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class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Chicago</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Chicago" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Chicago" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list minerva-icon-only-menu"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city in Illinois. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Chicago_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Chicago (disambiguation)">Chicago (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style>Chicago<a href="#cite_note-9">[a]</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Illinois" title="List of municipalities in Illinois">most populous city</a> in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern United States</a>. With a population of 2,746,388, as of the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 census</a>,<a href="#cite_note-QuickFacts-10">[9]</a> it is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">third-most populous city in the United States</a> after <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>. As the <a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">seat</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cook_County,_Illinois" title="Cook County, Illinois">Cook County</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_most_populous_counties_in_the_United_States" title="List of the most populous counties in the United States">second-most populous county</a> in the U.S., Chicago is the center of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_metropolitan_area" title="Chicago metropolitan area">Chicago metropolitan area</a>, often colloquially called "Chicagoland" and home to 9.6 million residents. <table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Chicago</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Illinois" title="List of municipalities in Illinois">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Chicago_Skyline_in_September_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Chicago_Skyline_in_September_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Chicago_Skyline_in_September_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Chicago_Skyline_in_September_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Chicago_Skyline_in_September_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/960px-Chicago_Skyline_in_September_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3127" data-file-height="1258"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Loop" title="Chicago Loop">The Loop</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicago_River_ferry_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Chicago_River_ferry_b.jpg/130px-Chicago_River_ferry_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Chicago_River_ferry_b.jpg/195px-Chicago_River_ferry_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Chicago_River_ferry_b.jpg/260px-Chicago_River_ferry_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3736" data-file-height="2641"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Chicago_River" title="Chicago River">Chicago River</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Pink_Line_at_State_%26_Lake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Pink_Line_at_State_%26_Lake.jpg/250px-Pink_Line_at_State_%26_Lake.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Pink_Line_at_State_%26_Lake.jpg/330px-Pink_Line_at_State_%26_Lake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2999" data-file-height="2050"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Chicago_%22L%22" title='Chicago "L"'>"L" train</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:74px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Wrigley_Field_in_line_with_home_plate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Wrigley_Field_in_line_with_home_plate.jpg/250px-Wrigley_Field_in_line_with_home_plate.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Wrigley_Field_in_line_with_home_plate.jpg/330px-Wrigley_Field_in_line_with_home_plate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3919" data-file-height="2204"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Wrigley_Field" title="Wrigley Field">Wrigley Field</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:74px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Navy_Pier_NW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Navy_Pier_NW.jpg/132px-Navy_Pier_NW.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Navy_Pier_NW.jpg/198px-Navy_Pier_NW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Navy_Pier_NW.jpg/264px-Navy_Pier_NW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Navy_Pier" title="Navy Pier">Navy Pier</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:74px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Art_Institute_of_Chicago_(51575570710).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Art_Institute_of_Chicago_%2851575570710%29.jpg/132px-Art_Institute_of_Chicago_%2851575570710%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Art_Institute_of_Chicago_%2851575570710%29.jpg/198px-Art_Institute_of_Chicago_%2851575570710%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Art_Institute_of_Chicago_%2851575570710%29.jpg/264px-Art_Institute_of_Chicago_%2851575570710%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4836" data-file-height="2720"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago" title="Art Institute of Chicago">Art Institute of Chicago</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:74px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Buckingham_Fountain_in_Chicago,_USA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Buckingham_Fountain_in_Chicago%2C_USA.jpg/132px-Buckingham_Fountain_in_Chicago%2C_USA.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Buckingham_Fountain_in_Chicago%2C_USA.jpg/198px-Buckingham_Fountain_in_Chicago%2C_USA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Buckingham_Fountain_in_Chicago%2C_USA.jpg/264px-Buckingham_Fountain_in_Chicago%2C_USA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3068" data-file-height="1729"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Fountain" title="Buckingham Fountain">Buckingham Fountain</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Chicago,_Illinois.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Chicago"><img alt="Flag of Chicago" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Chicago%2C_Illinois.svg/120px-Flag_of_Chicago%2C_Illinois.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Chicago%2C_Illinois.svg/250px-Flag_of_Chicago%2C_Illinois.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Chicago" title="Flag of Chicago">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Chicago,_Illinois.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Chicago"><img alt="Official seal of Chicago" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Seal_of_Chicago%2C_Illinois.png/120px-Seal_of_Chicago%2C_Illinois.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Seal_of_Chicago%2C_Illinois.png/250px-Seal_of_Chicago%2C_Illinois.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Chicago" title="Seal of Chicago">Seal</a></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_Chicago,_Illinois.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Chicago"><img alt="Official logo of Chicago" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Logo_of_Chicago%2C_Illinois.svg/120px-Logo_of_Chicago%2C_Illinois.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Logo_of_Chicago%2C_Illinois.svg/250px-Logo_of_Chicago%2C_Illinois.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="480"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_county_and_city_insignia" title="List of United States county and city insignia">Logo</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Etymology: <a href="/wiki/Miami-Illinois_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami-Illinois language">Miami-Illinois</a>: šikaakwa ('<a href="/wiki/Allium_tricoccum" title="Allium tricoccum">wild onion</a>' or 'wild garlic')</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nicknames: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">The <a href="/wiki/Windy_City_(nickname)" title="Windy City (nickname)">Windy City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicknames_of_Chicago" title="Nicknames of Chicago">others</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Mottoes: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Urbs in Horto (City in a Garden); I Will</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 270px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="270" data-zoom="9" data-lat="41.8819" data-lon="-87.6278" data-overlays='["_07873b48c56991d0a6750c6c6435c2a2e6121063"]' href="/wiki/Special:Map/9/41.8819/-87.6278/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,41.8819,-87.6278,270x270.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Chicago&revid=1283274775&groups=_07873b48c56991d0a6750c6c6435c2a2e6121063" width="270" height="270" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,41.8819,-87.6278,270x270@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Chicago&revid=1283274775&groups=_07873b48c56991d0a6750c6c6435c2a2e6121063 2x" alt="Map"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Interactive map of Chicago</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Illinois_relief_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chicago is located in Illinois"><img alt="Chicago is located in Illinois" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/USA_Illinois_relief_location_map.svg/250px-USA_Illinois_relief_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/USA_Illinois_relief_location_map.svg/500px-USA_Illinois_relief_location_map.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="1250"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:13.865%;left:78.831%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Chicago" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Chicago</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div>Show map of Illinois</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chicago is located in the United States"><img alt="Chicago is located in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/250px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/500px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:37.206%;left:63.474%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Chicago" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Chicago</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div>Show map of the United States</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chicago&params=41_52_55_N_87_37_40_W_region:US-IL_type:city(2,746,000)">41°52′55″N 87°37′40″W / 41.88194°N 87.62778°W / 41.88194; -87.62778</a><a href="#cite_note-gnis-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Illinois" title="List of counties in Illinois">Counties</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cook_County,_Illinois" title="Cook County, Illinois">Cook</a> (small part of <a href="/wiki/Chicago_O%27Hare_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago O'Hare Airport">Chicago O'Hare Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/DuPage_County,_Illinois" title="DuPage County, Illinois">DuPage</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Settled</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1780; 245 years ago (1780)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation" title="Municipal corporation">Incorporated</a> (town)</th><td class="infobox-data">August 12, 1833; 191 years ago (1833-08-12)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation" title="Municipal corporation">Incorporated</a> (city)</th><td class="infobox-data">March 4, 1837; 188 years ago (1837-03-04)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Point_du_Sable" title="Jean Baptiste Point du Sable">Jean Baptiste Point du Sable</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor–council">Mayor–council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Chicago_City_Council" title="Chicago City Council">Chicago City Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Chicago" title="Mayor of Chicago">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brandon_Johnson" title="Brandon Johnson">Brandon Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/City_Clerk_of_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="City Clerk of Chicago">City Clerk</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anna_M._Valencia" title="Anna M. Valencia">Anna Valencia</a> (D)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/City_Treasurer_of_Chicago" title="City Treasurer of Chicago">City Treasurer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Melissa_Conyears" class="mw-redirect" title="Melissa Conyears">Melissa Conyears-Ervin</a> (D)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-CenPopGazetteer2020-2">[2]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Illinois" title="List of municipalities in Illinois">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">234.53 sq mi (607.44 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">227.73 sq mi (589.82 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">6.80 sq mi (17.62 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-gnis-1">[1]</a> (mean)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">597.18 ft (182.02 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> – near Blue Island</div></th><td class="infobox-data">672 ft (205 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> – at Lake Michigan</div></th><td class="infobox-data">578 ft (176 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Quickfacts-3">[3]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Illinois" title="List of municipalities in Illinois">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,746,388</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Estimate <div class="ib-settlement-fn">(2023)<a href="#cite_note-Quickfacts-3">[3]</a></div></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,664,452</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_cities_by_population" title="List of North American cities by population">5th</a> in North America</li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">3rd</a> in the United States</li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Illinois" title="List of municipalities in Illinois">1st</a> in Illinois</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">12,059.84/sq mi (4,656.33/km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-urban_area-4">[4]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">8,671,746 (US: <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_urban_areas" title="List of United States urban areas">3rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban density</th><td class="infobox-data">3,709.2/sq mi (1,432.1/km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-2020Pop-5">[5]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">9,618,502 (US: <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_statistical_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of metropolitan statistical areas">3rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chicagoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicagoan">Chicagoan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a></th><td class="infobox-data">$894.862 billion (2023)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9206:00" title="UTC−06:00">UTC−06:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Standard Time">CST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9205:00" title="UTC−05:00">UTC−05:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Daylight Time">CDT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ZIP_Code" title="ZIP Code">ZIP Code</a> prefixes</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">606xx, 607xx, 608xx</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/North_American_Numbering_Plan" title="North American Numbering Plan">Area codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Area_code_312" title="Area code 312">312</a>, <a href="/wiki/Area_code_773" title="Area code 773">773</a>, <a href="/wiki/Area_code_872" title="Area code 872">872</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Information_Processing_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Information Processing Standard">FIPS</a> code</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US1714000">17-14000</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">GNIS</a> feature ID</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/0428803">0428803</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chicago.gov">chicago.gov</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Located on the shore of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan" title="Lake Michigan">Lake Michigan</a>, Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Portage" title="Chicago Portage">portage</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River watershed</a>. It grew rapidly in the mid-19th century.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-chicagohistory-demography-12">[11]</a> In 1871, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Chicago_Fire" title="Great Chicago Fire">Great Chicago Fire</a> destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless,<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> but Chicago's population continued to grow.<a href="#cite_note-chicagohistory-demography-12">[11]</a> Chicago made noted contributions to <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban planning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Chicago" title="Architecture of Chicago">architecture</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_(architecture)" title="Chicago school (architecture)">Chicago School</a>, the development of the <a href="/wiki/City_Beautiful_movement" title="City Beautiful movement">City Beautiful movement</a>, and the steel-framed <a href="/wiki/Skyscraper" title="Skyscraper">skyscraper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> Chicago is an international hub for finance, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Chicago" title="Culture of Chicago">culture</a>, commerce, industry, education, technology, telecommunications, and <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Chicago" title="Transportation in Chicago">transportation</a>. It has the largest and most diverse finance <a href="/wiki/Derivative_(finance)" title="Derivative (finance)">derivatives</a> market in the world, generating 20% of all volume in <a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">commodities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Financial_futures" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial futures">financial futures</a> alone.<a href="#cite_note-:0-16">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/O%27Hare_International_Airport" title="O'Hare International Airport">O'Hare International Airport</a> is routinely ranked among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_busiest_airports_by_passenger_traffic" title="List of busiest airports by passenger traffic">world's top ten busiest airports by passenger traffic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> and the region is also the nation's railroad hub.<a href="#cite_note-arodriguez-18">[17]</a> The Chicago area has one of the highest <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_GDP" title="List of cities by GDP">gross domestic products</a> (GDP) of any urban region in the world, generating $689 billion in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Chicago" title="Economy of Chicago">Chicago's economy</a> is <a href="/wiki/Economic_diversity" title="Economic diversity">diverse</a>, with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce.