</i>, can always be written wherever <span title="Mycenaean Greek-language text"><span lang="gmy">𐁀</span></span>, <i>a<sub>2</sub>,</i> can. However, these are not true homophones (characters with the same sound) because the correspondence does not necessarily work both ways: <span title="Mycenaean Greek-language text"><span lang="gmy">𐁀</span></span>, <i>a<sub>2</sub></i> cannot necessarily be used in place of <span title="Mycenaean Greek-language text"><span lang="gmy">𐀀</span></span>, <i>a.</i> For that reason, they are referred to as 'overlapping values': signs such as <span title="Mycenaean Greek-language text"><span lang="gmy">𐁀</span></span>, <i>a<sub>2</sub></i> are interpreted as special cases or 'restricted applications' of signs such as <span title="Mycenaean Greek-language text"><span lang="gmy">𐀀</span></span>, <i>a</i>, and their use as largely a matter of an individual scribe's preference.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVentrisChadwick1973390_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVentrisChadwick1973390-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greek&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nouns likely <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">decline</a> for 7 <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">cases</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">vocative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instrumental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">locative</a>; 3 <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">genders</a>: masculine, feminine, neuter; and 3 <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">numbers</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number#singular_vs_plural" title="Grammatical number">singular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number)" title="Dual (grammatical number)">dual</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a>. The last two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">cases</a> had merged with other cases by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Classical Greek</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a>, only <a href="/wiki/Nominative" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative">nominative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accusative" class="mw-redirect" title="Accusative">accusative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vocative" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocative">vocative</a> remain as separate cases with their own morphological markings.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">Adjectives</a> <a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">agree</a> with nouns in <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a>. </p><p>Verbs probably <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugate</a> for 3 <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tenses</a>: <a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">past</a>, <a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present</a>, <a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">future</a>; 3 <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspects</a>: <a href="/wiki/Perfect_(grammar)" title="Perfect (grammar)">perfect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perfective_aspect" title="Perfective aspect">perfective</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperfective_aspect" title="Imperfective aspect">imperfective</a>; 3 <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">numbers</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number#singular_vs_plural" title="Grammatical number">singular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number)" title="Dual (grammatical number)">dual</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a>; 4 <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">moods</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indicative_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicative mood">indicative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">subjunctive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optative_mood" title="Optative mood">optative</a>; 3 <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical voice">voices</a>: <a href="/wiki/Active_voice" title="Active voice">active</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle voice">middle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">passive</a>; 3 <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">persons</a>: first, second, third; <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitives</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Verbal_adjective" class="mw-redirect" title="Verbal adjective">verbal adjectives</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Augment_(Indo-European)" title="Augment (Indo-European)">verbal augment</a> is almost entirely absent from Mycenaean Greek with only one known exception, <span title="Mycenaean Greek-language text"><span lang="gmy">𐀀𐀟𐀈𐀐</span></span>, <i>a-pe-do-ke</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pylos" title="Pylos">PY</a> Fr 1184), but even that appears elsewhere without the augment, as <span title="Mycenaean Greek-language text"><span lang="gmy">𐀀𐀢𐀈𐀐</span></span>, <i>a-pu-do-ke</i> (<a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">KN</a> Od 681). The augment is sometimes omitted in <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Greek_features">Greek features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greek&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Greek features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek language</a></div> <p>Mycenaean had already undergone the following sound changes particular to the Greek language and so is considered to be Greek:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVentrisChadwick197368_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVentrisChadwick197368-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonological_changes">Phonological changes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greek&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phonological changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Initial and intervocalic <i>*s</i> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span>.</li> <li>Voiced aspirates devoiced.</li> <li>Syllabic liquids to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ar,<span class="wrap"> </span>al/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/or,<span class="wrap"> </span>ol/</span>; syllabic nasals to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span>.</li> <li><i>*kj</i> and <i>*tj</i> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> before a vowel.</li> <li>Initial <i>*j</i> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> or replaced by z (exact value unknown, possibly <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dz]</span>).</li> <li><i>*gj</i> and <i>*dj</i> to /z/.</li> <li><i>*-ti</i> to /-si/ (also found in <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Lesbian</a>, but not <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Boeotian</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Thessalian</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphological_changes">Morphological changes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greek&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Morphological changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The use of <i>-eus</i> to produce agent nouns</li> <li>The third-person singular ending <i>-ei</i></li> <li>The infinitive ending <i>-ein</i>, contracted from <i>-e-en</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lexical_items">Lexical items</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greek&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lexical items"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Uniquely Greek words: <ul><li><span title="Mycenaean Greek-language text"><span lang="gmy"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1094882035">.mw-parser-output .script-Cprt{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Cypriot",Code2001}.mw-parser-output .script-Hano{font-size:125%;font-family:"Noto Sans Hanunoo",FreeSerif,Quivira}.mw-parser-output .script-Latf,.mw-parser-output .script-de-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Breitkopf Fraktur",UnifrakturCook,UniFrakturMaguntia,MarsFraktur,"MarsFraktur OT",KochFraktur,"KochFraktur OT",OffenbacherSchwabOT,"LOB.AlteSchwabacher","LOV.AlteSchwabacher","LOB.AtlantisFraktur","LOV.AtlantisFraktur","LOB.BreitkopfFraktur","LOV.BreitkopfFraktur","LOB.FetteFraktur","LOV.FetteFraktur","LOB.Fraktur3","LOV.Fraktur3","LOB.RochFraktur","LOV.RochFraktur","LOB.PostFraktur","LOV.PostFraktur","LOB.RuelhscheFraktur","LOV.RuelhscheFraktur","LOB.RungholtFraktur","LOV.RungholtFraktur","LOB.TheuerbankFraktur","LOV.TheuerbankFraktur","LOB.VinetaFraktur","LOV.VinetaFraktur","LOB.WalbaumFraktur","LOV.WalbaumFraktur","LOB.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOV.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOB.WieynckFraktur","LOV.WieynckFraktur","LOB.ZentenarFraktur","LOV.ZentenarFraktur"}.mw-parser-output .script-en-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:Cankama,"Old English Text MT","Textura Libera","Textura Libera Tenuis",London}.mw-parser-output .script-it-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Rotunda Pommerania",Rotunda,"Typographer Rotunda"}.mw-parser-output .script-Lina{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear A"}.mw-parser-output .script-Linb{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear B"}.mw-parser-output .script-Ugar{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Ugaritic",Aegean}.mw-parser-output .script-Xpeo{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Old Persian",Artaxerxes,Xerxes,Aegean}</style><span class="script-Linb"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%80%A3%F0%90%80%AF%F0%90%80%A9%F0%90%80%84" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐀣𐀯𐀩𐀄">𐀣𐀯𐀩𐀄</a></span></span></span>, <i>qa-si-re-u</i>, *<i><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">gʷasiléus</a></i> (later Greek: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">βασιλεύς</span></span>, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">basiléus</i></span></i>, "king")</li> <li><span title="Mycenaean Greek-language text"><span lang="gmy"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="script-Linb"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%80%8F%F0%90%80%92" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐀏𐀒">𐀏𐀒</a></span></span></span>, <i>ka-ko</i>, *<i>kʰalkós</i> (later Greek: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">χαλκός</span></span>, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">chalkos</i></span></i>, "<a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>")</li></ul></li> <li>Greek forms of words known in other languages: <ul><li><span title="Mycenaean Greek-language text"><span lang="gmy"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="script-Linb"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%80%B7%F0%90%80%99%F0%90%80%8F" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐀷𐀙𐀏">𐀷𐀙𐀏</a></span></span></span>, <i><span title="Mycenaean Greek-language text"><i lang="gmy-Latn">wa-na-ka</i></span></i>, *<i><a href="/wiki/Wanax" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanax">wánaks</a></i> (later Greek: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἄναξ</span></span>, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">ánax</i></span></i>, "overlord, king, leader")<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="Mycenaean Greek-language text"><span lang="gmy"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="script-Linb"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%80%B7%F0%90%80%99%F0%90%80%AD" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐀷𐀙𐀭">𐀷𐀙𐀭</a></span></span></span>, <i><span title="Mycenaean Greek-language text"><i lang="gmy-Latn">wa-na-sa</i></span></i>, *<i>wánassa</i> (later Greek: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἄνασσα</span></span>, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">ánassa</i></span></i>, "queen")<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="Mycenaean Greek-language text"><span lang="gmy"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="script-Linb"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%80%81%F0%90%80%A8%F0%90%80%BA" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐀁𐀨𐀺">𐀁𐀨𐀺</a></span></span></span>, <i>e-ra-wo</i> or <span title="Mycenaean Greek-language text"><span lang="gmy"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="script-Linb"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%80%81%F0%90%81%89%F0%90%80%BA" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐀁𐁉𐀺">𐀁𐁉𐀺</a></span></span></span>, <i>e-rai-wo</i>, *<i>élaiwon</i> (later Greek: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἔλαιον</span></span>, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">élaion</i></span></i>, "<a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>")</li> <li><span title="Mycenaean Greek-language text"><span lang="gmy"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="script-Linb"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%80%B3%F0%90%80%83" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐀳𐀃">𐀳𐀃</a></span></span></span>, <i>te-o</i>, *<i>tʰehós</i> (later Greek: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%8C%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:θεός">θεός</a></span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">theos</i></span>, "god")</li> <li><span title="Mycenaean Greek-language text"><span lang="gmy"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="script-Linb"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%80%B4%F0%90%80%AA%F0%90%80%A1" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐀴𐀪𐀡">𐀴𐀪𐀡</a></span></span></span>, <i>ti-ri-po</i>, *<i><a href="/wiki/Tripod" title="Tripod">tripos</a></i> (later Greek: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τρίπους</span></span>, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">tripous</i></span></i>, "tripod")</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_with_Ancient_(Homeric)_Greek"><span id="Comparison_with_Ancient_.28Homeric.29_Greek"></span>Comparison with Ancient (Homeric) Greek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greek&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Comparison with Ancient (Homeric) Greek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto"> <caption>Modern translation by Wiseman (2010) of the first five lines of the Iliad into reconstructed Mycenaean Greek<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseman201030–40_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman201030–40-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Line </th> <th>Mycenaean Greek<br />(Linear B script) </th> <th>Transliteration of Mycenaean Greek </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric Greek</a><br />(Greek alphabet: modern orthography) </th> <th>Transliteration of Homeric Greek </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><span title="Mycenaean Greek-language text"><span lang="gmy"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="script-Linb">𐀗𐀛𐄁𐀀𐀸𐀆𐄁𐀳𐀀𐄁𐀟𐀩𐀷𐀆𐀃𐀍𐄁𐀀𐀑𐀩𐀺𐄁</span></span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><span title="Mycenaean Greek-language romanization"><i lang="gmy-Latn">Monin aweyde Tʰeha Pelewadeohyo Akʰilēwos</i></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Μῆνιν ἄειδε θεᾱ̀ Πηληϊάδεω Ἀχιλῆος</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Mênin áeide theā̀ Pēlēïádeō Akhilêos</i></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><span title="Mycenaean Greek-language text"><span lang="gmy"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="script-Linb">𐀃𐀫𐀕𐀙𐄁𐁀𐀘𐀹𐀊𐄁𐀀𐀏𐀺𐄁𐀀𐀑𐀊𐄁𐀁𐀳𐀐𐄁</span></span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><span title="Mycenaean Greek-language romanization"><i lang="gmy-Latn">olomenān, hā=murwia Akʰaywoys algya etʰēke,</i></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">οὐλομένην, ἣ μῡρί᾽ Ἀχαιοῖς ἄλγε᾽ ἔθηκε,</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">ouloménēn, hḕ mūrí' Akhaioîs álge' éthēke,</i></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><span title="Mycenaean Greek-language text"><span lang="gmy"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="script-Linb">𐀡𐀩𐀷𐀆𐄁𐀂𐀠𐀴𐀗𐄁𐀢𐀱𐀏𐄁𐀀𐀹𐀅𐄁𐀡𐀫𐀊𐀟𐀮𐄁</span></span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><span title="Mycenaean Greek-language romanization"><i lang="gmy-Latn">polewas=de ipʰtʰimons psūkʰans Awidāy proyapse</i></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πολλᾱ̀ς δ᾽ ἰφθῑ́μους ψῡχᾱ̀ς Ἄϊδι προΐαψεν</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">pollā̀s d' iphthī́mous psūkhā̀s Áïdi proḯapsen</i></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><span title="Mycenaean Greek-language text"><span lang="gmy"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="script-Linb">𐀁𐀫𐀺𐄁𐁂𐀵𐀆𐄁𐀸𐀫𐀨𐄁𐀳𐀄𐀐𐄁𐀓𐀯𐄁</span></span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><span title="Mycenaean Greek-language romanization"><i lang="gmy-Latn">hērōwōn, awtons=de welōra tewkʰe kunsi</i></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἡρώων, αὐτοὺς δὲ ἑλώρια τεῦχε κύνεσσιν</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hērṓōn, autoùs dè helṓria teûkhe kúnessin</i></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><span title="Mycenaean Greek-language text"><span lang="gmy"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="script-Linb">𐀃𐀺𐀜𐀂𐀤𐄁𐀞𐀯𐄁𐀇𐀺𐀆𐄁𐀁𐀤𐀩𐀁𐀵𐄁𐀦𐀨𐄁</span></span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><span title="Mycenaean Greek-language romanization"><i lang="gmy-Latn">oywonoyhi=kʷe pansi, Diwos=de ekʷeleeto gʷōlā,</i></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">οἰωνοῖσί τε πᾶσι, Διὸς δ᾽ ἐτελείετο βουλή,</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">oiōnoîsí te pâsi, Diòs d' eteleíeto boulḗ,</i></span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Corpus">Corpus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greek&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Corpus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Linear_B#Corpus" title="Linear B">Linear B § Corpus</a></div> <p>The corpus of Mycenaean-era Greek writing consists of some 6,000 tablets and potsherds in Linear B, from <a href="/wiki/Minoan_chronology" title="Minoan chronology">LMII</a> to <a href="/wiki/Helladic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Helladic period">LHIIIB</a>. No Linear B monuments or non-Linear B transliterations have yet been found. </p><p>The so-called <a href="/wiki/Kafkania_pebble" title="Kafkania pebble">Kafkania pebble</a> has been claimed as the oldest known Mycenaean inscription, with a purported date to the 17th century BC. However, its authenticity is widely doubted, and most scholarly treatments of Linear B omit it from their corpora.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest generally-accepted date for a Linear B tablet belongs to the tablets from the 'Room of the Chariot Tablets' at Knossos, which are believed to date to the LM II-LM IIIA period, between the last half of the 15th century BCE and the earliest years of the 14th.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variations_and_possible_dialects">Variations and possible dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greek&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Variations and possible dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the Mycenaean dialect is relatively uniform at all the centres where it is found, there are also a few traces of dialectal variants: </p> <ul><li><i>i</i> for <i>e</i> in the dative of consonant stems</li> <li><i>a</i> instead of <i>o</i> as the reflex of <i>ṇ</i> (e.g. <i>pe-ma</i> instead of <i>pe-mo</i> < <i>*spermṇ</i>)</li> <li>the <i>e/i</i> variation in e.g. <i>te-mi-ti-ja/ti-mi-ti-ja</i></li></ul> <p>Based on such variations, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Risch" title="Ernst Risch">Ernst Risch</a> (1966) postulated the existence of some dialects within Linear B.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Normal Mycenaean" would have been the standardized language of the tablets, and the "Special Mycenaean" represented some local vernacular dialect (or dialects) of the particular scribes producing the tablets.<sup id="cite_ref-A_DORIC_FIFTH_COLUMN_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_DORIC_FIFTH_COLUMN-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thus, "a particular scribe, distinguished by his handwriting, reverted to the dialect of his everyday speech"<sup id="cite_ref-A_DORIC_FIFTH_COLUMN_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_DORIC_FIFTH_COLUMN-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and used the variant forms, such as the examples above. </p><p>It follows that after the collapse of Mycenaean Greece, while the standardized Mycenaean language was no longer used, the particular local dialects reflecting local vernacular speech would have continued, eventually producing the various Greek dialects of the historic period.