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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Marcuse" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Marcuse_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Marcuse (disambiguation)">Marcuse (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Herbert Marcuse (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/mɑːrˈkuːzə/</a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>German: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[maʁˈkuːzə]</a>; July 19, 1898 – July 29, 1979) was a German–American <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_critic" class="mw-redirect" title="Social critic">social critic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political theorist</a>, associated with the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a> of <a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">critical theory</a>. Born in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Marcuse studied at Berlin's <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Friedrich Wilhelm University</a> and then at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Freiburg" title="University of Freiburg">Freiburg</a>, where he received his Ph.D.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a> He was a prominent figure in the Frankfurt-based <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Social_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute for Social Research">Institute for Social Research</a>, which later became known as the Frankfurt School. In his written works, he criticized <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, modern technology, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Communism">Soviet Communism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a>, arguing that they represent new forms of <a href="/wiki/Social_control" title="Social control">social control</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Herbert Marcuse</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Herbert_Marcuse_in_Newton,_Massachusetts_1955.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Herbert_Marcuse_in_Newton%2C_Massachusetts_1955.jpeg/220px-Herbert_Marcuse_in_Newton%2C_Massachusetts_1955.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Herbert_Marcuse_in_Newton%2C_Massachusetts_1955.jpeg/330px-Herbert_Marcuse_in_Newton%2C_Massachusetts_1955.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Herbert_Marcuse_in_Newton%2C_Massachusetts_1955.jpeg/440px-Herbert_Marcuse_in_Newton%2C_Massachusetts_1955.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="444"></a><div class="infobox-caption">Marcuse in 1955</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1898-07-19)July 19, 1898 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">July 29, 1979(1979-07-29) (aged 81) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Starnberg" title="Starnberg">Starnberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>German</li><li>American</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Freiburg" title="University of Freiburg">University of Freiburg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable work</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eros_and_Civilization" title="Eros and Civilization">Eros and Civilization</a> (1955)</li><li><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a> (1964)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Sophie Wertheim</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1924; died 1951)</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Inge Neumann</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1955; died 1973)</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Erica Sherover</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1976)</div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/20th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="20th-century philosophy">20th-century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western Marxism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Feenberg" title="Andrew Feenberg">Andrew Feenberg</a><a href="#cite_note-Proposal-1">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Paul Gottfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Leiss" title="William Leiss">William Leiss</a><a href="#cite_note-Proposal-1">[1]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">Social theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Industrialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialism">industrialism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technological_rationality" title="Technological rationality">Technological rationality</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Great_refusal" title="Great refusal">great refusal</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">one-dimensional man</a></li><li>work as <a href="/wiki/Free_Play_(Derrida)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Play (Derrida)">free play</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Repressive_tolerance" class="mw-redirect" title="Repressive tolerance">repressive tolerance</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Repressive_desublimation" title="Repressive desublimation">repressive desublimation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Negative_Dialectics" title="Negative Dialectics">negative thinking</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarian_democracy" title="Totalitarian democracy">totalitarian democracy</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcuse_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Marcuse_signature.svg/150px-Marcuse_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Marcuse_signature.svg/225px-Marcuse_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Marcuse_signature.svg/300px-Marcuse_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="176"></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> Between 1943 and 1950, Marcuse worked in <a href="/wiki/U.S._government" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. government">U.S. government</a> service for the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a> (predecessor of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>) where he criticized the <a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> in the book <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Marxism:_A_Critical_Analysis" title="Soviet Marxism: A Critical Analysis">Soviet Marxism: A Critical Analysis</a> (1958). In the 1960s and the 1970s, he became known as the pre-eminent theorist of the <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a> and the student movements of <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">France</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>; some consider him "the Father of the New Left".<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> His best-known works are <a href="/wiki/Eros_and_Civilization" title="Eros and Civilization">Eros and Civilization</a> (1955) and <a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a> (1964). His <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> scholarship inspired many radical intellectuals and political activists in the 1960s and 1970s, both in the United States and internationally. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Biography">1 Biography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_years">1.1 Early years</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Institute_for_Social_Research">1.2 Institute for Social Research</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Emigration_to_the_United_States">1.3 Emigration to the United States</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#World_War_II">1.4 World War II</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Post-war_career">1.5 Post-war career</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Marriages">1.6 Marriages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Children">1.7 Children</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Death">1.8 Death</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Philosophy_and_views">2 Philosophy and views</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Marcuse's_early_%22Heideggerian_Marxism%22">2.1 Marcuse's early "Heideggerian Marxism"</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Marcuse_and_capitalism">2.2 Marcuse and capitalism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#The_New_Left_and_radical_politics">2.3 The New Left and radical politics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Marcuse_and_feminism">2.4 Marcuse and feminism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Criticism">3 Criticism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Legacy">4 Legacy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Bibliography">5 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#References">6 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Further_reading">7 Further reading</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Herbert_Marcuse">7.1 Herbert Marcuse</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Criticism_and_analysis">7.2 Criticism and analysis</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#General">7.3 General</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#External_links">8 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Marcuse&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Marcuse&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Herbert Marcuse was born July 19, 1898, in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, to Carl Marcuse and Gertrud Kreslawsky. Marcuse's family was a German upper-middle-class Jewish family that was well integrated into German society.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a> Marcuse moved from Berlin to the suburb of <a href="/wiki/Charlottenburg" title="Charlottenburg">Charlottenburg</a>, the center of West Berlin. Marcuse's formal education began at Mommsen Gymnasium and continued at the Kaiserin-Augusta Gymnasium in Charlottenburg from 1911 to 1916.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a> In 1916, he was drafted into the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(German_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (German Empire)">German Army</a>, but only worked in horse stables in Berlin during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. He would sit out his entire military service in Germany. While in Berlin, he managed to secure permission to attend lectures at the university of Berlin while still on active duty.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a> He then became a member of a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)#Germany" title="Soviet (council)">Soldiers' Council</a> that participated in the abortive <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> <a href="/wiki/Spartacist_uprising" title="Spartacist uprising">Spartacist uprising</a>. In 1919, he attended the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin, taking classes for four semesters. In 1920, he transferred to the University of Freiburg to concentrate on German literature, philosophy, politics, and economics.