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href="/wiki/Neorealism_(international_relations)" title="Neorealism (international relations)">Neorealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offensive_realism" title="Offensive realism">Offensive realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_realism" title="Defensive realism">Defensive realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_peace_theory" title="Territorial peace theory">Territorial peace theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_peace_theory" title="Democratic peace theory">Democratic peace theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;color: var(--color-base)">Other theories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Gramscianism" title="Neo-Gramscianism">Neo-Gramscianism</a></li> <li><a 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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;color: var(--color-base)">Classifications</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postpositivism_(international_relations)" title="Postpositivism (international relations)">Postpositivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism_(international_relations)" title="Rationalism (international relations)">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflectivism" title="Reflectivism">Reflectivism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Great_Debates_(international_relations)" title="Great Debates (international relations)">Great Debates</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-paradigm_debate_in_international_relations_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter-paradigm debate in international relations theory">Inter-paradigm debate</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;color: var(--color-base)">Other approaches</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_ethics" title="International ethics">International ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_sociology" title="Historical sociology">Historical sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime_theory" title="Regime theory">Regime theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_cartel_theory" title="State cartel theory">State cartel theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">Geopolitics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;color: var(--color-base)">Scholars</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_N._Barnett" title="Michael N. Barnett">Michael Barnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski">Zbigniew Brzezinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedley_Bull" title="Hedley Bull">Hedley Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._H._Carr" title="E. H. Carr">E. H. Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Deudney" title="Daniel Deudney">Daniel Deudney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_W._Doyle" title="Michael W. Doyle">Michael W. Doyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Enloe" title="Cynthia Enloe">Cynthia Enloe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fearon" title="James Fearon">James Fearon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Finnemore" title="Martha Finnemore">Martha Finnemore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gilpin" title="Robert Gilpin">Robert Gilpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Samuel P. Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ikenberry" title="John Ikenberry">John Ikenberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jervis" title="Robert Jervis">Robert Jervis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Katzenstein" title="Peter J. Katzenstein">Peter J. Katzenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Keohane" title="Robert Keohane">Robert Keohane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_D._Krasner" title="Stephen D. Krasner">Stephen D. Krasner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mearsheimer" title="John Mearsheimer">John Mearsheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Morgenthau" title="Hans Morgenthau">Hans Morgenthau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Nye" title="Joseph Nye">Joseph Nye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Sikkink" title="Kathryn Sikkink">Kathryn Sikkink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Strange" title="Susan Strange">Susan Strange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Ann_Tickner" title="J. Ann Tickner">J. Ann Tickner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Wallerstein" title="Immanuel Wallerstein">Immanuel Wallerstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Walt" title="Stephen Walt">Stephen Walt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Waltz" title="Kenneth Waltz">Kenneth Waltz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wendt" title="Alexander Wendt">Alexander Wendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Xuetong" title="Yan Xuetong">Yan Xuetong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Yaqing" title="Qin Yaqing">Qin Yaqing</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;color: var(--color-base)">Categories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="div-col"> <div class="CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":0,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":false,"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="International_relations" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:International_relations" title="Category:International relations">International relations</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_relations_theory" title="Template:International relations theory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_relations_theory" title="Template talk:International relations theory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:International_relations_theory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:International relations theory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Liberal institutionalism</b> (or <b>institutional liberalism</b> or <b>neoliberalism</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">theory of international relations</a> that holds that international cooperation between <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">states</a> is feasible and sustainable, and that such cooperation can reduce conflict and competition. Neoliberalism is a revised version of <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_(international_relations)" title="Liberalism (international relations)">liberalism</a>. Alongside <a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(international_relations)" title="Neorealism (international relations)">neorealism</a>, liberal institutionalism is one of the two most influential contemporary approaches to international relations.