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id="toc-The_Trojans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Trojans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>The Trojans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Trojans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Greeks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Greeks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The Greeks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Greeks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Plot</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Plot-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Plot subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Plot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Synopsis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synopsis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Synopsis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synopsis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Act_1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Act_1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Act 1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Act_1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scene_1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scene_1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Scene 1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scene_1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scene_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scene_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Scene 2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scene_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scene_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scene_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Scene 3</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scene_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Act_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Act_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Act 2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Act_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scene_1_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scene_1_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Scene 1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scene_1_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scene_2_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scene_2_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Scene 2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scene_2_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scene_3_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scene_3_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Scene 3</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scene_3_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Act_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Act_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Act 3</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Act_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scene_1_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scene_1_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Scene 1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scene_1_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scene_2_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scene_2_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Scene 2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scene_2_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scene_3_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scene_3_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Scene 3</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scene_3_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Act_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Act_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Act 4</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Act_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scene_1_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scene_1_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Scene 1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scene_1_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scenes_2–3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scenes_2–3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>Scenes 2–3</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scenes_2–3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scene_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scene_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.3</span> <span>Scene 4</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scene_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scene_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scene_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.4</span> <span>Scene 5</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scene_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Act_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Act_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Act 5</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Act_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scene_1_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scene_1_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Scene 1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scene_1_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scene_2_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scene_2_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.2</span> <span>Scene 2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scene_2_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scene_3_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scene_3_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.3</span> <span>Scene 3</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scene_3_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scene_4_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scene_4_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.4</span> <span>Scene 4</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scene_4_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scene_5_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scene_5_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.5</span> <span>Scene 5</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scene_5_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scene_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scene_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.6</span> <span>Scene 6</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scene_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scene_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scene_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.7</span> <span>Scene 7</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scene_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scene_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scene_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.8</span> <span>Scene 8</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scene_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scene_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scene_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.9</span> <span>Scene 9</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scene_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scene_10" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scene_10"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.10</span> <span>Scene 10</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scene_10-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Analysis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Analysis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genre_identification_problems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genre_identification_problems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Genre identification problems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genre_identification_problems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_and_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_and_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Date and text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_and_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Performance history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Performance_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Performance history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Performance_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modern_revivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_revivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Modern revivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_revivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_and_cultural_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_and_cultural_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Literary and cultural references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_and_cultural_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Troilus and Cressida</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troilus_and_Cressida" title="Troilus and Cressida – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Troilus and Cressida" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="ترويلوس وكريسيدا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ترويلوس وكريسيدا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Троил и Кресида – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Троил и Кресида" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troilos_i_Cr%C3%A8ssida" title="Troilos i Crèssida – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Troilos i Crèssida" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troilus_a_Kressida" title="Troilus a Kressida – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Troilus a Kressida" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troilus_og_Kressida" title="Troilus og Kressida – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Troilus og Kressida" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troilus_und_Cressida" title="Troilus und Cressida – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Troilus und Cressida" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%81%CF%89%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CE%A7%CF%81%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B7%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B1_(%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BE%CF%80%CE%B7%CF%81)" title="Τρωίλος και Χρυσηίδα (Σαίξπηρ) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τρωίλος και Χρυσηίδα (Σαίξπηρ)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troilo_y_Cr%C3%A9sida" title="Troilo y Crésida – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Troilo y Crésida" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojlo_kaj_Kresida" title="Trojlo kaj Kresida – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Trojlo kaj Kresida" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%88_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="ترویلوس و کرسیدا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترویلوس و کرسیدا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tro%C3%AFlus_et_Cressida" title="Troïlus et Cressida – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Troïlus et Cressida" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troilus_en_Kressida" title="Troilus en Kressida – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Troilus en Kressida" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%EC%9D%BC%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4%EC%99%80_%ED%81%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%84%B8%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C" title="트로일러스와 크리세이드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="트로일러스와 크리세이드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troilus_dan_Cressida" title="Troilus dan Cressida – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Troilus dan Cressida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troilo_e_Cressida" title="Troilo e Cressida – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Troilo e Cressida" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%93%D7%94" title="טרוילוס וקרסידה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טרוילוס וקרסידה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troilus_and_Cressida" title="Troilus and Cressida – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Troilus and Cressida" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troilus_%C3%A9s_Cressida" title="Troilus és Cressida – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Troilus és Cressida" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Троил и Кресида – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Троил и Кресида" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troilus_en_Cressida_(toneelstuk)" title="Troilus en Cressida (toneelstuk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Troilus en Cressida (toneelstuk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%81%A8%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%80" title="トロイラスとクレシダ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トロイラスとクレシダ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troilus_og_Kressida" title="Troilus og Kressida – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Troilus og Kressida" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troilus_i_Kresyda" title="Troilus i Kresyda – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Troilus i Kresyda" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troilo_e_Cr%C3%A9ssida" title="Troilo e Créssida – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Troilo e Créssida" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Play by William Shakespeare</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about Shakespeare's play. For the Chaucer poem, see <a href="/wiki/Troilus_and_Criseyde" title="Troilus and Criseyde">Troilus and Criseyde</a>. For William Walton's opera, see <a href="/wiki/Troilus_and_Cressida_(opera)" title="Troilus and Cressida (opera)">Troilus and Cressida (opera)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-style: italic">Troilus and Cressida</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_a_Lady_in_the_Character_of_Cressida.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Portrait_of_a_Lady_in_the_Character_of_Cressida.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_a_Lady_in_the_Character_of_Cressida.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Portrait_of_a_Lady_in_the_Character_of_Cressida.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_a_Lady_in_the_Character_of_Cressida.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Portrait_of_a_Lady_in_the_Character_of_Cressida.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_a_Lady_in_the_Character_of_Cressida.jpg 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i>Portrait of a Lady in the Character of Cressida</i>, <a href="/wiki/John_Opie" title="John Opie">John Opie</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1800</span>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Written by</th><td class="infobox-data description"><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Characters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="#Characters">See text</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Original language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Series</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/First_Folio" title="First Folio">First Folio</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shakespearean_problem_play" title="Shakespearean problem play">Shakespearean problem play</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Setting</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> <i><b>The Tragedy of Troilus and Cressida</b></i>, often shortened to <i><b>Troilus and Cressida</b></i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɔɪ/: 'oi' in 'choice'">ɔɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span> ...