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vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Topics of enquiry subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Topics_of_enquiry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_Finance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_Finance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 International Finance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_Finance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_Trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_Trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 International Trade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_Trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Economic development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_IPE_approaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_IPE_approaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Historical IPE approaches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_IPE_approaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_IPE_approaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_IPE_approaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Modern IPE approaches </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_IPE_approaches-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Modern IPE approaches subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_IPE_approaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Open_Economy_Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_Economy_Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Open Economy Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open_Economy_Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dependency_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dependency_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Dependency theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dependency_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hegemonic_stability_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hegemonic_stability_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Hegemonic stability theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hegemonic_stability_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_vs._British_IPE" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_vs._British_IPE"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 American vs. British IPE </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_vs._British_IPE-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Journals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional_associations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_associations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Professional associations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_associations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes and references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" > 21 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="اقتصاد سياسي دولي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اقتصاد سياسي دولي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyn%C9%99lxalq_siyasi_iqtisadiyyat" title="Beynəlxalq siyasi iqtisadiyyat – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Beynəlxalq siyasi iqtisadiyyat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezin%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_politick%C3%A1_ekonomie" title="Mezinárodní politická ekonomie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mezinárodní politická ekonomie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economi_wleidyddol_ryngwladol" title="Economi wleidyddol ryngwladol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Economi wleidyddol ryngwladol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Politisk_%C3%98konomi" title="International Politisk Økonomi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="International Politisk Økonomi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationale_Politische_%C3%96konomie" title="Internationale Politische Ökonomie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Internationale Politische Ökonomie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econom%C3%ADa_pol%C3%ADtica_internacional" title="Economía política internacional – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Economía política internacional" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%84%DB%8C" title="اقتصاد سیاسی بین‌المللی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اقتصاد سیاسی بین‌المللی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89conomie_politique_internationale" title="Économie politique internationale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Économie politique internationale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C%EC%A0%95%EC%B9%98%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C%ED%95%99" title="국제정치경제학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국제정치경제학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomi_politik_internasional" title="Ekonomi politik internasional – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ekonomi politik internasional" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarptautini%C5%B3_santyki%C5%B3_politin%C4%97_ekonomija" title="Tarptautinių santykių politinė ekonomija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tarptautinių santykių politinė ekonomija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%B5%8C%E6%B8%88%E5%AD%A6" title="国際政治経済学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国際政治経済学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internasjonal_politisk_%C3%B8konomi" title="Internasjonal politisk økonomi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Internasjonal politisk økonomi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="نړيوال سياسي اقتصاد – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:125%;"><a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">International relations theory</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(international_relations)" title="Constructivism (international relations)">Constructivism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_constructivism" title="Feminist constructivism">Feminist constructivism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_(international_relations)" title="Liberalism (international relations)">Liberalism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_in_international_relations" title="Idealism in international relations">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_peace_theory" title="Democratic peace theory">Democratic peace theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_peace" title="Capitalist peace">Capitalist peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican liberalism">Republican liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_institutionalism" title="Liberal institutionalism">Liberal institutionalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_international_relations_theory" title="Marxist international relations theory">Marxism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dependency_theory" title="Dependency theory">Dependency theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_imperialism" title="Theories of imperialism">Theories of imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uneven_and_combined_development" title="Uneven and combined development">Uneven and combined development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World-systems_theory" title="World-systems theory">World-systems theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Realism_(international_relations)" title="Realism (international relations)">Realism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_realism_(international_relations)" title="Classical realism (international relations)">Classical realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_realism" title="Neoclassical realism">Neoclassical realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(international_relations)" title="Neorealism (international relations)">Neorealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offensive_realism" title="Offensive realism">Offensive realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_realism" title="Defensive realism">Defensive realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_peace_theory" title="Territorial peace theory">Territorial peace theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_peace_theory" title="Democratic peace theory">Democratic peace theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;color: var(--color-base)">Other theories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Gramscianism" title="Neo-Gramscianism">Neo-Gramscianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_security_studies" title="Critical security studies">Critical security studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_international_relations_theory" title="Critical international relations theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_school_of_international_relations_theory" title="English school of international relations theory">English School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmentalism" title="Intergovernmentalism">Intergovernmentalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_intergovernmentalism" title="Liberal intergovernmentalism">liberal intergovernmentalism</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">International