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast to neorealist scholarship (which is skeptical of prospects for sustainable cooperation), liberal institutionalism argues that cooperation is feasible and sustainable. Liberal institutionalists highlight the role of <a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">international institutions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regime_theory" title="Regime theory">regimes</a> in facilitating cooperation between states.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Keohane" title="Robert Keohane">Robert Keohane</a>'s 1984 book <i><a href="/wiki/After_Hegemony" title="After Hegemony">After Hegemony</a></i> used insights from the <a href="/wiki/New_institutional_economics" title="New institutional economics">new institutional economics</a> to argue that the international system could remain stable in the absence of a hegemon, thus rebutting hegemonic stability theory.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Keohane showed that international cooperation could be sustained through repeated interactions, transparency, and monitoring.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Keohane and other liberal institutionalists, institutions facilitate cooperation by: </p> <ul><li>Reducing transaction costs<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Providing information<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Making commitments more credible<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Establishing focal points for coordination<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Facilitating the principle of reciprocity<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Extending the shadow of the future<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Enabling interlinkages of issues, which raises the cost of noncompliance<sup id="cite_ref-:5_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_institutionalism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some call the school of thought rational functionalism instead of liberal institutionalism. Liberal institutionalism is also close to—but not synonymous with—<a href="/wiki/Regime_theory" title="Regime theory">regime theory</a> and neoliberalism.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Keohane" title="Robert Keohane">Robert Keohane</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political scientist</a> largely responsible for the development of liberal institutionalism, considers his ideas part of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institutionalism_(international_relations)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institutionalism (international relations) (page does not exist)">institutionalism</a> or rational institutionalism, even though those schools disagree with him on certain points.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keohane dislikes using the adjectives "liberal" or "neoliberal" to describe his work because he also draws from <a href="/wiki/Realism_(international_relations)" title="Realism (international relations)">realism</a>, a school of thought that is often contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_(international_relations)" title="Liberalism (international relations)">liberalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other major influences are the <a href="/wiki/Hegemonic_stability_theory" title="Hegemonic stability theory">hegemonic stability theory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Krasner" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Krasner">Stephen Krasner</a> and the work of <a href="/wiki/Charles_P._Kindleberger" title="Charles P. Kindleberger">Charles P. Kindleberger</a>, among others. </p><p>Liberal institutionalism differs from other common international relations theories like realism in the fact that it does not ignore internal politics. Furthermore, institutional liberalism follows the idea that democracy and capitalism create systems which not only maintain peace but also create beneficial economic opportunities for those involved. Liberal institutionalists believe that democracies naturally lead to peace because the many govern and not the few, and therefore those who decide to go to war will be the many that serve. This is in stark contrast to monarchies and dictatorships that are more warlike due to the fact that the few that do not serve will go to war. Beyond that liberal institutionalists defend capitalism on an international scale because they believe that if two nations are friendly, democratic, and capitalist the two nations will inevitably negotiate mutually beneficial trade deals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_of_institutions">Role of institutions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_institutionalism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Role of institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to liberal institutionalists, institutions facilitate cooperation by: </p> <ul><li>Reducing transaction costs<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Providing information<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Making commitments more credible<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Establishing focal points for coordination<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Facilitating the principle of reciprocity<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Extending the shadow of the future<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Enabling interlinkages of issues, which raises the cost of noncompliance<sup id="cite_ref-:5_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Critics of liberal institutionalism argue that institutions do not overcome power politics; rather, institutions reflect power politics.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Realist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Grieco" title="Joseph Grieco">Joseph Grieco</a> argues that liberal institutionalist analyses omit that states pursue relative gains (rather than absolute gains), and that institutionalist analyses that focus on the issue of "cheating" ignore that the relative gains problem is key to why realists believe international cooperation fails.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics also argue that it is unclear whether institutions have an independent effect on cooperation or whether they reflect that the members are already willing to cooperate and comply.