<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), is a play by <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>, probably written in 1602. </p><p>At <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Troilus" title="Troilus">Troilus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cressida" title="Cressida">Cressida</a> begin a love affair. Cressida is forced to leave Troy to join her father in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">Greek</a> camp. Meanwhile, the Greeks endeavour to lessen the pride of <a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a>. </p><p>The tone alternates between bawdy comedy and tragic gloom. Readers and theatre-goers have frequently found it difficult to understand how they are meant to respond to the characters. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_S._Boas" title="Frederick S. Boas">Frederick S. Boas</a> has labelled it one of Shakespeare's <a href="/wiki/Shakespearean_problem_play" title="Shakespearean problem play">problem plays</a>. In recent years it has "stimulated exceptionally lively critical debate".<sup id="cite_ref-Bate_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bate-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characters">Characters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troilus_and_Cressida&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Trojans">The Trojans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troilus_and_Cressida&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Trojans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priam" title="Priam">Priam</a>, King of Troy</li> <li>Priam's children: <a href="/wiki/Cassandra" title="Cassandra">Cassandra</a> (a prophetess), <a href="/wiki/Hector" title="Hector">Hector</a>, <a href="/wiki/Troilus" title="Troilus">Troilus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris_(mythology)" title="Paris (mythology)">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deiphobus" title="Deiphobus">Deiphobus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Helenus">Helenus</a>, and Margarelon (bastard)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andromache" title="Andromache">Andromache</a>, Hector's wife</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a>, a commander and leader</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenor_(mythology)" title="Antenor (mythology)">Antenor</a>, another commander</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calchas" title="Calchas">Calchas</a>, a Trojan priest who is taking part with the Greeks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cressida" title="Cressida">Cressida</a>, Calchas's daughter</li> <li>Alexander, servant to Cressida</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandarus" title="Pandarus">Pandarus</a>, Cressida's uncle</li></ul><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Greeks">The Greeks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troilus_and_Cressida&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Greeks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agamemnon" title="Agamemnon">Agamemnon</a>, King of the Greeks and leader of the Greek invasion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a>, prince</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Great" title="Ajax the Great">Ajax</a>, prince</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diomedes" title="Diomedes">Diomedes</a>, prince</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_(mythology)" title="Nestor (mythology)">Nestor</a>, wise and talkative prince</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Ulysses</a>, King of Ithaca (In some editions, the character is referred to as Odysseus.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelaus" title="Menelaus">Menelaus</a>, King of Sparta, brother to Agamemnon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy" title="Helen of Troy">Helen</a>, wife to Menelaus, living with Paris</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thersites" title="Thersites">Thersites</a>, a deformed and scurrilous low-class "fool"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patroclus" title="Patroclus">Patroclus</a>, protégé and lover of Achilles</li></ul><p>  </p><table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plot">Plot</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troilus_and_Cressida&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Plot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cressida_-_Edward_J._Poynter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Cressida_-_Edward_J._Poynter.jpg/150px-Cressida_-_Edward_J._Poynter.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Cressida_-_Edward_J._Poynter.jpg/225px-Cressida_-_Edward_J._Poynter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Cressida_-_Edward_J._Poynter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="296" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption><i>Cressida</i> by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Poynter" title="Edward Poynter">Edward Poynter</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synopsis">Synopsis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troilus_and_Cressida&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Synopsis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Troilus and Cressida</i> is set during the later years of the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a>, faithfully following the plotline of the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a>' refusal to participate in battle to <a href="/wiki/Hector" title="Hector">Hector</a>'s death. Essentially, two plots are followed in the play. In one, <a href="/wiki/Troilus" title="Troilus">Troilus</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Trojan</a> prince (son of <a href="/wiki/Priam" title="Priam">Priam</a>), woos <a href="/wiki/Cressida" title="Cressida">Cressida</a>, another Trojan. They profess their undying love, before Cressida is exchanged for a Trojan prisoner of war. As he attempts to visit her in the Greek camp, Troilus glimpses <a href="/wiki/Diomedes" title="Diomedes">Diomedes</a> flirting with his beloved Cressida, and decides to avenge her perfidy. </p><p>While this plot gives the play its name, it accounts for only a small part of the play's run time. The majority of the play revolves around the leaders of the Greek and Trojan forces, <a href="/wiki/Agamemnon" title="Agamemnon">Agamemnon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priam" title="Priam">Priam</a>, respectively. Agamemnon and his cohorts attempt to get the proud Achilles to return to battle and face Hector, who sends the Greeks a letter telling them of his willingness to engage in one-on-one combat with a Greek soldier. <a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Great" title="Ajax the Great">Ajax</a> is originally chosen as this combatant, but makes peace with Hector before they are able to fight. Achilles is prompted to return to battle only after his protege <a href="/wiki/Patroclus" title="Patroclus">Patroclus</a> is killed by Hector before the Trojan walls. A series of skirmishes conclude the play, during which Achilles catches Hector and has the <a href="/wiki/Myrmidons" title="Myrmidons">Myrmidons</a> kill him. The conquest of Troy is left unfinished, as the Trojans learn of the death of their hero. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Act_1">Act 1</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troilus_and_Cressida&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Act 1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scene_1">Scene 1</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troilus_and_Cressida&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Scene 1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The play opens with a Prologue, an actor dressed as a soldier, who gives us the background to the plot, which takes place during the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a>. Immortalized in <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Homer's <i>Iliad</i></a>, the war occurs because a Trojan prince, Paris, has stolen the beautiful <a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy" title="Helen of Troy">Helen</a> from her husband, King <a href="/wiki/Menelaus" title="Menelaus">Menelaus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>, and carries her home to Troy with him. In response, Menelaus gathers his fellow Greek kings, and they sail to Troy hoping to capture the city and reclaim Helen. </p><p>Within the walls of <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a>, Prince Troilus complains to <a href="/wiki/Pandarus" title="Pandarus">Pandarus</a> that he is unable to fight because of heartache; he is desperately in love with Pandarus's niece, Cressida. Pandarus complains that he has been doing his best to further Troilus's pursuit of his niece, and that he has received small thanks for his labors. After he departs, <a href="/wiki/Troilus" title="Troilus">Troilus</a> remarks that Pandarus has been growing irritable lately. As he ponders, the Trojan commander <a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a> comes in, bringing news that Paris has been wounded in combat with Menelaus. As the noise of battle comes in offstage, Troilus agrees to join his Trojan comrades on the field.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scene_2">Scene 2</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troilus_and_Cressida&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Scene 2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In another part of the city, <a href="/wiki/Cressida" title="Cressida">Cressida</a> converses with her servant, who recounts how a Greek warrior named <a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Great" title="Ajax the Great">Ajax</a>, a valiant but stupid man, managed to overcome the great Trojan prince <a href="/wiki/Hector" title="Hector">Hector</a> the previous day, and that Hector is fighting furiously because of this defeat. Cressida is joined by Pandarus, and they discuss the Trojan princes, with Pandarus taking the unlikely position that Troilus is a greater man than Hector. As they converse, several Trojan lords pass by them returning from battle, including Antenor, Aeneas, Hector, and Paris; Pandarus praises each one, but tells his niece that none of them can match Troilus. He then leaves Cressida, promising to bring a token from Troilus. Alone, Cressida says that while she returns Troilus's feelings, she is holding him off; she is enjoying his pursuit of her.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scene_3">Scene 3</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troilus_and_Cressida&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Scene 3"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Greek camp, the great general and king <a href="/wiki/Agamemnon" title="Agamemnon">Agamemnon</a> is conversing with his lieutenants and fellow kings. He asks why they seem so glum and downcast for although their seven-year siege of Troy has met little success so far, they should welcome the adversity that the long war represents, since only in difficult times can greatness emerge. Nestor, the oldest of the Greek commanders, cites examples of how heroism emerges from hardship. In response, Ulysses expresses his deep respect for what they have said, but points out that the Greek army is facing a crisis not because of the duration of the war, but because of a breakdown in authority within the Greek camp. Instead of being united, they are divided into factions: Achilles refuses to fight, and instead sits in his tent while his boyfriend Patroclus makes fun of the Greek commanders; others, like Ajax and his foul-mouthed slave Thersites, follow this example, and so the entire army is corrupted. The others agree that this is a great problem, and as they discuss what is to be done, Aeneas appears under a flag of truce, bringing a challenge from Hector. The Trojan prince offers to fight any Greek lord in single combat, with the honour of their respective wives as the issue. The Greeks agree to find a champion and offer Aeneas hospitality. As Aeneas is led away, Ulysses tells Nestor that this challenge is truly directed at Achilles, since only Achilles could match the great Hector in battle. But to have Achilles fight Hector would be dangerous, because if Achilles lost, it would dishearten the entire army. Therefore, Ulysses suggests, they should have Ajax fight Hector instead; even if Ajax loses, they can still claim that Achilles would have won in his place. At the same time, by choosing Ajax as their champion, they will infuriate Achilles and perhaps goad him into rejoining the war, bringing with him all his soldiers. Nestor, impressed with Ulysses's intelligence, agrees to the plan.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Act_2">Act 2</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troilus_and_Cressida&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Act 2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scene_1_2">Scene 1</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troilus_and_Cressida&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Scene 1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Greek camp, Ajax summons his slave, Thersites, and orders him to find out the nature of the proclamation that has just been posted. Thersites, a foul-mouthed ruffian, refuses to obey and instead curses his master and the Greeks with equal vigor, provoking Ajax to beat him. Achilles and Patroclus come upon them and he includes them in his curses. Offended at Patroclus' request he stop, he replies "I will hold my peace when Achilles' brooch bids me, shall I?",<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the term "in the 16th century meant, among other things, a 'pointed rod, spit or pricker,<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> implying that Achilles and Patroclus were lovers. They send him away, and Achilles tells Ajax the news of Hector's challenge to any brave Greek warrior. The selection of the warrior has been put to a lottery otherwise, Achilles says as he leaves, he would have been the only possible choice, a remark that produces a sneer from Ajax.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scene_2_2">Scene 2</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troilus_and_Cressida&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Scene 2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cassandra_in_Troilus_and_Cressida.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Cassandra_in_Troilus_and_Cressida.jpg/220px-Cassandra_in_Troilus_and_Cressida.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="394" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Cassandra_in_Troilus_and_Cressida.jpg/330px-Cassandra_in_Troilus_and_Cressida.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Cassandra_in_Troilus_and_Cressida.jpg 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="721" /></a><figcaption><i>Cassandra, Troilus and Cressida</i>, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Austin_Abbey" title="Edwin Austin Abbey">Edwin Austin Abbey</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1908</span>)</figcaption></figure><p> In Troy, King Priam and his sons debate the wisdom of continuing the war, when they can end it by returning Helen to the Greeks. Hector, supported by his brother Helenus, argues eloquently that while the theft of Helen may have been a brave act, she cannot be worth the great and bloody price they are paying to keep her. When he is done speaking, his sister Cassandra, a prophetess who is considered mad, dashes in and cries that if they do not let Helen go, Troy will burn. When she is gone, Troilus dismisses her warning as ravings, and argues that they must keep Helen for the sake of their honor and Paris supports him. Hector retorts that this is why young men cannot be trusted to make moral decisions, since passion overwhelms their reason. But Troilus says that Helen is more than a woman, she is a theme of honour and renown, and Hector yields and agrees to continue the war. He goes on to report the challenge that has been sent out to the Greeks, and how he hopes it will bring Achilles to the field.