political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_international_relations" title="Feminism in international relations">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_theory" title="Green theory">Green theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemonic_stability_theory" title="Hegemonic stability theory">Hegemonic stability theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_School_(international_relations)" title="Copenhagen School (international relations)">Copenhagen School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(international_relations)" title="Functionalism (international relations)">Functionalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neofunctionalism" title="Neofunctionalism">neofunctionalism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism_(international_relations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmodernism (international relations)">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_international_relations" title="Postcolonial international relations">Postcolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercommunalism" title="Intercommunalism">Intercommunalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_school_of_international_relations" title="Chinese school of international relations">Chinese school of international relations</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;color: var(--color-base)">Classifications</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postpositivism_(international_relations)" title="Postpositivism (international relations)">Postpositivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism_(international_relations)" title="Rationalism (international relations)">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflectivism" title="Reflectivism">Reflectivism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Great_Debates_(international_relations)" title="Great Debates (international relations)">Great Debates</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-paradigm_debate_in_international_relations_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter-paradigm debate in international relations theory">Inter-paradigm debate</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;color: var(--color-base)">Other approaches</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_ethics" title="International ethics">International ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_sociology" title="Historical sociology">Historical sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime_theory" title="Regime theory">Regime theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_cartel_theory" title="State cartel theory">State cartel theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">Geopolitics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;color: var(--color-base)">Scholars</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_N._Barnett" title="Michael N. Barnett">Michael Barnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski">Zbigniew Brzezinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedley_Bull" title="Hedley Bull">Hedley Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._H._Carr" title="E. H. Carr">E. H. Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Deudney" title="Daniel Deudney">Daniel Deudney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_W._Doyle" title="Michael W. Doyle">Michael W. Doyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Enloe" title="Cynthia Enloe">Cynthia Enloe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fearon" title="James Fearon">James Fearon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Finnemore" title="Martha Finnemore">Martha Finnemore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gilpin" title="Robert Gilpin">Robert Gilpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Samuel P. Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ikenberry" title="John Ikenberry">John Ikenberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jervis" title="Robert Jervis">Robert Jervis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Katzenstein" title="Peter J. Katzenstein">Peter J. Katzenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Keohane" title="Robert Keohane">Robert Keohane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_D._Krasner" title="Stephen D. Krasner">Stephen D. Krasner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mearsheimer" title="John Mearsheimer">John Mearsheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Morgenthau" title="Hans Morgenthau">Hans Morgenthau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Nye" title="Joseph Nye">Joseph Nye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Sikkink" title="Kathryn Sikkink">Kathryn Sikkink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Strange" title="Susan Strange">Susan Strange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Ann_Tickner" title="J. Ann Tickner">J. Ann Tickner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Wallerstein" title="Immanuel Wallerstein">Immanuel Wallerstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Walt" title="Stephen Walt">Stephen Walt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Waltz" title="Kenneth Waltz">Kenneth Waltz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wendt" title="Alexander Wendt">Alexander Wendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Xuetong" title="Yan Xuetong">Yan Xuetong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Yaqing" title="Qin Yaqing">Qin Yaqing</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;color: var(--color-base)">Categories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="div-col"> <div class="CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":0,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":false,"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="International_relations" aria-expanded="false"></a> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:International_relations" title="Category:International relations">International relations</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_relations_theory" title="Template:International relations theory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_relations_theory" title="Template talk:International relations theory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:International_relations_theory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:International relations theory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> International political economy (IPE) is the study of how politics shapes the <a href="/wiki/World_economy" title="World economy">global economy</a> and how the global economy shapes <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Oatley-2019a-1">[1]</a> A key focus in IPE is on the power of different actors such as <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation states</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">international organizations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational corporations</a> to shape the international economic system and the <a href="/wiki/Distribution_(economics)" title="Distribution (economics)">distributive consequences</a> of international economic activity. It has been described as the study of "the political battle between the winners and losers of global economic exchange."<a href="#cite_note-Oatley-2019a-1">[1]</a> A central assumption of IPE theory is that international economic phenomena do not exist in any meaningful sense separate from the actors who regulate and control them.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cohen-2008f-3">[3]</a> Alongside <a href="/wiki/Economic_model" title="Economic model">formal economic theories</a> of international economics, trade, and finance, which are widely utilised within the discipline, IPE thus stresses the study of institutions, politics, and power relations in understanding the global economy.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Broz-2001a-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oatley-2019-7">[7]</a> The substantive issue areas of IPE are frequently divided into the four broad subject areas of 1. international trade, 2. the international monetary and financial system, 3. multinational corporations, and 4. economic development and inequality.<a href="#cite_note-Oatley-2019b-8">[8]</a> Key actors of study may include <a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">international organizations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational corporations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB-2022-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cohen-2008a-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> International political economy is a major subdiscipline of <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a> where it emerged in the 1960s and 1970s, prompted by the growth of international economic institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a>, alongside economic turmoils such as the <a href="/wiki/Nixon_shock" title="Nixon shock">fall of the gold standard</a>, <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1973%E2%80%931975_recession" title="1973–1975 recession">1970s recession</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lake-2009-12">[12]</a> IPE is also a major field of study within history, especially economic history, where scholars study the historical dynamics of the international political economy.