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a> He completed his Ph.D. thesis at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Freiburg" title="University of Freiburg">University of Freiburg</a> in 1922 on the German <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCnstlerroman" title="Künstlerroman">Künstlerroman</a>, after which he moved back to Berlin, where he worked in publishing. Two years later he married Sophie Wertheim, a mathematician. He returned to <a href="/wiki/Freiburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Freiburg">Freiburg</a> in 1928 to study with <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a> and write a <a href="/wiki/Habilitation" title="Habilitation">habilitation</a> with <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a>, which was published in 1932 as <a href="/wiki/Hegel%27s_Ontology_and_the_Theory_of_Historicity" title="Hegel's Ontology and the Theory of Historicity">Hegel's Ontology and the Theory of Historicity</a> (Hegels Ontologie und die Theorie der Geschichtlichkeit). This study was written in the context of the Hegel Renaissance that was taking place in Europe with an emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</a>'s ontology of life and history, idealist theory of spirit and dialectic.<a href="#cite_note-kellner12-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Institute_for_Social_Research">Institute for Social Research</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Marcuse&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Institute for Social Research" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1932, Marcuse stopped working with Heidegger, who joined the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> in 1933. Marcuse understood that he would not qualify as a professor under the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi regime</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a> Marcuse was then hired to work for the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Institute of Social Research in Frankfurt</a>. The Institute deposited their endowment in Holland in anticipation of the Nazi takeover, so Marcuse never actually worked in the school there.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a> Instead, he began his work with the Institute in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, where a branch office was formed after leaving Nazi Germany in May 1933.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a> While a member of the Frankfurt School, Marcuse developed a model for <a href="/wiki/Critical_social_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical social theory">critical social theory</a>, created a theory of the new stage of state and monopoly capitalism, described the relationships between philosophy, social theory, and cultural criticism, and provided an analysis and critique of German "<a href="/wiki/National_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialism">National Socialism</a>". Marcuse worked closely with critical theorists while at the Institute.<a href="#cite_note-kellner12-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emigration_to_the_United_States">Emigration to the United States</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Marcuse&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Emigration to the United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Marcuse emigrated to the United States in June 1934. He served at the Institute's Columbia University branch from 1934 through 1942. He traveled to <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, in 1942, to work for the Office of War Information, and afterward the Office of Strategic Services. Marcuse went on to teach at <a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University" title="Brandeis University">Brandeis University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">University of California, San Diego</a>, later in his career.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a> In 1940, he became a US citizen and resided in the country until his death in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a> Although he never returned to Germany to live, he remained one of the major theorists associated with the Frankfurt School, along with <a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Max Horkheimer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a> (among others). In 1940, Marcuse published <a href="/wiki/Reason_and_Revolution" title="Reason and Revolution">Reason and Revolution</a>, a dialectical work studying <a href="/wiki/G._W._F._Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="G. W. F. Hegel">G. W. F. Hegel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Marcuse&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: World War II" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Special:EditPage/Herbert Marcuse">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> During World War II, Marcuse first worked for the US <a href="/wiki/Office_of_War_Information" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of War Information">Office of War Information</a> (OWI) on anti-Nazi propaganda projects. In 1943, he transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Branch" title="Research and Analysis Branch">Research and Analysis Branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a> (OSS), the precursor to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Directed by the Harvard historian <a href="/wiki/William_L._Langer" title="William L. Langer">William L. Langer</a>, the Research and Analysis (R&A) Branch was the largest American research institution in the first half of the twentieth century. At its zenith between 1943 and 1945, it employed over twelve hundred, four hundred of whom were stationed abroad. In many respects, it was the site where post-World War II American social science was born, with protégés of some of the most esteemed American university professors, as well as numerous European intellectual émigrés, in its ranks. In March 1943, Marcuse joined fellow Frankfurt School scholar <a href="/wiki/Franz_Neumann_(political_scientist)" title="Franz Neumann (political scientist)">Franz Neumann</a> in R&A's Central European Section as senior analyst; there he rapidly established himself as "the leading analyst on Germany".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeumannMarcuseKirchheimer20133-8">[8]</a> After the dissolution of the OSS in 1945, Marcuse was employed by the <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of State">US Department of State</a> as head of the Central European section, becoming an intelligence analyst of Nazism. A compilation of Marcuse's reports was published in <a href="/wiki/Secret_Reports_on_Nazi_Germany:_The_Frankfurt_School_Contribution_to_the_War_Effort" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Reports on Nazi Germany: The Frankfurt School Contribution to the War Effort">Secret Reports on Nazi Germany: The Frankfurt School Contribution to the War Effort</a> (2013). He retired after the death of his first wife in 1951. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_career">Post-war career</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Marcuse&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Post-war career" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unnamed_herbert_marcuse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Unnamed_herbert_marcuse.jpg/412px-Unnamed_herbert_marcuse.jpg" decoding="async" width="412" height="294" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3467" data-file-height="2470"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 412px;height: 294px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Unnamed_herbert_marcuse.jpg/412px-Unnamed_herbert_marcuse.jpg" data-width="412" data-height="294" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Unnamed_herbert_marcuse.jpg/618px-Unnamed_herbert_marcuse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Unnamed_herbert_marcuse.jpg/824px-Unnamed_herbert_marcuse.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> Marcuse giving a lecture in Berlin, 1967 </figcaption></figure> Marcuse began his teaching career as a political theorist at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, then continued at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> in 1952. Marcuse worked at <a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University" title="Brandeis University">Brandeis University</a> from 1954 to 1965, then at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_San_Diego" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California San Diego">University of California San Diego</a> from 1965 to 1970.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> It was during his time at Brandeis that he wrote his most famous work, <a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a> (1964).<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Marcuse was a friend and collaborator of the <a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">political sociologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Barrington_Moore_Jr." title="Barrington Moore Jr.">Barrington Moore Jr.</a> and of the political philosopher <a href="/wiki/Robert_Paul_Wolff" title="Robert Paul Wolff">Robert Paul Wolff</a>, and also a friend of the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> sociology professor <a href="/wiki/C._Wright_Mills" title="C. Wright Mills">C. Wright Mills</a>, one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a> movement. In his "Introduction" to One-Dimensional Man, Marcuse wrote: "I should like to emphasize the vital importance of the work of C. Wright Mills."<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In the post-war period, Marcuse rejected the theory of <a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">class struggle</a> and the Marxist concern with labor, instead claiming, according to <a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Leszek Kołakowski</a>, that since "all questions of material existence have been solved, moral commands and prohibitions are no longer relevant." He regarded the realization of man's erotic nature as the true liberation of humanity, which inspired the utopias of <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Rubin" title="Jerry Rubin">Jerry Rubin</a> and others.<a href="#cite_note-Ko%C5%82akowski_1981_416-12">[12]</a> Marcuse's critiques of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalist</a> society (especially his 1955 synthesis of Marx and <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eros_and_Civilization" title="Eros and Civilization">Eros and Civilization</a>, and his 1964 book <a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a>) resonated with the concerns of the student movement in the 1960s because of his willingness to speak at student protests and his essay "<a href="/wiki/Repressive_Tolerance" class="mw-redirect" title="Repressive Tolerance">Repressive Tolerance</a>" (1965).