<a href="#cite_note-:0-16">[15]</a> Chicago is a major destination for <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Chicago" title="Tourism in Chicago">tourism</a>, including visitors to its <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_and_cultural_institutions_in_Chicago" title="List of museums and cultural institutions in Chicago">cultural institutions</a>, and Lake Michigan <a href="/wiki/Chicago_beaches" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago beaches">beaches</a>. Chicago's culture has contributed much to the visual arts, <a href="/wiki/Chicago_literature" title="Chicago literature">literature</a>, film, <a href="/wiki/Theater_in_Chicago" title="Theater in Chicago">theater</a>, comedy (especially <a href="/wiki/Improvisational_theatre" title="Improvisational theatre">improvisational comedy</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Chicago">food</a>, dance, and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chicago" title="Music of Chicago">music</a> (particularly <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chicago" title="Music of Chicago">jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago_blues" title="Chicago blues">blues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago_soul" title="Chicago soul">soul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop music">hip-hop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">electronic dance music</a>, including <a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">house music</a>). Chicago is home to the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Chicago Symphony Orchestra">Chicago Symphony Orchestra</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lyric_Opera_of_Chicago" title="Lyric Opera of Chicago">Lyric Opera of Chicago</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago" title="Art Institute of Chicago">Art Institute of Chicago</a> provides an influential visual arts museum and <a href="/wiki/School_of_the_Art_Institute_of_Chicago" title="School of the Art Institute of Chicago">art school</a>. The Chicago area also hosts the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Chicago" title="University of Illinois Chicago">University of Illinois Chicago</a>, among <a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Chicago" title="List of colleges and universities in Chicago">other institutions of learning</a>. Professional <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Chicago" title="Sports in Chicago">sports</a> in <a href="/wiki/U.S._cities_with_teams_from_four_major_league_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. cities with teams from four major league sports">Chicago include</a> all <a href="/wiki/Major_professional_sports_leagues_in_the_United_States_and_Canada" title="Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada">major professional leagues</a>, including two <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> teams. The city also hosts the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Marathon" title="Chicago Marathon">Chicago Marathon</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/World_Marathon_Majors" title="World Marathon Majors">World Marathon Majors</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology_and_nicknames">1 Etymology and nicknames</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Beginnings">2.1 Beginnings</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#19th_century">2.2 19th century</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#20th_and_21st_centuries">2.3 20th and 21st centuries</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#1900_to_1939">2.3.1 1900 to 1939</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#1940_to_1979">2.3.2 1940 to 1979</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#1980_to_present">2.3.3 1980 to present</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Geography">3 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Topography">3.1 Topography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Communities">3.2 Communities</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Streetscape">3.3 Streetscape</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Architecture">3.4 Architecture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Monuments_and_public_art">3.5 Monuments and public art</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Climate">3.6 Climate</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Time_zone">3.7 Time zone</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Demographics">4 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Religion">4.1 Religion</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Economy">5 Economy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Culture_and_contemporary_life">6 Culture and contemporary life</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Entertainment_and_the_arts">6.1 Entertainment and the arts</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Tourism">6.2 Tourism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Museums">6.3 Museums</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Cuisine">6.4 Cuisine</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Literature">6.5 Literature</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Sports">7 Sports</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Parks_and_greenspace">8 Parks and greenspace</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Law_and_government">9 Law and government</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Government">9.1 Government</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Politics">9.2 Politics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Crime">9.3 Crime</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Education">10 Education</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Schools_and_libraries">10.1 Schools and libraries</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Colleges_and_universities">10.2 Colleges and universities</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#Media">11 Media</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Television">11.1 Television</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-37"><a href="#Television_stations">11.1.1 Television stations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Newspapers">11.2 Newspapers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Movies_and_filming">11.3 Movies and filming</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Radio">11.4 Radio</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="#Infrastructure">12 Infrastructure</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="#Transportation">12.1 Transportation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-43"><a href="#Parking">12.1.1 Parking</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-44"><a href="#Expressways">12.1.2 Expressways</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-45"><a href="#Transit_systems">12.1.3 Transit systems</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-46"><a href="#Passenger_rail">12.1.4 Passenger rail</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-47"><a href="#Bicycle_and_scooter_sharing_systems">12.1.5 Bicycle and scooter sharing systems</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-48"><a href="#Freight_rail">12.1.6 Freight rail</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-49"><a href="#Airports">12.1.7 Airports</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-50"><a href="#Port_authority">12.1.8 Port authority</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-51"><a href="#Utilities">12.2 Utilities</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-52"><a href="#Health_systems">12.3 Health systems</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-53"><a href="#Sister_cities">13 Sister cities</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-54"><a href="#See_also">14 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-55"><a href="#Explanatory_notes">15 Explanatory notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-56"><a href="#References">16 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-57"><a href="#Citations">16.1 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-58"><a href="#Cited_references">16.2 Cited references</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-59"><a href="#Further_reading">17 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-60"><a href="#External_links">18 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology_and_nicknames">Etymology and nicknames</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nicknames_of_Chicago" title="Nicknames of Chicago">Nicknames of Chicago</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Windy_City_(nickname)" title="Windy City (nickname)">Windy City (nickname)</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chicago_placename_etymologies" title="List of Chicago placename etymologies">List of Chicago placename etymologies</a></div> The name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">indigenous</a> <a href="/wiki/Miami%E2%80%93Illinois_language" title="Miami–Illinois language">Miami–Illinois</a> name Šikaakonki, the locative form of the word šikaakwa which can mean both "<a href="/wiki/Skunk" title="Skunk">skunk</a>" and "ramps," a wild relative of <a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a> known to botanists as <a href="/wiki/Allium_tricoccum" title="Allium tricoccum">Allium tricoccum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as "Checagou" was by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Robert_Cavelier,_Sieur_de_La_Salle" title="René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle">Robert de LaSalle</a> around 1679 in a memoir.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henri_Joutel" title="Henri Joutel">Henri Joutel</a>, in his journal of 1688, noted that the eponymous wild "garlic" grew profusely in the area.<a href="#cite_note-Swenson,_John_F._235%E2%80%93248-23">[22]</a> According to his diary of late September 1687: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">... when we arrived at the said place called "Chicagou" which, according to what we were able to learn of it, has taken this name because of the quantity of garlic which grows in the forests in this region.<a href="#cite_note-Swenson,_John_F._235%E2%80%93248-23">[22]</a></blockquote> The city has had <a href="/wiki/Nicknames_of_Chicago" title="Nicknames of Chicago">several nicknames</a> throughout its history, such as the <a href="/wiki/Windy_City_(nickname)" title="Windy City (nickname)">Windy City</a>, Chi-Town, Second City, and City of the Big Shoulders.<a href="#cite_note-Liebling's_Second_City-24">[23]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Chicago" title="History of Chicago">History of Chicago</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Chicago_history" title="Timeline of Chicago history">Timeline of Chicago history</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginnings">Beginnings</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pottawatomi_Fashion_at_the_Field_Museum_in_Chicago.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Pottawatomi_Fashion_at_the_Field_Museum_in_Chicago.jpg/250px-Pottawatomi_Fashion_at_the_Field_Museum_in_Chicago.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 295px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Pottawatomi_Fashion_at_the_Field_Museum_in_Chicago.jpg/250px-Pottawatomi_Fashion_at_the_Field_Museum_in_Chicago.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="295" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Pottawatomi_Fashion_at_the_Field_Museum_in_Chicago.jpg/330px-Pottawatomi_Fashion_at_the_Field_Museum_in_Chicago.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Pottawatomi_Fashion_at_the_Field_Museum_in_Chicago.jpg/500px-Pottawatomi_Fashion_at_the_Field_Museum_in_Chicago.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Traditional <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a> regalia on display at the <a href="/wiki/Field_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Field Museum of Natural History">Field Museum of Natural History</a></figcaption></figure>In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a>, an indigenous tribe who had succeeded the <a href="/wiki/Miami_people" title="Miami people">Miami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sauk_people" title="Sauk people">Sauk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meskwaki" title="Meskwaki">Meskwaki</a> peoples in this region.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicago-fire1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Chicago-fire1.jpg/220px-Chicago-fire1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1103" data-file-height="732"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Chicago-fire1.jpg/220px-Chicago-fire1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Chicago-fire1.jpg/330px-Chicago-fire1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Chicago-fire1.jpg/440px-Chicago-fire1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An artist's rendering of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Chicago_Fire" title="Great Chicago Fire">Great Chicago Fire of 1871</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Home_Insurance_Building.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Home_Insurance_Building.JPG/250px-Home_Insurance_Building.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="880"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Home_Insurance_Building.JPG/250px-Home_Insurance_Building.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Home_Insurance_Building.JPG/330px-Home_Insurance_Building.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Home_Insurance_Building.JPG/500px-Home_Insurance_Building.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Home_Insurance_Building" title="Home Insurance Building">Home Insurance Building</a> (1885)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Looking_West_From_Peristyle,_Court_of_Honor_and_Grand_Basin,_1893.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Looking_West_From_Peristyle%2C_Court_of_Honor_and_Grand_Basin%2C_1893.jpg/250px-Looking_West_From_Peristyle%2C_Court_of_Honor_and_Grand_Basin%2C_1893.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4443" data-file-height="3103"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 154px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Looking_West_From_Peristyle%2C_Court_of_Honor_and_Grand_Basin%2C_1893.jpg/250px-Looking_West_From_Peristyle%2C_Court_of_Honor_and_Grand_Basin%2C_1893.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="154" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Looking_West_From_Peristyle%2C_Court_of_Honor_and_Grand_Basin%2C_1893.jpg/330px-Looking_West_From_Peristyle%2C_Court_of_Honor_and_Grand_Basin%2C_1893.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Looking_West_From_Peristyle%2C_Court_of_Honor_and_Grand_Basin%2C_1893.jpg/500px-Looking_West_From_Peristyle%2C_Court_of_Honor_and_Grand_Basin%2C_1893.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Court of Honor at the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition" title="World's Columbian Exposition">World's Columbian Exposition</a> in 1893</figcaption></figure> The first known permanent settler in Chicago was a trader <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Point_du_Sable" title="Jean Baptiste Point du Sable">Jean Baptiste Point du Sable</a>. Du Sable was of <a href="/wiki/African_people" class="mw-redirect" title="African people">African</a> descent, perhaps born in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_possessions_and_colonies" title="List of French possessions and colonies">French colony</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a> (Haiti), and established the settlement in the 1780s. He is commonly known as the "Founder of Chicago."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGenzen200710%E2%80%9311,_14%E2%80%9315-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeating200530%E2%80%9331,_221-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Swenson-28">[27]</a> In 1795, following the victory of the new United States in the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Indian_War" title="Northwest Indian War">Northwest Indian War</a>, an area that was to be part of Chicago was turned over to the U.S. for a military post by native tribes in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Greenville" title="Treaty of Greenville">Treaty of Greenville</a>. In 1803, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a> constructed <a href="/wiki/Fort_Dearborn" title="Fort Dearborn">Fort Dearborn</a>, which was destroyed during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Dearborn" title="Battle of Fort Dearborn">Battle of Fort Dearborn</a> by the Potawatomi before being later rebuilt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGenzen200716%E2%80%9317-29">[28]</a> After the War of 1812, the <a href="/wiki/Odawa_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Odawa people">Ottawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a>, and Potawatomi tribes ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_St._Louis_(1816)" title="Treaty of St. Louis (1816)">Treaty of St. Louis</a>. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the <a href="/wiki/1833_Treaty_of_Chicago" title="1833 Treaty of Chicago">1833 Treaty of Chicago</a> and sent west of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> as part of the federal policy of <a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuisseret199022%E2%80%9323,_68,_80%E2%80%9381-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeating200530%E2%80%9332-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Timeline:_Early_Chicago_History-32">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:229px;max-width:229px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:227px;max-width:227px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Illinois-michigan-canal.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Illinois-michigan-canal.png/225px-Illinois-michigan-canal.png" decoding="async" width="225" height="191" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="531"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 225px;height: 191px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Illinois-michigan-canal.png/225px-Illinois-michigan-canal.png" data-alt="" data-width="225" data-height="191" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Illinois-michigan-canal.png/338px-Illinois-michigan-canal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Illinois-michigan-canal.png/450px-Illinois-michigan-canal.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The location and course of the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_and_Michigan_Canal" title="Illinois and Michigan Canal">Illinois and Michigan Canal</a> (completed 1848)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:227px;max-width:227px"><div class="thumbimage"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Corner_Madison_and_State_streets%2C_Chicago_-.webm/225px--Corner_Madison_and_State_streets%2C_Chicago_-.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="225" height="169" data-durationhint="50" data-mwtitle="Corner_Madison_and_State_streets,_Chicago_-.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/Corner_Madison_and_State_streets%2C_Chicago_-.webm/Corner_Madison_and_State_streets%2C_Chicago_-.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/Corner_Madison_and_State_streets%2C_Chicago_-.webm/Corner_Madison_and_State_streets%2C_Chicago_-.webm.360p.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Corner_Madison_and_State_streets%2C_Chicago_-.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-width="480" data-height="360"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/Corner_Madison_and_State_streets%2C_Chicago_-.webm/Corner_Madison_and_State_streets%2C_Chicago_-.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/Corner_Madison_and_State_streets%2C_Chicago_-.webm/Corner_Madison_and_State_streets%2C_Chicago_-.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240"></source></video></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/State_Street_(Chicago)" title="State Street (Chicago)">State</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madison_Street_(Chicago)" title="Madison Street (Chicago)">Madison</a> streets, once known as the busiest intersection in the world (1897)</div></div></div></div></div> On August 12, 1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200.<a href="#cite_note-Timeline:_Early_Chicago_History-32">[31]</a> Within seven years it grew to more than 6,000 people. On June 15, 1835, the first public land sales began with <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Dick_Taylor" title="Edmund Dick Taylor">Edmund Dick Taylor</a> as Receiver of Public Monies. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4, 1837,<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> and for several decades was the world's fastest-growing city.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> As the site of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Portage" title="Chicago Portage">Chicago Portage</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeating200527-35">[34]</a> the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicago's first railway, <a href="/wiki/Galena_and_Chicago_Union_Railroad" title="Galena and Chicago Union Railroad">Galena and Chicago Union Railroad</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_and_Michigan_Canal" title="Illinois and Michigan Canal">Illinois and Michigan Canal</a> opened in 1848. The canal allowed <a href="/wiki/Steamboat" title="Steamboat">steamboats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship" title="Sailing ship">sailing ships</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> to connect to the Mississippi River.