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_emergence">History and emergence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_political_economy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and emergence">edit</a>]</div> International political economy has its historic roots in the discipline of <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a>; the study of the national economy and its interactions with governance and politics.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>'s publication of <a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a> profoundly influenced the development of the field of political economy.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> While the newly founded discipline of <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>; which studies economic phenomena absent political and social considerations; began to diverge from political economy studies in the late 19th century, political economy continued to live as an academic tradition within political science departments, as well as within <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">modern economics</a> as a pluralist approach.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> While notable works from <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a>' <a href="/wiki/The_General_Theory_of_Employment,_Interest_and_Money" title="The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money">General Theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi's</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Transformation_(book)" title="The Great Transformation (book)">The Great Transformation</a> published in the early 20th century are still written in the tradition of political economy, economics in its narrower form was dominating economics departments from the 1920s and onward.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The emergence of international political economy can be traced to the late 1960s and early 1970s, when deepening <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">economic interdependence</a> prompted by the growth of post-war economic institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, and <a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a>, drew increasing attention within international relations scholarship towards the study of these institutions, and more broadly, to the study of governance of the world economy. The need for a more comprehensive understanding on global economic governance within political science circles became increasingly apparent through the crises of the 1970s; with the end of <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system" title="Bretton Woods system">the gold standard</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a>, <a href="/wiki/1973%E2%80%931975_recession" title="1973–1975 recession">1973-1975 recession</a> and calls for greater trade protection.<a href="#cite_note-Cohen-2008c-20">[20]</a> Influential figures in the emergence of the discipline were international relations scholars <a href="/wiki/Robert_Keohane" title="Robert Keohane">Robert Keohane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Nye" title="Joseph Nye">Joseph Nye</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gilpin" title="Robert Gilpin">Robert Gilpin</a> in the United States, as well as <a href="/wiki/Susan_Strange" title="Susan Strange">Susan Strange</a> in the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-Cohen-2008-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> IPE has since become a key pillar in political science departments as well as a major subdiscipline of international relations, alongside traditional international relations scholarship centred on material security.<a href="#cite_note-Cohen-2008c-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Topics_of_enquiry">Topics of enquiry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_political_economy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Topics of enquiry">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_Finance">International Finance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_political_economy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: International Finance">edit</a>]</div> International finance and monetary relations is one of the core areas of study in IPE.<a href="#cite_note-Oatley-2019b-8">[8]</a> In IPE scholarship, the interrelation of economic and political interests in international finance assumes it impossible to separate the financial system from international politics in any meaningful sense.<a href="#cite_note-Broz-2001-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kirshner-2003-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The IPE of international finance is characterized by political network effects and international externalities,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Beggar_thy_neighbour" title="Beggar thy neighbour">beggar-thy-neighbour</a> effects<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> and contagions.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> A key concept in IPE literature on international finance is the <a href="/wiki/Impossible_trinity" title="Impossible trinity">impossible trinity</a>, derived from the <a href="/wiki/Mundell%E2%80%93Fleming_model" title="Mundell–Fleming model">Mundell–Fleming model</a>, which holds that it is impossible to simultaneously pursue all of the following three economic policies:<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <ul><li>a fixed <a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign exchange rate">foreign exchange rate</a></li> <li>free <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a> movement; absence of <a href="/wiki/Capital_control" title="Capital control">capital controls</a></li> <li>an independent <a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">monetary policy</a></li></ul> Another key dilemma in monetary policy is that governments have to balance the <a href="/wiki/Inflation_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflation rate">inflation rate</a> (the price of money at home) and the <a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate" title="Exchange rate">exchange rate</a> (the price of money outside the home market).<a href="#cite_note-Kirshner-2003-25">[25]</a> There is no agreement in the economics literature on the optimal national <a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate_regime" title="Exchange rate regime">exchange rate policy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Broz-2001-23">[23]</a> Rather, national exchange rate regimes reflect political considerations.<a href="#cite_note-Broz-2001-23">[23]</a> National exchange rate policies can be 1. fixed, floating, or a hybrid of the two, and 2. entail a strong or weak currency.<a href="#cite_note-Broz-2001-23">[23]</a> Different groups benefit disproportionately depending on the national exchange rate policies that is chosen.<a href="#cite_note-Broz-2001-23">[23]</a> The liberal view point generally has been strong in Western academia since it was first articulated by Smith in the eighteenth century. Only during the 1940s to early 1970s did an alternative system, <a href="/wiki/Keynesianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Keynesianism">Keynesianism</a>, command wide support in universities. Keynes was concerned chiefly with domestic macroeconomic policy. The Keynesian consensus was challenged by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> and other scholars out of Chicago as early as the 1950s, and by the 1970s, Keynes' influence on public discourse and economic policy making had somewhat faded. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Impossible_trinity_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Illustration of the impossible trinity in international political economy." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Impossible_trinity_diagram.svg/263px-Impossible_trinity_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="263" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Impossible_trinity_diagram.svg/395px-Impossible_trinity_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Impossible_trinity_diagram.svg/526px-Impossible_trinity_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="607" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of the impossible trinity in IPE finance scholarship; inspired by the Mundell-Fleming model in <a href="/wiki/International_economics" title="International economics">international economics</a>. The theory postulates that a state may not have any more than two of the following policies in place at the same time; a <a href="/wiki/Fixed_exchange_rate_system" title="Fixed exchange rate system">fixed exchange rate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital movement">free capital movement</a>, and an independent national <a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">monetary policy</a>.</figcaption></figure> After World War II, the <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system" title="Bretton Woods system">Bretton Woods system</a> was established, reflecting the political orientation described as <a href="/wiki/Embedded_liberalism" title="Embedded liberalism">embedded liberalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In 1971 President Richard Nixon ended the convertibility of gold that had been established under the IMF in the Bretton Woods system.