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scene_3_2">Scene 3</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troilus_and_Cressida&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Scene 3"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alone, Thersites sneers at the pretensions of both Ajax and Achilles. When Patroclus and Achilles appear, he calls them fools; Patroclus moves to strike him, but Achilles holds him off. They see the Greek commanders Agamemnon, Ulysses, Nestor, and Diomedes approaching, accompanied by Ajax, and Achilles quickly retires to his tent. When Agamemnon asks to see him, Patroclus tells the general that Achilles is ill. Agamemnon grows angry, but Achilles refuses to emerge, and tells Ulysses, who goes in to see him, that he still refuses to fight the Trojans. Agamemnon suggests that Ajax go in and plead with Achilles, but Ulysses declares that doing so would be insulting to Ajax, and then he, with the other Greek commanders, praises Ajax profusely, saying that he is the best of their warriors. They agree to leave Achilles in his tent, and decide that Ajax will be their champion against Hector the next day.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Act_3">Act 3</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troilus_and_Cressida&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Act 3"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scene_1_3">Scene 1</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troilus_and_Cressida&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Scene 1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Troy, Pandarus converses with a servant while he waits to speak with Paris and Helen. When they come in, he compliments Helen profusely, and asks her to excuse Troilus if Priam asks about him at dinner that night. Paris and Helen ask where Troilus will be dining, and Pandarus refuses to tell him but they both guess that he will be in pursuit of Cressida, and they make bawdy jokes about it as they depart to greet the returning warriors.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scene_2_3">Scene 2</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troilus_and_Cressida&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Scene 2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pandarus finds Troilus pacing about impatiently in an orchard, and assures him that his desire for Cressida will soon be satisfied. He goes out, leaving Troilus giddy with expectation, and brings in Cressida; after urging them to embrace, Pandarus departs. Left alone, they profess their love for one another, and each pledges to be faithful to the other. He reassures her and again pledges to be faithful, declaring that thereafter history will say of all lovers that they were as true as Troilus. Cressida declares that if she ever strays from him, she hopes that people will say of false lovers that they were as false as Cressida. Pandarus declares that if ever the pair prove false, may 'all pitiful goers-between' be called after his name.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scene_3_3">Scene 3</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troilus_and_Cressida&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Scene 3"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meanwhile, in the Greek encampment, Cressida's father, Calchas, who has betrayed Troy in order to join the Greeks, asks the Greek general to grant him a favor. He asks that they exchange the Trojan commander Antenor, for his daughter, so that he might be reunited with her. Agamemnon agrees, and orders Diomedes to supervise the exchange. On Ulysses's advice, the Greek commanders then file past Achilles's tent, and scorn the proud warrior, ignoring his greetings and making him uneasy. He goes to Ulysses and asks him why he is being scorned, and Ulysses tells him that he is no longer a hero and he will be forgotten quickly. He tells, and suggests that Achilles could restore his fame and honor if he stopped dallying with enemy women and took the field. When Ulysses is gone, Patroclus tells Achilles to follow Ulysses's advice; seeing that his reputation is at stake, Achilles agrees. Thersites comes in and reports that Ajax is now striding about the camp, completely puffed up with his own importance. Patroclus persuades the foul-mouthed slave to talk Ajax into bringing Hector, safely conducted by Agamemnon, to Achilles' tent after their fight the next day, so that Achilles may speak with Hector.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Act_4">Act 4</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troilus_and_Cressida&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Act 4"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scene_1_4">Scene 1</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troilus_and_Cressida&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Scene 1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Diomedes comes to Troy to make the exchange of Antenor for Cressida, and he is greeted heartily by Aeneas and Paris. Aeneas goes to fetch Cressida, remarking that this exchange will deal a heavy blow to Troilus; Paris concurs, but says regretfully that they have no choice: "the bitter disposition of the time will have it so". After Aeneas is gone, Diomedes is asked who he thinks deserves Helen more: Paris, or Menelaus? With great bitterness, the Greek replies that both deserve her, since both are fools, willing to pay a great price in blood for a whore.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scenes_2–3"><span id="Scenes_2.E2.80.933"></span>Scenes 2–3</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troilus_and_Cressida&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Scenes 2–3"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meanwhile, as morning breaks, Troilus takes a regretful leave of Cressida while she pleads with him to stay a little longer. Pandarus comes in and makes several bawdy jokes about their recent lovemaking; suddenly, there is a knock at the door, and Cressida hides Troilus in her bedroom. Aeneas enters, and demands that Pandarus fetch Troilus. When the young prince emerges, Aeneas tells him the sad news that Cressida must be sent to her father in the Greek camp. Troilus is distraught, and goes with Aeneas to see his father, Priam, while Pandarus breaks the news to Cressida, who begins to weep.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scene_4">Scene 4</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troilus_and_Cressida&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Scene 4"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Troilus brings Diomedes, together with the great lords of Troy, to Cressida's house, and begs leave to say goodbye to his lady. When they are alone, he pledges to be faithful, and Cressida promises that even in the Greek camp, she will remain true to him. Then Diomedes is brought in, and Troilus demands that he "use her well...for, by the dreadful Pluto, if thou dost not, Though the great bulk Achilles be thy guard, I'll cut thy throat" (1.4.124–129). Diomedes retorts that he will make no promises but will treat Cressida as she deserves, not because any Trojan prince orders him to. At that moment, a trumpet sounds, calling them all to the Greek camp for the duel between Hector and Ajax.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scene_5">Scene 5</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troilus_and_Cressida&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Scene 5"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Greek camp, the newly arrived Cressida is greeted by all the Greek commanders. Ulysses insists that she be kissed by everyone, only then refusing to kiss her himself and when she is gone, he declares that she is a loose, unvirtuous woman. Then the Trojan lords arrive, and the conditions of the duel are set by Aeneas, who remarks that since Ajax and Hector are related, Hector's whole heart will not be in this fight. As the two combatants prepare, Agamemnon asks Ulysses "what Trojan is that same that looks so heavy" (4.5.113.1). Ulysses tells his general that the downcast Trojan is <a href="/wiki/Troilus" title="Troilus">Troilus</a>, and then goes on to praise him profusely, saying that Troilus may even be a greater man than Hector.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Act_5">Act 5</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troilus_and_Cressida&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Act 5"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scene_1_5">Scene 1</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troilus_and_Cressida&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Scene 1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Achilles boasts to Patroclus how he will kill Hector. The two encounter Thersites, who delivers a letter to Achilles, and then unloads his usual torrent of abuse on them, calling Patroclus Achilles' male varlot, his 'masculine whore', and on the entire campaign. The letter is from the Trojan princess, Polyxena, whom Achilles loves, and it begs him not to fight the next day; he tells Patroclus sadly that he must obey her wishes. They go out, and Thersites remains; he watches from the shadows as the feast breaks up. Most of the lords go to bed, but Diomedes slips off to see Cressida, and Ulysses and Troilus follow him. Noting that Diomedes is an untrustworthy, lustful rogue, Thersites follows him as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scene_2_4">Scene 2</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troilus_and_Cressida&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Scene 2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angelica_Kauffmann_(1741-1807)_-_Diomed_and_Cressida_(from_William_Shakespeare%27s_%27Troilus_and_Cressida%27,_Act_V,_Scene_ii)_-_486152_-_National_Trust.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Angelica_Kauffmann_%281741-1807%29_-_Diomed_and_Cressida_%28from_William_Shakespeare%27s_%27Troilus_and_Cressida%27%2C_Act_V%2C_Scene_ii%29_-_486152_-_National_Trust.jpg/220px-Angelica_Kauffmann_%281741-1807%29_-_Diomed_and_Cressida_%28from_William_Shakespeare%27s_%27Troilus_and_Cressida%27%2C_Act_V%2C_Scene_ii%29_-_486152_-_National_Trust.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Angelica_Kauffmann_%281741-1807%29_-_Diomed_and_Cressida_%28from_William_Shakespeare%27s_%27Troilus_and_Cressida%27%2C_Act_V%2C_Scene_ii%29_-_486152_-_National_Trust.jpg/330px-Angelica_Kauffmann_%281741-1807%29_-_Diomed_and_Cressida_%28from_William_Shakespeare%27s_%27Troilus_and_Cressida%27%2C_Act_V%2C_Scene_ii%29_-_486152_-_National_Trust.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Angelica_Kauffmann_%281741-1807%29_-_Diomed_and_Cressida_%28from_William_Shakespeare%27s_%27Troilus_and_Cressida%27%2C_Act_V%2C_Scene_ii%29_-_486152_-_National_Trust.jpg/440px-Angelica_Kauffmann_%281741-1807%29_-_Diomed_and_Cressida_%28from_William_Shakespeare%27s_%27Troilus_and_Cressida%27%2C_Act_V%2C_Scene_ii%29_-_486152_-_National_Trust.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1078" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><i>Diomed and Cressida (from William Shakespeare's 'Troilus and Cressida', Act V, scene ii)</i>, <a href="/wiki/Angelika_Kauffmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Angelika Kauffmann">Angelika Kauffmann</a> (1789)</figcaption></figure><p>At Calchas's tent, Diomedes calls to Cressida. Her father fetches her, while Troilus and Ulysses watch from one hiding place and Thersites from another. With Thersites's profanity and Troilus's shock providing a counterpoint, Diomedes woos Cressida, who behaves reluctantly but coyly toward his advances, fending him off for a time but never allowing him to leave. Eventually, she gives him a sleeve that Troilus presented to her as a love-token then she takes it back, and says that she never wants to see Diomedes again, but then softens, gives it to him once more, and promises to wait for him later, when he will come to sleep with her. When she is gone, and Diomedes too, Troilus is in agony, first denying the evidence seen with his own eyes, and then pledging to find Diomedes on the field of battle and kill him. Finally, as morning nears, Aeneas arrives to lead him back to Troy.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scene_3_4">Scene 3</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troilus_and_Cressida&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Scene 3"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hector girds for battle, while the women, i.e. his wife, Andromache and his sister, Cassandra plead with him not to go. Both have had dreams that prophesy his death, but he dismisses their warnings. Troilus comes in and says that he will be fighting too; indeed, he chides Hector for having been too merciful to his enemies in the past, saying that today Troilus plans to slay as many men as he can. Cassandra leads Priam in, and the old king pleads with his son not to fight, saying that he too feels foreboding about this day, but Hector refuses to listen and goes out to the battlefield. Pandarus brings Troilus a letter from Cressida; Troilus tears it up and follows Hector out to the field.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scene_4_2">Scene 4</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troilus_and_Cressida&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Scene 4"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the battle rages, Thersites wanders the field, escaping death by brazen cowardice.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scene_5_2">Scene 5</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troilus_and_Cressida&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Scene 5"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another part of the plains, Agamemnon summarises the ways the Greeks are doing badly in the battle, including that Doreus is taken prisoner and Patroclus probably slain. Then Nestor enters and says that "There is a thousand Hectors in the field" (5.4.3.) The scene ends with <a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a> asking where Hector is.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scene_6">Scene 6</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troilus_and_Cressida&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Scene 6"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Troilus calls Diomedes a traitor for capturing his horse. Diomedes, Ajax and Troilus exit, fighting. </p><p>Hector spares the unprepared Achilles, who boasts that Hector was simply fortunate to find him unarmed. Hector sees a Greek in ornate armour and pursues him.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scene_7">Scene 7</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troilus_and_Cressida&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Scene 7"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In another part of the plains. Menelaus and Paris enter the scene fighting. Thersites is confronted by a bastard son of Priam, but declares that as he is himself a bastard they have no business fighting each other.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scene_8">Scene 8</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troilus_and_Cressida&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Scene 8"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Achilles and his men find Hector, who has finished fighting and taken off his armour in order to try on the golden armour of the warrior he has conquered. Surrounding the unarmed Trojan, they stab him to death.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scene_9">Scene 9</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troilus_and_Cressida&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Scene 9"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Agamenon, Ajax, Menelaus, Nestor, Diomedes and others enter marching. Word spreads among the Greeks of the death of Hector.