<a href="#cite_note-kellner12-7">[7]</a> He had been given the title “Philosopher of the New Left” for his rejection of the traditions of Western civilization. The New Left provided an attractive alternative to American society and Marcuse was able to appeal to many young individuals through his teachings of utopianism. His ideas critiqued contemporary liberalism and its conservative vestiges of nineteenth-century liberalism.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Marcuse then soon became known in the media as "Father of the New Left."<a href="#cite_note-kellner12-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-marcuseweb-14">[14]</a> Contending that the students of the '60s were not waiting for the publication of his work to act,<a href="#cite_note-marcuseweb-14">[14]</a> Marcuse brushed the media's branding of him as "Father of the New Left" aside lightly,<a href="#cite_note-marcuseweb-14">[14]</a> saying: "It would have been better to call me not the father, but the grandfather, of the New Left."<a href="#cite_note-marcuseweb-14">[14]</a> His work strongly influenced intellectual discourse on <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a> and scholarly <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture_studies" title="Popular culture studies">popular culture studies</a>. In particular, he influenced youth because he "spoke their language."<a href="#cite_note-marcuseweb-14">[14]</a> He understood the importance of rock and roll,<a href="#cite_note-marcuseweb-14">[14]</a> for example, as a symbol for New Left activism. He had many speaking engagements in the US and <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a> in the late 1960s and 1970s. He became a close friend and inspirer of the French philosopher <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gorz" title="André Gorz">André Gorz</a>. Marcuse defended the arrested <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East German</a> dissident <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bahro" title="Rudolf Bahro">Rudolf Bahro</a> (author of Die Alternative: Zur Kritik des real existierenden Sozialismus [trans., The Alternative in Eastern Europe]), discussing in a 1979 essay Bahro's theories of "change from within."<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriages">Marriages</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Marcuse&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Marriages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sophie_and_Herbert_in_their_New_York_apartment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c1/Sophie_and_Herbert_in_their_New_York_apartment.jpg/220px-Sophie_and_Herbert_in_their_New_York_apartment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="276" data-file-height="361"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 288px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c1/Sophie_and_Herbert_in_their_New_York_apartment.jpg/220px-Sophie_and_Herbert_in_their_New_York_apartment.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="288" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c1/Sophie_and_Herbert_in_their_New_York_apartment.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Marcuse and his first wife, Sophie Marcuse, in their New York apartment</figcaption></figure> Marcuse married three times. His first wife was <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a> Sophie Wertheim (1901–1951), whom he married in 1924 and had his first son Peter with in 1928. Before emigrating to New York in 1934, they resided in Freiburg, Berlin, Geneva, and Paris. They lived in Los Angeles/Santa Monica and Washington, D.C., in the 1930s and 1940s. In 1951, Sophie Wertheim died due to cancer.<a href="#cite_note-:1-16">[16]</a> Marcuse later married Inge Neumann (1914–1973), the widow of his close friend <a href="/wiki/Franz_Neumann_(political_scientist)" title="Franz Neumann (political scientist)">Franz Neumann</a> (1900–1954). After his second wife Inge died in 1973, Marcuse married Erica Sherover (1938–1988), a former graduate student at the University of California, in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-:3-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Children">Children</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Marcuse&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Children" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In his first marriage with Sophie Wertheim, they had one son, Peter Marcuse, born in 1928. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Marcuse" title="Peter Marcuse">Peter Marcuse</a> was a professor emeritus of <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban planning</a> at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> in New York. Although Marcuse did not have any children with Inge Neumann Marcuse, he helped raise her two sons, Thomas Neumann and Michael Neumann.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Thomas (now Osha) is a Berkeley-based writer, activist, lawyer, and muralist. Michael works as a philosophy professor at <a href="/wiki/Trent_University" title="Trent University">Trent University</a> in Peterborough, Ontario, Canada.<a href="#cite_note-:2-19">[19]</a> Marcuse's granddaughter was the novelist <a href="/wiki/Irene_Marcuse" title="Irene Marcuse">Irene Marcuse</a> and his grandson, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Marcuse" title="Harold Marcuse">Harold Marcuse</a>, is a professor of history at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">University of California, Santa Barbara</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Marcuse&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Death" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grave-of-Herbert-Marcuse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Grave-of-Herbert-Marcuse.jpg/220px-Grave-of-Herbert-Marcuse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="383" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="988"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 383px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Grave-of-Herbert-Marcuse.jpg/220px-Grave-of-Herbert-Marcuse.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="383" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Grave-of-Herbert-Marcuse.jpg/330px-Grave-of-Herbert-Marcuse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Grave-of-Herbert-Marcuse.jpg/440px-Grave-of-Herbert-Marcuse.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Grave in the <a href="/wiki/Dorotheenst%C3%A4dtischer_cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorotheenstädtischer cemetery">Dorotheenstädtischer cemetery</a>, Berlin, where Marcuse's ashes were buried in 2003</figcaption></figure> On July 29, 1979, ten days after his eighty-first birthday, Marcuse died after suffering a <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> during his trip to Germany. He had just finished speaking at the Frankfurt Römerberggespräche, and was on his way to the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Society#Former_institutes" title="Max Planck Society">Max Planck Institute for the Study of the Scientific-Technical World</a> in Starnberg, on invitation from second-generation Frankfurt School theorist <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a>. In 2003, after Marcuse's ashes were rediscovered in the United States, they were buried in the <a href="/wiki/Dorotheenst%C3%A4dtischer_cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorotheenstädtischer cemetery">Dorotheenstädtischer cemetery</a> in Berlin. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Philosophy_and_views">Philosophy and views</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Marcuse&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Philosophy and views" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> Marcuse's concept of <a href="/wiki/Repressive_desublimation" title="Repressive desublimation">repressive desublimation</a>, which has become well-known, refers to his argument that postwar mass culture, with its profusion of sexual provocations, serves to reinforce political repression. If people are preoccupied with inauthentic sexual stimulation, their political energy will be "desublimated"; instead of acting constructively to change the world, they remain repressed and uncritical. Marcuse advanced the prewar thinking of critical theory toward a critical account of the "one-dimensional" nature of bourgeois life in Europe and America. His thinking has been seen as an advance of the concerns of earlier liberal critics such as <a href="/wiki/David_Riesman" title="David Riesman">David Riesman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Two aspects of Marcuse's work are of particular importance. First, his use of language more familiar from the critique of Soviet or Nazi regimes to characterize developments in the advanced industrial world. Second, his grounding of critical theory in a particular use of psychoanalytic thought.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marcuse's_early_"Heideggerian_Marxism"">Marcuse's early "Heideggerian Marxism"</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Marcuse&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Marcuse's early "Heideggerian Marxism"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> During his years in Freiburg, Marcuse wrote a series of essays that explored the possibility of synthesizing Marxism and Heidegger's fundamental ontology, as begun in the latter's work Being and Time (1927). This early interest in Heidegger followed Marcuse's demand for "concrete philosophy," which, he declared in 1928, "concerns itself with the truth of contemporaneous human existence."<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> These words were directed against the neo-Kantianism of the mainstream, and against both the revisionist and orthodox Marxist alternatives, in which the subjectivity of the individual played little role.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Though Marcuse quickly distanced himself from Heidegger following Heidegger's endorsement of Nazism, thinkers such as <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a> have suggested that an understanding of Marcuse's later thinking demands an appreciation of his early Heideggerian influence.