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuisseret199086%E2%80%9398-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECondit197330%E2%80%9331-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGenzen200724%E2%80%9325-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeating200526%E2%80%9329,_35%E2%80%9339-39">[38]</a> A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">immigrants</a> from abroad. Manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the <a href="/wiki/American_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="American economy">American economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Board_of_Trade" title="Chicago Board of Trade">Chicago Board of Trade</a> (established 1848) listed the first-ever standardized "exchange-traded" forward contracts, which were called <a href="/wiki/Futures_contract" title="Futures contract">futures contracts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> In the 1850s, Chicago gained national political prominence as the home of Senator <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Douglas" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Douglas">Stephen Douglas</a>, the champion of the <a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> and the "popular sovereignty" approach to the issue of the spread of slavery.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> These issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, to the national stage. Lincoln was nominated in Chicago for U.S. president at the <a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">1860 Republican National Convention</a>, which was held in a purpose-built auditorium called the <a href="/wiki/Wigwam_(Chicago)" title="Wigwam (Chicago)">Wigwam</a>. He defeated Douglas in the general election, and this set the stage for the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. To accommodate <a href="#Demographics">rapid population growth</a> and demand for better sanitation, the city improved its infrastructure. In February 1856, Chicago's Common Council approved <a href="/wiki/Ellis_S._Chesbrough" title="Ellis S. Chesbrough">Chesbrough</a>'s plan to build the United States' first comprehensive sewerage system.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> The project <a href="/wiki/Raising_of_Chicago" title="Raising of Chicago">raised much of central Chicago</a> to a new grade with the use of <a href="/wiki/Jackscrews" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackscrews">jackscrews</a> for raising buildings.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> While elevating Chicago, and at first improving the city's health, the untreated sewage and industrial waste now flowed into the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_River" title="Chicago River">Chicago River</a>, and subsequently into <a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan" title="Lake Michigan">Lake Michigan</a>, polluting the city's primary freshwater source. The city responded by tunneling two miles (3.2 km) out into Lake Michigan to newly built <a href="/wiki/Water_cribs_in_Chicago" title="Water cribs in Chicago">water cribs</a>. In 1900, the problem of sewage contamination was largely resolved when the city completed a major engineering feat. It reversed the flow of the Chicago River so that the water flowed away from Lake Michigan rather than into it. This project began with the construction and improvement of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, and was completed with the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Sanitary_and_Ship_Canal" title="Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal">Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal</a> that connects to the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_River" title="Illinois River">Illinois River</a>, which flows into the Mississippi River.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECondit197315%E2%80%9318,_243%E2%80%93245-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGenzen200727%E2%80%9329,_38%E2%80%9343-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuisseret1990154%E2%80%93155,_172%E2%80%93173,_204%E2%80%93205-47">[46]</a> In 1871, the Great Chicago Fire destroyed an area about 4 miles (6.4 km) long and 1-mile (1.6 km) wide, a large section of the city at the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuisseret1990148%E2%80%93149-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGenzen200732%E2%80%9337-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowe200087%E2%80%9397-50">[49]</a> Much of the city, including railroads and <a href="/wiki/Union_Stock_Yard" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Stock Yard">stockyards</a>, survived intact,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowe200099-51">[50]</a> and from the ruins of the previous wooden structures arose more modern constructions of steel and stone. These set a precedent for worldwide construction.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECondit19739%E2%80%9311-53">[52]</a> During its rebuilding period, Chicago constructed the world's <a href="/wiki/Home_Insurance_Building" title="Home Insurance Building">first skyscraper</a> in 1885, using <a href="/wiki/Steel_frame" title="Steel frame">steel-skeleton</a> construction.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowe2000121,_129-55">[54]</a> The city grew significantly in size and population by incorporating many neighboring townships between 1851 and 1920, with the largest annexation happening in 1889, with five townships joining the city, including the <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park_Township,_Cook_County,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyde Park Township, Cook County, Illinois">Hyde Park Township</a>, which now comprises most of the <a href="/wiki/South_Side_of_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="South Side of Chicago">South Side of Chicago</a> and the far southeast of Chicago, and the <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Township,_Cook_County,_Illinois" title="Jefferson Township, Cook County, Illinois">Jefferson Township</a>, which now makes up most of <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Side,_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest Side, Chicago">Chicago's Northwest Side</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> The desire to join the city was driven by municipal services that the city could provide its residents. Chicago's flourishing economy attracted huge numbers of new immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and migrants from the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern United States</a>. Of the total population in 1900, more than 77% were either foreign-born or born in the United States of foreign parentage. <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedes" title="Swedes">Swedes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a> made up nearly two-thirds of the foreign-born population (by 1900, whites were 98.1% of the city's population).<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor conflicts</a> followed the industrial boom and the rapid expansion of the labor pool, including the <a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a> on May 4, 1886, and in 1894 the <a href="/wiki/Pullman_Strike" title="Pullman Strike">Pullman Strike</a>. Anarchist and socialist groups played prominent roles in creating very large and highly organized labor actions. Concern for social problems among Chicago's immigrant poor led <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Gates_Starr" title="Ellen Gates Starr">Ellen Gates Starr</a> to found <a href="/wiki/Hull_House" title="Hull House">Hull House</a> in 1889.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> Programs that were developed there became a model for the new field of <a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">social work</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hullhouse-60">[59]</a> During the 1870s and 1880s, Chicago attained national stature as the leader in the movement to improve public health. City laws and later, state laws that upgraded standards for the medical profession and fought urban epidemics of <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a> were both passed and enforced. These laws became templates for public health reform in other cities and states.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> The city established many large, well-landscaped <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Park_District" title="Chicago Park District">municipal parks</a>, which also included public sanitation facilities. The chief advocate for improving public health in Chicago was <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Rauch" title="John Henry Rauch">John H. Rauch, M.D.</a> Rauch established a plan for Chicago's park system in 1866. He created <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Park" title="Lincoln Park">Lincoln Park</a> by closing a cemetery filled with shallow graves, and in 1867, in response to an outbreak of cholera he helped establish a new Chicago Board of Health. Ten years later, he became the secretary and then the president of the first Illinois State Board of Health, which carried out most of its activities in Chicago.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> In the 1800s, Chicago became the nation's railroad hub, and by 1910 over 20 railroads operated passenger service out of six different downtown terminals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECondit197343%E2%80%9349,_58,_318%E2%80%93319-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> In 1883, Chicago's railway managers needed a general time convention, so they developed the standardized system of North American <a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">time zones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> This system for telling time spread throughout the continent. In 1893, Chicago hosted the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition" title="World's Columbian Exposition">World's Columbian Exposition</a> on former marshland at the present location of <a href="/wiki/Jackson_Park_(Chicago)" title="Jackson Park (Chicago)">Jackson Park</a>. The Exposition drew 27.5 million visitors, and is considered the most influential <a href="/wiki/World%27s_fair" title="World's fair">world's fair</a> in history.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowe2000148%E2%80%93154,_158%E2%80%93169-67">[66]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, formerly at another location, moved to the same South Side location in 1892. The term "midway" for a fair or carnival referred originally to the <a href="/wiki/Midway_Plaisance" title="Midway Plaisance">Midway Plaisance</a>, a strip of park land that still runs through the University of Chicago campus and connects the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Park_(Chicago_park)" title="Washington Park (Chicago park)">Washington</a> and Jackson Parks.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_and_21st_centuries">20th and 21st centuries</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1900_to_1939">1900 to 1939</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Chicago_Photographed_from_Ray_Knabenshue%27s_Dirigible_Air_Ship.webm/220px--Chicago_Photographed_from_Ray_Knabenshue%27s_Dirigible_Air_Ship.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="488" data-mwtitle="Chicago_Photographed_from_Ray_Knabenshue's_Dirigible_Air_Ship.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Chicago_Photographed_from_Ray_Knabenshue%27s_Dirigible_Air_Ship.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/Chicago_Photographed_from_Ray_Knabenshue%27s_Dirigible_Air_Ship.webm/Chicago_Photographed_from_Ray_Knabenshue%27s_Dirigible_Air_Ship.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/Chicago_Photographed_from_Ray_Knabenshue%27s_Dirigible_Air_Ship.webm/Chicago_Photographed_from_Ray_Knabenshue%27s_Dirigible_Air_Ship.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/Chicago_Photographed_from_Ray_Knabenshue%27s_Dirigible_Air_Ship.webm/Chicago_Photographed_from_Ray_Knabenshue%27s_Dirigible_Air_Ship.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Chicago_Photographed_from_Ray_Knabenshue%27s_Dirigible_Air_Ship.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-width="1920" data-height="1080"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/Chicago_Photographed_from_Ray_Knabenshue%27s_Dirigible_Air_Ship.webm/Chicago_Photographed_from_Ray_Knabenshue%27s_Dirigible_Air_Ship.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/Chicago_Photographed_from_Ray_Knabenshue%27s_Dirigible_Air_Ship.webm/Chicago_Photographed_from_Ray_Knabenshue%27s_Dirigible_Air_Ship.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/Chicago_Photographed_from_Ray_Knabenshue%27s_Dirigible_Air_Ship.webm/Chicago_Photographed_from_Ray_Knabenshue%27s_Dirigible_Air_Ship.webm.360p.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/Chicago_Photographed_from_Ray_Knabenshue%27s_Dirigible_Air_Ship.webm/Chicago_Photographed_from_Ray_Knabenshue%27s_Dirigible_Air_Ship.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"></source></video><figcaption>Aerial motion film photography of Chicago in 1914 as filmed by <a href="/wiki/A._Roy_Knabenshue" title="A. Roy Knabenshue">A. Roy Knabenshue</a></figcaption></figure> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and the 1920s there was a major expansion in industry. The availability of jobs attracted African Americans from the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>. Between 1910 and 1930, the African American population of Chicago increased dramatically, from 44,103 to 233,903.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> This <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> had an immense cultural impact, called the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Black_Renaissance" title="Chicago Black Renaissance">Chicago Black Renaissance</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/New_Negro_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="New Negro Movement">New Negro Movement</a>, in art, literature, and music.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> Continuing racial tensions and violence, such as the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_race_riot_of_1919" title="Chicago race riot of 1919">Chicago race riot of 1919</a>, also occurred.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> The ratification of the 18th amendment to the Constitution in 1919 made the production and sale (including exportation) of alcoholic beverages illegal in the United States. This ushered in the beginning of what is known as the gangster era, a time that roughly spans from 1919 until 1933 when <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a> was repealed. The 1920s saw <a href="/wiki/American_gangsters_during_the_1920s" class="mw-redirect" title="American gangsters during the 1920s">gangsters</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Al_Capone" title="Al Capone">Al Capone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dion_O%27Banion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dion O'Banion">Dion O'Banion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bugs_Moran" title="Bugs Moran">Bugs Moran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tony_Accardo" title="Tony Accardo">Tony Accardo</a> battle law enforcement and each other on the streets of Chicago during the <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition era</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> Chicago was the location of the infamous <a href="/wiki/St._Valentine%27s_Day_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Valentine's Day Massacre">St. Valentine's Day Massacre</a> in 1929, when Al Capone sent men to gun down members of a rival gang, North Side, led by Bugs Moran.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Breaking_the_Landlords%27_Lease_on_Peace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Breaking_the_Landlords%27_Lease_on_Peace.jpg/220px-Breaking_the_Landlords%27_Lease_on_Peace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6297" data-file-height="4691"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 164px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Breaking_the_Landlords%27_Lease_on_Peace.jpg/220px-Breaking_the_Landlords%27_Lease_on_Peace.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="164" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Breaking_the_Landlords%27_Lease_on_Peace.jpg/330px-Breaking_the_Landlords%27_Lease_on_Peace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Breaking_the_Landlords%27_Lease_on_Peace.jpg/440px-Breaking_the_Landlords%27_Lease_on_Peace.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Chicago tenants picket against rent increases (March 1920)</figcaption></figure> From 1920 to 1921, the city was affected by a series of tenant <a href="/wiki/Rent_strike" title="Rent strike">rent strikes</a>, which lead to the formation of the Chicago Tenants Protective association, passage of the Kessenger tenant laws, and of a heat ordinance that legally required flats to be kept above 68 °F during winter months by landlords.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> Chicago was the first American city to have a homosexual-rights organization. The organization, formed in 1924, was called the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Human_Rights" title="Society for Human Rights">Society for Human Rights</a>. It produced the first American publication for homosexuals, <a href="/wiki/Friendship_and_Freedom" title="Friendship and Freedom">Friendship and Freedom</a>. Police and political pressure caused the organization to disband.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unemployed_men_queued_outside_a_depression_soup_kitchen_opened_in_Chicago_by_Al_Capone,_02-1931_-_NARA_-_541927.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Unemployed_men_queued_outside_a_depression_soup_kitchen_opened_in_Chicago_by_Al_Capone%2C_02-1931_-_NARA_-_541927.jpg/220px-Unemployed_men_queued_outside_a_depression_soup_kitchen_opened_in_Chicago_by_Al_Capone%2C_02-1931_-_NARA_-_541927.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2939" data-file-height="2392"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 179px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Unemployed_men_queued_outside_a_depression_soup_kitchen_opened_in_Chicago_by_Al_Capone%2C_02-1931_-_NARA_-_541927.jpg/220px-Unemployed_men_queued_outside_a_depression_soup_kitchen_opened_in_Chicago_by_Al_Capone%2C_02-1931_-_NARA_-_541927.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="179" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Unemployed_men_queued_outside_a_depression_soup_kitchen_opened_in_Chicago_by_Al_Capone%2C_02-1931_-_NARA_-_541927.jpg/330px-Unemployed_men_queued_outside_a_depression_soup_kitchen_opened_in_Chicago_by_Al_Capone%2C_02-1931_-_NARA_-_541927.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Unemployed_men_queued_outside_a_depression_soup_kitchen_opened_in_Chicago_by_Al_Capone%2C_02-1931_-_NARA_-_541927.jpg/440px-Unemployed_men_queued_outside_a_depression_soup_kitchen_opened_in_Chicago_by_Al_Capone%2C_02-1931_-_NARA_-_541927.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Men outside a soup kitchen during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> (1931)</figcaption></figure> The Great Depression brought unprecedented suffering to Chicago, in no small part due to the city's heavy reliance on heavy industry. Notably, industrial areas on the south side and neighborhoods lining both branches of the Chicago River were devastated; by 1933 over 50% of industrial jobs in the city had been lost, and unemployment rates amongst blacks and Mexicans in the city were over 40%. The Republican political machine in Chicago was utterly destroyed by the economic crisis, and every mayor since 1931 has been a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Great_Depression-82">[81]</a> From 1928 to 1933, the city witnessed a tax revolt, and the city was unable to meet payroll or provide relief efforts. The fiscal crisis was resolved by 1933, and at the same time, federal relief funding began to flow into Chicago.