<sup id="cite_ref-A_DORIC_FIFTH_COLUMN_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_DORIC_FIFTH_COLUMN-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such theories are also connected with the idea that the Mycenaean language constituted a type of a special <a href="/wiki/Koin%C3%A9_language" title="Koiné language">koine</a> representing the official language of the palace records and the ruling aristocracy. When the 'Mycenaean linguistic koine' fell into disuse after the fall of the palaces because the script was no longer used, the underlying dialects would have continued to develop in their own ways. That view was formulated by Antonin Bartonek.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other linguists like <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Robert_Palmer" title="Leonard Robert Palmer">Leonard Robert Palmer</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yves_Duhoux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yves Duhoux (page does not exist)">Yves Duhoux</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Duhoux" class="extiw" title="de:Yves Duhoux">de</a>]</span><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also support this view of the 'Mycenaean linguistic koine'.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The term 'Mycenaean koine' is also used by archaeologists to refer to the material culture of the region.) However, since the Linear B script does not indicate several possible dialectical features, such as the presence or absence of word-initial aspiration and the length of vowels, it is unsafe to extrapolate that Linear B texts were read as consistently as they were written. </p><p>The evidence for "Special Mycenaean" as a distinct dialect has, however, been challenged. Thompson argues that Risch's evidence does not meet the diagnostic criteria to reconstruct two dialects within Mycenaean.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, more recent paleographical study, not available to Risch, shows that no individual scribe consistently writes "Special Mycenaean" forms.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This inconsistency makes the variation between "Normal Mycenaean" and "Special Mycenaean" unlikely to represent dialectical or sociolectical differences, as these would be expected to concentrate in individual speakers, which is not observed in the Linear B corpus.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Survival">Survival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greek&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Survival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The prevailing dialect spoken in southern Greece (including Achaea, the Argolid, Laconia, Crete, and Rhodes) at the end of the Bronze Age, was Proto-<a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanko2018116_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanko2018116-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mycenaean and Arcadocypriot dialects belong to the same group, known as Achaean. Certain common innovations of Arcadian and Cypriot, as attested in the first millennium BC, indicate that they represent vernaculars that had slightly diverged from the Mycenaean administrative language, sometime before a migration to Cyprus; possibly during the 13th or 12th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Beek2022174,_182–184,_190_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Beek2022174,_182–184,_190-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ancient <a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a> also shows some similarity to Arcadocypriot and to Mycenaean Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greek&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChadwick,_John1976" class="citation book cs1">Chadwick, John (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mycenaeanworld00chad"><i>The Mycenaean World</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge UP</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-29037-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-29037-6"><bdi>0-521-29037-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mycenaean+World&rft.pub=Cambridge+UP&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-521-29037-6&rft.au=Chadwick%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmycenaeanworld00chad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/cracking-the-code-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-60-years-on">"Cracking the code: the decipherment of Linear B 60 years on"</a>. <i>University of Cambridge</i>. 15 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Cambridge&rft.atitle=Cracking+the+code%3A+the+decipherment+of+Linear+B+60+years+on&rft.date=2023-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cam.ac.uk%2Fresearch%2Fnews%2Fcracking-the-code-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-60-years-on&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCartledge2011" class="citation book cs1">Cartledge, Paul (27 October 2011). <i>Ancient Greece: A Very Short Introduction</i> (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960134-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960134-9"><bdi>978-0-19-960134-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greece%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=17&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011-10-27&rft.isbn=978-0-19-960134-9&rft.aulast=Cartledge&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVentrisChadwick197345-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVentrisChadwick197345_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVentrisChadwick1973">Ventris & Chadwick 1973</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVentrisChadwick197344,_398–399,_476,_561-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVentrisChadwick197344,_398–399,_476,_561_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVentrisChadwick1973">Ventris & Chadwick 1973</a>, pp. 44, 398–399, 476, 561.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVentrisChadwick197342–48-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVentrisChadwick197342–48_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVentrisChadwick1973">Ventris & Chadwick 1973</a>, pp. 42–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVentrisChadwick197347-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVentrisChadwick197347_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVentrisChadwick1973">Ventris & Chadwick 1973</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVentrisChadwick1973390-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVentrisChadwick1973390_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVentrisChadwick1973">Ventris & Chadwick 1973</a>, p. 390.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Garrett, "Convergence in the formation of Indo-European subgroups: Phylogeny and chronology", in <i>Phylogenetic methods and the prehistory of languages</i>, ed. Peter Forster and Colin Renfrew (Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research), 2006, p. 140, citing Ivo Hajnal, <i>Studien zum mykenischen Kasussystem</i>. Berlin, 1995, with the proviso that "the Mycenaean case system is still controversial in part".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hooker 1980:62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVentrisChadwick197368-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVentrisChadwick197368_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVentrisChadwick1973">Ventris & Chadwick 1973</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palaeolexicon.com/default.aspx?static=12&wid=162">"The Linear B word wa-na-ka"</a>. <i>Palaeolexicon. Word study tool of ancient languages</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Palaeolexicon.+Word+study+tool+of+ancient+languages&rft.atitle=The+Linear+B+word+wa-na-ka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.palaeolexicon.com%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fstatic%3D12%26wid%3D162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palaeolexicon.com/default.aspx?static=12&wid=798">"The Linear B word wa-na-sa"</a>. <i>Palaeolexicon. Word study tool of ancient languages</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Palaeolexicon.+Word+study+tool+of+ancient+languages&rft.atitle=The+Linear+B+word+wa-na-sa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.palaeolexicon.com%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fstatic%3D12%26wid%3D798&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman201030–40-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseman201030–40_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiseman2010">Wiseman 2010</a>, pp. 30–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_G._Palaima" title="Thomas G. Palaima">Thomas G. Palaima</a>, "OL Zh 1: <i>QVOVSQVE TANDEM?</i>" <i>Minos</i> <b>37–38</b> (2002–2003), p. 373-85 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utexas.edu/research/pasp/publications/pdf/kafkania.pdf">full text</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Helena Tomas (2017) "Linear B Script and Linear B Administrative System: Different Patterns in Their Development" in P. Steele (ed.)<i>Understanding Relations Between Scripts: The Aegean Writing Systems</i>, pp. 57–68, n.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anna Judson (2020) <i>The Undeciphered Signs of Linear B</i>, n.513</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDriessen2000" class="citation book cs1">Driessen, Jan (2000). <i>The Scribes of the Room of the Chariot Tablets at Knossos: Interdisciplinary Approach to the Study of a Linear B Deposit</i>. Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scribes+of+the+Room+of+the+Chariot+Tablets+at+Knossos%3A+Interdisciplinary+Approach+to+the+Study+of+a+Linear+B+Deposit&rft.pub=Ediciones+Universidad+de+Salamanca&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Driessen&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">RISCH, Ernst (1966), <i>Les differences dialectales dans le mycenien</i>. CCMS pp. 150–160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_DORIC_FIFTH_COLUMN-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_DORIC_FIFTH_COLUMN_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_DORIC_FIFTH_COLUMN_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_DORIC_FIFTH_COLUMN_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Baumbach" title="Lydia Baumbach">Lydia Baumbach</a> (1980), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.casa-kvsa.org.za/1980/AC23-02-Baumbach.pdf">A Doric Fifth Column?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190802140912/http://www.casa-kvsa.org.za/1980/AC23-02-Baumbach.pdf">Archived</a> 2019-08-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (PDF)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bartoněk, Antonín, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digilib.phil.muni.cz/bitstream/handle/11222.digilib/119936/SpisyFF_127-1968-1_6.pdf?sequence=1">Greek dialectology after the decipherment of Linear B.</a> Studia Mycenaea : proceedings of the Mycenaean symposium, Brno, 1966. Bartoněk, Antonín (editor). Vyd. 1. Brno: Universita J.E. Purkyně, 1968, pp. [37]-51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">BARTONEK, A. 1966 'Mycenaean Koine reconsidered', Cambridge Colloquium on Mycenaean Studies' (CCMS) ed. by L. R. Palmer and John Chadwick, C.U.P. pp.95–103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Palmer, L.R. (1980), The Greek Language, London.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duhoux, Y. (1985), 'Mycénien et écriture grecque', in A. Morpurgo Davies and Y. Duhoux (eds.), Linear B: A 1984 Survey (Louvain-La-Neuve): 7–74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Colvin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/classics/staff/fulltimestaff/stephencolvin/Greek_koine.pdf">'The Greek koine and the logic of a standard language'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310072939/https://www.ucl.ac.uk/classics/staff/fulltimestaff/stephencolvin/Greek_koine.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-03-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in M. Silk and A. Georgakopoulou (eds.) Standard Languages and Language Standards: Greek, Past and Present (Ashgate 2009), 33–45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, R. (2006) 'Special vs. Normal Mycenaean Revisited.' Minos 37–38, 2002–2003 [2006], 337–369.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPalaima1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_G._Palaima" title="Thomas G. Palaima">Palaima, Thomas G.</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DkVoAAAAMAAJ"><i>The scribes of Pylos</i></a>. Edizioni dell'Ateneo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+scribes+of+Pylos&rft.pub=Edizioni+dell%27Ateneo&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Palaima&rft.aufirst=Thomas+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDkVoAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanko2018116-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanko2018116_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJanko2018">Janko 2018</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Beek2022174,_182–184,_190-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Beek2022174,_182–184,_190_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Beek2022">van Beek 2022</a>, pp. 174, 182–184, 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilson2013" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Nigel (2013-10-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_TzjAQAAQBAJ"><i>Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">220–</span>221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-78799-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-78799-7"><bdi>978-1-136-78799-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Greece&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E220-%3C%2Fspan%3E221&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-10-31&rft.isbn=978-1-136-78799-7&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_TzjAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greek&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAura_Jorro1985–1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aura Jorro, Francisco (1985–1993). <i>Diccinario micénico</i> (in Spanish). Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Instituto de Filología.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diccinario+mic%C3%A9nico&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Consejo+Superior+de+Investigaciones+Cientificas%2C+Instituto+de+Filolog%C3%ADa&rft.date=1985%2F1993&rft.aulast=Aura+Jorro&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greek" class="Z3988"></span> 2 vols.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAura_Jorro2017" class="citation book cs1">Aura Jorro, Francisco (2017). "Reflexiones sobre el léxico micénico". In de la Villa, Jesús; Falque Rey, Emma; González Castro, José Francisco; Muñoz Jiménez, María José (eds.). <i>Conuentus Classicorum: temas y formas del Mundo Clásico</i>. Vol. 1. Sociedad Española de Estudios Clásicos. pp. <span class="nowrap">289–</span>320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-697-8214-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-697-8214-9"><bdi>978-84-697-8214-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reflexiones+sobre+el+l%C3%A9xico+mic%C3%A9nico&rft.btitle=Conuentus+Classicorum%3A+temas+y+formas+del+Mundo+Cl%C3%A1sico&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E289-%3C%2Fspan%3E320&rft.pub=Sociedad+Espa%C3%B1ola+de+Estudios+Cl%C3%A1sicos&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-84-697-8214-9&rft.aulast=Aura+Jorro&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBakker2010" class="citation book cs1">Bakker, Egbert J., ed. (2010). <i>A companion to the Ancient Greek language</i>. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+companion+to+the+Ancient+Greek+language&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBartoněk2003" class="citation book cs1">Bartoněk, Antonin (2003). <i>Handbuch des mykenischen Griechisch</i>. Heidelberg: Carl Winter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8253-1435-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-8253-1435-9"><bdi>3-8253-1435-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbuch+des+mykenischen+Griechisch&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pub=Carl+Winter&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=3-8253-1435-9&rft.aulast=Barton%C4%9Bk&rft.aufirst=Antonin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1958" class="citation book cs1">Chadwick, John (1958). <i>The decipherment of Linear B</i>. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-39830-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-39830-4"><bdi>0-521-39830-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decipherment+of+Linear+B&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-521-39830-4&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1976" class="citation book cs1">Chadwick, John (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mycenaeanworld00chad"><i>The Mycenaean World</i></a>. 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Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek%3A+A+history+of+the+language+and+its+speakers&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Horrocks&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIttzés2004" class="citation journal cs1">Ittzés, Máté (December 2004). "The Augment in Mycenaean Greek". <i>Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae</i>. <b>44</b> (<span class="nowrap">2–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">143–</span>150. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1556%2Faant.44.2004.2-4.1">10.1556/aant.44.2004.2-4.1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Antiqua+Academiae+Scientiarum+Hungaricae&rft.atitle=The+Augment+in+Mycenaean+Greek&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E150&rft.date=2004-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1556%2Faant.44.2004.2-4.1&rft.aulast=Ittz%C3%A9s&rft.aufirst=M%C3%A1t%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJanko2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Janko" title="Richard Janko">Janko, Richard</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110532135-007/html">"The Greek Dialects in the Palatial and Post-Palatial Late Bronze Age"</a>. <i>Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea</i>. <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">107–</span>130. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110532135-007">10.1515/9783110532135-007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-053081-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-053081-0"><bdi>978-3-11-053081-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Greek+Dialects+in+the+Palatial+and+Post-Palatial+Late+Bronze+Age&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Ancient+Greek+Dialects%3A+From+Central+Greece+to+the+Black+Sea&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E107-%3C%2Fspan%3E130&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110532135-007&rft.isbn=978-3-11-053081-0&rft.aulast=Janko&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110532135-007%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJiménez_Delgado2009" class="citation journal cs1">Jiménez Delgado, José Miguel (January 2009). "La situación de *h en griego micénico". <i>Kadmos</i>. <b>47</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2FKADMOS.2008.008">10.1515/KADMOS.2008.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161823908">161823908</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kadmos&rft.atitle=La+situaci%C3%B3n+de+%2Ah+en+griego+mic%C3%A9nico&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.date=2009-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2FKADMOS.2008.008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161823908%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jim%C3%A9nez+Delgado&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Miguel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorpurgo_DaviesDuhoux1985" class="citation book cs1">Morpurgo Davies, Anna; Duhoux, Yves, eds. (1985). <i>Linear B: A 1984 survey</i>. Louvain, Belgium: Peeters.