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marcuse_and_capitalism">Marcuse and capitalism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Marcuse&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Marcuse and capitalism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Marcuse's analysis of capitalism derives partially from one of Karl Marx's main concepts: Objectification,<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> which under capitalism becomes <a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">Alienation</a>. Marx believed that capitalism was exploiting humans; that by producing objects of a certain character, laborers became alienated, and this ultimately dehumanized them into functional objects themselves. Marcuse took this belief and expanded it. He argued that capitalism and industrialization pushed laborers so hard that they began to see themselves as extensions of the objects they were producing. At the beginning of One-Dimensional Man Marcuse writes, "The people recognize themselves in their commodities; they find their soul in their automobile, hi-fi set, split-level home, kitchen equipment,"<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> meaning that under capitalism (in consumer society), humans become extensions of the commodities that they buy, thus making commodities extensions of people's minds and bodies. Affluent mass technological societies, he argues, are controlled and manipulated. In societies based upon mass production and mass distribution, the individual worker has become merely a consumer of its commodities and entire commodified way of life. Modern capitalism has created false needs and false consciousness geared to the consumption of <a href="/wiki/Commodities" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodities">commodities</a>: it locks one-dimensional man into the one-dimensional society which produced the need for people to recognize themselves in their commodities.<a href="#cite_note-Stuart_Sim_1997-28">[28]</a> The very mechanism that ties the individual to his society has changed, and social control is anchored in the new needs that it has produced. Most important of all, the pressure of consumerism has led to the total integration of the working class into the <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalist</a> system. Its political parties and trade unions have become thoroughly bureaucratized and the power of <a href="/wiki/Negative_Dialectics" title="Negative Dialectics">negative thinking</a> or critical reflection has rapidly declined.<a href="#cite_note-SEP-29">[29]</a> The working class is no longer a potentially subversive force capable of bringing about revolutionary change. Marcuse evolved a theory over the years that stated modern technology is repressive naturally. He believed that in both capitalist and communist societies, workers did not question the manner in which they lived due to the mechanism of repression of technological advances. The use of technology allowed people to not be aware of what is occurring around them such as the fact that they might soon be out of their jobs because these technologies are carrying out their same jobs quicker and cheaper. He claimed the modern-day workers were not as rebellious as before during the Karl Marx era (19th century). They just freely conformed to the system they were under for the sake of satisfying their needs and survival. Since they had conformed, the people's revolution that Marcuse felt was necessary never happened. As a result, rather than looking to the workers as the revolutionary vanguard, Marcuse put his faith in an alliance between radical intellectuals and those groups not yet integrated into one-dimensional society: the socially marginalized, the substratum of the outcasts and outsiders, the exploited and persecuted of other ethnicities and other colors, the unemployed and the unemployable. These were the people whose standards of living demanded the ending of intolerable conditions and institutions and whose resistance to one-dimensional society would not be diverted by the system. Their opposition was revolutionary even if their consciousness was not.<a href="#cite_note-Stuart_Sim_1997-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_New_Left_and_radical_politics">The New Left and radical politics</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Marcuse&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The New Left and radical politics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Many radical scholars and activists were influenced by Marcuse, such as <a href="/wiki/Norman_O._Brown" title="Norman O. Brown">Norman O. Brown</a>,<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ebony-July1971-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Moore" title="Charles J. Moore">Charles J. Moore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbie_Hoffman" title="Abbie Hoffman">Abbie Hoffman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudi_Dutschke" title="Rudi Dutschke">Rudi Dutschke</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Young_(academic)" title="Robert M. Young (academic)">Robert M. Young</a> (see the List of Scholars and Activists link below). Among those who critiqued him from the left were <a href="/wiki/Marxist_humanism" title="Marxist humanism">Marxist-humanist</a> <a href="/wiki/Raya_Dunayevskaya" title="Raya Dunayevskaya">Raya Dunayevskaya</a>, fellow German emigre <a href="/wiki/Paul_Mattick" title="Paul Mattick">Paul Mattick</a>, both of whom subjected One-Dimensional Man to a Marxist critique, and <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, who knew and liked Marcuse "but thought very little of his work."<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Marcuse's 1965 essay "<a href="/wiki/Repressive_Tolerance" class="mw-redirect" title="Repressive Tolerance">Repressive Tolerance</a>", in which he claimed capitalist <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracies</a> can have <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a> aspects, has been criticized by conservatives.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] Marcuse argues that genuine tolerance does not permit support for "repression", since doing so ensures that marginalized voices will remain unheard. He characterizes tolerance of repressive speech as "inauthentic". Instead, he advocates a form of tolerance that is intolerant of repressive (namely right-wing) political movements: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Liberating tolerance, then, would mean intolerance against movements from the Right and toleration of movements from the Left. Surely, no government can be expected to foster its own subversion, but in a democracy such a right is vested in the people (i.e. in the majority of the people). This means that the ways should not be blocked on which a subversive majority could develop, and if they are blocked by organized repression and indoctrination, their reopening may require apparently undemocratic means. They would include the withdrawal of toleration of speech and assembly from groups and movements that promote aggressive policies, armament, chauvinism, discrimination on the grounds of race and religion, or that oppose the extension of public services, social security, medical care, etc.<a href="#cite_note-marcuse.org-34">[34]</a></blockquote> Marcuse later expressed his radical ideas through three pieces of writing. He wrote <a href="/wiki/An_Essay_on_Liberation" title="An Essay on Liberation">An Essay on Liberation</a> in 1969, in which he celebrated liberation movements such as those in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, which inspired many radicals. In 1972 he wrote <a href="/wiki/Counterrevolution_and_Revolt" title="Counterrevolution and Revolt">Counterrevolution and Revolt</a>, which argues that the hopes of the 1960s were facing a counterrevolution from the right.<a href="#cite_note-kellner12-7">[7]</a> After Brandeis denied the renewal of his teaching contract in 1965, Marcuse taught at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_San_Diego" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California San Diego">University of California San Diego</a>. In 1968, California Governor <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and other conservatives objected to his reappointment,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> but the university decided to let his contract run until 1970. He devoted the rest of his life to teaching, writing and giving lectures around the world. His efforts brought him attention from the media, which claimed that he openly advocated violence, although he often clarified that only "violence of defense" could be appropriate, not "violence of aggression". He continued to promote Marxian theory, with some of his students helping to spread his ideas. He published his final work <a href="/wiki/The_Aesthetic_Dimension" title="The Aesthetic Dimension">The Aesthetic Dimension</a> in 1977 on the role of art in the process of what he termed "emancipation" from bourgeois society.<a href="#cite_note-kellner12-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marcuse_and_feminism">Marcuse and feminism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Marcuse&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Marcuse and feminism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Marcuse felt that societal reform may be found among the outcast of society, thus he supported movements such as the Feminist movement.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a> Marcuse was particularly concerned with Feminism near the end of his life, for reasons he explained in a public lecture Marxism and Feminism in 1974,<a href="#cite_note-Cerullo-36">[36]</a> mentioning this in a Stanford lecture, "I believe the Women’s Liberation Movement is perhaps the most important and potentially the most radical political movement that we have - even if the consciousness of this fact has not yet penetrated the Movement as a whole".<a href="#cite_note-MarcuseFeminism1974-37">[37]</a> Many themes and ambitions from Marcuse's work found embodiment in socialist feminism, especially ideas developed in Eros and Civilization.<a href="#cite_note-Cerullo-36">[36]</a> It involved changes not only in the structural power relations of society, but in the instinctual drives of individual human beings. Although he regarded women's participation in the labor force as positive, and a necessary condition for women's liberation, Marcuse did not consider it sufficient for true freedom. He hoped for a shift in moral values away from aggressive and masculine qualities towards feminine ones.<a href="#cite_note-Cerullo-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Benjamin" title="Jessica Benjamin">Jessica Benjamin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Chodorow" title="Nancy Chodorow">Nancy Chodorow</a> believed that Marcuse's reliance on Freud's <a href="/wiki/Drive_theory" title="Drive theory">drive theory</a> as the source of the desire for societal change is inadequate for both philosophers since he fails to account for the individual's intersubjective growth.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Marcuse&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Criticism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Leszek Kołakowski</a> described Marcuse's views as essentially anti-Marxist, in that they ignored Marx's critique of Hegel and discarded the historical theory of <a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">class struggle</a> entirely in favor of an inverted Freudian reading of human history where all social rules could and should be discarded to create a "New World of Happiness." Kołakowski concluded that Marcuse's ideal society "is to be ruled despotically by an enlightened group [who] have realized in themselves the unity of Logos and Eros, and thrown off the vexatious authority of logic, mathematics, and the empirical sciences."