<a href="#cite_note-Great_Depression-82">[81]</a> Chicago was also a hotbed of labor activism, with <a href="/wiki/Unemployed_Councils" title="Unemployed Councils">Unemployed Councils</a> contributing heavily in the early depression to create solidarity for the poor and demand relief; these organizations were created by socialist and communist groups. By 1935 the <a href="/wiki/Workers_Alliance_of_America" title="Workers Alliance of America">Workers Alliance of America</a> began organizing the poor, workers, the unemployed. In the spring of 1937 Republic Steel Works witnessed the <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day_massacre_of_1937" class="mw-redirect" title="Memorial Day massacre of 1937">Memorial Day massacre of 1937</a> in the neighborhood of East Side. In 1933, Chicago Mayor <a href="/wiki/Anton_Cermak" title="Anton Cermak">Anton Cermak</a> was fatally wounded in <a href="/wiki/Miami,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami, Florida">Miami, Florida</a>, during a <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_assassination_attempts_and_plots#Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots">failed assassination</a> attempt on President-elect <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>. In 1933 and 1934, the city celebrated its centennial by hosting the <a href="/wiki/Century_of_Progress" title="Century of Progress">Century of Progress</a> International Exposition <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="World's Fair">World's Fair</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> The theme of the fair was technological innovation over the century since Chicago's founding.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1940_to_1979">1940 to 1979</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicago_Blackhawks_-_Chicago_Picaso_(4838269639).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Chicago_Blackhawks_-_Chicago_Picaso_%284838269639%29.jpg/250px-Chicago_Blackhawks_-_Chicago_Picaso_%284838269639%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 255px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Chicago_Blackhawks_-_Chicago_Picaso_%284838269639%29.jpg/250px-Chicago_Blackhawks_-_Chicago_Picaso_%284838269639%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="255" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Chicago_Blackhawks_-_Chicago_Picaso_%284838269639%29.jpg/330px-Chicago_Blackhawks_-_Chicago_Picaso_%284838269639%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Chicago_Blackhawks_-_Chicago_Picaso_%284838269639%29.jpg/500px-Chicago_Blackhawks_-_Chicago_Picaso_%284838269639%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Picasso" title="Chicago Picasso">Chicago Picasso</a> (1967) inspired a new era in urban public art.</figcaption></figure> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the city of Chicago alone produced more steel than the United Kingdom every year from 1939 – 1945, and more than <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> from 1943 – 1945.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1968_Democratic_National_Convention,_Chicago._Sept_68_C15_8_1313,_Photo_by_Bea_A_Corson,_Chicago._Purchased_at_estate_sale_in_2011_by_Victor_Grigas_Released_Public_Domain.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/1968_Democratic_National_Convention%2C_Chicago._Sept_68_C15_8_1313%2C_Photo_by_Bea_A_Corson%2C_Chicago._Purchased_at_estate_sale_in_2011_by_Victor_Grigas_Released_Public_Domain.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-thumbnail.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4457" data-file-height="3922"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 194px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/1968_Democratic_National_Convention%2C_Chicago._Sept_68_C15_8_1313%2C_Photo_by_Bea_A_Corson%2C_Chicago._Purchased_at_estate_sale_in_2011_by_Victor_Grigas_Released_Public_Domain.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-thumbnail.tiff.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="194" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/1968_Democratic_National_Convention%2C_Chicago._Sept_68_C15_8_1313%2C_Photo_by_Bea_A_Corson%2C_Chicago._Purchased_at_estate_sale_in_2011_by_Victor_Grigas_Released_Public_Domain.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-thumbnail.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/1968_Democratic_National_Convention%2C_Chicago._Sept_68_C15_8_1313%2C_Photo_by_Bea_A_Corson%2C_Chicago._Purchased_at_estate_sale_in_2011_by_Victor_Grigas_Released_Public_Domain.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-thumbnail.tiff.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Protesters in <a href="/wiki/Grant_Park_(Chicago)" title="Grant Park (Chicago)">Grant Park</a> outside the <a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">1968 Democratic National Convention</a></figcaption></figure> The Great Migration, which had been on pause due to the Depression, resumed at an even faster pace in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">second wave</a>, as hundreds of thousands of blacks from the South arrived in the city to work in the steel mills, railroads, and shipping yards.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> On December 2, 1942, physicist <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a> conducted the world's first controlled <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Pile-1" title="Chicago Pile-1">nuclear reaction</a> at the University of Chicago as part of the top-secret <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>. This led to the creation of the atomic bomb by the United States, which it used in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in 1945.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> Mayor <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Daley" title="Richard J. Daley">Richard J. Daley</a>, a Democrat, was elected in 1955, in the era of <a href="/wiki/Political_machine" title="Political machine">machine politics</a>. In 1956, the city conducted its last major expansion when it annexed the land under O'Hare airport, including a small portion of DuPage County.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> By the 1960s, white residents in several neighborhoods left the city for the suburban areas – in many American cities, a process known as <a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">white flight</a> – as Blacks continued to move beyond the <a href="/wiki/Black_Belt_(region_of_Chicago)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Belt (region of Chicago)">Black Belt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> While home loan discriminatory <a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">redlining</a> against blacks continued, the real estate industry practiced what became known as <a href="/wiki/Blockbusting" title="Blockbusting">blockbusting</a>, completely changing the racial composition of whole neighborhoods.<a href="#cite_note-Mehlhorn-90">[89]</a> Structural changes in industry, such as globalization and job outsourcing, caused heavy job losses for lower-skilled workers. At its peak during the 1960s, some 250,000 workers were employed in the steel industry in Chicago, but the steel crisis of the 1970s and 1980s reduced this number to just 28,000 in 2015. In 1966, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Raby" title="Albert Raby">Albert Raby</a> led the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement</a>, which culminated in agreements between Mayor Richard J. Daley and the movement leaders.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> Two years later, the city hosted the tumultuous <a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">1968 Democratic National Convention</a>, which featured physical confrontations both inside and outside the convention hall, with anti-war protesters, journalists and bystanders being beaten by police.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> Major construction projects, including the Sears Tower (now known as the <a href="/wiki/Willis_Tower" title="Willis Tower">Willis Tower</a>, which in 1974 became the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in the world">world's tallest building</a>), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Chicago">University of Illinois at Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/McCormick_Place" title="McCormick Place">McCormick Place</a>, and <a href="/wiki/O%27Hare_International_Airport" title="O'Hare International Airport">O'Hare International Airport</a>, were undertaken during Richard J. Daley's tenure.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> In 1979, <a href="/wiki/Jane_Byrne" title="Jane Byrne">Jane Byrne</a>, the city's first female mayor, was elected. She was notable for temporarily moving into the crime-ridden <a href="/wiki/Cabrini-Green" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabrini-Green">Cabrini-Green</a> housing project and for leading Chicago's school system out of a financial crisis.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1980_to_present">1980 to present</h4></div> In 1983, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Washington" title="Harold Washington">Harold Washington</a> became the first black mayor of Chicago. Washington's first term in office directed attention to poor and previously neglected minority neighborhoods. He was re‑elected in 1987 but died of a heart attack soon after.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> Washington was succeeded by 6th ward alderperson <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Sawyer" title="Eugene Sawyer">Eugene Sawyer</a>, who was elected by the Chicago City Council and served until a special election. <a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Daley" title="Richard M. Daley">Richard M. Daley</a>, son of Richard J. Daley, was elected in 1989. His accomplishments included improvements to parks and creating incentives for <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a>, as well as closing <a href="/wiki/Meigs_Field" title="Meigs Field">Meigs Field</a> in the middle of the night and destroying the runways. After successfully running for re-election five times, and becoming Chicago's longest-serving mayor, Richard M. Daley declined to run for a seventh term.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> In 1992, a construction accident near the <a href="/wiki/Kinzie_Street_Bridge" title="Kinzie Street Bridge">Kinzie Street Bridge</a> produced a breach connecting the Chicago River to a tunnel below, which was part of an <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tunnel_Company" title="Chicago Tunnel Company">abandoned freight tunnel system</a> extending throughout the downtown <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Loop" title="Chicago Loop">Loop</a> district. The <a href="/wiki/Chicago_flood" title="Chicago flood">tunnels filled</a> with 250 million US gallons (1,000,000 m3) of water, affecting buildings throughout the district and forcing a shutdown of electrical power.<a href="#cite_note-CBS2-98">[97]</a> The area was shut down for three days and some buildings did not reopen for weeks; losses were estimated at $1.95 billion.<a href="#cite_note-CBS2-98">[97]</a> On February 23, 2011, <a href="/wiki/Rahm_Emanuel" title="Rahm Emanuel">Rahm Emanuel</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Chief of Staff">White House Chief of Staff</a> and member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>, won the mayoral election.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> Emanuel was sworn in as mayor on May 16, 2011, and won re-election in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lori_Lightfoot" title="Lori Lightfoot">Lori Lightfoot</a>, the city's first African American woman mayor and its first openly LGBTQ mayor, was elected to succeed Emanuel as mayor in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> All three city-wide elective offices were held by women (and women of color) for the first time in Chicago history: in addition to Lightfoot, the city clerk was <a href="/wiki/Anna_M._Valencia" title="Anna M. Valencia">Anna Valencia</a> and the city treasurer was <a href="/wiki/Melissa_Conyears" class="mw-redirect" title="Melissa Conyears">Melissa Conyears-Ervin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> On May 15, 2023, <a href="/wiki/Brandon_Johnson" title="Brandon Johnson">Brandon Johnson</a> assumed office as the 57th mayor of Chicago. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Chicago" title="Geography of Chicago">Geography of Chicago</a></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:center;max-width:810px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize thumbimage" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicago_city_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chicago skyline at sunset in October 2020, from near Fullerton Avenue looking south"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Chicago_city_view.jpg/800px-Chicago_city_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="267" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4791" data-file-height="1597"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 800px;height: 267px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Chicago_city_view.jpg/800px-Chicago_city_view.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="800" data-height="267" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Chicago_city_view.jpg/1200px-Chicago_city_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Chicago_city_view.jpg/1600px-Chicago_city_view.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicago_city_view.jpg" title="File:Chicago city view.jpg"> </a></div>Chicago skyline at sunset in October 2020, from near Fullerton Avenue looking south</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topography">Topography</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicago-00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Chicago-00.jpg/250px-Chicago-00.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Chicago-00.jpg/250px-Chicago-00.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Chicago-00.jpg/330px-Chicago-00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Chicago-00.jpg/500px-Chicago-00.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Aerial view of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Loop" title="Chicago Loop">Chicago Loop</a> in 2012</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Full_chicago_skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Full_chicago_skyline.jpg/250px-Full_chicago_skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2483" data-file-height="1701"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 151px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Full_chicago_skyline.jpg/250px-Full_chicago_skyline.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="151" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Full_chicago_skyline.jpg/330px-Full_chicago_skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Full_chicago_skyline.jpg/500px-Full_chicago_skyline.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Downtown and the North Side with beaches lining the waterfront</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicago_by_Sentinel-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Chicago_by_Sentinel-2.jpg/220px-Chicago_by_Sentinel-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="9534" data-file-height="9534"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Chicago_by_Sentinel-2.jpg/220px-Chicago_by_Sentinel-2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Chicago_by_Sentinel-2.jpg/330px-Chicago_by_Sentinel-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Chicago_by_Sentinel-2.jpg/440px-Chicago_by_Sentinel-2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A satellite image of Chicago</figcaption></figure> Chicago is located in northeastern Illinois on the southwestern shores of freshwater Lake Michigan. It is the principal city in the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Metropolitan Area">Chicago Metropolitan Area</a>, situated in both the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Lakes region (North America)">Great Lakes region</a>. The city rests on a <a href="/wiki/Continental_divide" title="Continental divide">continental divide</a> at the site of the Chicago Portage, connecting the Mississippi River and the Great Lakes <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">watersheds</a>. In addition to it lying beside Lake Michigan, two rivers—the Chicago River in downtown and the <a href="/wiki/Calumet_River" title="Calumet River">Calumet River</a> in the industrial far South Side—flow either entirely or partially through the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECondit19735%E2%80%936-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGenzen20076%E2%80%939-104">[103]</a> Chicago's history and economy are closely tied to its proximity to Lake Michigan. While the Chicago River historically handled much of the region's waterborne cargo, today's huge <a href="/wiki/Lake_freighter" title="Lake freighter">lake freighters</a> use the city's <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Chicago" title="Port of Chicago">Lake Calumet Harbor</a> on the South Side. The lake also provides another positive effect: moderating Chicago's climate, making waterfront neighborhoods slightly warmer in winter and cooler in summer.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> When Chicago was founded in 1837, most of the early building was around the mouth of the Chicago River, as can be seen on a map of the city's original 58 blocks.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> The overall <a href="/wiki/Land_grading" class="mw-redirect" title="Land grading">grade</a> of the city's central, built-up areas is relatively consistent with the natural flatness of its overall natural geography, generally exhibiting only slight differentiation otherwise. The average land elevation is 579 ft (176.5 m) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a>. While measurements vary somewhat,<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> the lowest points are along the lake shore at 578 ft (176.2 m), while the highest point, at 672 ft (205 m), is the morainal ridge of <a href="/wiki/Beverly,_Chicago" title="Beverly, Chicago">Blue Island</a> in the city's far south side.<a href="#cite_note-neiu-108">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lake_Shore_Drive" title="Lake Shore Drive">Lake Shore Drive</a> runs adjacent to a large portion of Chicago's waterfront. Some of the parks along the waterfront include <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Park" title="Lincoln Park">Lincoln Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grant_Park_(Chicago)" title="Grant Park (Chicago)">Grant Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burnham_Park_(Chicago)" title="Burnham Park (Chicago)">Burnham Park</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jackson_Park_(Chicago)" title="Jackson Park (Chicago)">Jackson Park</a>. There are 24 public <a href="/wiki/Chicago_beaches" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago beaches">beaches</a> across 26 miles (42 km) of the waterfront.<a href="#cite_note-usabeaches-109">[108]</a> Landfill extends into portions of the lake providing space for <a href="/wiki/Navy_Pier" title="Navy Pier">Navy Pier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northerly_Island" title="Northerly Island">Northerly Island</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Museum_Campus_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum Campus Chicago">Museum Campus</a>, and large portions of the <a href="/wiki/McCormick_Place" title="McCormick Place">McCormick Place</a> Convention Center. Most of the city's high-rise commercial and residential buildings are close to the waterfront. An informal name for the entire <a href="/wiki/Chicago_metropolitan_area" title="Chicago metropolitan area">Chicago metropolitan area</a> is "Chicagoland", which generally means the city and all its suburbs, though different organizations have slightly different definitions.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communities">Communities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Community_areas_in_Chicago" title="Community areas in Chicago">Community areas in Chicago</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_neighborhoods_in_Chicago" title="List of neighborhoods in Chicago">List of neighborhoods in Chicago</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicago_community_areas_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Chicago_community_areas_map.svg/220px-Chicago_community_areas_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="578"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 229px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Chicago_community_areas_map.svg/220px-Chicago_community_areas_map.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="229" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Chicago_community_areas_map.svg/330px-Chicago_community_areas_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Chicago_community_areas_map.svg/440px-Chicago_community_areas_map.