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Triumph_of_Achilles_in_Corfu_Achilleion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/58/Triumph_of_Achilles_in_Corfu_Achilleion.jpg/220px-Triumph_of_Achilles_in_Corfu_Achilleion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/58/Triumph_of_Achilles_in_Corfu_Achilleion.jpg/330px-Triumph_of_Achilles_in_Corfu_Achilleion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/58/Triumph_of_Achilles_in_Corfu_Achilleion.jpg/440px-Triumph_of_Achilles_in_Corfu_Achilleion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2509" data-file-height="1122" /></a><figcaption><i>Triumph of Achilles</i>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Matsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Matsch">Franz Matsch</a> (1892)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scene_10">Scene 10</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troilus_and_Cressida&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Scene 10"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An embittered Troilus informs the Trojans of Hector's death, and curses Pandarus. Left alone on the stage, the unhappy Pandarus wonders why he should be so abused, when his services were so eagerly desired only a little while before.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis">Analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troilus_and_Cressida&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genre_identification_problems">Genre identification problems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troilus_and_Cressida&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Genre identification problems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The difficulties about the date of the play are insignificant compared with the difficulties of its genre identification. </p><p>A famous 19th century literary critic named <a href="/wiki/Frederick_S._Boas" title="Frederick S. Boas">Frederick S. Boas</a> argued that <i>Troilus and Cressida</i> (along with <i>Measure for Measure</i> and <i>All's Well That Ends Well</i>), deserves its own special category: "Problem Play."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term problem play was drawn from the socially conscious drama of playwrights contemporaneous with Boas, like <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Ibsen</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">Shaw</a>, and describes a play centred on a social or political problem in such a way as to promote debate but not easy resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet the deep sense of <i>Troilus and Cressida</i>, according to Anthony B. Dawson, lies exactly in its perplexity: "It is still full of puzzles, but that fact has been recognized as a virtue rather than a defect – its difficulties are generative, its obstacles fruitful".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bate" title="Jonathan Bate">Jonathan Bate</a> is one of many modern authors who regard the play as a satire, deliberately undermining the heroic and romantic style of <a href="/wiki/George_Chapman" title="George Chapman">George Chapman</a>'s new and popular translation of Homer. He instances the cynical attitude of Pandarus towards the overnight tryst arranged between the lovers, and the weak, "feminine" language of the supposedly valiant warriors. The warrior in magnificent armour delivering the prologue to the play may have been a parody of <a href="/wiki/Ben_Jonson" title="Ben Jonson">Ben Jonson</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Poetaster_(play)" title="Poetaster (play)">Poetaster</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although positioned between the Histories and the Tragedies in the <a href="/wiki/First_Folio" title="First Folio">First Folio</a>, the editors' initial intention was for it to follow <i><a href="/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet" title="Romeo and Juliet">The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet</a></i>, placing it unequivocally with the tragedies it resembles, notwithstanding the lack of typical tragic plot structure. It was only a delay in the typesetting process which caused it to be "slotted in" after <i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_(play)" title="Henry VIII (play)">The Famous History of Henry VIII</a></i>, when the volume was finally published.<sup id="cite_ref-Bate_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bate-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nowadays <i>Troilus and Cressida</i> is often grouped with the so-called "problem comedies" with <i>Measure for Measure</i> and <i>All's Well That Ends Well</i>. Throughout this work we can observe Shakespeare's tone changing from light comic to intensely tragic. </p><p>Literary critic and scholar <a href="/wiki/Joyce_Carol_Oates" title="Joyce Carol Oates">Joyce Carol Oates</a> wrote that in reality these shifts complemented the values Shakespeare questioned in the play: love, honour, and hierarchy. To Oates <i>Troilus and Cressida</i> is one of the most intriguing plays ever written, and in her opinion appears remarkably 'modern'. Oates considered the play a new kind of contemporary tragedy – a grand existential statement: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>Troilus and Cressida</i>, that most vexing and ambiguous of Shakespeare's plays, strikes the modern reader as a contemporary document – its investigation of numerous infidelities, its criticism of tragic pretensions, above all, its implicit debate between what is essential in human life and what is only existential are themes of the twentieth century. ... This is tragedy of a special sort – the "tragedy" the basis of which is the impossibility of conventional tragedy.<sup id="cite_ref-JCO_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JCO-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troilus_and_Cressida&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First-page-first-folio-troilus-cressida.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/First-page-first-folio-troilus-cressida.jpg/300px-First-page-first-folio-troilus-cressida.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/First-page-first-folio-troilus-cressida.jpg/450px-First-page-first-folio-troilus-cressida.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/First-page-first-folio-troilus-cressida.jpg/600px-First-page-first-folio-troilus-cressida.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1089" /></a><figcaption>The first page of <i>Troilus and Cressida</i>, printed in the <a href="/wiki/First_Folio" title="First Folio">First Folio</a> of 1623</figcaption></figure> <p>The story of the persuasion of Achilles into battle is drawn from Homer's <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> (perhaps in the translation by <a href="/wiki/George_Chapman" title="George Chapman">George Chapman</a>), and from various medieval and Renaissance retellings, whereas the story of Troilus and Cressida is a medieval <a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romance" title="Chivalric romance">chivalric romance</a> that is not part of <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>. </p><p>Shakespeare drew on a number of sources for this plotline, in particular <a href="/wiki/Chaucer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaucer">Chaucer</a>'s version of the tale, <i><a href="/wiki/Troilus_and_Criseyde" title="Troilus and Criseyde">Troilus and Criseyde</a></i>, but also <a href="/wiki/John_Lydgate" title="John Lydgate">John Lydgate</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Troy_Book" title="Troy Book">Troy Book</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/William_Caxton" title="William Caxton">Caxton</a>'s translation of the <i><a href="/wiki/Recuyell_of_the_Historyes_of_Troye" title="Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye">Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two storylines of <i>Troilus and Cressida</i>—the love story of the title characters, and the warfare mainly around Hector, Ajax and Achilles—have completely different origins. While the warfare is of ancient origins and is at the core of the Troy saga in the Homeric epics, especially the <i>Iliad</i>, the story of Troilus and Cressida is part of the narrative material of the Middle Ages: it does not come from Greek mythology, but belongs to the narrative motifs found in the medieval retelling of popular material. </p><p>At its first appearance, somewhen between 1155 and 1160,<sup id="cite_ref-Antonelli_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antonelli-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this new storyline is an embellishment by <a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_de_Sainte-Maure" title="Benoît de Sainte-Maure">Benoît de Sainte-Maure</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_de_Troie" title="Roman de Troie">Roman de Troie</a></i>, which was written for the court of <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">King Henry Plantagenet</a> as a kind of "prince mirror".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For his part, Benoît extended stories from <a href="/wiki/Dictys_Cretensis" title="Dictys Cretensis">Dictys Cretensis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dares_Phrygius" title="Dares Phrygius">Dares Phrygius</a> from the late Roman period, which entwine around the <i>Iliad</i> material, with his own romantic sub-plot. The <i>Roman de Troie</i> was in turn a source for <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Boccaccio's</a> "<a href="/wiki/Il_Filostrato" title="Il Filostrato">Il Filostrato</a>", which was the main source for Chaucer's poetry <i><a href="/wiki/Troilus_and_Criseyde" title="Troilus and Criseyde">Troilus and Criseyde</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1380</span>); Shakespeare knew Chaucer's works very well.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other versions of the material, such as John Lydgate's "Troy Book" and Caxton's "Recuyel of the History of Troy", were at the time of Shakespeare in England in circulation and probably known to him.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The story was a popular one for dramatists in the early 17th century and Shakespeare may have been inspired by contemporary plays. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Heywood" title="Thomas Heywood">Thomas Heywood</a>'s two-part play <i>The Iron Age</i> also depicts the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a> and the story of Troilus and Cressida, but it is not certain whether his or Shakespeare's play was written first.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dekker_(poet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Dekker (poet)">Thomas Dekker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Chettle" title="Henry Chettle">Henry Chettle</a> wrote a play called <i>Troilus and Cressida</i> at around the same time as Shakespeare, but this play survives only as a fragmentary plot outline.<sup id="cite_ref-Folger_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Folger-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Date_and_text">Date and text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troilus_and_Cressida&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Date and text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Houghton_STC_22332_-_Troylus_and_Cresseid,_title.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Houghton_STC_22332_-_Troylus_and_Cresseid%2C_title.jpg/175px-Houghton_STC_22332_-_Troylus_and_Cresseid%2C_title.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Houghton_STC_22332_-_Troylus_and_Cresseid%2C_title.jpg/263px-Houghton_STC_22332_-_Troylus_and_Cresseid%2C_title.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Houghton_STC_22332_-_Troylus_and_Cresseid%2C_title.jpg/350px-Houghton_STC_22332_-_Troylus_and_Cresseid%2C_title.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1317" data-file-height="2001" /></a><figcaption>Title page, 1609 <a href="/wiki/Quarto" title="Quarto">quarto</a> edition</figcaption></figure> <p>The play is believed to have been written around 1602, shortly after the completion of <i><a href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a></i>. It was published in <a href="/wiki/Quarto" title="Quarto">quarto</a> in two separate editions, both in 1609. It is not known whether the play was ever performed in its own time, because the two editions contradict each other: One announces on the title page that the play had been recently performed on stage; the other claims in a preface that it is a new play that has never been staged.<sup id="cite_ref-Bevington_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bevington-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The play was entered into the Register of the <a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Stationers_and_Newspaper_Makers" title="Worshipful Company of Stationers and Newspaper Makers">Stationers' Company</a> on 7 February 1603, by the bookseller and printer James Roberts, with a mention that the play was acted by the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chamberlain%27s_Men" title="Lord Chamberlain's Men">Lord Chamberlain's Men</a>, Shakespeare's company. Publication followed in 1609; the stationers Richard Bonian and Henry Walley re-registered the play on 28 January 1609, and later that year issued the first <a href="/wiki/Book_size" title="Book size">quarto</a>, but in two "states". The first says the play was "acted by the King's Majesty's servants at the Globe"; the second version omits the mention of the <a href="/wiki/Globe_Theatre" title="Globe Theatre">Globe Theatre</a>, and prefaces the play with a long epistle that claims that <i>Troilus and Cressida</i> is "a new play, never staled with the stage, never clapper-clawed with the palms of the vulgar".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some commentators (like <a href="/wiki/Georg_Brandes" title="Georg Brandes">Georg Brandes</a>, the Danish Shakespeare scholar of the late 19th century) have attempted to reconcile these contradictory claims by arguing that the play was composed originally around 1600–1602, but heavily revised, possibly by another hand, shortly before its 1609 printing.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The play is noteworthy for its bitter and caustic nature, similar to the works that Shakespeare was writing in the 1605–1608 period, <i><a href="/wiki/King_Lear" title="King Lear">King Lear</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Coriolanus_(play)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coriolanus (play)">Coriolanus</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Timon_of_Athens" title="Timon of Athens">Timon of Athens</a></i>. In this view, the original version of the play was a more positive romantic comedy of the type Shakespeare wrote ca. 1600, like <i><a href="/wiki/As_You_Like_It" title="As You Like It">As You Like It</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Night" title="Twelfth Night">Twelfth Night</a></i>, while the later revision injected the darker material – leaving the result a hybrid jumble of tones and intents.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Quarto" title="Quarto">Quarto</a> edition labels it a <a href="/wiki/History_play" class="mw-redirect" title="History play">history play</a> with the title <i>The Famous Historie of Troylus and Cresseid</i>, but the <a href="/wiki/First_Folio" title="First Folio">First Folio</a> classed it with the <a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">tragedies</a>, under the title <i>The Tragedie of Troylus and Cressida</i>. The confusion is compounded by the fact that in the original pressing of the First Folio, the play's pages are unnumbered, the title is not included in the Table of Contents, and it appears to have been squeezed between the histories and the tragedies. Based on this evidence, scholars believe it was a very late addition to the Folio, and therefore may have been added wherever there was room.<sup id="cite_ref-Bate_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bate-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance_history">Performance history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troilus_and_Cressida&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Performance history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Act_V,_Scene_ii_of_Troilus_and_Cressida.