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linear+B%3A+A+1984+survey&rft.place=Louvain%2C+Belgium&rft.pub=Peeters&rft.date=1985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorpurgo_DaviesDuhoux2008" class="citation book cs1">Morpurgo Davies, Anna; Duhoux, Yves, eds. (2008). <i>A companion to Linear B: Mycenaean Greek texts and their world</i>. Vol. 1. Louvain, Belgium: Peeters.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+companion+to+Linear+B%3A+Mycenaean+Greek+texts+and+their+world&rft.place=Louvain%2C+Belgium&rft.pub=Peeters&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPalaima1988" class="citation book cs1">Palaima, Thomas G. (1988). "The development of the Mycenaean writing system". In Olivier, J. P.; Palaima, T. G. (eds.). <i>Texts, tablets and scribes</i>. Suplementos a "Minos". Vol. 10. Salamanca: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. pp. <span class="nowrap">269–</span>342.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+development+of+the+Mycenaean+writing+system&rft.btitle=Texts%2C+tablets+and+scribes&rft.place=Salamanca&rft.series=Suplementos+a+%22Minos%22&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E269-%3C%2Fspan%3E342&rft.pub=Consejo+Superior+de+Investigaciones+Cient%C3%ADficas&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Palaima&rft.aufirst=Thomas+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPalaima1988" class="citation book cs1">Palaima, Tom (1988). <i>The Scribes of Pylos</i>. Incunabula Graeca. Vol. 87. Rome: Edizioni dell'Ateneo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scribes+of+Pylos&rft.place=Rome&rft.series=Incunabula+Graeca&rft.pub=Edizioni+dell%27Ateneo&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Palaima&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPalmer1980" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Leonard R. (1980). <i>The Greek language</i>. London: Faber & Faber.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+language&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Leonard+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Risch, Ernst. <i>Grammatik des mykenischen Griechisch</i>. Ed. & expanded by Ivo Hajnal. 2006. online <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080514121722/http://www.uibk.ac.at/sprachen-literaturen/sprawi/mykgr.html">here</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/62532264/Hajnal_and_Risch_Grammatik_des_mykenischen_Griechisch_Vol_1">here</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmodlaka_Vitas2019" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Smodlaka Vitas, Sanja (7 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15291%2Fmisc.2744">"Indoeuropsko naslijeđe u mikenskoj pomorskoj onomastici"</a> [Indo-European Heritage in Mycenaean Maritime Onomastics]. <i>Miscellanea Hadriatica et Mediterranea</i> (in Croatian and English). <b>5</b>: <span class="nowrap">9–</span>30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15291%2Fmisc.2744">10.15291/misc.2744</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Miscellanea+Hadriatica+et+Mediterranea&rft.atitle=Indoeuropsko+naslije%C4%91e+u+mikenskoj+pomorskoj+onomastici&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.date=2019-01-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15291%2Fmisc.2744&rft.aulast=Smodlaka+Vitas&rft.aufirst=Sanja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.15291%252Fmisc.2744&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThompson2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Thompson, Rupert (2006). "Special vs. Normal Mycenaean Revisited". <i>Minos</i>. <span class="nowrap">37–</span>38: <span class="nowrap">337–</span>369.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minos&rft.atitle=Special+vs.+Normal+Mycenaean+Revisited&rft.volume=37%E2%80%9338&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E337-%3C%2Fspan%3E369&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThompson2024" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Rupert (2024). "The Mycenaean Language". In Killen, John (ed.). <i>The New Documents in Mycenaean Greek</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">232–</span>254. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781139029049.009">10.1017/9781139029049.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-02904-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-02904-9"><bdi>978-1-139-02904-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Mycenaean+Language&rft.btitle=The+New+Documents+in+Mycenaean+Greek&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E232-%3C%2Fspan%3E254&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781139029049.009&rft.isbn=978-1-139-02904-9&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvan_Beek2022" class="citation book cs1">van Beek, Lucien (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/D7ECB74210D90E01F00D41B9930BC70A/9781108499798c11_173-201.pdf">"Greek"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Olander, Thomas (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/indoeuropean-language-family/4B44B5ACF0D3BBA89B9408050F112A52"><i>The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">173–</span>201. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108758666">10.1017/9781108758666</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49979-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49979-8"><bdi>978-1-108-49979-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161016819">161016819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greek&rft.btitle=The+Indo-European+Language+Family%3A+A+Phylogenetic+Perspective&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E173-%3C%2Fspan%3E201&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161016819%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108758666&rft.isbn=978-1-108-49979-8&rft.aulast=van+Beek&rft.aufirst=Lucien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fservices%2Faop-cambridge-core%2Fcontent%2Fview%2FD7ECB74210D90E01F00D41B9930BC70A%2F9781108499798c11_173-201.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVentrisChadwick1953" class="citation journal cs1">Ventris, Michael; Chadwick, John (1953). "Evidence for Greek dialect in the Mycenaean archives". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Hellenic_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Hellenic Studies">Journal of Hellenic Studies</a></i>. <b>73</b>: <span class="nowrap">84–</span>103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F628239">10.2307/628239</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/628239">628239</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163873642">163873642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hellenic+Studies&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+Greek+dialect+in+the+Mycenaean+archives&rft.volume=73&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E84-%3C%2Fspan%3E103&rft.date=1953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163873642%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F628239%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F628239&rft.aulast=Ventris&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Chadwick%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVentrisChadwick1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ventris" title="Michael Ventris">Ventris, Michael</a>; Chadwick, John (1973) [1956]. <i>Documents in Mycenaean Greek</i> (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-08558-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-08558-6"><bdi>0-521-08558-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documents+in+Mycenaean+Greek&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-521-08558-6&rft.aulast=Ventris&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Chadwick%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWiseman2010" class="citation book cs1">Wiseman, Rob (2010). <i>A Mycenaean Iliad: A linguistic reconstruction of the opening one hundred lines of the Iliad in Normal Mycenaean</i>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Mycenaean+Iliad%3A+A+linguistic+reconstruction+of+the+opening+one+hundred+lines+of+the+Iliad+in+Normal+Mycenaean&rft.place=London%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Wiseman&rft.aufirst=Rob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greek" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greek&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Mycenaean Greek</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Mycenaean+Greek&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Mycenaean+Greek">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Mycenaean+Greek&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030906231827/http://projectsx.dartmouth.edu/classics/history/bronze_age/lessons/bib/25bib.html">Jeremy B. Rutter, "Bibliography: The Linear B Tablets and Mycenaean Social, Political, and Economic Organization"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027144053/http://geocities.com/yongmax/linb_eng.htm">The writing of the Mycenaeans</a> (contains an image of the Kafkania pebble)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utexas.edu/research/pasp/">Program in Aegean Scripts and Prehistory (PASP)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palaeolexicon.com/">Palaeolexicon</a>, Word study tool of ancient languages</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/16096/">Studies in Mycenaean Inscriptions and Dialect, glossaries of individual Mycenaean terms, tablet, and series citations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spw.uni-goettingen.de/projects/aig/lng-grc.html">glottothèque – Ancient Indo-European Grammar online</a>, an online collection of video lectures on Ancient Indo-European languages, including some information about Mycenaean Greek</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output 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title="Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Ancient Greek colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" 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href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Kerkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis,_Greece" title="Megalopolis, Greece">Megalopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissus_(Crete)" title="Lissus (Crete)">Lissus (Crete)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bithynia" title="Kingdom of Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federations</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doric Hexapolis</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 560 