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other critics argue that liberal institutionalist underestimate the enforcement powers of institutions: institutions are often designed to be weak to attract more members,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they tend to be particularly weak on issues related to security rather than economy.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Using logics from <a href="/wiki/Historical_institutionalism" title="Historical institutionalism">historical institutionalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Ikenberry" title="John Ikenberry">John Ikenberry</a> argues that institutions may be highly durable because </p> <ul><li>They strengthen expectations about future behavior</li> <li>They build coalitions, routines and connections between actors, which creates incentives for continuity</li> <li>They lead to spillovers, as other forms of cooperation builds around the existing institutions</li> <li>High start-up costs prevent actors from setting up challenger institutions</li> <li>Learning effects create incentives for actors to stick with existing institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contentions">Contentions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_institutionalism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Contentions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keohane_and_Nye">Keohane and Nye</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_institutionalism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Keohane and Nye"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Robert_O._Keohane" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert O. Keohane">Robert O. Keohane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_S._Nye" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph S. Nye">Joseph S. Nye</a>, in response to neorealism, develop an opposing theory they dub "<a href="/wiki/Complex_interdependence" title="Complex interdependence">Complex interdependence</a>." Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye explain, "... complex interdependence sometimes comes closer to reality than does realism."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In explaining this, Keohane and Nye cover the three assumptions in realist thought: First, states are coherent units and are the dominant actors in international relations; second, force is a usable and effective instrument of policy; and finally, the assumption that there is a <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchy</a> in international politics.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The heart of Keohane and Nye's argument is that in international politics there are, in fact, multiple channels that connect societies exceeding the conventional <a href="/wiki/Westphalian_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian sovereignty">Westphalian</a> system of states. This manifests itself in many forms ranging from informal governmental ties to <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporations" class="mw-redirect" title="Multinational corporations">multinational corporations</a> and organizations. Here they define their terminology; interstate relations are those channels assumed by realists; <i>transgovernmental</i> relations occur when one relaxes the realist assumption that states act coherently as units; <i>transnational</i> applies when one removes the assumption that states are the only units. It is through these channels that political exchange occurs, not through the limited interstate channel as championed by realists. </p><p>Secondly, Keohane and Nye argue that there is not, in fact, a hierarchy among issues, meaning that not only is the martial arm of foreign policy not the supreme tool by which to carry out a state's agenda, but that there is a multitude of different agendas that come to the forefront. The line between domestic and foreign policy becomes blurred in this case, as realistically there is no clear agenda in interstate relations. </p><p>Finally, the use of military force is not exercised when complex interdependence prevails. The idea is developed that between countries in which a complex interdependence exists, the role of the military in resolving disputes is negated. However, Keohane and Nye go on to state that the role of the military is in fact important in that "alliance's political and military relations with a rival bloc." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lebow">Lebow</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_institutionalism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Lebow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lebow" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Lebow">Richard Ned Lebow</a> states that the failure of neorealism lies in its "institutionalist" ontology, whereas the neorealist thinker <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Waltz" title="Kenneth Waltz">Kenneth Waltz</a> states, "the creators [of the system] become the creatures of the market that their activity gave rise to." This critical failure, according to Lebow, is due to the realists' inability "to escape from the predicament of anarchy." Or rather, the assumption that states do not adapt and will respond similarly to similar constraints and opportunities.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mearsheimer">Mearsheimer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_institutionalism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mearsheimer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Norman_Angell" title="Norman Angell">Norman Angell</a>, a classical <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> liberal, had held: "We cannot ensure the stability of the present system by the political or military preponderance of our nation or alliance by imposing its will on a rival."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Keohane and <a href="/wiki/Lisa_L._Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisa L. Martin">Lisa L. Martin</a> expound upon these ideas in the mid 1990s as a response to <a href="/wiki/John_Mearsheimer" title="John Mearsheimer">John J. Mearsheimer</a>'s "The False Promise of International Institutions", where Mearsheimer purports that, "institutions cannot get states to stop behaving as short-term power maximizers."<sup id="cite_ref-Keohane_IS_Promise_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keohane_IS_Promise-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact Mearsheimer's article is a direct response to the liberal-institutionalist movement created in response to neo-realism. The central point in Keohane and Martin's idea is that neo-realism insists that, "institutions have only marginal effects ... [which] leaves [neo-realism] without a plausible account of the investments that states have made in such international institutions as the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a>, <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">GATT</a>, and regional trading organizations."