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Interim agreements followed. Nonetheless, until 2008 the trend has been for increasing liberalization of both international trade and finance. From later 2008 world leaders have also been increasingly calling for a <a href="/wiki/International_monetary_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="International monetary systems">New Bretton Woods System</a>. Topics such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>, <a href="/wiki/Financial_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial Crisis">Financial Crises</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">Financial crisis of 2007–2008</a> and <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a>), <a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate" title="Exchange rate">exchange rates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Direct_Investment" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Direct Investment">Foreign Direct Investment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">Multinational Corporations</a> receive much attention in IPE. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_Trade">International Trade</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_political_economy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: International Trade">edit</a>]</div> There are multiple approaches to trade within IPE.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> These approaches seek to explain international bargaining between states, as well as the foreign economic policies that states adopt. In terms of domestic explanations for the foreign economic policies of states, the two dominant approaches are the factor model and sector model,<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> both of which build on <a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo's</a> theory of <a href="/wiki/Comparative_advantage" title="Comparative advantage">comparative advantage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Leamer-1995-38">[38]</a> The factor model (which has been called the H-O-S-S model) is shaped by the <a href="/wiki/Heckscher%E2%80%93Ohlin_model" title="Heckscher–Ohlin model">Heckscher-Ohlin</a> model and the <a href="/wiki/Stolper%E2%80%93Samuelson_theorem" title="Stolper–Samuelson theorem">Stolper-Samuelsson theorem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Milner-1999-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Martin-2015-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alt-1996-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Milner-2005-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Owen-2015-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alt-1994-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> According to the Heckscher-Ohlin model of trade, the <a href="/wiki/Comparative_advantage" title="Comparative advantage">comparative advantage</a> of countries in trade stems from their endowments of particular factors of trade (<a href="/wiki/Land_(economics)" title="Land (economics)">land</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">labor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a>). This means that a country abundant in land will primarily export land-intensive products (such as agriculture), whereas a country abundant in capital will export capital-intensive products (such as high-technology manufacturing) and a country abundant in labor will export labor-intensive products (such as textiles).<a href="#cite_note-Hiscox-2011-46">[46]</a> Building on this model, the Stolper-Samuelsson theorem holds that groups that possess the factors will support or oppose trade depending on the abundance or scarcity of the factors. This means that in a country which is abundant in land and scarce in capital, farmers will support free trade whereas producers in capital-intensive manufacturing will oppose free trade.<a href="#cite_note-Hiscox-2011-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alt-1996-41">[41]</a> The factor model predicts that labor in developed countries will oppose trade liberalization (because it is relatively scarce), whereas labor in developing countries will support free trade (because it is relatively abundant).<a href="#cite_note-Owen-2015-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Building on these insights, influential research by Ronald Rogowski argued that factor endowments predicted whether countries were characterized by class-conflict (capital vs. labor) or urban-rural conflict.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Milner-1999-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cohen-2008d-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Martin-2015-40">[40]</a> Similarly, an influential study by <a href="/wiki/Helen_Milner" title="Helen Milner">Helen Milner</a> and Keiko Kubota argues that factor endowments explain why developing countries liberalize their trade after they democratize (the abundant factor, labor, supports trade liberalization).<a href="#cite_note-Milner-2005-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> A 2023 study by Milner and Lindsay R. Dolan found that factor endowments help explain trade preferences in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Research has substantiated the predictions of the Stolper-Samuelsson theorem, showing that trade openness tends to reduce inequality in developing countries, but exacerbate it in advanced economies.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The sectors model of trade, the <a href="/wiki/Ricardo%E2%80%93Viner_model" title="Ricardo–Viner model">Ricardo–Viner model</a> (named after David Ricardo and <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Viner" title="Jacob Viner">Jacob Viner</a>), challenges the notion that factors are key to understanding trade preferences.<a href="#cite_note-Milner-1999-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alt-1996-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Owen-2015-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alt-1994-44">[44]</a> Factors can be highly immobile, which means that capital-owners and labor who work in a particular sector may have similar interests. As a consequence, trade preferences are better understood by examining which economic sectors win or lose on trade liberalization. Whereas the factor model assumes that capital-owners in different sectors have similar trade preferences and that labor across different sector have similar trade preferences, the Ricardo-Viner model holds that in sectors where factors are immobile, labor and capital-owners in one sector may have the same trade preferences.<a href="#cite_note-Martin-2015-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leamer-1995-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> As a result, the Ricardo-Viner model predicts that class conflict over trade is more likely when factors are highly mobile, but that industry-based conflict is more likely when factors are immobile.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Adam Dean has challenged the economic assumptions in both models, arguing that workers' wages do not consistently correspond to increases in productivity in a given industry (contradicting Ricardo-Viner) nor do workers consistently benefit from import restrictions when labor is the scarce factor of endowment (contradicting Heckscher-Ohlin).<a href="#cite_note-Dean-2015a-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dean-2015b-58">[58]</a> The degree to which Ricardo-Viner and Heckscher-Ohlin are correct is conditioned by whether workers have profit-sharing institutions or are unionized (which helps them to bargain for higher wages amid productivity increases).<a href="#cite_note-Dean-2015a-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dean-2015b-58">[58]</a> He has also challenged Milner and Kubota's study on trade liberalization in developing countries, as he shows that democratic developing countries frequently repressed labor unions amid trade liberalization.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Studies by <a href="/wiki/Dani_Rodrik" title="Dani Rodrik">Dani Rodrik</a> and Anna Mayda, as well as <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Scheve" title="Kenneth Scheve">Kenneth Scheve</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matthew_J._Slaughter" title="Matthew J. Slaughter">Matthew J. Slaughter</a> have found support for the factor models, as they show that there is greater support for trade openness in developing countries (where labor is abundant and thus benefits from trade openness).<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Other studies find no support for either model,<a href="#cite_note-cambridge.org-63">[63]</a> and argue that the models have limited explanatory value.<a href="#cite_note-Mansfield-2009-64">[64]</a> A 2022 study in the Journal of Politics found that comparative advantage predicts attitudes on free trade among individuals and legislators.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> According to a 2017 assessment by Thomas Oatley, there are "no strong conclusions" in IPE scholarship as to which of these models better characterizes the sources of individual trade policies.<a href="#cite_note-Oatley-2017-66">[66]</a> Aside from the sector and factor models, there are firm-specific models of trade preferences (some times described as "New new" trade theory) which predict that those who work for large, productive and globally oriented firms support trade liberalization (as well as free movement of capital and labor), whereas employees in smaller firms are less supportive of free trade.