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Act_V%2C_Scene_ii_of_Troilus_and_Cressida.jpg/220px-Act_V%2C_Scene_ii_of_Troilus_and_Cressida.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Act_V%2C_Scene_ii_of_Troilus_and_Cressida.jpg/330px-Act_V%2C_Scene_ii_of_Troilus_and_Cressida.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Act_V%2C_Scene_ii_of_Troilus_and_Cressida.jpg/440px-Act_V%2C_Scene_ii_of_Troilus_and_Cressida.jpg 2x" data-file-width="876" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>An 1804 print based on a <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Henry Fuseli</a> painting of Act V, Scene II: Cressida and Diomedes flirt.</figcaption></figure> <p>Being composed around 1602, the play was most probably staged between 1602 and 1603, as the <a href="/wiki/Stationers%27_Register" title="Stationers' Register">Stationers' Register</a> entry for 1602/3 records a public performance by the <a href="/wiki/Chamberlain%27s_Men" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamberlain's Men">Chamberlain's Men</a>. Taking into account the fact that the second public printing of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Shakespeare_plays_in_quarto#Troilus_and_Cressida" title="List of Shakespeare plays in quarto">quarto edition</a> (1609) dropped the first's familiar testimonial "as acted by the King's Majesty's Servant's at the Globe", it has been suggested that work was performed only once. Instead, the volume was recommended for the libraries of the "eternal reader".<sup id="cite_ref-Bevington_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bevington-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Public performances through history seem sparse. In 1679 <a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a> "new modell'd the plot", re-ordered the scenes, and presented the work as <i>The Truth Found Too Late</i> at the <a href="/wiki/Dorset_Garden_Theatre" title="Dorset Garden Theatre">Duke's Theatre</a>, London.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1795 <a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Kemble" title="John Philip Kemble">John Philip Kemble</a> prepared an acting version which emphasised the warriors and sidelined Cressida, but he abandoned the production before opening night. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Irving" title="Henry Irving">Henry Irving</a>, actor-manager of the <a href="/wiki/Lyceum_Theatre,_London" title="Lyceum Theatre, London">Lyceum Theatre, London</a>, commissioned a new version in 1889 but he did not stage it.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since then, it has become increasingly popular. Peter Holland of <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a> attributes this to the work's relevance at times of impending war: <a href="/wiki/William_Poel" title="William Poel">William Poel</a>'s 1912 production served as a warning as the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)" title="Triple Alliance (1882)">Great Powers of Europe</a> armed themselves for conflict and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Macowan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Macowan (page does not exist)">Michael Macowan</a>'s modern dress production of 1938 at the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Theatre" title="Westminster Theatre">Westminster Theatre</a> coincided with the <a href="/wiki/Munich_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Munich crisis">Munich crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the international production at the <a href="/wiki/Swan_Theatre,_Stratford-upon-Avon" title="Swan Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon">Swan Theatre, Stratford</a> of August 2012 the depiction of Thersites as a wounded war veteran, and the manner in which the <a href="/wiki/Myrmidons" title="Myrmidons">Myrmidons</a> killed Hector, "resonat[ed] with […] the ongoing wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In comparison to the performance history of other, more frequently performed plays, the delayed acceptance of <i>Troilus and Cressida</i> into the theatre also means that the claims of relevance become especially acute. When the play had been chosen for performance during the twentieth century, while being out of fashion before, it showed that there was something about its themes and subject matter which was familiar in the mindset of the contemporary audience. Colin Chambers characterised the mood of that period thus: There were signs that British theatre was beginning to reconnect to its society, having previously failed, in [Peter] Hall's words, "to take into account the fact that we have had a World War […] and that everything in the world has changed – values, ways of living, ideals, hopes and fears". Theatre was staking its claim as a cultural force of significance.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Barbara Bowen points out: 'We see the play as modern partly because we have so little history of premodern readers seeing the play'.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The play can be seen as a metaphorical mirror, reflecting contemporary issues and political concerns. For example: <a href="/wiki/John_Barton_(director)" title="John Barton (director)">John Barton</a>, during his preparation for the 1968 <a href="/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company" title="Royal Shakespeare Company">Royal Shakespeare Company</a> production, saw the parallels between the prolonged war in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Viet Nam</a> and the stalemated siege of Troy as offering a way into the script, commenting that: "The basic situation […] is ludicrous, but also an insoluble impasse where both sides are inexorably committed.". This was not referenced on stage, however, where the "wars and lechery" of the play (Act 5 scene 2) were shown in the context of the new sexual freedoms of the late nineteen-sixties.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_revivals">Modern revivals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troilus_and_Cressida&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Modern revivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The BBC broadcast a modern-language and modern-dress version by <a href="/wiki/Ian_Dallas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian Dallas">Ian Dallas</a> as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Face_of_Love_(1954_film)" title="The Face of Love (1954 film)">The Face of Love</a></i> in 1954, which was then staged by <a href="/wiki/RADA" class="mw-redirect" title="RADA">RADA</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Vanbrugh_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanbrugh Theatre">Vanbrugh Theatre</a> in 1956, providing <a href="/wiki/Albert_Finney" title="Albert Finney">Albert Finney</a> with his first lead stage role.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Shakespeare_Company" title="Hudson Shakespeare Company">Hudson Shakespeare Company</a> of New Jersey presented a production as part of their annual <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_in_the_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare in the Park">Shakespeare in the Parks</a> series. Director Jon Ciccarelli set the action in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> but sought to put a modern twist on the action by comparing the title pair to <i><a href="/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet" title="Romeo and Juliet">Romeo and Juliet</a></i> and posing the question: would their relationship have lasted if they had lived? Ciccarelli hypothesized that Shakespeare knew the answer and that it was that it would have not. He stated that Troilus and Cressida pine for each other, like their more famous counterparts, and share a passionate evening, the morning after which Troilus is eager to leave. Cressida is later exiled from Troy and quickly takes up with another man proving love is fickle and fleeting. Other notable departures show that the Greek heroes are anything but heroic, showing Shakespeare satirized revered figures like <a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a> as childish and barbaric, and sympathized with the pragmatic <a href="/wiki/Hector" title="Hector">Hector</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Public_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Theater">Public Theater</a> has produced three revivals, in 1965, 1995, and 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_and_cultural_references">Literary and cultural references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troilus_and_Cressida&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Literary and cultural references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The siege of Troy was one of the popular literary subjects in England circa 1600 and was among the most important events in world history for the contemporaries of Shakespeare.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An abundance of allusions in Shakespeare's complete works show that Shakespeare felt able to assume his audience would be aware of this narrative material. In addition, from the records of Philip Henslowe, at least two <a href="/wiki/Lost_literary_work" title="Lost literary work">lost</a> dramas on this subject are known.<sup id="cite_ref-Folger_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Folger-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Translations of the <i>Iliad</i> were made in Greek, Latin and French in Elizabethan England; moreover, Shakespeare's contemporary George Chapman also prepared an English version. Shakespeare probably knew the <i>Iliad</i> through Chapman's translation and may have drawn on it for some of the parts of his play, but Shakespeare probably also drew on medieval and post-medieval traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the traditions of Middle English literature, the material was presented on the one hand in a knightly courtly form, but on the other hand increasingly transformed in a negative-critical way. Above all, the image of Cressida changed in the course of the 16th century, so that at the turn of the century Troilus and Cressida had become increasingly included in infidelity and falsity and the name Pandarus became used as a synonym for <a href="/wiki/Procuring_(prostitution)" title="Procuring (prostitution)">procurers</a> ("pander").<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Accordingly, Shakespeare's arrangement of events and figures is part of a longer tradition of transforming and, in particular, detracting from the established narrative material. Almost all the characters prove unworthy of their legendary reputation. In his drama, Shakespeare does not simply intensify these negative tendencies, but links and superimposes contradictory characterizations in order to make his characters interesting and accessible to his audience. The play's lack of popularity in the playhouse indicates that in this he was unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troilus_and_Cressida&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stage director <a href="/wiki/John_Barton_(director)" title="John Barton (director)">John Barton</a> notes that, should the <a href="/wiki/Metre_(poetry)" title="Metre (poetry)">metre</a> demand it, <i>Troilus</i> should be pronounced with three syllables: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarton1984" class="citation book cs1">Barton, John (1984). <i>Playing Shakespeare</i>. London: Methuen. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-413-54790-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-413-54790-3"><bdi>978-0-413-54790-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Playing+Shakespeare&rft.place=London&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-413-54790-3&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroilus+and+Cressida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicola2002" class="citation book cs1">Nicola, James B. (2002). <i>Playing the audience : the practical actor's guide to live performance</i>. New York: Applause Theatre & Cinema Books. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781557834928" title="Special:BookSources/9781557834928"><bdi>9781557834928</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Playing+the+audience+%3A+the+practical+actor%27s+guide+to+live+performance&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Applause+Theatre+%26+Cinema+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781557834928&rft.aulast=Nicola&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroilus+and+Cressida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bate-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bate_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bate_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bate_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBateRasmussen2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bate" title="Jonathan Bate">Bate, Jonathan</a>; Rasmussen, Eric, eds. (2007). <i>The RSC Shakespeare : the complete works</i>. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 55, 1460. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-00350-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-00350-7"><bdi>978-0-230-00350-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+RSC+Shakespeare+%3A+the+complete+works&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pages=55%2C+1460&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-230-00350-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroilus+and+Cressida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_4-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sparknotes.com/shakespeare/troilus/">"SparkNotes: Troilus and Cressida"</a>. <i>www.sparknotes.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sparknotes.com&rft.atitle=SparkNotes%3A+Troilus+and+Cressida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sparknotes.com%2Fshakespeare%2Ftroilus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroilus+and+Cressida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shakespeare.mit.edu/troilus_cressida/full.html">"Troilus and Cressida: Entire Play"</a>. <i>shakespeare.mit.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=shakespeare.mit.edu&rft.atitle=Troilus+and+Cressida%3A+Entire+Play&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshakespeare.mit.edu%2Ftroilus_cressida%2Ffull.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroilus+and+Cressida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShakespeare2006" class="citation book cs1">Shakespeare, William (2006) [1993]. <i>The Yale Shakespeare : the complete works</i>. 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(1910). <i>Shakespeare and his predecessors</i>. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. pp. 369–370</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100347336">"Problem play"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Problem+play&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foi%2Fauthority.20110803100347336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroilus+and+Cressida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dawson, Anthony B. (2003). <i>Introduction. Troilus and Cressida</i>. New York: Cambridge UP. p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bate, Rasmussen (2007) pp. 1456, 1460</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JCO-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JCO_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oates, Joyce Carol (1966/1967). "The Tragedy of Existence: Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida". Originally published as two separate essays, in <i><a href="/wiki/Philological_Quarterly" title="Philological Quarterly">Philological Quarterly</a></i>, Spring 1967, and <i>Shakespeare Quarterly</i>, Spring 1966.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Palmer, Kenneth (ed., 1982). <i>Troilus and Cressida</i> (Arden Shakespeare: Second Series). London: Methuen.