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This idea is in keeping with the notion of <a href="/wiki/Complex_interdependence" title="Complex interdependence">complex interdependence</a>. Moreover, Keohane and Martin argue that the fact that international institutions are created in response to state interests, that the real empirical question is "knowing how to distinguish the effects of underlying conditions from those of the institutions themselves."<sup id="cite_ref-Keohane_IS_Promise_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keohane_IS_Promise-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The debate between the institutionalists and Mearsheimer is about whether institutions have an independent effect on state behavior, or whether they reflect great power interests that said powers employ to advance their respective interests.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mearsheimer is concerned with 'inner-directed' institutions, which he states, "seek to cause peace by influencing the behavior of the member states." In doing so he dismisses Keohane and Martin's NATO argument in favor of the example of the <a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a>. According to Mearsheimer, NATO is an alliance that is interested in "an outside state, or coalition of states, which the alliance aims to deter, coerce, or defeat in war." Mearsheimer reasons that since NATO is an alliance it has special concerns. He concedes this point to Keohane and Martin.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Mearsheimer reasons, "to the extent that alliances cause peace, they do so by deterrence, which is straightforward realist behavior."<sup id="cite_ref-Mearsheimer_83_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mearsheimer_83-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In essence, Mearsheimer believes that Keohane and Martin "are shifting the terms of the debate, and making realist claims under the guise of institutionalism.<sup id="cite_ref-Mearsheimer_83_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mearsheimer_83-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mearsheimer criticizes Martin's argument that the <a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community</a> (EC) enhances the prospects of cooperation, particularly in the case of Great Britain's sanctioning of Argentina during the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a>, where it was able to secure the cooperation of other European states by linking the issues at hand to the EC. Mearsheimer purports that the United States was not a member of the EC and yet the US and Britain managed to cooperate on sanctions, creating an ad hoc alliance which effected change. "... Issue linkage was a commonplace practice in world politics well before institutions came on the scene; moreover, Britain and other European states could have used other diplomatic tactics to solve the problem. After all, Britain and America managed to cooperate on sanctions even though the United States was not a member of the EC."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_institutionalism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign interventionism">Foreign interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_internationalism" title="Liberal internationalism">Liberal internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_international_order" title="Liberal international order">Liberal international order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_international_relations_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal international relations theory">Liberal international relations theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_international_relations_theory" title="Marxist international relations theory">Marxist international relations theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(international_relations)" title="Neorealism (international relations)">Neorealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_institutionalism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPowell1994" class="citation journal cs1">Powell, Robert (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-organization/article/abs/anarchy-in-international-relations-theory-the-neorealistneoliberal-debate/77011ECF30FE5DF0F0962CC300E4173C">"Anarchy in International Relations Theory: The Neorealist-Neoliberal Debate"</a>. <i>International Organization</i>. <b>48</b> (2): 313. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0020818300028204">10.1017/s0020818300028204</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45773252">45773252</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221224145703/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-organization/article/abs/anarchy-in-international-relations-theory-the-neorealistneoliberal-debate/77011ECF30FE5DF0F0962CC300E4173C">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-12-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Organization&rft.atitle=Anarchy+in+International+Relations+Theory%3A+The+Neorealist-Neoliberal+Debate&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=313&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0020818300028204&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A45773252%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Finternational-organization%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fanarchy-in-international-relations-theory-the-neorealistneoliberal-debate%2F77011ECF30FE5DF0F0962CC300E4173C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+institutionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxelrodKeohane1985" class="citation journal cs1">Axelrod, Robert; Keohane, Robert O. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/world-politics/article/abs/achieving-cooperation-under-anarchy-strategies-and-institutions/706B24B2FB4525D661BEB5E954D6DC49">"Achieving Cooperation under Anarchy: Strategies and Institutions"</a>. <i>World Politics</i>. <b>38</b> (1): 226–254. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2010357">10.2307/2010357</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1086-3338">1086-3338</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2010357">2010357</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37411035">37411035</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210811140052/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/world-politics/article/abs/achieving-cooperation-under-anarchy-strategies-and-institutions/706B24B2FB4525D661BEB5E954D6DC49">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Politics&rft.atitle=Achieving+Cooperation+under+Anarchy%3A+Strategies+and+Institutions&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=226-254&rft.date=1985&rft.issn=1086-3338&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37411035%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2010357%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2010357&rft.aulast=Axelrod&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Keohane%2C+Robert+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fworld-politics%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fachieving-cooperation-under-anarchy-strategies-and-institutions%2F706B24B2FB4525D661BEB5E954D6DC49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+institutionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeohane2020" class="citation journal cs1">Keohane, Robert O. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Security&rft.atitle=The+Promise+of+Institutionalist+Theory&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-51&rft.date=1995&rft.issn=0162-2889&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29960902%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2539214%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2539214&rft.aulast=Keohane&rft.aufirst=Robert+O.&rft.au=Martin%2C+Lisa+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2539214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+institutionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorrlof2010" class="citation book cs1">Norrlof, Carla (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/americas-global-advantage/29F591B11AD3CCFDA25F7ED7D9191B55"><i>America's Global Advantage: US Hegemony and International Cooperation</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Security&rft.atitle=The+Promise+of+Institutionalist+Theory&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-51&rft.date=1995&rft.issn=0162-2889&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29960902%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2539214%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2539214&rft.aulast=Keohane&rft.aufirst=Robert+O.&rft.au=Martin%2C+Lisa+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2539214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+institutionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeohaneVictor2011" class="citation journal cs1">Keohane, Robert O.; Victor, David G. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Politics&rft.atitle=International+Cooperation+in+Economic+and+Security+Affairs&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-23&rft.date=1984&rft.issn=1086-3338&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154860842%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2010304%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2010304&rft.aulast=Lipson&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fworld-politics%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Finternational-cooperation-in-economic-and-security-affairs%2F0592AF69FA12FBCF021E9C9695DDF682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+institutionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:22_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIkenberry2001" class="citation book cs1">Ikenberry, G. John (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=86a3mz3W7DwC&q=after+victory+ikenberry"><i>After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order After Major Wars</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 23, 29–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05091-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05091-1"><bdi>978-0-691-05091-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+Victory%3A+Institutions%2C+Strategic+Restraint%2C+and+the+Rebuilding+of+Order+After+Major+Wars&rft.pages=23%2C+29-31&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-691-05091-1&rft.aulast=Ikenberry&rft.aufirst=G.+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D86a3mz3W7DwC%26q%3Dafter%2Bvictory%2Bikenberry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+institutionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeohane1989" class="citation book cs1">Keohane, Robert and Joseph Nye (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RmvuAAAAMAAJ"><i>Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition</i></a>. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780316489362" title="Special:BookSources/9780316489362"><bdi>9780316489362</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+and+Interdependence%3A+World+Politics+in+Transition&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780316489362&rft.aulast=Keohane&rft.aufirst=Robert+and+Joseph+Nye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRmvuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+institutionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeohane1989" class="citation book cs1">Keohane, Robert and Joseph Nye (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RmvuAAAAMAAJ"><i>Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition</i></a>. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. pp. 23–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780316489362" title="Special:BookSources/9780316489362"><bdi>9780316489362</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+and+Interdependence%3A+World+Politics+in+Transition&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=23-24&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780316489362&rft.aulast=Keohane&rft.aufirst=Robert+and+Joseph+Nye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRmvuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+institutionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waltz, 90; quoted in Richard Ned Lebow, "The long peace, the end of the cold war, and the failure of realism", <i>International Organization</i>, 48, 2 (Spring 1994), 273</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman Angell, <i>The Great Illusion</i>, (1909) cited from 1933 ed. (New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons),p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keohane_IS_Promise-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keohane_IS_Promise_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keohane_IS_Promise_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeohane1995" class="citation journal cs1">Keohane, Robert and Lisa Martin (Summer 1995). "The Promise of Institutionalist Theory". <i>International Security</i>. <b>20</b> (1): 