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Community_areas_in_Chicago" title="Community areas in Chicago">Community areas</a> of Chicago</figcaption></figure> Major sections of the city include the central business district, called <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Loop" title="Chicago Loop">the Loop</a>, and the North, <a href="/wiki/South_Side,_Chicago" title="South Side, Chicago">South</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Side,_Chicago" title="West Side, Chicago">West Sides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> The three sides of the city are represented on the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Chicago" title="Flag of Chicago">Flag of Chicago</a> by three horizontal white stripes.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> The North Side is the most-densely-populated residential section of the city, and many high-rises are located on this side of the city along the lakefront.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> The South Side is the largest section of the city, encompassing roughly 60% of the city's land area. The South Side contains most of the facilities of the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Chicago" title="Port of Chicago">Port of Chicago</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> In the late-1920s, sociologists at the University of Chicago subdivided the city into 77 distinct <a href="/wiki/Community_areas_in_Chicago" title="Community areas in Chicago">community areas</a>, which can further be subdivided into over 200 informally defined <a href="/wiki/Neighborhoods_in_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="Neighborhoods in Chicago">neighborhoods</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Streetscape">Streetscape</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roads_and_expressways_in_Chicago" title="Roads and expressways in Chicago">Roads and expressways in Chicago</a></div> Chicago's streets were laid out in a <a href="/wiki/Grid_plan" title="Grid plan">street grid</a> that grew from the city's original townsite plot, which was bounded by Lake Michigan on the east, North Avenue on the north, Wood Street on the west, and 22nd Street on the south.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> Streets following the <a href="/wiki/Public_Land_Survey_System" title="Public Land Survey System">Public Land Survey System</a> section lines later became arterial streets in outlying sections. As new additions to the city were platted, city ordinance required them to be laid out with eight streets to the mile in one direction and sixteen in the other direction, about one street per 200 meters in one direction and one street per 100 meters in the other direction. The grid's regularity provided an efficient means of developing new real estate property. A scattering of diagonal streets, many of them originally Native American trails, also cross the city (Elston, Milwaukee, Ogden, Lincoln, etc.). Many additional diagonal streets were recommended in the <a href="/wiki/Burnham_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Burnham Plan">Plan of Chicago</a>, but only the extension of <a href="/wiki/Ogden_Avenue_(Chicago)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogden Avenue (Chicago)">Ogden Avenue</a> was ever constructed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECondit197331,_52%E2%80%9353-120">[119]</a> In 2021, Chicago was ranked the fourth-most walkable large city in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> Many of the city's residential streets have a wide patch of grass or trees between the street and the sidewalk itself. This helps to keep pedestrians on the sidewalk further away from the street traffic. Chicago's <a href="/wiki/Western_Avenue_(Chicago)" title="Western Avenue (Chicago)">Western Avenue</a> is the longest continuous urban street in the world.<a href="#cite_note-El-KhouryRobbins2004-122">[121]</a> Other notable streets include <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Avenue_(Chicago)" title="Michigan Avenue (Chicago)">Michigan Avenue</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_Street_(Chicago)" title="State Street (Chicago)">State Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/95th_Street_(Chicago)" title="95th Street (Chicago)">95th Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cicero_Avenue" class="mw-redirect" title="Cicero Avenue">Cicero Avenue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clark_Street_(Chicago)" title="Clark Street (Chicago)">Clark Street</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Belmont_Avenue_(Chicago)" class="mw-redirect" title="Belmont Avenue (Chicago)">Belmont Avenue</a>. The <a href="/wiki/City_Beautiful_movement" title="City Beautiful movement">City Beautiful movement</a> inspired Chicago's boulevards and parkways.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Chicago" title="Architecture of Chicago">Architecture of Chicago</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Chicago" title="List of tallest buildings in Chicago">List of tallest buildings in Chicago</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chicago_Landmarks" title="List of Chicago Landmarks">List of Chicago Landmarks</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2010-03-03_1856x2784_chicago_chicago_building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/2010-03-03_1856x2784_chicago_chicago_building.jpg/170px-2010-03-03_1856x2784_chicago_chicago_building.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="306" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="2304"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 306px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/2010-03-03_1856x2784_chicago_chicago_building.jpg/170px-2010-03-03_1856x2784_chicago_chicago_building.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="306" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/2010-03-03_1856x2784_chicago_chicago_building.jpg/255px-2010-03-03_1856x2784_chicago_chicago_building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/2010-03-03_1856x2784_chicago_chicago_building.jpg/340px-2010-03-03_1856x2784_chicago_chicago_building.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Building" title="Chicago Building">Chicago Building</a> (1904–05) is a prime example of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_(architecture)" title="Chicago school (architecture)">Chicago School</a>, displaying both variations of the Chicago window.</figcaption></figure> The destruction caused by the Great Chicago Fire led to the largest building boom in the history of the nation. In 1885, the first <a href="/wiki/Steel_frame" title="Steel frame">steel-framed high-rise building</a>, the Home Insurance Building, rose in the city as Chicago ushered in the <a href="/wiki/Early_skyscrapers" title="Early skyscrapers">skyscraper era</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowe2000121,_129-55">[54]</a> which would then be followed by many other cities around the world.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> Today, Chicago's skyline is among the world's tallest and densest.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> Some of the United States' tallest towers are located in Chicago; <a href="/wiki/Willis_Tower" title="Willis Tower">Willis Tower</a> (formerly Sears Tower) is the second tallest building in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a> after <a href="/wiki/One_World_Trade_Center" title="One World Trade Center">One World Trade Center</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trump_International_Hotel_and_Tower_(Chicago)" title="Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago)">Trump International Hotel and Tower</a> is the third tallest in the country.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> The Loop's historic buildings include the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Board_of_Trade_Building" title="Chicago Board of Trade Building">Chicago Board of Trade Building</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fine_Arts_Building_(Chicago)" title="Fine Arts Building (Chicago)">Fine Arts Building</a>, <a href="/wiki/35_East_Wacker" title="35 East Wacker">35 East Wacker</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Building" title="Chicago Building">Chicago Building</a>, <a href="/wiki/860-880_Lake_Shore_Drive_Apartments" class="mw-redirect" title="860-880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments">860-880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mies_van_der_Rohe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mies van der Rohe">Mies van der Rohe</a>. Many other architects have left their impression on the Chicago skyline such as <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Burnham" title="Daniel Burnham">Daniel Burnham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Sullivan" title="Louis Sullivan">Louis Sullivan</a>, Charles B. Atwood, John Root, and <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Jahn" title="Helmut Jahn">Helmut Jahn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBach1980%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailschicagosfamousbu00condpagen60_9%5D-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowe2000118%E2%80%93127-128">[127]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Merchandise_Mart" title="Merchandise Mart">Merchandise Mart</a>, once the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_buildings_in_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest buildings in the world">largest building in the world</a>, had its own <a href="/wiki/Zip_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Zip code">zip code</a> until 2008, and stands near the junction of the North and South branches of the Chicago River.<a href="#cite_note-prid03-129">[128]</a> Presently, the four tallest buildings in the city are Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower, also a building with its own zip code), <a href="/wiki/Trump_International_Hotel_and_Tower_(Chicago)" title="Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago)">Trump International Hotel and Tower</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aon_Center_(Chicago)" title="Aon Center (Chicago)">Aon Center</a> (previously the Standard Oil Building), and the <a href="/wiki/John_Hancock_Center" title="John Hancock Center">John Hancock Center</a>. <a href="/wiki/Industrial_district" title="Industrial district">Industrial districts</a>, such as some areas on the <a href="/wiki/South_Side_(Chicago)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Side (Chicago)">South Side</a>, the areas along the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Sanitary_and_Ship_Canal" title="Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal">Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Indiana" title="Northwest Indiana">Northwest Indiana</a> area are clustered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBach198070,_99%E2%80%93100,_146%E2%80%93147-130">[129]</a> Chicago gave its name to the Chicago School and was home to the <a href="/wiki/Prairie_School" title="Prairie School">Prairie School</a>, two movements in architecture.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> Multiple kinds and scales of houses, townhouses, condominiums, and apartment buildings can be found throughout Chicago. Large swaths of the city's residential areas away from the lake are characterized by brick <a href="/wiki/Bungalow" title="Bungalow">bungalows</a> built from the early 20th century through the end of World War II. Chicago is also a prominent center of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Cathedral_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Cathedral style">Polish Cathedral style</a> of <a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">church architecture</a>. The Chicago suburb of <a href="/wiki/Oak_Park,_Illinois" title="Oak Park, Illinois">Oak Park</a> was home to famous architect <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Frank Lloyd Wright</a>, who had designed The <a href="/wiki/Robie_House" title="Robie House">Robie House</a> located near the University of Chicago.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> A popular tourist activity is to take an architecture boat tour along the Chicago River.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monuments_and_public_art">Monuments and public art</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_Chicago" title="List of public art in Chicago">List of public art in Chicago</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Replica_of_the_Statue_of_the_Republic_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Replica_of_the_Statue_of_the_Republic_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Replica_of_the_Statue_of_the_Republic_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1941" data-file-height="2956"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 259px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Replica_of_the_Statue_of_the_Republic_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Replica_of_the_Statue_of_the_Republic_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="259" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Replica_of_the_Statue_of_the_Republic_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Replica_of_the_Statue_of_the_Republic_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Replica_of_the_Statue_of_the_Republic_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Replica_of_the_Statue_of_the_Republic_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Replica of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chester_French" title="Daniel Chester French">Daniel Chester French</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_The_Republic" title="Statue of The Republic">Statue of The Republic</a> at the site of the World's Columbian Exposition</figcaption></figure> Chicago is famous for its outdoor <a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">public art</a> with donors establishing funding for such art as far back as <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Ferguson" title="Benjamin F. Ferguson">Benjamin Ferguson</a>'s 1905 trust.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> A number of Chicago's public art works are by modern figurative artists. Among these are <a href="/wiki/Four_Seasons_(Chagall)" title="Four Seasons (Chagall)">Chagall's Four Seasons</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Picasso" title="Chicago Picasso">Chicago Picasso</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mir%C3%B3%27s_Chicago" title="Miró's Chicago">Miró's Chicago</a>; <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Calder" title="Alexander Calder">Calder</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Flamingo_(sculpture)" title="Flamingo (sculpture)">Flamingo</a>; <a href="/wiki/Claes_Oldenburg" title="Claes Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Batcolumn" title="Batcolumn">Batcolumn</a>; <a href="/wiki/Henry_Moore" title="Henry Moore">Moore</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Large_Interior_Form,_1953-54" class="mw-redirect" title="Large Interior Form, 1953-54">Large Interior Form, 1953-54</a>, <a href="/wiki/Man_Enters_the_Cosmos" title="Man Enters the Cosmos">Man Enters the Cosmos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Energy_(sculpture)" title="Nuclear Energy (sculpture)">Nuclear Energy</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dubuffet" title="Jean Dubuffet">Dubuffet</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Monument_with_Standing_Beast" title="Monument with Standing Beast">Monument with Standing Beast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Abakanowicz" title="Magdalena Abakanowicz">Abakanowicz</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Agora_(sculpture)" title="Agora (sculpture)">Agora</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Anish_Kapoor" title="Anish Kapoor">Anish Kapoor</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cloud_Gate" title="Cloud Gate">Cloud Gate</a> which has become an icon of the city. Some events which shaped the city's history have also been memorialized by art works, including the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Northern Migration</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alison_Saar" title="Alison Saar">Saar</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Centennial_Memorial_Column" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Centennial Memorial Column">centennial of statehood for Illinois</a>. Finally, two fountains near the Loop also function as monumental works of art: <a href="/wiki/Jaume_Plensa" title="Jaume Plensa">Plensa</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Crown_Fountain" title="Crown Fountain">Crown Fountain</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Burnham" title="Daniel Burnham">Burnham</a> and Bennett's <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Fountain" title="Buckingham Fountain">Buckingham Fountain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Chicago" title="Climate of Chicago">Climate of Chicago</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steam_Rising_from_Chicago_River.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Steam_Rising_from_Chicago_River.jpg/250px-Steam_Rising_from_Chicago_River.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Steam_Rising_from_Chicago_River.jpg/250px-Steam_Rising_from_Chicago_River.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Steam_Rising_from_Chicago_River.jpg/330px-Steam_Rising_from_Chicago_River.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Steam_Rising_from_Chicago_River.jpg/500px-Steam_Rising_from_Chicago_River.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Chicago River during the <a href="/wiki/Early_2014_North_American_cold_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Early 2014 North American cold wave">January 2014 cold wave</a></figcaption></figure> The city lies within the typical hot-summer <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: Dfa), and experiences four distinct seasons.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/Summer" title="Summer">Summers</a> are hot and humid, with frequent <a href="/wiki/Heat_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat waves">heat waves</a>. The July daily average temperature is 75.4 °F (24.1 °C), with afternoon temperatures peaking at 84.5 °F (29.2 °C). In a normal summer, temperatures reach at least 90 °F (32 °C) on 17 days, with lakefront locations staying cooler when winds blow off the lake. <a href="/wiki/Winter" title="Winter">Winters</a> are relatively cold and snowy. <a href="/wiki/Blizzard" title="Blizzard">Blizzards</a> do occur, such as in <a href="/wiki/January_31_%E2%80%93_February_2,_2011_North_American_blizzard" class="mw-redirect" title="January 31 – February 2, 2011 North American blizzard">winter 2011</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> There are many sunny but cold days. The normal winter high from December through March is about 36 °F (2 °C). January and February are the coldest months. A <a href="/wiki/January%E2%80%93February_2019_North_American_cold_wave" title="January–February 2019 North American cold wave">polar vortex in January 2019</a> nearly broke the city's cold record of −27 °F (−33 °C), which was set on January 20, 1985.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> Measurable snowfall can continue through the first or second week of April.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> <a href="/wiki/Spring_(season)" title="Spring (season)">Spring</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autumn" title="Autumn">autumn</a> are mild, short seasons, typically with low humidity. <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">Dew point</a> temperatures in the summer range from an average of 55.8 °F (13.2 °C) in June to 61.7 °F (16.5 °C) in July.<a href="#cite_note-NOAA-146">[145]</a> They can reach nearly 80 °F (27 °C), such as during the July 2019 heat wave. The city lies within <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">USDA</a> plant <a href="/wiki/Hardiness_zone" title="Hardiness zone">hardiness zone</a> 6a, transitioning to 5b in the suburbs.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">National Weather Service</a>, Chicago's highest official temperature reading of 105 °F (41 °C) was recorded on July 24, 1934.<a href="#cite_note-temperature_records-148">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Midway_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Midway International Airport">Midway Airport</a> reached 109 °F (43 °C) one day prior and recorded a <a href="/wiki/Heat_index" title="Heat index">heat index</a> of 125 °F (52 °C) during the <a href="/wiki/1995_Chicago_heat_wave" title="1995 Chicago heat wave">1995 heatwave</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chicago_Top_20_of_20th_century-149">[148]</a> The lowest official temperature of −27 °F (−33 °C) was recorded on <a href="/wiki/January_1985_Arctic_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="January 1985 Arctic outbreak">January 20, 1985</a>, at O'Hare Airport.