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Antonelli-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Antonelli_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberto Antonelli "The Birth of Criseyde – An Exemplary Triangle: 'Classical' Troilus and the Question of Love at the Anglo-Norman Court" in Boitani, P. (ed) <i>The European Tragedy of Troilus</i> (Oxford: Clarendon Press) 1989 pp.21–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid2014" class="citation book cs1">Reid, Lindsay Ann (2014). <i>Ovidian Bibliofictions and the Tudor Book</i>. Abingdon, England: Routledge. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781409457350" title="Special:BookSources/9781409457350"><bdi>9781409457350</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ovidian+Bibliofictions+and+the+Tudor+Book&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+England&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781409457350&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Lindsay+Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroilus+and+Cressida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">W. W. Greg: <i>The Printing of Shakespeare's "Troilus and Cressida" in the First Folio</i>. In: <i>Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America.</i> Band 45, 1951, S. 273–282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theodore Morrison, <i>The Portable Chaucer</i>, Viking Press, 1949, p. 363.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillebrand" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Newcomb_Hillebrand" title="Harold Newcomb Hillebrand">Hillebrand, Harold N</a> (ed.). <i>Troilus and Cressida</i> (1953 ed.). 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Newark, NJ: University of Delaware Press. pp. 298–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87413-699-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87413-699-7"><bdi>0-87413-699-7</bdi></a>. <q>Never clapper-clawed with the palms of the vulgar.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Editing+Informed+by+Performance+History%3A+The+Double+Ending+of+Troilus+and+Cressida&rft.btitle=Shakespeare%2C+text+and+theater+%3A+essays+in+honor+of+Jay+L.+Halio&rft.place=Newark%2C+NJ&rft.pages=298-9&rft.pub=University+of+Delaware+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-87413-699-7&rft.aulast=Bevington&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroilus+and+Cressida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halliday, F.E. 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Newark, NJ: University of Delaware Press. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87413-813-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87413-813-2"><bdi>0-87413-813-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shakespeare%27s+Troilus+and+Cressida+%3A+textual+problems+and+performance+solutions&rft.place=Newark%2C+NJ&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=University+of+Delaware+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-87413-813-2&rft.aulast=Apfelbaum&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroilus+and+Cressida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland2001" class="citation book cs1">Holland, Peter (2001). "Shakespeare in the twentieth-century theatre". In <a href="/wiki/Margreta_de_Grazia" title="Margreta de Grazia">de Grazia, Margreta</a>; <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Wells" title="Stanley Wells">Wells, Stanley</a> (eds.). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare</i> (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-65094-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-65094-1"><bdi>0-521-65094-1</bdi></a>. <q>A play[…] will find its right time, re-emerging from the scholar's study to claim its necessary place on stage[…]to comment on contemporary concerns.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shakespeare+in+the+twentieth-century+theatre&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Shakespeare&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=202&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-521-65094-1&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroilus+and+Cressida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReilly2013" class="citation journal cs1">Reilly, Kara (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24580397">"Review of Troilus and Cressida"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Theatre_Journal" title="Theatre Journal">Theatre Journal</a></i>. <b>65</b> (2): 279. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0192-2882">0192-2882</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24580397">24580397</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theatre+Journal&rft.atitle=Review+of+Troilus+and+Cressida&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=279&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24580397%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0192-2882&rft.aulast=Reilly&rft.aufirst=Kara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24580397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroilus+and+Cressida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chambers, C. (2004) Inside the Royal Shakespeare Company: Creativity and the Institution. London: Routledge. p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bowen, B. (1993) Gender in the Theater of War: Shakespeare’s 'Troilus and Cressida'. New York and London: Garland Publishing Inc. p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwald1985" class="citation book cs1">Greenwald, Michael L. (1985). <i>Directions by indirections : John Barton of the Royal Shakespeare Company</i>. Newark, NJ: University of Delaware Press. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87413-264-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87413-264-9"><bdi>0-87413-264-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Directions+by+indirections+%3A+John+Barton+of+the+Royal+Shakespeare+Company&rft.place=Newark%2C+NJ&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=University+of+Delaware+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-87413-264-9&rft.aulast=Greenwald&rft.aufirst=Michael+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroilus+and+Cressida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHershman2017" class="citation book cs1">Hershman, Gabriel (13 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KSCUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT21"><i>Strolling Player: The Life and Career of Albert Finney</i></a>. The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780750981873" title="Special:BookSources/9780750981873"><bdi>9780750981873</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strolling+Player%3A+The+Life+and+Career+of+Albert+Finney&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2017-01-13&rft.isbn=9780750981873&rft.aulast=Hershman&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKSCUDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroilus+and+Cressida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyers2009" class="citation news cs1">Meyers, Joe (31 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctpost.com/news/article/Shakespeare-meets-300-2531.php">"Shakespeare meets '300'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Connecticut Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Connecticut+Post&rft.atitle=Shakespeare+meets+%27300%27&rft.date=2009-08-31&rft.aulast=Meyers&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctpost.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2FShakespeare-meets-300-2531.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroilus+and+Cressida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZinoman2016" class="citation news cs1">Zinoman, Jason (13 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/17/theater/troilus-and-cressida-brings-love-and-war-to-central-park.html?_r=0">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Troilus and Cressida' brings love and war to Central Park"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27Troilus+and+Cressida%27+brings+love+and+war+to+Central+Park&rft.date=2016-07-13&rft.aulast=Zinoman&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F07%2F17%2Ftheater%2Ftroilus-and-cressida-brings-love-and-war-to-central-park.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroilus+and+Cressida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClement2016" class="citation news cs1">Clement, Olivia (19 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.playbill.com/article/troilus-and-cressida-kicks-off-in-central-park-tonight">"Troilus and Cressida kicks off in Central Park tonight: The Public Theater's free outdoor revival begins performances at the Delacorte Theater"</a>. <i>Playbill</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Playbill&rft.atitle=Troilus+and+Cressida+kicks+off+in+Central+Park+tonight%3A+The+Public+Theater%27s+free+outdoor+revival+begins+performances+at+the+Delacorte+Theater&rft.date=2016-07-19&rft.aulast=Clement&rft.aufirst=Olivia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.playbill.com%2Farticle%2Ftroilus-and-cressida-kicks-off-in-central-park-tonight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroilus+and+Cressida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTatlock1915" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._S._P._Tatlock" title="J. S. P. Tatlock">Tatlock, John S. P.</a> (1915). "The Siege of Troy in Elizabethan Literature, Especially in Shakespeare and Heywood". <i>PMLA</i>. <b>30</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Modern_Language_Association_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Language Association of America">Modern Language Association of America</a>: 673–770. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F456975">10.2307/456975</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/456975">456975</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PMLA&rft.atitle=The+Siege+of+Troy+in+Elizabethan+Literature%2C+Especially+in+Shakespeare+and+Heywood&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=673-770&rft.date=1915&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F456975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F456975%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tatlock&rft.aufirst=John+S.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroilus+and+Cressida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schabert, Ina (2009). <i>Shakespeare Manual</i>. Kröner, 5th rev. Edition, Stuttgart, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-520-38605-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-520-38605-2">978-3-520-38605-2</a>, pp. 437–442.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-pander,_n" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=pander%2C+n">"pander, n"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=pander%2C+n&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dpander%252C%2Bn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroilus+and+Cressida" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitsi2019" class="citation book cs1">Mitsi, Efterpi (2019). <i>Troilus and Cressida : a critical reader</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury</a>. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3500-1419-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3500-1419-0"><bdi>978-1-3500-1419-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Troilus+and+Cressida+%3A+a+critical+reader&rft.place=London&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-3500-1419-0&rft.aulast=Mitsi&rft.aufirst=Efterpi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroilus+and+Cressida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_2">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troilus_and_Cressida&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonelli1980" class="citation book cs1">Antonelli, Roberto (1980). <i>The birth of Criseyde, an exemplary triangle : classical Troilus and the question of love at the Anglo-Norman court</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/949248572">949248572</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+birth+of+Criseyde%2C+an+exemplary+triangle+%3A+classical+Troilus+and+the+question+of+love+at+the+Anglo-Norman+court&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F949248572&rft.aulast=Antonelli&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroilus+and+Cressida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoitani1989" class="citation book cs1">Boitani, Paolo (1989). <i>The European Tragedy of Troilus</i>. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. pp. 21–48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+Tragedy+of+Troilus&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=21-48&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Boitani&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroilus+and+Cressida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullough1957" class="citation book cs1">Bullough, Geoffrex (1957). <i>Narrative and Dramatic Sources of Shakespeare</i>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-08891-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-08891-4"><bdi>0-231-08891-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narrative+and+Dramatic+Sources+of+Shakespeare&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=0-231-08891-4&rft.aulast=Bullough&rft.aufirst=Geoffrex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroilus+and+Cressida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGelfert2014" class="citation book cs1">Gelfert, Hans-Dieter (2014). <i>William Shakespeare in his Time</i>. Munich, DE: C.H. Beck Verlag. p. 333. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-65919-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-65919-5"><bdi>978-3-406-65919-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Shakespeare+in+his+Time&rft.place=Munich%2C+DE&rft.pages=333&rft.pub=C.H.+Beck+Verlag&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-406-65919-5&rft.aulast=Gelfert&rft.aufirst=Hans-Dieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroilus+and+Cressida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodshalk1995" class="citation journal cs1">Godshalk, W.L. (1995). "The texts of <i>Troilus and Cressida</i>". <i><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Literary_Studies" title="Early Modern Literary Studies">Early Modern Literary Studies</a></i>. <b>2</b> (1.2): 1–54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Early+Modern+Literary+Studies&rft.atitle=The+texts+of+Troilus+and+Cressida&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1.2&rft.pages=1-54&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Godshalk&rft.aufirst=W.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroilus+and+Cressida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIde1980" class="citation book cs1">Ide, Richard S. (1980). <i>Possessed with greatness : the heroic tragedies of Chapman and Shakespeare</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-1429-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-1429-6"><bdi>0-8078-1429-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Possessed+with+greatness+%3A+the+heroic+tragedies+of+Chapman+and+Shakespeare&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-8078-1429-6&rft.aulast=Ide&rft.aufirst=Richard+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroilus+and+Cressida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen1995" class="citation journal cs1">Jensen, Phebe (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2870980">"The textual politics of <i>Troilus and Cressida</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_Quarterly" title="Shakespeare Quarterly">Shakespeare Quarterly</a></i>. <b>46</b> (4): 414–423. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2870980">10.2307/2870980</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2870980">2870980</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Shakespeare+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+textual+politics+of+Troilus+and+Cressida&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=414-423&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2870980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2870980%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Phebe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F2870980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroilus+and+Cressida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOates1966" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Carol_Oates" title="Joyce Carol Oates">Oates, Joyce Carol</a> (Spring 1966). "The tragedy of existence: Shakespeare's <i>Troilus and Cressida</i> [part 1]". <i><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_Quarterly" title="Shakespeare Quarterly">Shakespeare Quarterly</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Shakespeare+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+tragedy+of+existence%3A+Shakespeare%27s+Troilus+and+Cressida+%5Bpart+1%5D&rft.ssn=spring&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Oates&rft.aufirst=Joyce+Carol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroilus+and+Cressida" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOates1967" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Carol_Oates" title="Joyce Carol Oates">Oates, Joyce Carol</a> (Spring 1967). "The tragedy of existence: Shakespeare's <i>Troilus and Cressida</i> [part 2]". <i><a href="/wiki/Philological_Quarterly" title="Philological Quarterly">Philological Quarterly</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philological+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+tragedy+of+existence%3A+Shakespeare%27s+Troilus+and+Cressida+%5Bpart+2%5D&rft.ssn=spring&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Oates&rft.aufirst=Joyce+Carol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroilus+and+Cressida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer1982" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Kenneth (1982). <i>Troilus and Cressida</i>. The Arden Shakespeare, Second Series. London, UK: Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-416-17790-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-416-17790-5"><bdi>0-416-17790-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Troilus+and+Cressida&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.series=The+Arden+Shakespeare%2C+Second+Series&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-416-17790-5&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroilus+and+Cressida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReichert1998" class="citation book cs1">Reichert, Klaus (1998). "Troilus and Cressida, or the contaminated world". In Reichert, Klaus (ed.). <i>The foreign Shakespeare</i>. Munich, DE: Hanser. pp. 191–197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-446-19498-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-446-19498-3"><bdi>3-446-19498-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Troilus+and+Cressida%2C+or+the+contaminated+world&rft.btitle=The+foreign+Shakespeare&rft.place=Munich%2C+DE&rft.pages=191-197&rft.pub=Hanser&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=3-446-19498-3&rft.aulast=Reichert&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroilus+and+Cressida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenblum2005" class="citation book cs1">Rosenblum, Joseph (2005). <i>The Greenwood Companion to Shakespeare</i>. Vol. 2. London, UK: Greenwood Press. pp. 566–585.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greenwood+Companion+to+Shakespeare&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=566-585&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Rosenblum&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroilus+and+Cressida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossiter1985" class="citation book cs1">Rossiter, A.P. (1985). <i>Troilus and Cressida</i>. Shakespeare Tragedies. New York, NY: Chelsea House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Troilus+and+Cressida&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.series=Shakespeare+Tragedies&rft.pub=Chelsea+House&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Rossiter&rft.aufirst=A.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroilus+and+Cressida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2012" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Emma (2012). <i>The Cambridge Shakespeare Guide</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 190–194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-14972-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-14972-3"><bdi>978-0-521-14972-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Shakespeare+Guide&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=190-194&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-521-14972-3&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Emma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroilus+and+Cressida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuerbaum2015" class="citation book cs1">Suerbaum, Ulrich (2015). <i>The Shakespeare Guide</i> (3rd rev. ed.). Ditzingen: Reclam. pp. 166–171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-15-020395-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-15-020395-8"><bdi>978-3-15-020395-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shakespeare+Guide&rft.place=Ditzingen&rft.pages=166-171&rft.edition=3rd+rev.&rft.pub=Reclam&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-15-020395-8&rft.aulast=Suerbaum&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroilus+and+Cressida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellsTaylor1987" class="citation book cs1">Wells, Stanley; Taylor, Gary (1987). <i>William Shakespeare: A textual companion</i>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-31667-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-31667-X"><bdi>0-393-31667-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Shakespeare%3A+A+textual+companion&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-393-31667-X&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroilus+and+Cressida" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troilus_and_Cressida&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Troilus_and_Cressida" title="Template:Troilus and Cressida"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Troilus_and_Cressida" title="Template talk:Troilus and Cressida"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Troilus_and_Cressida" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Troilus and Cressida"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="William_Shakespeare&#039;s_Troilus_and_Cressida" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Troilus and Cressida</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Characters">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Trojans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priam" title="Priam">Priam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector" title="Hector">Hector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deiphobus" title="Deiphobus">Deiphobus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Helenus">Helenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_(mythology)" title="Paris (mythology)">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troilus" title="Troilus">Troilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassandra" title="Cassandra">Cassandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andromache" title="Andromache">Andromache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandarus" title="Pandarus">Pandarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cressida" title="Cressida">Cressida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calchas" title="Calchas">Calchas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy" title="Helen of Troy">Helen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Achaeans_(Homer)" title="Achaeans (Homer)">Greeks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agamemnon" title="Agamemnon">Agamemnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelaus" title="Menelaus">Menelaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_(mythology)" title="Nestor (mythology)">Nestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Ulysses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patroclus" title="Patroclus">Patroclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diomedes" title="Diomedes">Diomedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Great" title="Ajax the Great">Ajax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thersites" title="Thersites">Thersites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmidons" title="Myrmidons">Myrmidons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Scene_from_Troilus_and_Cressida_-_Angelica_Kauffmann.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/A_Scene_from_Troilus_and_Cressida_-_Angelica_Kauffmann.jpg/100px-A_Scene_from_Troilus_and_Cressida_-_Angelica_Kauffmann.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/A_Scene_from_Troilus_and_Cressida_-_Angelica_Kauffmann.jpg/150px-A_Scene_from_Troilus_and_Cressida_-_Angelica_Kauffmann.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/A_Scene_from_Troilus_and_Cressida_-_Angelica_Kauffmann.jpg/200px-A_Scene_from_Troilus_and_Cressida_-_Angelica_Kauffmann.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7032" data-file-height="5598" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Sources">Sources</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Troilus_and_Criseyde" title="Troilus and Criseyde">Troilus and Criseyde</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Troy_Book" title="Troy Book">Troy Book</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Recuyell_of_the_Historyes_of_Troye" title="Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye">Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Face_of_Love_(1954_film)" title="The Face of Love (1954 film)">The Face of Love</a></i> (1954, TV)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/BBC_Television_Shakespeare#Troilus_and_Cressida" title="BBC Television Shakespeare">Troilus and Cressida</a></i> (1981, TV)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_War_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Trojan War in popular culture">Trojan War in popular culture</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Troilus_and_Cressida_(Dryden_play)" title="Troilus and Cressida (Dryden play)">Troilus and Cressida</a></i> (Dryden play)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achilles_and_Patroclus" title="Achilles and Patroclus">Achilles and Patroclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespearean_problem_play" title="Shakespearean problem play">Shakespearean problem play</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="William_Shakespeare" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:William_Shakespeare" title="Template:William Shakespeare"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:William_Shakespeare" title="Template talk:William Shakespeare"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:William_Shakespeare" title="Special:EditPage/Template:William Shakespeare"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="William_Shakespeare" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_plays" title="Shakespeare's plays">Plays</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shakespearean_comedy" title="Shakespearean comedy">Comedies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/All%27s_Well_That_Ends_Well" title="All's Well That Ends Well">All's Well That Ends Well</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/As_You_Like_It" title="As You Like It">As You Like It</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Comedy_of_Errors" title="The Comedy of Errors">The Comedy of Errors</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cymbeline" title="Cymbeline">Cymbeline</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Love%27s_Labour%27s_Lost" title="Love's Labour's Lost">Love's Labour's Lost</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Measure_for_Measure" title="Measure for Measure">Measure for Measure</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice" title="The Merchant of Venice">The Merchant of Venice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Merry_Wives_of_Windsor" title="The Merry Wives of Windsor">The Merry Wives of Windsor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream" title="A Midsummer Night's Dream">A Midsummer Night's Dream</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Much_Ado_About_Nothing" title="Much Ado About Nothing">Much Ado About Nothing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pericles,_Prince_of_Tyre" title="Pericles, Prince of Tyre">Pericles, Prince of Tyre</a></i> ✻</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Taming_of_the_Shrew" title="The Taming of the Shrew">The Taming of the Shrew</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tempest" title="The Tempest">The Tempest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Night" title="Twelfth Night">Twelfth Night</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Gentlemen_of_Verona" title="The Two Gentlemen of Verona">The Two Gentlemen of Verona</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Noble_Kinsmen" title="The Two Noble Kinsmen">The Two Noble Kinsmen</a></i> ✻</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Winter%27s_Tale" title="The Winter's Tale">The Winter's Tale</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shakespearean_tragedy" title="Shakespearean tragedy">Tragedies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Antony_and_Cleopatra" title="Antony and Cleopatra">Antony and Cleopatra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coriolanus" title="Coriolanus">Coriolanus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar_(play)" title="Julius Caesar (play)">Julius Caesar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/King_Lear" title="King Lear">King Lear</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macbeth" title="Macbeth">Macbeth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Othello" title="Othello">Othello</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet" title="Romeo and Juliet">Romeo and Juliet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timon_of_Athens" title="Timon of Athens">Timon of Athens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Titus_Andronicus" title="Titus Andronicus">Titus Andronicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Troilus and Cressida</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shakespearean_history" title="Shakespearean history">Histories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/King_John_(play)" title="King John (play)">King John</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_(play)" title="Edward III (play)">Edward III</a></i> ✻</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_(play)" title="Richard II (play)">Richard II</a></i></li> <li><i>Henry IV</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Part_1" title="Henry IV, Part 1">1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Part_2" title="Henry IV, Part 2">2</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_(play)" title="Henry V (play)">Henry V</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_(play)" title="Henry VI (play)">Henry VI</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Part_1" title="Henry VI, Part 1">1</a></i> ✻</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Part_2" title="Henry VI, Part 2">2</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Part_3" title="Henry VI, Part 3">3</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_(play)" title="Richard III (play)">Richard III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_(play)" title="Henry VIII (play)">Henry VIII</a></i> ✻</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_texts_of_Shakespeare%27s_works" title="Early texts of Shakespeare's works">Early editions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shakespeare_plays_in_quarto" title="List of Shakespeare plays in quarto">Quarto publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Folio" title="First Folio">First Folio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Folio" title="Second Folio">Second Folio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shakespearean_problem_play" title="Shakespearean problem play">Problem