47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2539214">10.2307/2539214</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2539214">2539214</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29960902">29960902</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Security&rft.atitle=The+Promise+of+Institutionalist+Theory&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=47&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29960902%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2539214%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2539214&rft.aulast=Keohane&rft.aufirst=Robert+and+Lisa+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+institutionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert O. Keohane and Lisa L. Martin, "The Promise of Institutionalist Theory", <i>International Security</i> 20, no. 1 (Summer 1995), 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMearsheimer1995" class="citation journal cs1">Mearsheimer, John (Summer 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mearsheimer.uchicago.edu/pdfs/A0022.pdf">"A Realist Reply"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Security</i>. <b>20</b> (1): 82–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2539218">10.2307/2539218</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2539218">2539218</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154731141">154731141</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181223050424/http://mearsheimer.uchicago.edu/pdfs/A0022.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Security&rft.atitle=A+Realist+Reply&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=82-83&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154731141%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2539218%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2539218&rft.aulast=Mearsheimer&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmearsheimer.uchicago.edu%2Fpdfs%2FA0022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+institutionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mearsheimer, 83–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mearsheimer_83-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mearsheimer_83_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mearsheimer_83_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMearsheimer1995" class="citation journal cs1">Mearsheimer, John (Summer 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mearsheimer.uchicago.edu/pdfs/A0022.pdf">"A Realist Reply"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Security</i>. <b>20</b> (1): 83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2539218">10.2307/2539218</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2539218">2539218</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154731141">154731141</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181223050424/http://mearsheimer.uchicago.edu/pdfs/A0022.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Security&rft.atitle=A+Realist+Reply&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=83&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154731141%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2539218%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2539218&rft.aulast=Mearsheimer&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmearsheimer.uchicago.edu%2Fpdfs%2FA0022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+institutionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMearsheimer1995" class="citation journal cs1">Mearsheimer, John (Summer 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mearsheimer.uchicago.edu/pdfs/A0022.pdf">"A Realist Reply"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Security</i>. <b>20</b> (1): 87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2539218">10.2307/2539218</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2539218">2539218</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154731141">154731141</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181223050424/http://mearsheimer.uchicago.edu/pdfs/A0022.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Security&rft.atitle=A+Realist+Reply&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=87&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154731141%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2539218%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2539218&rft.aulast=Mearsheimer&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmearsheimer.uchicago.edu%2Fpdfs%2FA0022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+institutionalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_relations_theory" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_relations_theory" title="Template:International relations theory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_relations_theory" title="Template talk:International relations theory"><abbr title="Discuss this 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href="/wiki/Liberalism_(international_relations)" title="Liberalism (international relations)">Liberalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_in_international_relations" title="Idealism in international relations">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_peace_theory" title="Democratic peace theory">Democratic peace theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_peace" title="Capitalist peace">Capitalist peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican liberalism">Republican liberalism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Liberal institutionalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_international_relations_theory" title="Marxist international relations theory">Marxism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dependency_theory" title="Dependency theory">Dependency theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_imperialism" title="Theories of imperialism">Theories of imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uneven_and_combined_development" title="Uneven and combined development">Uneven and combined development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World-systems_theory" title="World-systems theory">World-systems theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Realism_(international_relations)" title="Realism (international relations)">Realism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_realism_(international_relations)" title="Classical realism (international relations)">Classical realism</a></li> <li><a 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title="Neo-Gramscianism">Neo-Gramscianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_security_studies" title="Critical security studies">Critical security studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_international_relations_theory" title="Critical international