BC</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiotes#Italiote_League" title="Italiotes">Italiote League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>–389 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_League" title="Ionian League">Ionian League</a> (c. 650–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550</span>–366 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphictyonic League">Amphictyonic League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 595</span>–279 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acarnanian_League" title="Acarnanian League">Acarnanian League</a> (c. 500–31 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Hellenic League</a> (499–449 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> (478–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcidian_League" title="Chalcidian League">Chalcidian League</a> (430–348 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotia#Boeotian_League" title="Boeotia">Boeotian League</a> (c. 424–c. 395 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetolian_League" title="Aetolian League">Aetolian League</a> (c. 400–188 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Athenian_League" title="Second Athenian League">Second Athenian League</a> (378–355 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalian_League" title="Thessalian League">Thessalian League</a> (374–196 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadian_League" title="Arcadian League">Arcadian League</a> (370–c. 230 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_League" title="Epirote League">Epirote League</a> (370–168 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a> (338–322 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euboean_League" title="Euboean League">Euboean League</a> (c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a> (280–146 BC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">Boule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_city_(classical_antiquity)" title="Free city (classical antiquity)">Free city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon" title="Koinon">Koinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxeny" title="Proxeny">Proxeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasis_(ancient_Greece)" title="Stasis (ancient Greece)">Stasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagus_(title)" title="Tagus (title)">Tagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyrant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areopagus" title="Areopagus">Areopagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">Ecclesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphe_paranomon" title="Graphe paranomon">Graphe paranomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliaia" title="Heliaia">Heliaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spartan_Constitution" title="Spartan Constitution">Spartan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(Sparta)" title="Ecclesia (Sparta)">Ekklesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephor" title="Ephor">Ephor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerousia" title="Gerousia">Gerousia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synedrion" title="Synedrion">Synedrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon_of_Macedonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinon of Macedonians">Koinon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Greece" title="List of wars involving Greece">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_military" title="Athenian military">Athenian military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_archers" title="Scythian archers">Scythian archers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_Macedonian_army" title="Antigonid Macedonian army">Antigonid Macedonian army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">Army of Macedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_archers" title="Cretan archers">Cretan archers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" title="Hellenistic armies">Hellenistic armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippeis" title="Hippeis">Hippeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">Hoplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_cavalry" title="Companion cavalry">Hetairoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">Macedonian phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Mycenaean_Greece" title="Military of Mycenaean Greece">Military of Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">Phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">Peltast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pezhetairos" title="Pezhetairos">Pezhetairos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">Sarissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_of_Thebes" title="Sacred Band of Thebes">Sacred Band of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciritae" title="Sciritae">Sciritae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_army" title="Seleucid army">Seleucid army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_army" title="Spartan army">Spartan army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">Strategos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxotai" title="Toxotai">Toxotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiphos" title="Xiphos">Xiphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyston" title="Xyston">Xyston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greeks" title="Category:Ancient Greeks">People</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_ancient_Greeks183"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">List of ancient Greeks</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rulers_of_Greece#Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of rulers of Greece">Rulers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Argos" title="List of kings of Argos">Kings of Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponymous_archon" title="Eponymous archon">Archons of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Athens" title="List of kings of Athens">Kings of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Commagene">Kings of Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedonia" title="List of kings of Macedonia">Kings of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia">Kings of Paionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalid kings of Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Pontus">Kings of Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">Seleucid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Sparta" title="List of kings of Sparta">Kings of Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tyrants_of_Syracuse" title="List of tyrants of Syracuse">Tyrants of Syracuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_astronomers" title="List of ancient Greek astronomers">Astronomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_historians" title="List of ancient Greek historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_mathematicians" title="List of ancient Greek mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_philosophers" title="List of ancient Greek philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_playwrights" title="List of ancient Greek playwrights">Playwrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_poets" title="List of ancient Greek poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece" title="Seven Sages of Greece">Seven Sages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_writers" title="List of ancient Greek writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Authors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipponax" title="Hipponax">Hipponax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimnermus" title="Mimnermus">Mimnermus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyassis" title="Panyassis">Panyassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philocles" title="Philocles">Philocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonides_of_Ceos" title="Simonides of Ceos">Simonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara" title="Theognis of Megara">Theognis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timocreon" title="Timocreon">Timocreon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrtaeus" title="Tyrtaeus">Tyrtaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Athenian_statesmen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Athenian statesmen">Athenian statesmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_lawgivers" title="List of ancient Greek lawgivers">Lawgivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Olympic_victors" title="List of ancient Olympic victors">Olympic victors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tyrants" title="List of ancient Greek tyrants">Tyrants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">Ancient Greek tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thracian_Greeks" title="List of Thracian Greeks">Thracian Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Macedonians" title="List of ancient Macedonians">Ancient Macedonians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="SocietyCulture390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece" title="Clothing in ancient Greece">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emporium_(antiquity)" title="Emporium (antiquity)">Emporium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euergetism" title="Euergetism">Euergetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_festivals" title="Athenian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_folklore" title="Ancient Greek folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_law" title="Ancient Greek law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Prostitution in ancient Greece">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Greece" title="Marriage in ancient Greece">Wedding customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Arts</a> and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" title="Musical system of ancient Greece">Musical system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_deities" title="List of Greek deities">Deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;text-align:left;">Sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_Treasury" title="Athenian Treasury">Athenian Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Gate" title="Lion