<a href="#cite_note-Martin-2015-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Economic_geography" title="Economic geography">Economic geography</a> approaches explain trade policies by looking at the regions that benefit and lose on globalization; it predicts that large cities support trade liberalization and that left-behind regions push back on liberalization.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Other alternative models to the factor and sector models may explain individual preferences through demographic data (age, class, skills,<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> education,<a href="#cite_note-Mansfield-2009-64">[64]</a> gender<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a>), as well as ideology<a href="#cite_note-Hainmueller-2006-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> and culture.<a href="#cite_note-Oatley-2017-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Some studies have raised questions about whether individuals understand the effects of trade protectionism, which puts doubt on theories that assume that trade policy preferences are rooted in economic self-interest.<a href="#cite_note-cambridge.org-63">[63]</a> Trade may in and of itself alter domestic politics, including the trade preferences of the public. A 1988 study by Helen Milner found that trade openness substantially increased support for free trade by strengthening the position of firms that stand to lose from trade protectionism.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Influential studies by David Cameron,<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dani_Rodrik" title="Dani Rodrik">Dani Rodrik</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Katzenstein" title="Peter J. Katzenstein">Peter Katzenstein</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> have affirmed the insights of the <a href="/wiki/Double_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Double Movement">Double Movement</a>, as they show that greater trade openness has been associated with increases in government social spending.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Garrett-1998-88">[88]</a> In terms of how preferences get aggregated and reconciled into foreign economic policies, IPE scholars have pointed to collective action problems,<a href="#cite_note-Alt-1994-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alt-1996-41">[41]</a> electoral systems,<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> regime types,<a href="#cite_note-Milner-2005-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> veto points,<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> the nature of the legislative trade policy process,<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> the interaction between domestic and international bargaining,<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> and the interactions between political elites and epistemic communities.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Some IPE scholarship de-emphasizes the role of domestic politics and points to international processes as shapers of trade policy.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oatley-2011-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Some scholars have argued for a "new interdependence" approach, which restores insights from the <a href="/wiki/Complex_interdependence" title="Complex interdependence">complex interdependence</a> of the 1970s, but emphasizes network effects, control over central nodes, and path dependence.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_development">Economic development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_political_economy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Economic development">edit</a>]</div> IPE is also concerned with <a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">development economics</a> and explaining how and why countries develop. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_IPE_approaches">Historical IPE approaches</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_political_economy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Historical IPE approaches">edit</a>]</div> Historically, three prominent approaches to IPE were the liberal, economic nationalist (mercantilist),<a href="#cite_note-Helleiner-2021-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> and marxist perspectives.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oatley-2019c-108">[108]</a> Economic liberals tend to oppose <a href="/wiki/Government_intervention" class="mw-redirect" title="Government intervention">government intervention</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market</a> when it inhibits <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Competition_(economics)" title="Competition (economics)">open competition</a>, but support government intervention to protect <a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">property rights</a> and resolve <a href="/wiki/Market_failure" title="Market failure">market failures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Oatley-2019d-109">[109]</a> Economic liberals commonly adhere to a <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic philosophy">economic philosophy</a> which advocates a restrained <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_policy" title="Fiscal policy">fiscal policy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Balanced_budget" title="Balanced budget">balancing of budgets</a>, through measures such as low taxes, reduced government spending, and minimized government debt.<a href="#cite_note-Simmons-2006-110">[110]</a> To economic nationalists, markets are subordinate to the state, and should serve the interests of the state (such as providing national security and accumulating military power). The doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">mercantilism</a> is a prominent variant of economic nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-Helleiner-2021-105">[105]</a> Economic nationalists tend to see international trade as <a href="/wiki/Zero-sum_thinking" title="Zero-sum thinking">zero-sum</a>, where the goal is to derive relative gains (as opposed to mutual gains).<a href="#cite_note-Gilpin-1987-111">[111]</a> Economic nationalism tends to emphasize <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialization</a> (and often aids industries with state support), due to beliefs that industry has positive <a href="/wiki/Spillover_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Spillover effects">spillover effects</a> on the rest of the economy, enhances the self-sufficiency and political autonomy of the country, and is a crucial aspect in building military power.<a href="#cite_note-Gilpin-1987-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_IPE_approaches">Modern IPE approaches</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_political_economy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern IPE approaches">edit</a>]</div> There are several prominent approaches to IPE. The dominant paradigm is Open Economy Politics.<a href="#cite_note-Lake-2009-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rickard-2021-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Other influential approaches include dependency theory, hegemonic stability theory, and domestic political theories of IPE.<a href="#cite_note-Lake-2009-12">[12]</a> Early modern IPE scholarship employed a diversity of methods and did both grand theory and middle range theory, but over time, the scholarship has become more quantitative and focused on middle-range theories.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oatley-2017-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Winecoff-2017-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cohen-2017-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Robert Jervis wrote in 1998, "the IPE subfield, after a marvelous period of development in the 1970s and 1980s seems to be stagnating."<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> The first wave of IPE scholarship focused on complex interdependence and the evolution of global systems of economic exchange.<a href="#cite_note-Winecoff-2017-116">[116]</a> This scholarship focused on <a href="/wiki/Hegemonic_stability_theory" title="Hegemonic stability theory">hegemonic stability theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Complex_interdependence" title="Complex interdependence">complex interdependence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Regime_theory" title="Regime theory">regimes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Milner-1999-39">[39]</a> The second wave sought to explain the domestic sources of global economic cooperation or explain how global processes influence domestic policy-making.<a href="#cite_note-Winecoff-2017-116">[116]</a> The third wave increasingly focused on explaining the <a href="/wiki/Microfoundations" title="Microfoundations">micro-foundations</a> of policy.<a href="#cite_note-Winecoff-2017-116">[116]</a> According to Benjamin Cohen, "in terms of theory, consensus is often lacking on even the most basic causal relationships" in IPE scholarship.<a href="#cite_note-Cohen-2008a-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Open_Economy_Politics">Open Economy Politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_political_economy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Open Economy Politics">edit</a>]</div> Open Economy Politics (OEP) can be traced to domestic political theories of IPE; OEP emerged in the late 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-Lake-2009-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> OEP adopts the assumptions of neoclassical economics and international trade theory.