<a href="#cite_note-NOAA-146">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chicago_Top_20_of_20th_century-149">[148]</a> Most of the city's rainfall is brought by <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">thunderstorms</a>, averaging 38 a year. The region is prone to <a href="/wiki/Severe_thunderstorm" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe thunderstorm">severe thunderstorms</a> during the spring and summer which can produce large hail, damaging winds, and occasionally tornadoes.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> Like other major cities, Chicago experiences an <a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">urban heat island</a>, making the city and its suburbs milder than surrounding rural areas, especially at night and in winter. The proximity to Lake Michigan tends to keep the Chicago lakefront somewhat cooler in summer and less brutally cold in winter than inland parts of the city and suburbs away from the lake.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> Northeast winds from wintertime <a href="/wiki/Low-pressure_area" title="Low-pressure area">cyclones</a> departing south of the region sometimes bring the city <a href="/wiki/Lake-effect_snow" title="Lake-effect snow">lake-effect snow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Chicago (<a href="/wiki/Midway_International_Airport" title="Midway International Airport">Midway International Airport</a>), 1991–2020 normals,<a href="#cite_note-Strange_field_expl-153">[b]</a> extremes 1928–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67 (19) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75 (24) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86 (30) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92 (33) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">102 (39) </td> <td style="background: #F80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">107 (42) </td> <td style="background: #EA0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">109 (43) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">104 (40) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">102 (39) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">94 (34) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81 (27) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72 (22) </td> <td style="background: #EA0000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">109 (43) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.4 (11.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.9 (14.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.0 (22.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.5 (27.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89.2 (31.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93.9 (34.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">96.0 (35.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">94.2 (34.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90.8 (32.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.8 (28.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.0 (20.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.5 (14.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2400; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">97.1 (36.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.8 (0.4) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.8 (2.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.9 (8.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.0 (15.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.5 (21.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.2 (27.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.2 (29.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83.1 (28.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.5 (24.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.7 (17.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.6 (9.8) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.7 (3.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">60.5 (15.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.2 (−3.2) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.9 (−1.2) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.9 (4.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.9 (10.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.9 (16.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.9 (22.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.7 (24.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.0 (23.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.8 (19.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.3 (12.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.4 (5.8) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.5 (−0.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A1; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">52.4 (11.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5 (−6.9) </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.9 (−5.1) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.7 (5.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.4 (11.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.7 (17.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.1 (20.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.9 (19.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.2 (15.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.8 (8.2) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.2 (1.8) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3 (−3.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">44.4 (6.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #8080FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3 (−19) </td> <td style="background: #9090FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4 (−15.9) </td> <td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.1 (−9.9) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.2 (−2.1) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.1 (3.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.3 (9.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.6 (14.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.6 (14.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.0 (7.2) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.8 (−0.1) </td> <td style="background: #C2C2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.7 (−6.8) </td> <td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3 (−14.8) </td> <td style="background: #7373FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−6.5 (−21.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #3A3AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−25 (−32) </td> <td style="background: #4A4AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−20 (−29) </td> <td style="background: #6F6FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7 (−22) </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 (−12) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28 (−2) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35 (2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46 (8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43 (6) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29 (−2) </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20 (−7) </td> <td style="background: #8080FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3 (−19) </td> <td style="background: #4A4AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−20 (−29) </td> <td style="background: #3A3AFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−25 (−32) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> inches (mm) </th> <td style="background: #A8FFA8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.30 (58) </td> <td style="background: #A6FFA6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.12 (54) </td> <td style="background: #99FF99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.66 (68) </td> <td style="background: #5DFF5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.15 (105) </td> <td style="background: #4AFF4A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.75 (121) </td> <td style="background: #4DFF4D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.53 (115) </td> <td style="background: #67FF67; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.02 (102) </td> <td style="background: #64FF64; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.10 (104) </td> <td style="background: #7CFF7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.33 (85) </td> <td style="background: #6CFF6C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.86 (98) </td> <td style="background: #94FF94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.73 (69) </td> <td style="background: #A7FFA7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.33 (59) </td> <td style="background: #7BFF7B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">40.88 (1,038) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall inches (cm) </th> <td style="background: #000030; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.5 (32) </td> <td style="background: #000054; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">10.1 (26) </td> <td style="background: #2E2EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">5.7 (14) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0 (2.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 (0.25) </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5 (3.8) </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">7.9 (20) </td> <td style="background: #8181FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">38.8 (99) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) </th> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 </td> <td style="background: #7676FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.0 </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.4 </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 </td> <td style="background: #9393FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8 </td> <td style="background: #7C7CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8 </td> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">127.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) </th> <td style="background: #9191FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4 </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9 </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6 </td> <td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3 </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">28.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a><a href="#cite_note-NOAA_MDW_txt-154">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-146">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chicago_Top_20_of_20th_century-149">[148]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Regional_Climate_Center" title="Western Regional Climate Center">WRCC</a><a href="#cite_note-WRCC_MDW_extremes-155">[153]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV)<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Chicago (<a href="/wiki/O%27Hare_International_Airport" title="O'Hare International Airport">O'Hare Int'l Airport</a>), 1991–2020 normals,<a href="#cite_note-Strange_field_expl-153">[b]</a> extremes 1871–present<a href="#cite_note-159">[c]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67 (19) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75 (24) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88 (31) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91 (33) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">98 (37) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">104 (40) </td> <td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">105 (41) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">102 (39) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">101 (38) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">94 (34) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81 (27) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71 (22) </td> <td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">105 (41) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFD0A1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.3 (11.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.8 (13.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.0 (21.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.9 (27.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.0 (31.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93.1 (33.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">94.9 (34.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93.2 (34.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89.7 (32.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.7 (27.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.0 (19.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.4 (13.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2800; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">96.0 (35.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.6 (−0.2) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.7 (2.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.0 (8.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.0 (15.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.5 (21.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.4 (26.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.5 (29.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.5 (28.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.5 (24.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.7 (17.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.4 (9.1) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.6 (2.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">59.5 (15.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2 (−3.8) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.8 (−1.8) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.0 (3.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.7 (9.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.6 (15.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.6 (21.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.4 (24.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.8 (23.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.3 (19.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.0 (12.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.3 (5.2) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.5 (−0.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">51.3 (10.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8 (−7.3) </td> <td style="background: #C7C7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.8 (−5.7) </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0 (−0.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.3 (4.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.6 (10.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.8 (16.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.4 (19.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.1 (18.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.1 (13.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.4 (7.4) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.1 (1.2) </td> <td style="background: #D0D0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4 (−4.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">43.0 (6.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.5 (−20.3) </td> <td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5 (−17.5) </td> <td style="background: #AAAAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8 (−11.2) </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6 (−3.6) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.7 (2.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.0 (7.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.5 (12.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.3 (12.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.8 (5.4) </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.7 (−1.3) </td> <td style="background: #BABAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3 (−8.2) </td> <td style="background: #9090FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2 (−16.0) </td> <td style="background: #6D6DFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−8.5 (−22.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #3434FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−27 (−33) </td> <td style="background: #4A4AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−21 (−29) </td> <td style="background: #6565FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−12 (−24) </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 (−14) </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27 (−3) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35 (2) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45 (7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42 (6) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29 (−2) </td> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14 (−10) </td> <td style="background: #8080FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2 (−19) </td> <td style="background: #3A3AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−25 (−32) </td> <td style="background: #3434FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−27 (−33) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> inches (mm) </th> <td style="background: #B3FFB3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.99 (51) </td> <td style="background: #ADFFAD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.97 (50) </td> <td style="background: #A2FFA2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.45 (62) </td> <td style="background: #6CFF6C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.75 (95) </td> <td style="background: #55FF55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.49 (114) </td> <td style="background: #5EFF5E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.10 (104) </td> <td style="background: #72FF72; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.71 (94) </td> <td style="background: #5EFF5E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.25 (108) </td> <td style="background: #82FF82; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.19 (81) </td> <td style="background: #7DFF7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.43 (87) </td> <td style="background: #A1FFA1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.42 (61) </td> <td style="background: #AEFFAE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.11 (54) </td> <td style="background: #85FF85; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">37.86 (962) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall inches (cm) </th> <td style="background: #00004D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">11.3 (29) </td> <td style="background: #000044; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">10.7 (27) </td> <td style="background: #2E2EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">5.5 (14) </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3 (3.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 (0.51) </td> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8 (4.6) </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">7.6 (19) </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">38.4 (98) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average extreme snow depth inches (cm) </th> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3 (16) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3 (16) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0 (10) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 (1.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5 (3.8) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9 (9.9) </td> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.8 (25) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) </th> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8 </td> <td style="background: #6262FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.3 </td> <td style="background: #6464FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.5 </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 </td> <td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 </td> <td style="background: #8B8BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 </td> <td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 </td> <td style="background: #7D7DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 </td> <td style="background: #7C7CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6 </td> <td style="background: #7B7BFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">125.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) </th> <td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4 </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6 </td> <td style="background: #B3B3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1 </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">27.