<a href="#cite_note-Ko%C5%82akowski_1981_416-12">[12]</a> The philosopher <a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a> asserted that Marcuse falsely assumed consumers were completely passive, uncritically responding to corporate advertising.<a href="#cite_note-Stuart_Sim_1997-28">[28]</a> MacIntyre frankly opposed Marcuse. "It will be my crucial contention in this book," MacIntyre stated, "that almost all of Marcuse's key positions are false.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacIntyre19702-38">[38]</a> For example, Marcuse was not an orthodox Marxist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacIntyre197064-39">[39]</a> Like many of the Frankfurt School, Marcuse wrote of "<a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">critical theory</a>" not of "Marxism" and MacIntyre notes a similarity in this to the <a href="/wiki/Right_Hegelians" title="Right Hegelians">Right Hegelians</a>, whom Marx attacked.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacIntyre197019,_41,_58,_67,_72,_106-40">[40]</a> Hence, MacIntyre proposed that Marcuse be regarded as "a pre-Marxist thinker".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacIntyre197018%E2%80%9319-41">[41]</a> According to MacIntyre, Marcuse's assumptions about advanced <a href="/wiki/Industrial_society" title="Industrial society">industrial society</a> were wrong in whole and in part.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacIntyre197069%E2%80%9382,_76-42">[42]</a> "Marcuse," concluded MacIntyre, "invokes the great names of freedom and reason while betraying their substance at every important point."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacIntyre1970106-43">[43]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Marcuse&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Legacy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Herbert Marcuse appealed to students of the New Left through his emphasis on the power of critical thought and his vision of total human emancipation and a non-repressive civilization. He supported students he felt were subject to the pressures of a commodifying system, and has been regarded as an inspirational intellectual leader.<a href="#cite_note-Stuart_Sim_1997-28">[28]</a> He is also considered among the most influential of the Frankfurt School critical theorists on American culture, due to his studies on student and counter-cultural movements on the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The legacy of the 1960s, of which Marcuse was a vital part, lives on, and the <a href="/wiki/Great_refusal" title="Great refusal">great refusal</a> is still practiced by oppositional groups and individuals.<a href="#cite_note-Stuart_Sim_1997-28">[28]</a> Eros and Civilization is one of Marcuse's most notable works, and his insensitivity to human relatedness portrayed in this project is considered the key failure of this work. His insights of psychoanalytic object relations theory in this project have not been wedded or reinterpreted, without abandoning its core principles.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Marcuse's thought remains influential in the 21st century. In the introduction to an issue of the journal <a href="/wiki/Caucus_for_a_New_Political_Science" title="Caucus for a New Political Science">New Political Science</a> dedicated to Marcuse, Robert Kirsch and Sarah Surak described his influence as "alive and well, vibrant across multiple fields of inquiry across many areas of social relations".<a href="#cite_note-npsIntro-46">[46]</a> Marcuse's concept of repressive tolerance attracted renewed attention following the <a href="/wiki/9/11_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="9/11 attacks">9/11 attacks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fopp-47">[47]</a> Repressive tolerance is also relevant to 21st-century campus protests and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-SculosWalsh-48">[48]</a> Marcuse is not widely remembered outside of contexts where critical theory is taught or referenced.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> This theory, rooted in Marxist philosophy, remains as one of the main components of Marcuse's influence. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Marcuse&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <dl><dt>Books</dt></dl> <ul><li>Hegel's Ontology and the Theory of Historicity (1932), originally written in German,<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> in English 1987.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></li> <li>Studie über Autorität und Familie (1936) in German, republished 1987, 2005. Marcuse wrote just over 100 pages in this 900-page study.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason_and_Revolution" title="Reason and Revolution">Reason and Revolution: Hegel and the Rise of Social Theory</a> (1941) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-718-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-718-5">978-1-57392-718-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eros_and_Civilization" title="Eros and Civilization">Eros and Civilization: A Philosophical Inquiry into Freud</a> (1955) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18663-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18663-6">978-0-415-18663-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Marxism:_A_Critical_Analysis" title="Soviet Marxism: A Critical Analysis">Soviet Marxism: A Critical Analysis</a> (1958)<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man: Studies in the Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Critique_of_Pure_Tolerance" title="A Critique of Pure Tolerance">A Critique of Pure Tolerance</a> (1965) Essay "Repressive Tolerance," with additional essays by Robert Paul Wolff and Barrington Moore Jr.</li> <li>Negations: Essays in Critical Theory (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_on_Liberation" title="An Essay on Liberation">An Essay on Liberation</a> (1969)</li> <li>Five Lectures (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterrevolution_and_Revolt" title="Counterrevolution and Revolt">Counterrevolution and Revolt</a> (1972) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-1533-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-1533-9">978-0-8070-1533-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Aesthetic_Dimension" title="The Aesthetic Dimension">The Aesthetic Dimension: Toward a Critique of Marxist Aesthetics</a> (1978) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-1519-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-1519-3">978-0-8070-1519-3</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Essays</dt></dl> <ul><li>"Neue Quellen zur Grundlegung des Historischen Materialismus" (1932)<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></li> <li>"Repressive Tolerance" (1965)<a href="#cite_note-marcuse.org-34">[34]</a></li> <li>"Liberation" (1969)<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></li> <li>"On the Problem of the Dialectic" (1976)</li> <li>"Protosocialism and Late Capitalism: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis Based on Bahro's Analysis" (1980)</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Marcuse&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Proposal-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Proposal_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Proposal_1-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfu.ca/~andrewf/essentialmarcuse.doc">"Essential Marcuse"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210527172602/http://www.sfu.ca/~andrewf/essentialmarcuse.doc">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-27. Retrieved 2020-10-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Essential+Marcuse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfu.ca%2F~andrewf%2Fessentialmarcuse.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Marcuse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iep.utm.edu/frankfur/#SH2a">"The Frankfurt School and Critical Theory"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180218090424/https://www.iep.utm.edu/frankfur/#SH2a">Archived</a> 2018-02-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-1">b</a> Lemert, Charles. Social Theory: The Multicultural and Classic Readings. Westview Press, Boulder, CO. 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Mann, Douglas. 2008. A Survey of Modern Social Theory. Oxford University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothman2017" class="citation book cs1">Rothman, Stanley (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DKs0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT177">The End of the Experiment: The Rise of Cultural Elites and the Decline of America's Civic Culture</a>. Routledge. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-35129562-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-35129562-8"><bdi>978-1-35129562-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803074502/https://books.google.com/books?id=DKs0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT177">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-03. Retrieved 2017-10-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+the+Experiment%3A+The+Rise+of+Cultural+Elites+and+the+Decline+of+America%27s+Civic+Culture&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-35129562-8&rft.aulast=Rothman&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDKs0DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Marcuse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marcuse/">"Herbert Marcuse"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>. April 10, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180901164348/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marcuse/">Archived</a> from the original on September 1, 2018. Retrieved September 2, 2018. <q>According to Marcuse, his childhood was that of a typical German upper-middle-class youth whose Jewish family was well integrated into German society</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Herbert+Marcuse&rft.date=2019-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fmarcuse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Marcuse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kellner12-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kellner12_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kellner12_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kellner12_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kellner12_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kellner12_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kellner12_7-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_Kellner" class="citation web cs1">Douglas Kellner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uta.edu/huma/illuminations/kell12.htm">"Illuminations: Kellner"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191101085822/http://www.uta.edu/huma/illuminations/kell12.