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class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Reason and Revolution</i></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Reason_and_Revolution" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Reason_and_Revolution" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Language</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Reason+and+Revolution" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Watch</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Reason_and_Revolution&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p><i><b>Reason and Revolution: Hegel and the Rise of Social Theory</b></i> (1941; second edition 1954) is a book by the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a>, in which the author discusses the social theories of the philosophers <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>. Marcuse reinterprets Hegel, with the aim of demonstrating that Hegel's basic concepts are hostile to the tendencies that led to <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>. </p><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Reason and Revolution: Hegel and the Rise of Social Theory <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reason+and+Revolution%3A+Hegel+and+the+Rise+of+Social+Theory&rft.author=%5B%5BHerbert+Marcuse%5D%5D&rft.date=1941&rft.pub=%5B%5BOxford+University+Press%5D%5D&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=431+%281970+Beacon+Press+edition%29"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Reason_and_Revolution_(first_American_edition).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Reason_and_Revolution_%28first_American_edition%29.jpg/220px-Reason_and_Revolution_%28first_American_edition%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e7/Reason_and_Revolution_%28first_American_edition%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="388"></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Cover of the first edition</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subjects</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</a><br><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1941</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data">Print (<a href="/wiki/Hardcover" title="Hardcover">Hardcover</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paperback" title="Paperback">Paperback</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pages</th><td class="infobox-data">431 (1970 Beacon Press edition)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a></th><td 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.sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> <p>The book has received praise as an important discussion of Hegel and Marx. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Summary"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Summary</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Publication_history"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Publication history</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Reception"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Reception</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Summary">Summary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Reason_and_Revolution&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Summary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reason_and_Revolution&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Reason and Revolution explores the philosophical underpinnings of <a href="/wiki/Hegelian_Dialectic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelian Dialectic">Hegelian dialectics</a> and its influence on the development of social theory, particularly within Marxism and critical theory. It's considered a seminal text that examines Hegel's impact on the evolution of social and political thought. The book has undergone multiple editions and reprints since its initial publication, maintaining its relevance in discussions concerning philosophy, sociology, and political theory. </p><p>Marcuse attempts to show that "Hegel's basic concepts are hostile to the tendencies that have led into Fascist theory and practice."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcuse1970xv_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcuse1970xv-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marcuse criticizes the thesis, propounded by the sociologist <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hobhouse" title="Leonard Hobhouse">Leonard Hobhouse</a> in <i>The Metaphysical Theory of the State</i> (1918), that Hegel provided an ideological preparation for German authoritarianism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcuse1970390_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcuse1970390-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an appendix to the 1960 edition, Marcuse states that the "only major recent development in the interpretation of Hegel's philosophy is the postwar revival of Hegel studies in France." Marcuse credits the new French interpretation with showing clearly the "inner connection between the idealistic and materialistic dialectic". He provides a list of key works, including the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koj%C3%A8ve" title="Alexandre Kojève">Alexandre Kojève</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_the_Reading_of_Hegel" title="Introduction to the Reading of Hegel">Introduction to the Reading of Hegel</a></i> (1947).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcuse1970420_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcuse1970420-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Publication_history">Publication history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Reason_and_Revolution&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Publication history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p><i>Reason and Revolution</i> was first published by <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> in 1941. A second edition was published by Humanities Press, Inc., in 1954. In 1960, the book was published in a paperback edition by <a href="/wiki/Beacon_Press" title="Beacon Press">Beacon Press</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcuse1970ii_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcuse1970ii-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Reason_and_Revolution&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reception" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>The psychoanalyst <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Erich Fromm</a> praised <i>Reason and Revolution</i>, calling it "brilliant and penetrating" and "the most important work which has opened up an understanding of Marx's humanism".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFromm1975ix,_74_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFromm1975ix,_74-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gay" title="Peter Gay">Peter Gay</a> described the book as one of the most important discussions of <a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">alienation</a> in the scholarly literature on Hegel and Marx.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGay1986458_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGay1986458-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jean-Michel Palmier saw the work as a rejection of Marcuse's <i><a href="/wiki/Hegel%27s_Ontology_and_the_Theory_of_Historicity" title="Hegel's Ontology and the Theory of Historicity">Hegel's Ontology and the Theory of Historicity</a></i> (1932), an interpretation of Hegel influenced by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenhabib1987xxxii,_xl_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenhabib1987xxxii,_xl-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Reason_and_Revolution&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcuse1970xv-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcuse1970xv_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarcuse1970">Marcuse 1970</a>, pp. xv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcuse1970390-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcuse1970390_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarcuse1970">Marcuse 1970</a>, p. 390.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcuse1970420-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcuse1970420_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarcuse1970">Marcuse 1970</a>, p. 420.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcuse1970ii-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcuse1970ii_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarcuse1970">Marcuse 1970</a>, p. ii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFromm1975ix,_74-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFromm1975ix,_74_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFromm1975">Fromm 1975</a>, pp. ix, 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGay1986458-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGay1986458_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGay1986">Gay 1986</a>, p. 458.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenhabib1987xxxii,_xl-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenhabib1987xxxii,_xl_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenhabib1987">Benhabib 1987</a>, pp. xxxii, xl.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Reason_and_Revolution&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <dl><dt>Books</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenhabib1987" class="citation book cs1">Benhabib, Seyla (1987). "Translator's Introduction". <i>Hegel's Ontology and the Theory of Historicity</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-13221-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-13221-3"><bdi>978-0-262-13221-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Translator%27s+Introduction&rft.btitle=Hegel%27s+Ontology+and+the+Theory+of+Historicity&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-262-13221-3&rft.aulast=Benhabib&rft.aufirst=Seyla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReason+and+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFromm1975" class="citation book cs1">Fromm, Erich (1975). <i>Marx's Concept of Man</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Ungar_Publishing_Company" title="Frederick Ungar Publishing Company">Frederick Ungar Publishing Co.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8044-6161-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8044-6161-9"><bdi>0-8044-6161-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marx%27s+Concept+of+Man&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Frederick+Ungar+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-8044-6161-9&rft.aulast=Fromm&rft.aufirst=Erich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReason+and+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGay1986" class="citation book cs1">Gay, Peter (1986). <i>The Bourgeois Experience Victoria to Freud. Volume II: The Tender Passion</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-503741-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-503741-3"><bdi>0-19-503741-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bourgeois+Experience+Victoria+to+Freud.+Volume+II%3A+The+Tender+Passion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-19-503741-3&rft.aulast=Gay&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReason+and+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcuse1970" class="citation book cs1">Marcuse, Herbert (1970). <i>Reason and Revolution: Hegel and the Rise of Social Theory</i>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Beacon_Press" title="Beacon Press">Beacon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8070-1557-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8070-1557-1"><bdi>0-8070-1557-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reason+and+Revolution%3A+Hegel+and+the+Rise+of+Social+Theory&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-8070-1557-1&rft.aulast=Marcuse&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReason+and+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Reason_and_Revolution&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/marcuse/works/reason/index.htm">marxists.org</a> - 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