Gate">Lion Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Walls" title="Long Walls">Long Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippeion" title="Philippeion">Philippeion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos" title="Tunnel of Eupalinos">Tunnel of Eupalinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Aphaea">Aphaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Nike" title="Temple of Athena Nike">Athena Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera,_Olympia" title="Temple of Hera, Olympia">Hera, Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Zeus, Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Writing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Greek_colonisation390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonisation</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainland<br />Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lecce" title="Lecce">Alision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brentesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caulonia_(ancient_city)" title="Caulonia (ancient city)">Caulonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casabona" title="Casabona">Chone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Croton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Elea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Lucania" title="Heraclea Lucania">Heraclea Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibo_Valentia" title="Vibo Valentia">Hipponion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Hydrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krimisa" title="Krimisa">Krimisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%BCs" title="Laüs">Laüs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Locri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medma" title="Medma">Medma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metauros" title="Metauros">Metauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neápolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandosia_(Lucania)" title="Pandosia (Lucania)">Pandosia (Lucania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Poseidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policastro_Bussentino" title="Policastro Bussentino">Pixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Rhegion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylletium" title="Scylletium">Scylletium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siris_(Magna_Graecia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siris (Magna Graecia)">Siris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris_on_the_Traeis" title="Sybaris on the Traeis">Sybaris on the Traeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terina_(ancient_city)" title="Terina (ancient city)">Terina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Akragas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrai" title="Akrai">Akrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrillai" title="Akrillai">Akrillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Sicily)" title="Apollonia (Sicily)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caronia" title="Caronia">Calacte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casmenae" title="Casmenae">Casmenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helorus" title="Helorus">Helorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Henna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himera" title="Himera">Himera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Gereatis" title="Hybla Gereatis">Hybla Gereatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Heraea" title="Hybla Heraea">Hybla Heraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarina,_Sicily" title="Kamarina, Sicily">Kamarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentini" title="Lentini">Leontinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara_Hyblaea" title="Megara Hyblaea">Megara Hyblaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxos_(Sicily)" title="Naxos (Sicily)">Naxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Tauromenion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciacca" title="Sciacca">Thermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindari" title="Tindari">Tyndaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salina,_Sicily" title="Salina, Sicily">Didyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarea" title="Panarea">Euonymos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicudi" title="Alicudi">Ereikousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiluzzo" title="Basiluzzo">Hycesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipara/Meligounis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filicudi" title="Filicudi">Phoenicusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromboli" title="Stromboli">Strongyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano">Therassía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayda,_Libya" title="Bayda, Libya">Balagrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barca_(ancient_city)" title="Barca (ancient city)">Barca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollonia,_Cyrenaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia, Cyrenaica">Apollonia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais,_Cyrenaica" title="Ptolemais, Cyrenaica">Ptolemais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villajoyosa" title="Villajoyosa">Alonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%BAries" title="Empúries">Emporion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elche" title="Elche">Helike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9nia" title="Dénia">Hemeroscopion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljaraque" title="Aljaraque">Kalathousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mart%C3%AD_d%27Emp%C3%BAries" title="Sant Martí d'Empúries">Kypsela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainake_(Greek_settlement)" title="Mainake (Greek settlement)">Mainake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="El Puerto de Santa María">Menestheus's Limin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Pola" title="Santa Pola">Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roses,_Girona" class="mw-redirect" title="Roses, Girona">Rhode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salou" title="Salou">Salauris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagunto" title="Sagunto">Zacynthos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspalathos" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspalathos">Aspalathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB#Early_history" title="Vlorë">Aulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Epidamnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidaurum" title="Epidaurum">Epidauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Issa (polis)">Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaina_Korkyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaina Korkyra">Melaina Korkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Illyria)" title="Nymphaeum (Illyria)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricum" title="Oricum">Orikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharos_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharos (polis)">Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragurion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragurion">Tragurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thronion_(Illyria)" title="Thronion (Illyria)">Thronion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a><br />basin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akra_(Crimmerian_Bosporus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akra (Crimmerian Bosporus)">Akra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berezan_Island" title="Berezan Island">Borysthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charax,_Crimea" title="Charax, Crimea">Charax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chersonesus" title="Chersonesus">Chersonesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Dioscurias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapa" title="Anapa">Gorgippia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmutarakan" title="Tmutarakan">Hermonassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalos_Limen" title="Kalos Limen">Kalos Limen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepoi" title="Kepoi">Kepoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Kerkinitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimmerikon" title="Kimmerikon">Kimmerikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmekion" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmekion">Myrmekion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikonion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikonion">Nikonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(Crimea)" title="Nymphaion (Crimea)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbia_(Pontic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbia (Pontic)">Olbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantikapaion" title="Pantikapaion">Pantikapaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanagoria" title="Phanagoria">Phanagoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitsunda" title="Pitsunda">Pityus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanais" title="Tanais">Tanais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Theodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyras" title="Tyras">Tyras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyritake" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyritake">Tyritake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abonoteichos" title="Abonoteichos">Abonoteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Amisos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomorie" title="Pomorie">Anchialos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozopol" title="Sozopol">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazar,_Rize" title="Pazar, Rize">Athina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Bathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balchik" title="Balchik">Dionysopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Cotyora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytorus" title="Cytorus">Cytorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupatoria_(Pontus)" title="Eupatoria (Pontus)">Eupatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Kerasous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Mesambria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Odessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cnye" title="Ünye">Oinòe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasis_(town)" title="Phasis (town)">Phasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatsa" title="Fatsa">Polemonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rhizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kıyıköy">Salmydessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasra" title="Amasra">Sesamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terme" title="Terme">Thèrmae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tium" title="Tium">Tium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trapezous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(Pontus)" title="Tripolis (Pontus)">Tripolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaliche" title="Zaliche">Zaliche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" title="List of ancient Greek cities">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ancient_Epirus" title="List of cities in ancient Epirus">in Epirus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stoae" title="List of stoae">Stoae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_temples" title="List of Ancient Greek temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_theatres" title="List of ancient Greek theatres">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greece" title="Category:Ancient Greece">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Outline of ancient Greece">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Greek_language161" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greek_language" title="Template:Greek language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greek_language" title="Template talk:Greek language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greek_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greek language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Greek_language161" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origin and genealogy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Aryan" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Greek_substrate" title="Pre-Greek substrate">Pre-Greek substrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greek" title="History of Greek">Periods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2900</span>–1600 BC)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mycenaean Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span>–1100 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>–300 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span>–AD 330)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 330</span>–1453)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a> (since 1453)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Central <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mycenaean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>East <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>West <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li>Northwest <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_Doric_Greek" title="Achaean Doric Greek">Achaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Hellenistic Koine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greek" title="Varieties of Modern Greek">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Demotic_Greek" title="Demotic Greek">Demotic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katharevousa" title="Katharevousa">Katharevousa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greek" title="Cappadocian Greek">Cappadocian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Misthi,_Cappadocia#Misthiotica_dialect" title="Misthi, Cappadocia">Misthiotika</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Greek" title="Cretan Greek">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Greek" title="Cypriot Greek">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himariote_dialect" title="Himariote dialect">Himariote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Greek_dialect" title="Istanbul Greek dialect">Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiot_Greek" title="Italiot Greek">Italiot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calabrian_Greek" title="Calabrian Greek">Greco/Calabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griko_language" title="Griko language">Griko/Apulian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maniots#Maniot_dialect" title="Maniots">Maniot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariupol_Greek" title="Mariupol Greek">Mariupolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romano-Greek language">Romano-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakonian_language" title="Tsakonian language">Tsakonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Australian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Australian dialect">Greco-Australian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phonology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_phonology" title="Ancient Greek phonology">Ancient</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_accent" title="Ancient Greek accent">accent</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_Ancient_Greek_in_teaching" title="Pronunciation of Ancient Greek in teaching">teaching</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_phonology" title="Koine Greek phonology">Koine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_phonology" title="Modern Greek phonology">Standard Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grammar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_grammar" title="Ancient Greek grammar">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_grammar" title="Koine Greek grammar">Koine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_grammar" title="Modern Greek grammar">Standard Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Greek" title="Cyrillization of Greek">Cyrillization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">Romanization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeklish" title="Greeklish">Greeklish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_literature" title="Greek literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_literature" title="Modern Greek literature">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Promotion and study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Foundation_for_Culture" title="Hellenic Foundation for Culture">Hellenic Foundation for Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_Greek_Language" title="Center for the Greek Language">Center for the Greek Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Language_and_Speech_Processing" title="Institute for Language and Speech Processing">Institute for Language and Speech Processing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eteocretan_language" title="Eteocretan language">Eteocretan language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eteocypriot_language" title="Eteocypriot language">Eteocypriot language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language_question" title="Greek language question">Greek language question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_exonyms" title="Greek exonyms">Exonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_morphemes_used_in_English" title="List of Greek morphemes used in English">Morphemes in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_words_for_love" title="Greek words for love">Terms of endearment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_phrases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Greek phrases">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan language</a></li> <li><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%97%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B1_%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%82" class="extiw" title="el:Παγκόσμια Ημέρα Ελληνικής Γλώσσας">Greek Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_language" title="Trojan language">Trojan language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Ancient_Greek_dictionaries" title="Comparison of Ancient Greek dictionaries">Comparison of Ancient Greek dictionaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ages_of_Greek32" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greek_language_periods" title="Template:Greek language periods"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greek_language_periods" title="Template talk:Greek language periods"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greek_language_periods" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greek language periods"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ages_of_Greek32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ages of <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;padding-top: 0.5em; background: transparent; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3rd millennium BC</span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;padding-top: 0.5em; background: transparent; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1600–1100 BC</span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;padding-top: 0.5em; background: transparent; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 800–300 BC</span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;padding-top: 0.5em; background: transparent; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 300 BC – AD 600</span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;padding-top: 0.5em; background: transparent; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 600–1453</span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;padding-top: 0.5em; background: transparent; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold">Since 1453</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;font-size: 110%; text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;font-size: 110%; text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mycenaean</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;font-size: 110%; text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient 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