<a href="#cite_note-Lake-2009-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> It strongly emphasizes <a href="/wiki/Microfoundations" title="Microfoundations">microfoundations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Owen-2017-124">[124]</a> It has been characterized as employing rationalism, materialism and liberalism.<a href="#cite_note-Oatley-2011-98">[98]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/David_A._Lake" title="David A. Lake">David Lake</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Lake-2009-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oatley-2017-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cohen-2017-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-Owen-2017-124">[124]</a> <ol><li>Interests: "OEP begins with individuals, sectors, or factors of production as the units of analysis and derives their interests over economic policy from each unit's position within the international economy."</li> <li>Domestic institutions: "It conceives of domestic political institutions as mechanisms that aggregate interests (with more or less bias) and structure the bargaining of competing societal groups."</li> <li>International bargaining: "It introduces, when necessary, bargaining between states with different interests. Analysis within OEP proceeds from the most micro- to the most macro-level in a linear and orderly fashion, reflecting an implicit uni-directional conception of politics as flowing up from individuals to interstate bargaining."</li></ol> Thomas Oatley has criticized OEP for an overemphasis on domestic political processes and for failing to consider the interplay between processes at the domestic level and macro processes at the global level: in essence, OEP scholarship suffers from <a href="/wiki/Omitted-variable_bias" title="Omitted-variable bias">omitted variable bias</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Oatley-2011-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oatley-2017-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blyth-2017-126">[126]</a> According to Peter Katzenstein, Robert Keohane and Stephen Krasner, scholarship in this vein assumes that actors' preferences and behavior are derived from their material position, which leads to a neglect of the ways in which variation in information may shape actor preferences and behaviors.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Mark Blyth and Matthias Matthijs argue that OEP scholarship essentially black boxes the global economy.<a href="#cite_note-Blyth-2017-126">[126]</a> Stephanie Rickard has defended the OEP approach, writing in 2021:<a href="#cite_note-Rickard-2021-112">[112]</a><blockquote>OEP has matured and developed over the past decade. As a framework, it has proven to be enormously productive and adaptable—integrating diverse economic phenomena under a common theoretical umbrella and providing a framework flexible enough to react to significant events in the global economy... The accumulating body of scholarship in the OEP tradition has moved our understanding of world politics decisively forward. Critics of OEP have yet to offer an alternative, more empirically powerful theory and as a result, OEP continues to progress as the dominant paradigm in IPE research.</blockquote>Scholars have questioned the empirical validity of the models derived from OEP scholarship on money<a href="#cite_note-Cohen-2017-117">[117]</a> and trade,<a href="#cite_note-Oatley-2011-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oatley-2017-66">[66]</a> as well as questioned the ability of OEP scholarship to explain momentous events in global political economy.<a href="#cite_note-Blyth-2017-126">[126]</a> Challengers to the OEP framework include behavioral approaches (which do not necessarily accept that individual interests stem from material incentives), and economic geography approaches.<a href="#cite_note-Rickard-2021-112">[112]</a> According to Stephanie Rickard, OEP scholars have modified their models to incorporate incomplete information (which affects how individual preferences are formed) and <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a> (which affects the distribution of gains and losses).<a href="#cite_note-Rickard-2021-112">[112]</a> Erica Owen and Stephanie Walter similarly argue that "second-generation" OEP frameworks incorporate both material and ideational preferences.<a href="#cite_note-Owen-2017-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dependency_theory">Dependency theory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_political_economy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dependency theory">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Dependency_theory" title="Dependency theory">Dependency theory</a> is the notion that resources flow from a "<a href="/wiki/Periphery_countries" title="Periphery countries">periphery</a>" of poor and <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">underdeveloped states</a> to a "<a href="/wiki/Core_countries" title="Core countries">core</a>" of <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">wealthy states</a>, enriching the latter at the expense of the former. It is a central contention of dependency theory that poor states are impoverished and rich ones enriched by the way poor states are integrated into the "<a href="/wiki/World_system" class="mw-redirect" title="World system">world system</a>". This theory was officially developed in the late 1960s following World War II, as scholars searched for the root issue in the lack of development in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Dependency theory and world systems theory are not mainstream economic theory.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hegemonic_stability_theory">Hegemonic stability theory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_political_economy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hegemonic stability theory">edit</a>]</div> Early IPE scholarship was focused on the implications of hegemony on international economic affairs. In the 1970s, US hegemony appeared to be on the fall, which prompted scholars to consider the likely effects of this falling.<a href="#cite_note-Cohen-2008b-130">[130]</a> Robert Keohane coined the term <a href="/wiki/Hegemonic_stability_theory" title="Hegemonic stability theory">Hegemonic stability theory</a> in a 1980 article for the notion that the international system is more likely to remain stable when a single <a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">nation-state</a> is the dominant world power, or <a href="/wiki/Hegemon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegemon">hegemon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cohen-2008b-130">[130]</a> Keohane's 1984 book <a href="/wiki/After_Hegemony" title="After Hegemony">After Hegemony</a>, used insights from the <a href="/wiki/New_institutional_economics" title="New institutional economics">new institutional economics</a>, to argue that the international system could remain stable in the absence of a hegemon.<a href="#cite_note-Keohane-2020-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_vs._British_IPE">American vs. British IPE</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_political_economy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: American vs. British IPE">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Cohen_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Cohen (professor)">Benjamin Cohen</a> provides a detailed intellectual history of IPE identifying American and <a href="/wiki/British_International_Political_Economy" title="British International Political Economy">British</a> camps. The Americans are positivist and attempt to develop intermediate level theories that are supported by some form of quantitative evidence. British IPE is more "interpretivist" and looks for "grand theories". They use very different standards of empirical work. Cohen sees benefits in both approaches.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> A special edition of <a href="/wiki/New_Political_Economy_(journal)" title="New Political Economy (journal)">New Political Economy</a> has been issued on The 'British School' of IPE<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> and a special edition of the <a href="/wiki/Review_of_International_Political_Economy" title="Review of International Political Economy">Review of International Political Economy</a> (RIPE) on American IPE.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Journals">Journals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_political_economy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Journals">edit</a>]</div> The leading journal for IPE scholarship is the generalist international relations journal <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_(journal)" title="International Organization (journal)">International Organization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pepinsky-2020-135">[135]</a> International Organization played an instrumental role in making IPE one of the prominent subfields in IR.