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 1, 2019. Retrieved October 1, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Illuminations%3A+Kellner&rft.au=Douglas+Kellner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uta.edu%2Fhuma%2Filluminations%2Fkell12.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Marcuse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeumannMarcuseKirchheimer20133-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeumannMarcuseKirchheimer20133_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeumannMarcuseKirchheimer2013">Neumann, Marcuse & Kirchheimer 2013</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomano2011" class="citation web cs1">Romano, Carlin (2011-12-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chronicle.com/article/occupy-this-is-it-comeback-time-for-herbert-marcuse/">"Occupy This: Is It Comeback Time for Herbert Marcuse?"</a>. The Chronicle of Higher Education. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111233056/https://www.chronicle.com/article/occupy-this-is-it-comeback-time-for-herbert-marcuse/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-11. Retrieved 2020-08-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Occupy+This%3A+Is+It+Comeback+Time+for+Herbert+Marcuse%3F&rft.date=2011-12-11&rft.aulast=Romano&rft.aufirst=Carlin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chronicle.com%2Farticle%2Foccupy-this-is-it-comeback-time-for-herbert-marcuse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Marcuse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Elliott, Anthony & Larry Ray. Key Contemporary Social Theorists. Blackwell Publishers. 2003. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> One-Dimensional Man (Boston: Beacon Press, 1964), p. xvii </li> <li id="cite_note-Kołakowski_1981_416-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ko%C5%82akowski_1981_416_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ko%C5%82akowski_1981_416_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKołakowski1981" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski, Leszek</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goldenagemaincur00lesz/page/416">Main Currents of Marxism</a>. Vol. III, The Breakdown. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goldenagemaincur00lesz/page/416">416</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19285109-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19285109-3"><bdi>978-0-19285109-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Main+Currents+of+Marxism&rft.pages=416&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-19285109-3&rft.aulast=Ko%C5%82akowski&rft.aufirst=Leszek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgoldenagemaincur00lesz%2Fpage%2F416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Marcuse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEidelberg1969" class="citation journal cs1">Eidelberg, Paul (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1406593">"The Temptation of Herbert Marcuse"</a>. The Review of Politics. 31 (4): 442–458. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0034670500011785">10.1017/S0034670500011785</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0034-6705">0034-6705</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1406593">1406593</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146295576">146295576</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Politics&rft.atitle=The+Temptation+of+Herbert+Marcuse&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=442-458&rft.date=1969&rft.issn=0034-6705&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146295576%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1406593%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0034670500011785&rft.aulast=Eidelberg&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1406593&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Marcuse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-marcuseweb-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marcuseweb_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marcuseweb_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marcuseweb_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marcuseweb_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marcuseweb_14-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marcuseweb_14-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marcuse.org/herbert/booksabout/70s/Bourne1979MarcuseGrandfatherNewLeft.pdf">"Tom Bourne (Sept. 1979)"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200709231432/https://www.marcuse.org/herbert/booksabout/70s/Bourne1979MarcuseGrandfatherNewLeft.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2020-07-09. Retrieved 2017-10-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tom+Bourne+%28Sept.+1979%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marcuse.org%2Fherbert%2Fbooksabout%2F70s%2FBourne1979MarcuseGrandfatherNewLeft.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Marcuse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefan_Meretz" class="citation web cs1">Stefan Meretz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opentheory.org/marcuse_ueber_bahro/text.phtml">"Protosozialismus und Spätkapitalismus. Versuch einer theoretischen Synthese von Bahros Ansatz (von Herbert Marcuse)"</a>. Open theory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530204419/http://www.opentheory.org/marcuse_ueber_bahro/text.phtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-05-30. Retrieved 2013-09-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Protosozialismus+und+Sp%C3%A4tkapitalismus.+Versuch+einer+theoretischen+Synthese+von+Bahros+Ansatz+%28von+Herbert+Marcuse%29&rft.pub=Open+theory&rft.au=Stefan+Meretz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opentheory.org%2Fmarcuse_ueber_bahro%2Ftext.phtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Marcuse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-16"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marcuse.org/herbert/people/sophie/sophie.htm">"Sophie Wertheim (1901–1951)"</a>. Marcuse.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190927095456/https://www.marcuse.org/herbert/people/sophie/sophie.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-09-27. Retrieved 2013-09-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sophie+Wertheim+%281901%E2%80%931951%29&rft.pub=Marcuse.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marcuse.org%2Fherbert%2Fpeople%2Fsophie%2Fsophie.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Marcuse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-17"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marcuse.org/herbert/people/ricky/ricky.htm">"Erica Sherover-Marcuse (1938–1988)"</a>. Marcuse.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025222528/https://www.marcuse.org/herbert/people/ricky/ricky.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-10-25. Retrieved 2013-09-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Erica+Sherover-Marcuse+%281938%E2%80%931988%29&rft.pub=Marcuse.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marcuse.org%2Fherbert%2Fpeople%2Fricky%2Fricky.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Marcuse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/social-sciences-and-law/political-science-biographies/herbert-marcuse">"Herbert Marcuse"</a>. Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2021-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Herbert+Marcuse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fpeople%2Fsocial-sciences-and-law%2Fpolitical-science-biographies%2Fherbert-marcuse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Marcuse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-19"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marcuse.org/herbert/people/inge/inge.htm">"Inge Neumann (1913–1973)"</a>. Marcuse.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025223502/https://www.marcuse.org/herbert/people/inge/inge.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-10-25. Retrieved 2018-07-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inge+Neumann+%281913%E2%80%931973%29&rft.pub=Marcuse.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marcuse.org%2Fherbert%2Fpeople%2Finge%2Finge.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Marcuse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliottRay2002" class="citation book cs1">Elliott, Anthony; Ray, Larry (2002-10-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fTowST-_gmYC">Key Contemporary Social Theorists – Google Books</a>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780631219729" title="Special:BookSources/9780631219729"><bdi>9780631219729</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414110057/https://books.google.com/books?id=fTowST-_gmYC">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-14. Retrieved 2013-09-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Key+Contemporary+Social+Theorists+%E2%80%93+Google+Books&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2002-10-22&rft.isbn=9780631219729&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Ray%2C+Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfTowST-_gmYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Marcuse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMestrovic1997" class="citation book cs1">Mestrovic, Stjepan (1997). Postemotional Society. London: Sage. p. 43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postemotional+Society&rft.place=London&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Mestrovic&rft.aufirst=Stjepan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Marcuse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Elliot, Anthony and Larry Ray. Key Contemporary Social Theorists. Blackwell Publishing. 2003. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Marcuse, Herbert. "On Concrete Philosophy." 1929. In Heideggerian Marxism. Eds. John Abromeit and Richard Wolin. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 2005. p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> For a thorough discussion of Marcuse's perspectives on the Marxisms of his day, see Benhabib's introduction to Hegel's Ontology. (Marcuse, Herbert. Hegel's Ontology and the Theory of Historicity. 1932. Trans. Seyla Benhabib. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987. pp. xi–xix.) </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> See, e.g., Marcuse, Herbert. Heideggerian Marxism, edited by Richard Wolin and John Abromeit, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2005, pp. xi–xxx. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/glossary/terms/o/b.htm#objectification">"Glossary of Terms: Ob"</a>. Marxists.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019175543/http://www.marxists.org/glossary/terms/o/b.htm#objectification">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-10-19. Retrieved 2013-09-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glossary+of+Terms%3A+Ob&rft.pub=Marxists.