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000E9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000EC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000F3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.7 </td> <td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64.9 </td> <td style="background: #0909FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64.1 </td> <td style="background: #0404FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000F7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000EF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000F7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000E8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000DD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000F3; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">69.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #AFAFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.6 (−10.2) </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6 (−8.0) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.1 (−2.7) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.8 (2.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.7 (7.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.8 (13.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.7 (16.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.0 (16.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.8 (12.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.7 (5.4) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.6 (−0.2) </td> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1 (−6.6) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">38.8 (3.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #BDBD34; color:#000000;" class="notheme">135.8 </td> <td style="background: #C3C30F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">136.2 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">187.0 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">215.3 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA01; color:#000000;" class="notheme">281.9 </td> <td style="background: #F3F317; color:#000000;" class="notheme">311.4 </td> <td style="background: #F2F215; color:#000000;" class="notheme">318.4 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA02; color:#000000;" class="notheme">283.0 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">226.6 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">193.2 </td> <td style="background: #B5B567; color:#000000;" class="notheme">113.3 </td> <td style="background: #B0B085; color:#000000;" class="notheme">106.3 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,508.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percentage <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #F8F822; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46 </td> <td style="background: #F8F822; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF43; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF63; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF74; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF5B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF4B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA02; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF4B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">56 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a> (relative humidity, dew point and sun 1961–1990)<a href="#cite_note-NOAA-146">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-NOAA_ORD_TXT-160">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-NOAA_sun-161">[158]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <table style="width:100%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Sunshine data for Chicago </th></tr> <tr> <th>Month </th> <th>Jan </th> <th>Feb </th> <th>Mar </th> <th>Apr </th> <th>May </th> <th>Jun </th> <th>Jul </th> <th>Aug </th> <th>Sep </th> <th>Oct </th> <th>Nov </th> <th>Dec </th> <th style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr> <th>Mean daily daylight hours </th> <td style="background:#F0F011;color:#000000;">10.0 </td> <td style="background:#F7F722;color:#000000;">11.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;">12.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF44;color:#000000;">13.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF66;color:#000000;">15.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF66;color:#000000;">15.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF66;color:#000000;">15.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF55;color:#000000;">14.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;">12.0 </td> <td style="background:#F7F722;color:#000000;">11.0 </td> <td style="background:#F0F011;color:#000000;">10.0 </td> <td style="background:#E9E900;color:#000000;">9.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF35;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium">12.2 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="14" style="background:#f8f9fa;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;">Source: Weather Atlas<a href="#cite_note-Weather_Atlas-162">[159]</a> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time_zone">Time zone</h3></div> As in the rest of the state of Illinois, Chicago forms part of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Time_Zone" title="Central Time Zone">Central Time Zone</a>. The border with the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">Eastern Time Zone</a> is located a short distance to the east, used in Michigan and <a href="/wiki/Time_in_Indiana" title="Time in Indiana">certain parts of Indiana</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Chicago" title="Demographics of Chicago">Demographics of Chicago</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224496135">.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop{border-spacing:1px;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:0.3em;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop caption{background-color:lavender;color:black;padding-right:0.2em;padding-left:0.2em;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-bottom:none}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop th[scope=col]{border-bottom:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(2){text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td.us-census-pop-estimate{padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(3){padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(4){padding-left:0.5em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-footnote{border-top:1px solid black;font-size:85%;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-none{float:none;margin:0 1em 1em 0}}</style> <table class="us-census-pop us-census-pop-right"> <caption>Historical population</caption> <tbody><tr><th scope="col">Census</th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></th><th scope="col"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style>Note</th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Percent change">%±</abbr></th></tr> <tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_census" title="1840 United States census">1840</a></th><td>4,470</td><td></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1850_United_States_census" title="1850 United States census">1850</a></th><td>29,963</td><td></td><td>570.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_census" title="1860 United States census">1860</a></th><td>112,172</td><td></td><td>274.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_census" title="1870 United States census">1870</a></th><td>298,977</td><td></td><td>166.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_census" title="1880 United States census">1880</a></th><td>503,185</td><td></td><td>68.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census">1890</a></th><td>1,099,850</td><td></td><td>118.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_census" title="1900 United States census">1900</a></th><td>1,698,575</td><td></td><td>54.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census">1910</a></th><td>2,185,283</td><td></td><td>28.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">1920</a></th><td>2,701,705</td><td></td><td>23.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">1930</a></th><td>3,376,438</td><td></td><td>25.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">1940</a></th><td>3,396,808</td><td></td><td>0.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950</a></th><td>3,620,962</td><td></td><td>6.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census">1960</a></th><td>3,550,404</td><td></td><td>−1.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census">1970</a></th><td>3,366,957</td><td></td><td>−5.2%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_census" title="1980 United States census">1980</a></th><td>3,005,072</td><td></td><td>−10.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990</a></th><td>2,783,726</td><td></td><td>−7.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000</a></th><td>2,896,016</td><td></td><td>4.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010</a></th><td>2,695,598</td><td></td><td>−6.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a></th><td>2,746,388</td><td></td><td>1.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">2023 (est.)</th><td class="us-census-pop-estimate">2,664,452</td><td><a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a></td><td>−3.0%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="us-census-pop-footnote" style="text-align: center">United States Census Bureau<a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a> 2010–2020<a href="#cite_note-QuickFacts-10">[9]</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> During its first hundred years, Chicago was one of the fastest-growing cities in the world. When founded in 1833, fewer than 200 people had settled on what was then the American frontier. By the time of its first census, seven years later, the population had reached over 4,000. In the forty years from 1850 to 1890, the city's population grew from slightly under 30,000 to over 1 million. At the end of the 19th century, Chicago was the 5th-most populous city in the world,<a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a> and the largest of the cities that did not exist at the dawn of the century. Within sixty years of the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, the population went from about 300,000 to over 3 million,<a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a> and reached its highest ever recorded population of 3.6 million for the 1950 census. From the last two decades of the 19th century, Chicago was the destination of waves of immigrants from Ireland, Southern, Central and Eastern Europe, including <a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italians</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Americans" title="Russian Americans">Russians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_Americans" title="Polish Americans">Poles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Americans" title="Greek Americans">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Americans" title="Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Americans" title="Bulgarian Americans">Bulgarians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Americans" title="Albanian Americans">Albanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Americans" title="Romanian Americans">Romanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Americans" title="Turkish Americans">Turks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Americans" title="Croatian Americans">Croatians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Americans" title="Serbian Americans">Serbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Americans" title="Bosnian Americans">Bosnians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Americans" title="Montenegrin Americans">Montenegrins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Czech_Americans" title="Czech Americans">Czechs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cohen-167">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[165]</a> To these ethnic groups, the basis of the city's industrial <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a>, were added an additional influx of <a href="/wiki/African-Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="African-Americans">African Americans</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">American South</a>—with Chicago's black population doubling between 1910 and 1920 and doubling again between 1920 and 1930.<a href="#cite_note-Cohen-167">[164]</a> Chicago has a <a href="/wiki/Bosnians_in_Chicago" title="Bosnians in Chicago">significant Bosnian population</a>, many of whom arrived in the 1990s and 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a> In the 1920s and 1930s, the great majority of African Americans moving to Chicago settled in a so‑called "<a href="/wiki/Black_Belt_(region_of_Chicago)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Belt (region of Chicago)">Black Belt</a>" on the city's <a href="/wiki/South_Side,_Chicago" title="South Side, Chicago">South Side</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cohen-167">[164]</a> A large number of blacks also settled on the <a href="/wiki/West_Side,_Chicago" title="West Side, Chicago">West Side</a>. By 1930, two-thirds of Chicago's black population lived in sections of the city which were 90% black in racial composition.<a href="#cite_note-Cohen-167">[164]</a> Around that time, a lesser known fact about African Americans on the <a href="/wiki/List_of_neighborhoods_in_Chicago" title="List of neighborhoods in Chicago">North Side</a> is that the block of 4600 Winthrop Avenue in <a href="/wiki/Uptown,_Chicago" title="Uptown, Chicago">Uptown</a> was the only block African Americans could live or open establishments.<a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a> Chicago's South Side emerged as United States second-largest urban black concentration, following New York's <a href="/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a>. In 1990, Chicago's South Side and the adjoining south suburbs constituted the largest black majority region in the entire United States.<a href="#cite_note-Cohen-167">[164]</a> Since the 1980s, Chicago has had a massive exodus of African Americans (primarily from the South and West sides) to its suburbs or outside its metropolitan area.<a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a> The above average crime and cost of living were leading reasons for the fast declining African American population in Chicago.<a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a> Most of Chicago's foreign-born population were born in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> or <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a> A 2020 study estimated the total Jewish population of the Chicago metropolitan area, both religious and irreligious, at 319,500.<a href="#cite_note-2020populationstudy.juf.org-177">[174]</a> Chicago's population declined in the latter half of the 20th century, from over 3.6 million in 1950 down to under 2.7 million by 2010. By the time of the official census count in 1990, it was overtaken by <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> as the United States' second largest city.<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a> The city has seen a rise in population for the 2000 census and after a decrease in 2010, it rose again for the 2020 census.<a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a> According to U.S. census estimates as of July 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago&action=edit">[update]</a>, Chicago's largest racial or ethnic group is non-Hispanic White at 32.8% of the population, Blacks at 30.1% and the Hispanic population at 29.0% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-ACP_One_Year_CP05-180">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-census1-183">[180]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Racial composition </th> <th>2020<a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a></th> <th>2010<a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a></th> <th>1990<a href="#cite_note-census1-183">[180]</a></th> <th>1970<a href="#cite_note-census1-183">[180]</a></th> <th>1940<a href="#cite_note-census1-183">[180]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White</a> (non-Hispanic) </td> <td>31.4%</td> <td>31.7%</td> <td>37.9%</td> <td>59.0%<a href="#cite_note-fifteen-186">[d]</a></td> <td>91.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino</a> </td> <td>29.8%</td> <td>28.9%</td> <td>19.6%</td> <td>7.4%<a href="#cite_note-fifteen-186">[d]</a></td> <td>0.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">Black or African American</a> (non-Hispanic) </td> <td>28.7%</td> <td>32.3%</td> <td>39.1%</td> <td>32.7%</td> <td>8.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian American">Asian</a> (non-Hispanic) </td> <td>6.9%</td> <td>5.4%</td> <td>3.7%</td> <td>0.9%</td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiracial American">Two or more races</a> (non-Hispanic) </td> <td>2.6%</td> <td>1.3%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnic_Origins_in_Chicago.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ethnic_Origins_in_Chicago.png/220px-Ethnic_Origins_in_Chicago.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="5000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 157px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ethnic_Origins_in_Chicago.png/220px-Ethnic_Origins_in_Chicago.png" data-width="220" data-height="157" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ethnic_Origins_in_Chicago.png/330px-Ethnic_Origins_in_Chicago.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ethnic_Origins_in_Chicago.png/440px-Ethnic_Origins_in_Chicago.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ethnic origins in Chicago</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Chicago_(5560488484).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Chicago_%285560488484%29.png/220px-Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Chicago_%285560488484%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3009" data-file-height="3009"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Chicago_%285560488484%29.png/220px-Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Chicago_%285560488484%29.png" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Chicago_%285560488484%29.png/330px-Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Chicago_%285560488484%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Chicago_%285560488484%29.png/440px-Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Chicago_%285560488484%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Map of racial distribution in Chicago, 2010 U.S. census. Each dot is 25 people: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>⬤ White <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">⬤ Black <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">⬤ Asian <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">⬤ Hispanic <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">⬤ Other</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible"> <caption>Racial and ethnic composition as of the 2020 census<a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[184]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Race or Ethnicity </th> <th colspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Race Alone </th> <th colspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Total<a href="#cite_note-189">[e]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic or Latino whites">White</a> </td> <td>35.9% </td> <td align="left">35.9<div style="width:71.8px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:gray"> </div> </td> <td>45.6% </td> <td align="left">45.6<div style="width:91.2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:gray"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black or African American</a> </td> <td>29.2% </td> <td align="left">29.2<div style="width:58.4px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td> <td>30.8% </td> <td align="left">30.8<div style="width:61.6px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[f]</a> </td> <td>— </td> <td> </td> <td>29.8% </td> <td align="left">29.8<div style="width:59.6px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:green"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> </td> <td>7.0% </td> <td align="left">7<div style="width:14px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:purple"> </div> </td> <td>8.0% </td> <td align="left">8<div style="width:16px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:purple"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> </td> <td>1.3% </td> <td align="left">1.3<div style="width:2.6px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:gold"> </div> </td> <td>2.6% </td> <td align="left">2.6<div style="width:5.2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:gold"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Mixed</a> </td> <td>10.8% </td> <td align="left">10.8<div style="width:21.6px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:pink"> </div> </td> <td>— </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other </td> <td>15.8% </td> <td align="left">15.8<div style="width:31.6px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:brown"> </div> </td> <td>— </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> Chicago has the third-largest <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> population in the United States. In 2018, the Chicago Department of Health, estimated 7.5% of the adult population, approximately 146,000 Chicagoans, were LGBTQ.