<a href="#cite_note-Cohen-2008e-136">[136]</a> The leading IPE-specific journals are the <a href="/wiki/Review_of_International_Political_Economy" title="Review of International Political Economy">Review of International Political Economy</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Political_Economy_(journal)" title="New Political Economy (journal)">New Political Economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pepinsky-2020-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Examples of journals within the historical study of IPE are <a href="/wiki/The_Economic_History_Review" title="The Economic History Review">Economic History Review</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Political_Economy" title="History of Political Economy">History of Political Economy</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Professional_associations">Professional associations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_political_economy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Professional associations">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bisa-ipeg.org/">British International Studies Association - International Political Economy Group</a> (BISA-IPEG)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isanet.org/ISA/Sections/IPE">International Studies Association - International Political Economy Section</a> (ISA-IPE)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/isa-ipe">ISA-IPE Mailing List</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_political_economy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes and references">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Oatley-2019a-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oatley-2019a_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oatley-2019a_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOatley2019" class="citation book cs1">Oatley, Thomas (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4GJoDwAAQBAJ">International Political Economy: Sixth Edition</a>. Routledge. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-03464-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-03464-7"><bdi>978-1-351-03464-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Political+Economy%3A+Sixth+Edition&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-351-03464-7&rft.aulast=Oatley&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4GJoDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+political+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedenMartin2003" class="citation book cs1">Frieden, Jeffry; Martin, Lisa (2003). 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Princeton University Press. pp. 35–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13569-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13569-4"><bdi>978-0-691-13569-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Political+Economy%3A+An+Intellectual+History&rft.pages=35-36&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13569-4&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH79WVDwMzCEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+political+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeabrookeYoung2017" class="citation journal cs1">Seabrooke, Leonard; Young, Kevin L. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2016.1276949">"The networks and niches of international political economy"</a>. Review of International Political Economy. 24 (2): 288–331. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09692290.2016.1276949">10.1080/09692290.2016.1276949</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10398%2F560a0b04-b5cd-40e3-b2b8-9924ecbbe171">10398/560a0b04-b5cd-40e3-b2b8-9924ecbbe171</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0969-2290">0969-2290</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152218180">152218180</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+International+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=The+networks+and+niches+of+international+political+economy&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=288-331&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10398%2F560a0b04-b5cd-40e3-b2b8-9924ecbbe171&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A152218180%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0969-2290&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09692290.2016.1276949&rft.aulast=Seabrooke&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft.au=Young%2C+Kevin+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F09692290.2016.1276949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+political+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_political_economy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about International political economy <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=International+political+economy">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=International+political+economy&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Broome, André (2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://he.palgrave.com/page/detail/issues-and-actors-in-the-global-political-economy-andr---broome/?sf1=barcode&st1=9780230289161&loc=uk">Issues and Actors in the Global Political Economy</a>, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-28916-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-28916-1">978-0-230-28916-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Cohen_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Cohen (professor)">Cohen, Benjamin</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8665.html">International Political Economy: An Intellectual History</a>. Princeton, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13569-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13569-4"><bdi>978-0-691-13569-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Political+Economy%3A+An+Intellectual+History&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13569-4&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Ftitles%2F8665.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+political+economy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gill_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Gill (academic)">Gill, Stephen</a> (1988). Global Political Economy: perspectives, problems and policies. New York: Harvester. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7450-0265-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7450-0265-X"><bdi>0-7450-0265-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Political+Economy%3A+perspectives%2C+problems+and+policies&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harvester&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-7450-0265-X&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+political+economy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilpin2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gilpin" title="Robert Gilpin">Gilpin, Robert</a> (2001). Global Political Economy: Understanding the International Economic Order. Pon, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-08677-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-08677-X"><bdi>0-691-08677-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Political+Economy%3A+Understanding+the+International+Economic+Order&rft.place=Pon%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-691-08677-X&rft.aulast=Gilpin&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+political+economy" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Paquin, Stephane (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/theories-of-international-political-economy-9780199018963?cc=ca&lang=en&">Theories of International Political Economy</a>, Don Mill, Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199018963" title="Special:BookSources/9780199018963">9780199018963</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips,_Nicola2005" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Nicola, ed. (2005). Globalizing International Political Economy. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-96504-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-96504-7"><bdi>978-0-333-96504-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalizing+International+Political+Economy&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-333-96504-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+political+economy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavenhill2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ravenhill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Ravenhill (page does not exist)">Ravenhill, John</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141201013150/http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199666010.do">Global Political Economy</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-926584-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-926584-4"><bdi>0-19-926584-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199666010.do">the original</a> on 1 December 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Political+Economy&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-19-926584-4&rft.aulast=Ravenhill&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fukcatalogue.oup.com%2Fproduct%2F9780199666010.do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+political+economy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Watson_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew Watson (academic)">Watson, Matthew</a> (2005). Foundations of International Political Economy. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-1351-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-1351-7"><bdi>978-1-4039-1351-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+International+Political+Economy&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-1351-7&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+political+economy" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_relations_theory" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_relations_theory" title="Template:International relations theory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_relations_theory" title="Template talk:International relations theory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:International_relations_theory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:International relations theory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_relations_theory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">International relations theory</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(international_relations)" title="Constructivism (international relations)">Constructivism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_constructivism" title="Feminist constructivism">Feminist constructivism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_(international_relations)" title="Liberalism (international relations)">Liberalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_in_international_relations" title="Idealism in international relations">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_peace_theory" title="Democratic peace theory">Democratic peace theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_peace" title="Capitalist peace">Capitalist peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican liberalism">Republican liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_institutionalism" title="Liberal institutionalism">Liberal institutionalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_international_relations_theory" title="Marxist international relations theory">Marxism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dependency_theory" title="Dependency theory">Dependency theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_imperialism" title="Theories of imperialism">Theories of imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uneven_and_combined_development" title="Uneven and combined development">Uneven and combined development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World-systems_theory" title="World-systems theory">World-systems theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Realism_(international_relations)" title="Realism (international relations)">Realism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_realism_(international_relations)" title="Classical realism (international relations)">Classical realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_realism" title="Neoclassical realism">Neoclassical realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(international_relations)" title="Neorealism (international relations)">Neorealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offensive_realism" title="Offensive realism">Offensive realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_realism" title="Defensive realism">Defensive realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_peace_theory" title="Territorial peace theory">Territorial peace theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_peace_theory" title="Democratic peace theory">Democratic peace theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Gramscianism" title="Neo-Gramscianism">Neo-Gramscianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_security_studies" title="Critical security studies">Critical security studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_international_relations_theory" title="Critical international relations theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_school_of_international_relations_theory" title="English school of international relations theory">English School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmentalism" title="Intergovernmentalism">Intergovernmentalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_intergovernmentalism" title="Liberal intergovernmentalism">liberal intergovernmentalism</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">International political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_international_relations" title="Feminism in international relations">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_theory" title="Green theory">Green theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemonic_stability_theory" title="Hegemonic stability theory">Hegemonic stability theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_School_(international_relations)" title="Copenhagen School (international relations)">Copenhagen School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(international_relations)" title="Functionalism (international relations)">Functionalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neofunctionalism" title="Neofunctionalism">neofunctionalism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism_(international_relations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmodernism (international relations)">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_international_relations" title="Postcolonial international relations">Postcolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercommunalism" title="Intercommunalism">Intercommunalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_school_of_international_relations" title="Chinese school of international relations">Chinese school of international relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postpositivism_(international_relations)" title="Postpositivism (international relations)">Postpositivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism_(international_relations)" title="Rationalism (international relations)">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflectivism" title="Reflectivism">Reflectivism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Great_Debates_(international_relations)" title="Great Debates (international relations)">Great Debates</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-paradigm_debate_in_international_relations_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter-paradigm debate in international relations theory">Inter-paradigm debate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_ethics" title="International ethics">International ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_sociology" title="Historical sociology">Historical sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime_theory" title="Regime theory">Regime theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_cartel_theory" title="State cartel theory">State cartel theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">Geopolitics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_N._Barnett" title="Michael N. Barnett">Michael Barnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski">Zbigniew Brzezinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedley_Bull" title="Hedley Bull">Hedley Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._H._Carr" title="E. H. Carr">E. H. Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Deudney" title="Daniel Deudney">Daniel Deudney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_W._Doyle" title="Michael W. Doyle">Michael W. Doyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Enloe" title="Cynthia Enloe">Cynthia Enloe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fearon" title="James Fearon">James Fearon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Finnemore" title="Martha Finnemore">Martha Finnemore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gilpin" title="Robert Gilpin">Robert Gilpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Samuel P. 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Ann Tickner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Wallerstein" title="Immanuel Wallerstein">Immanuel Wallerstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Walt" title="Stephen Walt">Stephen Walt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Waltz" title="Kenneth Waltz">Kenneth Waltz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wendt" title="Alexander Wendt">Alexander Wendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Xuetong" title="Yan Xuetong">Yan Xuetong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Yaqing" title="Qin Yaqing">Qin Yaqing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col"> <div class="CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":0,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":false,"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="International_relations" aria-expanded="false"></a> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:International_relations" title="Category:International relations">International relations</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_political_economy&oldid=1257088879">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_political_economy&oldid=1257088879</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_systems" title="Category:Economic systems">Economic systems</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_relations_theory" title="Category:International relations theory">International relations theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_economy" title="Category:Political economy">Political economy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_economics" title="Category:International economics">International economics</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from August 2020">Use dmy dates from August 2020</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 November 2024, at 04:43 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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