relations theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_school_of_international_relations_theory" title="English school of international relations theory">English School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmentalism" title="Intergovernmentalism">Intergovernmentalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_intergovernmentalism" title="Liberal intergovernmentalism">liberal intergovernmentalism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_political_economy" title="International political economy">International political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_international_relations" title="Feminism in international relations">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_theory" title="Green theory">Green theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemonic_stability_theory" title="Hegemonic stability theory">Hegemonic stability theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_School_(international_relations)" title="Copenhagen School (international relations)">Copenhagen School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(international_relations)" title="Functionalism (international relations)">Functionalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neofunctionalism" title="Neofunctionalism">neofunctionalism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism_(international_relations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmodernism (international relations)">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_international_relations" title="Postcolonial international relations">Postcolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercommunalism" title="Intercommunalism">Intercommunalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_school_of_international_relations" title="Chinese school of international relations">Chinese school of international relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postpositivism_(international_relations)" title="Postpositivism (international relations)">Postpositivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism_(international_relations)" title="Rationalism (international relations)">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflectivism" title="Reflectivism">Reflectivism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Great_Debates_(international_relations)" title="Great Debates (international relations)">Great Debates</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-paradigm_debate_in_international_relations_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter-paradigm debate in international relations theory">Inter-paradigm debate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_ethics" title="International ethics">International ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_sociology" title="Historical sociology">Historical sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime_theory" title="Regime theory">Regime theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_cartel_theory" title="State cartel theory">State cartel theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">Geopolitics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_N._Barnett" title="Michael N. Barnett">Michael Barnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski">Zbigniew Brzezinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedley_Bull" title="Hedley Bull">Hedley Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._H._Carr" title="E. H. Carr">E. H. Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Deudney" title="Daniel Deudney">Daniel Deudney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_W._Doyle" title="Michael W. Doyle">Michael W. Doyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Enloe" title="Cynthia Enloe">Cynthia Enloe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fearon" title="James Fearon">James Fearon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Finnemore" title="Martha Finnemore">Martha Finnemore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gilpin" title="Robert Gilpin">Robert Gilpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Samuel P. Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ikenberry" title="John Ikenberry">John Ikenberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jervis" title="Robert Jervis">Robert Jervis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Katzenstein" title="Peter J. Katzenstein">Peter J. Katzenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Keohane" title="Robert Keohane">Robert Keohane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_D._Krasner" title="Stephen D. Krasner">Stephen D. Krasner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mearsheimer" title="John Mearsheimer">John Mearsheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Morgenthau" title="Hans Morgenthau">Hans Morgenthau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Nye" title="Joseph Nye">Joseph Nye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Sikkink" title="Kathryn Sikkink">Kathryn Sikkink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Strange" title="Susan Strange">Susan Strange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Ann_Tickner" title="J. Ann Tickner">J. Ann Tickner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Wallerstein" title="Immanuel Wallerstein">Immanuel Wallerstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Walt" title="Stephen Walt">Stephen Walt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Waltz" title="Kenneth Waltz">Kenneth Waltz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wendt" title="Alexander Wendt">Alexander Wendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Xuetong" title="Yan Xuetong">Yan Xuetong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Yaqing" title="Qin Yaqing">Qin Yaqing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col"> <div class="CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":0,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":false,"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="International_relations" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:International_relations" title="Category:International relations">International relations</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberal_institutionalism&oldid=1204847803">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberal_institutionalism&oldid=1204847803</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_relations_theory" title="Category:International relations theory">International relations theory</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 February 2024, at 04:47<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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