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fglossary%2Fterms%2Fo%2Fb.htm%23objectification&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Marcuse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marcuse.org/herbert/quotes/QuotRedThread.html#Capitalism">"marcuse.org (quotations)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090221031558/http://www.marcuse.org/herbert/quotes/QuotRedThread.html#Capitalism">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-02-21. Retrieved 2009-10-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=marcuse.org+%28quotations%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marcuse.org%2Fherbert%2Fquotes%2FQuotRedThread.html%23Capitalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Marcuse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stuart_Sim_1997-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stuart_Sim_1997_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stuart_Sim_1997_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stuart_Sim_1997_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stuart_Sim_1997_28-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stuart_Sim_1997_28-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker,_NoelSim,_Stuart1997" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Noel; Sim, Stuart (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_1mFAAAAMAAJ">The A–Z Guide to Modern Social and Political Theorists</a>. Prentice-Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780135248850" title="Special:BookSources/9780135248850"><bdi>9780135248850</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414154530/https://books.google.com/books?id=_1mFAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-14. Retrieved 2020-11-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A%E2%80%93Z+Guide+to+Modern+Social+and+Political+Theorists&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780135248850&rft.au=Parker%2C+Noel&rft.au=Sim%2C+Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_1mFAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Marcuse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SEP-29"><a href="#cite_ref-SEP_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marcuse/">"SEP"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180901164348/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marcuse/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-09-01. Retrieved 2018-09-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SEP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fmarcuse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Marcuse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDufresne,_Todd2000" class="citation book cs1">Dufresne, Todd (2000). Tales from the Freudian Crypt: The Death Drive in Text and Context. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3885-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3885-9"><bdi>978-0-8047-3885-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tales+from+the+Freudian+Crypt%3A+The+Death+Drive+in+Text+and+Context&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-3885-9&rft.au=Dufresne%2C+Todd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Marcuse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ebony-July1971-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Ebony-July1971_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1971" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Davis, Angela</a> (July 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5tsDAAAAMBAJ">"Rhetoric Vs. Reality: Angela Davis tells why black people should not be deceived by words"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ebony_(magazine)" title="Ebony (magazine)">Ebony</a>. Vol. 26, no. 9. <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>: <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Publishing_Company" title="Johnson Publishing Company">Johnson Publishing Company</a>. pp. 115–120. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414110444/https://books.google.com/books?id=5tsDAAAAMBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-14. 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New Political Science. 38 (4): 516–532. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07393148.2016.1228580">10.1080/07393148.2016.1228580</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52209633">52209633</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Political+Science&rft.atitle=The+Counterrevolutionary+Campus%3A+Herbert+Marcuse+and+the+Suppression+of+Student+Protest+Movements&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=516-532&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07393148.2016.1228580&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A52209633%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sculos&rft.aufirst=Bryant+William&rft.au=Walsh%2C+Sean+Noah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Marcuse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAronowitz1999" class="citation journal cs1">Aronowitz, Stanley (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/466719">"The Unknown Herbert Marcuse"</a>. Social Text. 17 (1): 133–154. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/466719">466719</a> – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Text&rft.atitle=The+Unknown+Herbert+Marcuse&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=133-154&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F466719%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Aronowitz&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F466719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Marcuse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Hegels Ontologie und die Grundlegung einer Theorie der Geschichtlichkeit (Frankfurt 1932). </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Translated and introduced by <a href="/wiki/Seyla_Benhabib" title="Seyla Benhabib">Seyla Benhabib</a>, published by MIT Press 1987. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> The Vintage 1961 reprint "inexplicably" (Kellner, p. xi, n8) omits Marcuse's 13-page "Introduction" in the 1958 original issue by Columbia University, whose complete 1985 edition contains a new 11-page "Introduction" by Douglas Kellner, yet this edition omits Marcuse's 12-page "Preface to the Vintage Edition" of 1961. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Marcuse's review of 1844 writings by Karl Marx, which were later translated as Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Marcuse's review was translated by Joris de Bres in 1972 as "The foundation of historical materialism", and included at pp. 1–48 in Marcuse, From Luther to Popper (London: New Left Books 1972, London: Verso 1983). </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Karl Marx, Early Writings (New York: Vintage 1975), pp. 279–400: "Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts (1844)". </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marcuse.org/herbert/pubs/60spubs/67dialecticlib/69revessaylib02Samson.htm">"Book Review: Herbert Marcuse's An Essay on Liberation Herbert Marcuse's An Essay on Liberation"</a>. Marcuse.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121101025706/http://www.marcuse.org/herbert/pubs/60spubs/67dialecticlib/69revessaylib02Samson.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-11-01. 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Mark Cobb, eds (2004), Herbert Marcuse: A Critical Reader, New York, London: Routledge.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Feenberg" title="Andrew Feenberg">Andrew Feenberg</a> and William Leiss (2007), The Essential Marcuse: Selected Writings of Philosopher and Social Critic Herbert Marcuse, Boston: Beacon Press.</li> <li>Technology, War and Fascism: Collected Papers of Herbert Marcuse, volume 1 (London: Routledge 1998)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_and_analysis">Criticism and analysis</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Marcuse&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Criticism and analysis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>C. Fred Alford (1985), Science and Revenge of Nature: Marcuse and Habermas, Gainesville: University of Florida Press.</li> <li>Harold Bleich (1977), The Philosophy of Herbert Marcuse, Washington: University Press of America.</li> <li>Paul Breines (1970), Critical Interruptions: New Left Perspectives on Herbert Marcuse, New York: Herder and Herder.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Kellner" title="Douglas Kellner">Douglas Kellner</a> (1984), Herbert Marcuse and the Crisis of Marxism. London: Macmillan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05295-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05295-6">978-0-520-05295-6</a>.</li> <li>Paul Mattick (1972), Critique of Marcuse: One-dimensional Man in Class Society Merlin Press</li> <li>Alain Martineau (1986). Herbert Marcuse's Utopia, Harvest House, Montreal.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacIntyre1970" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre, Alasdair</a> (1970), Herbert Marcuse. An exposition and a polemic, New York: Viking</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herbert+Marcuse.+An+exposition+and+a+polemic&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=MacIntyre&rft.aufirst=Alasdair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Marcuse" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeumannMarcuseKirchheimer2013" class="citation cs2">Neumann, Franz; Marcuse, Herbert; Kirchheimer, Otto (2013), Laudani, Raffaele (ed.), Secret Reports on Nazi Germany. The Frankfurt School Contribution to the War Effort, Princeton University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secret+Reports+on+Nazi+Germany.+The+Frankfurt+School+Contribution+to+the+War+Effort&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Neumann&rft.aufirst=Franz&rft.au=Marcuse%2C+Herbert&rft.au=Kirchheimer%2C+Otto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Marcuse" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliseo_Vivas" title="Eliseo Vivas">Eliseo Vivas</a> (1971), Contra Marcuse, Arlington House, New Rochelle. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87000-112-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87000-112-4">0-87000-112-4</a></li> <li>Andrew T. Lamas, Todd Wolfson, and Peter N. Funke, eds (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tupress.temple.edu/book/20000000008408">The Great Refusal: Herbert Marcuse and Contemporary Social Movements</a>. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2017.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_H._Wolff" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurt H. Wolff">Kurt H. Wolff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barrington_Moore,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Barrington Moore, Jr.">Barrington Moore, Jr.</a>, eds (1967), The Critical Spirit. Essays in Honor of Herbert Marcuse. Beacon Press, Boston.</li> <li>J. Michael Tilley (2011). "Herbert Marcuse: Social Critique, Haecker and Kierkegaardian Individualism" in Kierkegaard's Influence on Social-Political Thought edited by Jon Stewart.