plays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_late_romances" title="Shakespeare's late romances">Late romances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henriad" title="Henriad">Henriad</a></li> <li>Characters <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shakespearean_characters_(A%E2%80%93K)" title="List of Shakespearean characters (A–K)">A–K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shakespearean_characters_(L%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of Shakespearean characters (L–Z)">L–Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_character" title="Ghost character">Ghost character</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Shakespeare%27s_plays" title="Chronology of Shakespeare's plays">Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_in_performance" title="Shakespeare in performance">Performances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shakespearean_settings" title="List of Shakespearean settings">Settings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shakespearean_scenes" title="List of Shakespearean scenes">Scenes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chandos_portrait" title="Chandos portrait"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shakespeare_%28oval-cropped%29.png/75px-Shakespeare_%28oval-cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shakespeare_%28oval-cropped%29.png/113px-Shakespeare_%28oval-cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shakespeare_%28oval-cropped%29.png/150px-Shakespeare_%28oval-cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_sonnets" title="Shakespeare's sonnets">Shakespeare's sonnets</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petrarch%27s_and_Shakespeare%27s_sonnets" title="Petrarch's and Shakespeare's sonnets">comparison to Petrarch</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Lover%27s_Complaint" title="A Lover's Complaint">A Lover's Complaint</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Phoenix_and_the_Turtle" title="The Phoenix and the Turtle">The Phoenix and the Turtle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rape_of_Lucrece" title="The Rape of Lucrece">The Rape of Lucrece</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_and_Adonis_(Shakespeare_poem)" title="Venus and Adonis (Shakespeare poem)">Venus and Adonis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_apocrypha" title="Shakespeare apocrypha">Apocrypha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arden_of_Faversham" title="Arden of Faversham">Arden of Faversham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_Merlin" title="The Birth of Merlin">The Birth of Merlin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Cardenio" title="The History of Cardenio">Cardenio</a></i> ✻†</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Double_Falsehood" title="Double Falsehood">Double Falsehood</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside_(play)" title="Edmund Ironside (play)">Edmund Ironside</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fair_Em" title="Fair Em">Fair Em</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Locrine" title="Locrine">Locrine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Prodigal" title="The London Prodigal">The London Prodigal</a></i></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Love%27s_Labour%27s_Won" title="Love's Labour's Won">Love's Labour's Won</a></i> †</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Merry_Devil_of_Edmonton" title="The Merry Devil of Edmonton">The Merry Devil of Edmonton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mucedorus" title="Mucedorus">Mucedorus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Puritan" title="The Puritan">The Puritan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Maiden%27s_Tragedy" title="The Second Maiden's Tragedy">The Second Maiden's Tragedy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sejanus_His_Fall" title="Sejanus His Fall">Sejanus His Fall</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Oldcastle" title="Sir John Oldcastle">Sir John Oldcastle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_More_(play)" title="Sir Thomas More (play)">Sir Thomas More</a></i> ✻</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spanish_Tragedy" title="The Spanish Tragedy">The Spanish Tragedy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lord_Cromwell" title="Thomas Lord Cromwell">Thomas Lord Cromwell</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Woodstock_(play)" title="Thomas of Woodstock (play)">Thomas of Woodstock</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ur-Hamlet" title="Ur-Hamlet">Ur-Hamlet</a></i> †</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vortigern_and_Rowena" title="Vortigern and Rowena">Vortigern and Rowena</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Yorkshire_Tragedy" title="A Yorkshire Tragedy">A Yorkshire Tragedy</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Passionate_Pilgrim" title="The Passionate Pilgrim">The Passionate Pilgrim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/To_the_Queen" title="To the Queen">To the Queen</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Life of William Shakespeare">Life</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_William_Shakespeare" title="List of works by William Shakespeare">works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_Birthplace" title="Shakespeare's Birthplace">Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_William_Shakespeare" title="List of works by William Shakespeare">Bibliography</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Complete_Works_of_Shakespeare" title="Complete Works of Shakespeare">Complete Works</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_translations_of_works_by_William_Shakespeare" title="List of translations of works by William Shakespeare">Translations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_coat_of_arms" title="Shakespeare coat of arms">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare%27s_collaborations" title="William Shakespeare's collaborations">Collaborations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_editors" title="Shakespeare's editors">Editors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance_theatre" title="English Renaissance theatre">English Renaissance theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globe_Theatre" title="Globe Theatre">Globe Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_handwriting" title="Shakespeare's handwriting">Handwriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Chamberlain%27s_Men" title="Lord Chamberlain's Men">Lord Chamberlain's Men</a>/<a href="/wiki/King%27s_Men_(playing_company)" title="King's Men (playing company)">King's Men</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Theatre" title="The Theatre">The Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtain_Theatre" title="Curtain Theatre">Curtain Theatre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_the_plays_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Music in the plays of William Shakespeare">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Place" title="New Place">New Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_Shakespeare" title="Portraits of Shakespeare">Portraits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Religious views of William Shakespeare">Religious views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Sexuality of William Shakespeare">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelling_of_Shakespeare%27s_name" title="Spelling of Shakespeare's name">Spelling of his name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratford-upon-Avon" title="Stratford-upon-Avon">Stratford-upon-Avon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_writing_style" title="Shakespeare's writing style">Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_will" title="Shakespeare's will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Trinity,_Stratford-upon-Avon" title="Church of the Holy Trinity, Stratford-upon-Avon">Grave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reputation_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Reputation of William Shakespeare">Legacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_attribution_studies" title="Shakespeare attribution studies">Attribution studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_authorship_question" title="Shakespeare authorship question">Authorship question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardolatry" title="Bardolatry">Bardolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_festival" title="Shakespeare festival">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_garden" title="Shakespeare garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Influence of William Shakespeare">Influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorials_to_William_Shakespeare" title="Memorials to William Shakespeare">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_William_Shakespeare_screen_adaptations" title="List of William Shakespeare screen adaptations">Screen adaptations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_and_Star_Trek" title="Shakespeare and Star Trek">Shakespeare and <i>Star Trek</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_influence_on_Tolkien" title="Shakespeare's influence on Tolkien">Shakespeare's influence on Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_titled_after_Shakespeare" title="List of works titled after Shakespeare">Works titled after Shakespeare</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Institutions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folger_Shakespeare_Library" title="Folger Shakespeare Library">Folger Shakespeare Library</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_Quarterly" title="Shakespeare Quarterly">Shakespeare Quarterly</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company" title="Royal Shakespeare Company">Royal Shakespeare Company</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Theatre" title="Royal Shakespeare Theatre">Royal Shakespeare Theatre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_Birthplace_Trust" title="Shakespeare Birthplace Trust">Shakespeare Birthplace Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_Globe" title="Shakespeare's Globe">Shakespeare's Globe</a> (replica)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_Institute" title="Shakespeare Institute">Shakespeare Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Hathaway_(wife_of_Shakespeare)" title="Anne Hathaway (wife of Shakespeare)">Anne Hathaway</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_Hall" title="Susanna Hall">Susanna Hall</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamnet_Shakespeare" title="Hamnet Shakespeare">Hamnet Shakespeare</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Quiney" title="Judith Quiney">Judith Quiney</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Barnard" title="Elizabeth Barnard">Elizabeth Barnard</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Shakespeare" title="John Shakespeare">John Shakespeare</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shakespeare" title="Mary Shakespeare">Mary Arden</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Shakespeare" title="Gilbert Shakespeare">Gilbert Shakespeare</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Shakespeare" title="Joan Shakespeare">Joan Shakespeare</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Shakespeare" title="Edmund Shakespeare">Edmund Shakespeare</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Shakespeare" title="Richard Shakespeare">Richard Shakespeare</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hall_(physician)" title="John Hall (physician)">John Hall</a> (son-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Quiney" title="Thomas Quiney">Thomas Quiney</a> (son-in-law)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>✻ <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare%27s_collaborations" title="William Shakespeare's collaborations">Shakespeare and other authors</a></li> <li>† Lost</li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:William_Shakespeare" title="Category:William Shakespeare">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geoffrey_Chaucer&#039;s_Troilus_and_Criseyde" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Troilus_and_Criseyde" title="Template:Troilus and Criseyde"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Troilus_and_Criseyde" title="Template talk:Troilus and Criseyde"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Troilus_and_Criseyde" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Troilus and Criseyde"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geoffrey_Chaucer&#039;s_Troilus_and_Criseyde" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Troilus_and_Criseyde" title="Troilus and Criseyde">Troilus and Criseyde</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Troilus" title="Troilus">Troilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cressida" title="Cressida">Cressida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenor" title="Antenor">Antenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calchas" title="Calchas">Calchas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diomedes" title="Diomedes">Diomede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy" title="Helen of Troy">Helen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandarus" title="Pandarus">Pandarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priam" title="Priam">Priam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassandra" title="Cassandra">Cassandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector" title="Hector">Hector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_(mythology)" title="Paris (mythology)">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deiphobus" title="Deiphobus">Deiphobus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Il_Filostrato" title="Il Filostrato">Il Filostrato</a></i> (14th century)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roman_de_Troie" title="Roman de Troie">Roman de Troie</a></i> (12th century)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Troilus_and_Cressida_(opera)" title="Troilus and Cressida (opera)">Troilus and Cressida</a></i> (1954)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Troilus and Cressida</a></i> (1602)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poetry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Testament_of_Cresseid" title="The Testament of Cresseid">The Testament of Cresseid</a>" (15th century)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linguistic contributions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_words_first_attested_in_Chaucer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="English words first attested in Chaucer (page does not exist)">Words first used in</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Oak_and_the_Reed" title="The Oak and the Reed">The Oak and the Reed</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_pot_calling_the_kettle_black" title="The pot calling the kettle black">The pot calling the kettle black</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowbell" title="Cowbell">Cowbell</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/At_sixes_and_sevens" title="At sixes and sevens">At sixes and sevens</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sir_Giles_Goosecap" title="Sir Giles Goosecap">Sir Giles Goosecap</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/To_Her_Inconstant_Lover" title="To Her Inconstant Lover">To Her Inconstant Lover</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Il_Canzoniere" title="Il Canzoniere">Il Canzoniere</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amoryus_and_Cleopes" title="Amoryus and Cleopes">Amoryus and Cleopes</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183304#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183304#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183304#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/177810040">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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