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Marcuse&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: General" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Anthony Elliott and Larry Ray (2003), Key Contemporary Social Theorists.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lemert" title="Charles Lemert">Charles Lemert</a> (2010), Social Theory: The Multicultural and Classic Readings.</li> <li>Douglas Mann (2008), A Survey of Modern Social Theory.</li> <li>Noel Parker and Stuart Sim (1997), A–Z Guide to Modern Social and Political Theorist.</li> <li>"Herbert Marcuse | American philosopher". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-10-23.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Marcuse&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 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<div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 34px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="34" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Herbert_Marcuse" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" class="extiw" title="commons:Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marcuse.org/herbert/index.html">Comprehensive 'Official' Herbert Marcuse Website</a>, by one of Marcuse's grandsons, with full bibliographies of primary and secondary works, and full texts of many important works</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marcusesociety.org">International Herbert Marcuse Society website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/marcuse/index.htm">"Herbert Marcuse (on-line) Archive"</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cartoon.iguw.tuwien.ac.at/christian/marcuse/welcome.html">Herbert Marcuse Archive</a>, by Herbert Marcuse Association</li> <li>A. Buick, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041210031755/http://www.worldsocialism.org/wsm-pages/marcuse.html">"Marcuse: professor behind 1960s rebellion"</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived December 10, 2004) from worldsocialism.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050302050244/http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/kellner/Illumina%20Folder/marc.htm">"Illuminations: The Critical Theory Project"</a> (detailed biography and essays, by <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Kellner" title="Douglas Kellner">Douglas Kellner</a>).</li> <li>Douglas Kellner, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pages.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/kellner/essays/herbertmarcuse.pdf">"Herbert Marcuse"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Stiegler" title="Bernard Stiegler">Bernard Stiegler</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arsindustrialis.org/node/2928">"Spirit, Capitalism, and Superego"</a>, Ars Industrialis, May 2006.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aprillins.com/biografi-herbert-marcuse-teori-kritis">"Herbert Marcuse Biography Indonesian"</a> at aprillins.com</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joxe_Azurmendi" title="Joxe Azurmendi">Joxe Azurmendi</a> 1969: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jakingunea.com/aldizkaria/artikulua/pentsalaria-eta-eragina/973">"Pentsalaria eta eragina"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakin_(magazine)" title="Jakin (magazine)">Jakin</a>, 35: 3–16.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Widgery" title="David Widgery">David Widgery</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/widgery/1979/09/marcuse.htm">"Goodbye Comrade M"</a> (obituary of Marcuse), <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Review" title="Socialist Review">Socialist Review</a> (September 1979).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marcuse/">Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>: "Herbert Marcuse".</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Marcuse&oldid=1255973096">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Marcuse&oldid=1255973096</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Marcuse&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 7 November 2024, at 15:24 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Herbert Marcuse" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Herbert Marcuse" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%87" title="هربرت ماركوزه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هربرت ماركوزه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Herbert Marcuse" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Markuze" title="Herbert Markuze – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Herbert Markuze" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%87" title="هربرت مارکوزه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هربرت مارکوزه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Герберт Маркузэ – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Герберт Маркузэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Херберт Маркузе – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Херберт Маркузе" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Herbert Marcuse" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Herbert Marcuse" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Herbert Marcuse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Herbert Marcuse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Herbert Marcuse" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%84_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B6%CE%B5" title="Χέρμπερτ Μαρκούζε – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χέρμπερτ Μαρκούζε" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Herbert Marcuse" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Herbert Marcuse" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Herbert Marcuse" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%87" title="هربرت مارکوزه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هربرت مارکوزه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Herbert Marcuse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Herbert Marcuse" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%A4%EB%A5%B4%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8_%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%B4%EC%BF%A0%EC%A0%9C" title="헤르베르트 마르쿠제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헤르베르트 마르쿠제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BF_%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A6%D5%A5" title="Հերբերտ Մարկուզե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հերբերտ Մարկուզե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Herbert Marcuse" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Herbert Marcuse" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Herbert Marcuse" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Herbert Marcuse" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Herbert Marcuse" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%96%D7%94" title="הרברט מרקוזה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרברט מרקוזה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Герберт Маркузе – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Герберт Маркузе" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbertus_Marcuse" title="Herbertus Marcuse – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Herbertus Marcuse" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herberts_Mark%C5%ABze" title="Herberts Markūze – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Herberts Markūze" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Herbert Marcuse" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Herbert Marcuse" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Herbert Marcuse" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Херберт Маркузе – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Херберт Маркузе" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%87" title="هربرت ماركوزه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هربرت ماركوزه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Herbert Marcuse" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%AB%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BC" title="ヘルベルト・マルクーゼ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘルベルト・マルクーゼ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Herbert Marcuse" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Herbert Marcuse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Herbert Marcuse" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC" title="ਹਰਬਰਟ ਮਾਰਕਿਊਜ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਰਬਰਟ ਮਾਰਕਿਊਜ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Herbert Marcuse" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Herbert Marcuse" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Herbert Marcuse" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Herbert Marcuse" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5,_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Маркузе, Герберт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маркузе, Герберт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Herbert Marcuse" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Herbert Marcuse" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Herbert Marcuse" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Herbert Marcuse" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Херберт Маркузе – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Херберт Маркузе" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Herbert Marcuse" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Herbert Marcuse" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Herbert Marcuse" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87" title="எர்பர்ட் மார்குசே – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எர்பர்ட் மார்குசே" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="హెర్బెర్ట్ మార్కూస్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హెర్బెర్ట్ మార్కూస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Herbert Marcuse" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Герберт Маркузе – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Герберт Маркузе" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Herbert Marcuse" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%E5%BA%AB%E5%A1%9E" title="馬爾庫塞 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="馬爾庫塞" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E5%BA%93%E5%A1%9E" title="赫伯特·马尔库塞 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="赫伯特·马尔库塞" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Herbert Marcuse" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E6%8B%94%E9%A6%AC%E5%8F%A4%E6%B2%99" title="夏拔馬古沙 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="夏拔馬古沙" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E5%BA%93%E5%A1%9E" title="赫伯特·马尔库塞 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="赫伯特·马尔库塞" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img 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