<a href="#cite_note-191">[185]</a> In 2015, roughly 4% of the population identified as LGBT.<a href="#cite_note-192">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[187]</a> Since the 2013 legalization of <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Illinois" title="Same-sex marriage in Illinois">same-sex marriage in Illinois</a>, over 10,000 same-sex couples have wed in <a href="/wiki/Cook_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Cook County">Cook County</a>, a majority of them in Chicago.<a href="#cite_note-194">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[189]</a> Chicago became a "de jure" <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_city" title="Sanctuary city">sanctuary city</a> in 2012 when Mayor <a href="/wiki/Rahm_Emanuel" title="Rahm Emanuel">Rahm Emanuel</a> and the City Council passed the Welcoming City Ordinance.<a href="#cite_note-196">[190]</a> According to the U.S. Census Bureau's <a href="/wiki/American_Community_Survey" title="American Community Survey">American Community Survey</a> data estimates for 2022, the median income for a household in the city was $70,386,and the per capita income was $45,449. Male full-time workers had a median income of $68,870 versus $60,987 for females.<a href="#cite_note-197">[191]</a> About 17.2% of the population lived below the poverty line.<a href="#cite_note-198">[192]</a> In 2018, Chicago ranked seventh globally for the highest number of ultra-high-net-worth residents with roughly 3,300 residents worth more than $30 million.<a href="#cite_note-199">[193]</a> According to the 2022 American Community Survey, the specific ancestral groups having 10,000 or more persons in Chicago were:<a href="#cite_note-200">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[196]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ul><li>Mexican (586,906)</li> <li>German (200,726)</li> <li>Irish (184,983)</li> <li>Polish (129,468)</li> <li>Puerto Rican (101,625)</li> <li>Italian (100,915)</li> <li>English (87,282)</li> <li>Chinese (67,951)</li> <li>Indian (48,535)</li> <li>Filipino (39,048)</li> <li>French (25,629)</li> <li>Russian (24,707)</li> <li>Swedish (21,795)</li> <li>Arab (19,432)</li> <li>West Indian (18,636)</li> <li>Guatemalan (18,205)</li> <li>Scottish (17,121)</li> <li>Korean (16,224)</li> <li>Ecuadorian (15,935)</li> <li>Nigerian (15,064)</li> <li>Greek (14,946)</li> <li>Norwegian (13,391)</li> <li>Colombian (13,785)</li> <li>Ukrainian (12,956)</li> <li>Vietnamese (12,280)</li> <li>Cuban (11,765)</li> <li>Czech (11,313)</li> <li>Romanian (11,237)</li> <li>Lithuanian (11,235)</li> <li>Dutch (11,196)</li></ul></div> Persons who did not report or classify an ancestry were 548,790. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1279587269">.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:none;position:relative;width:100px;height:100px;border-radius:50%;background-color:yellowgreen;color:black;border:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie div{position:absolute;transform-origin:left bottom;background-color:#655;color:black;top:0;left:50%;width:50%;height:50%;border-radius:0 500%0 0}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie50{transform-origin:left center;height:100%;border-radius:0 100%100%0/50%}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie12-5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,100%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,32.49197%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie7{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,47.056428%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie1{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,6.2914667%0%,0 100%)}@supports(clip-path:circle(50%)){.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:block}}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:1em;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend{list-style-type:none!important;margin:0!important;padding:0!important}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li{display:flex;align-items:baseline;gap:.5em;margin:0;margin-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li>span{display:block;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li>.l-color{border:1px solid var(--color-base,black);width:.8em;height:.8em;flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-container{padding:.5em;padding-bottom:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-caption{margin-bottom:1em;font-size:94%}.mw-parser-output .thumbinner>.smooth-pie-container{flex-direction:column-reverse}@media screen and (min-width:641px){.mw-parser-output .thumbinner>.smooth-pie-container{width:min-content}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{break-inside:avoid-page}}body.mw-mf .mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-container{align-items:center}body.mw-mf .mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-legend-container{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.5;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-legend{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(190px,1fr));gap:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-footer{margin-top:.5em}}</style> <div class="pie-thumb thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="smooth-pie-container" style=""> <div class="smooth-pie-legend-container"><div class="smooth-pie-caption">Religion in Chicago (2014)<a href="#cite_note-Religion1-203">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-Religion2-204">[198]</a></div> <ol class="smooth-pie-legend"> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> (35%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> (34%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> (1%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witness" class="mw-redirect" title="Jehovah's Witness">Jehovah's Witness</a> (1%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligious" class="mw-redirect" title="Irreligious">No religion</a> (22%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> (3%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (2%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (1%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (1%)</li> </ol> </div> <div class="smooth-pie" style="width:200px;height:200px;background:Orange;color:#000;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;" title="Hinduism (1%)" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="pie25" style="background:DodgerBlue;color:#000" title="Protestantism (35%)"></div> <div class="pie25" style="background:DodgerBlue;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.100turn)" title="Protestantism (35%)"></div> <div class="pie25" style="background:#d4213d;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.350turn)" title="Roman Catholicism (34%)"></div> <div class="pie25" style="background:#d4213d;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.440turn)" title="Roman Catholicism (34%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.690turn); background:Purple;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 6.29146673% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Eastern Orthodoxy (1%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.700turn); background:Aquamarine;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 6.29146673% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Jehovah's Witness (1%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:Honeydew;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.710turn)" title="No religion (22%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:Honeydew;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.805turn)" title="No religion (22%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.930turn); background:Blue;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 19.07602022% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Judaism (3%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.960turn); background:Green;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 12.63293784% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Islam (2%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.980turn); background:Yellow;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 6.29146673% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Buddhism (1%)"></div> </div> </div></div></div> According to a 2014 study by the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> is the most prevalently practiced religion in Chicago (71%),<a href="#cite_note-Religion2-204">[198]</a> with the city being the fourth-most religious metropolis in the United States after <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Religion2-204">[198]</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church in the United States">Roman Catholicism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_States" title="Protestantism in the United States">Protestantism</a> are the largest branches (34% and 35% respectively), followed by <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> with 1% each.<a href="#cite_note-Religion1-203">[197]</a> Chicago also has a sizable non-Christian population. Non-Christian groups include <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_States" title="Irreligion in the United States">Irreligious</a> (22%), <a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in the United States">Judaism</a> (3%), <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States" title="Islam in the United States">Islam</a> (2%), <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">Buddhism</a> (1%) and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_States" title="Hinduism in the United States">Hinduism</a> (1%).<a href="#cite_note-Religion1-203">[197]</a> Chicago is the headquarters of several religious denominations, including the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Covenant_Church" title="Evangelical Covenant Church">Evangelical Covenant Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_America" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in America">Evangelical Lutheran Church in America</a>. It is the seat of several <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Chicago_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Diocese of Chicago (disambiguation)">dioceses</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Presbyterian_Church_(Chicago)" title="Fourth Presbyterian Church (Chicago)">Fourth Presbyterian Church</a> is one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> congregations in the United States based on memberships.<a href="#cite_note-205">[199]</a> Since the 20th century Chicago has also been the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[200]</a> In 2014 the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> was the largest individual Christian denomination (34%), with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Chicago" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago</a> being the largest Catholic jurisdiction. <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Protestantism" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Protestantism">Evangelical Protestantism</a> form the largest theological Protestant branch (16%), followed by <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline Protestants</a> (11%), and historically <a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black churches</a> (8%). Among denominational Protestant branches, <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> formed the largest group in Chicago (10%); followed by Nondenominational (5%); <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutherans</a> (4%); and <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostals</a> (3%).<a href="#cite_note-Religion1-203">[197]</a> Non-Christian faiths accounted for 7% of the religious population in 2014. <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> has at least 261,000 adherents which is 3% of the population. A 2020 study estimated the total Jewish population of the Chicago metropolitan area, both religious and irreligious, at 319,500.<a href="#cite_note-2020populationstudy.juf.org-177">[174]</a> The first two <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_World%27s_Religions" title="Parliament of the World's Religions">Parliament of the World's Religions</a> in 1893 and 1993 were held in Chicago.<a href="#cite_note-207">[201]</a> Many international religious leaders have visited Chicago, including <a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a><a href="#cite_note-Watts2009-208">[202]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-209">[203]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Chicago" title="Economy of Chicago">Economy of Chicago</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_in_the_Chicago_metropolitan_area" title="List of companies in the Chicago metropolitan area">List of companies in the Chicago metropolitan area</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Chicago_(51574643886).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Chicago_%2851574643886%29.jpg/220px-Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Chicago_%2851574643886%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3240"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 138px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Chicago_%2851574643886%29.jpg/220px-Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Chicago_%2851574643886%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="138" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Chicago_%2851574643886%29.jpg/330px-Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Chicago_%2851574643886%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Chicago_%2851574643886%29.jpg/440px-Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Chicago_%2851574643886%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Chicago" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago">Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicago_Board_Of_Trade_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Chicago_Board_Of_Trade_Building.jpg/170px-Chicago_Board_Of_Trade_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="343" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1871" data-file-height="3778"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 343px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Chicago_Board_Of_Trade_Building.jpg/170px-Chicago_Board_Of_Trade_Building.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="343" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Chicago_Board_Of_Trade_Building.jpg/255px-Chicago_Board_Of_Trade_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Chicago_Board_Of_Trade_Building.jpg/340px-Chicago_Board_Of_Trade_Building.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Board_of_Trade_Building" title="Chicago Board of Trade Building">Chicago Board of Trade Building</a></figcaption></figure> Chicago has the third-largest <a href="/wiki/Gross_metropolitan_product" title="Gross metropolitan product">gross metropolitan product</a> in the United States—about $670.5 billion according to September 2017 estimates.<a href="#cite_note-210">[204]</a> The city has also been rated as having the most balanced economy in the United States, due to its high level of diversification.<a href="#cite_note-211">[205]</a> The Chicago metropolitan area has the third-largest science and engineering work force of any metropolitan area in the nation.<a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-212">[206]</a> Chicago was the base of commercial operations for industrialists <a href="/wiki/John_Crerar_(industrialist)" title="John Crerar (industrialist)">John Crerar</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Whitfield_Bunn" class="mw-redirect" title="John Whitfield Bunn">John Whitfield Bunn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Teller_Crane" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Teller Crane">Richard Teller Crane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Field" title="Marshall Field">Marshall Field</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Farwell" class="mw-redirect" title="John Farwell">John Farwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Rosenwald" title="Julius Rosenwald">Julius Rosenwald</a>, and many other commercial visionaries who laid the foundation for Midwestern and global industry. Chicago is a major world financial center, with the second-largest central business district in the United States, following <a href="/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan" title="Midtown Manhattan">Midtown Manhattan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[207]</a> The city is the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Chicago" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago">Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago</a>, the Bank's Seventh District. The city has major financial and <a href="/wiki/Futures_exchange" title="Futures exchange">futures exchanges</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Stock Exchange">Chicago Stock Exchange</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Board_Options_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Board Options Exchange">Chicago Board Options Exchange</a> (CBOE), and the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Mercantile_Exchange" title="Chicago Mercantile Exchange">Chicago Mercantile Exchange</a> (the "Merc"), which is owned, along with the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Board_of_Trade" title="Chicago Board of Trade">Chicago Board of Trade</a> (CBOT), by Chicago's <a href="/wiki/CME_Group" title="CME Group">CME Group</a>. In 2017, Chicago exchanges traded 4.7 billion in derivatives.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Chase_(bank)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chase (bank)">Chase Bank</a> has its commercial and retail banking headquarters in Chicago's <a href="/wiki/Chase_Tower_(Chicago)" title="Chase Tower (Chicago)">Chase Tower</a>.<a href="#cite_note-214">[208]</a> Academically, Chicago has been influential through the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school of economics</a>, which fielded 12 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Prize</a> winners. The city and its surrounding metropolitan area contain the third-largest labor pool in the United States with about 4.63 million workers.<a href="#cite_note-215">[209]</a> Illinois is home to 66 <a href="/wiki/Fortune_1000" title="Fortune 1000">Fortune 1000</a> companies, including those in Chicago.<a href="#cite_note-216">[210]</a> The city of Chicago also hosts 12 Fortune Global 500 companies and 17 Financial Times 500 companies. The city claims three <a href="/wiki/Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average" title="Dow Jones Industrial Average">Dow 30</a> companies: <a href="/wiki/Aerospace" title="Aerospace">aerospace</a> giant <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>, which moved its headquarters from <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> to the Chicago Loop in 2001;<a href="#cite_note-217">[211]</a> <a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Walgreens_Boots_Alliance" title="Walgreens Boots Alliance">Walgreens Boots Alliance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-218">[212]</a> For six consecutive years from 2013 through 2018, Chicago was ranked the nation's top metropolitan area for corporate relocations.<a href="#cite_note-219">[213]</a> However, three <a href="/wiki/Fortune_500" title="Fortune 500">Fortune 500</a> companies left Chicago in 2022, leaving the city with 35, still second to New York City.<a href="#cite_note-ChicagoBusinessExodus3-220">[214]</a> Manufacturing, printing, publishing, and food processing also play major roles in the city's economy. Several medical products and services companies are based in the Chicago area, including <a href="/wiki/Baxter_International" title="Baxter International">Baxter International</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbott_Laboratories" title="Abbott Laboratories">Abbott Laboratories</a>, and the Healthcare division of <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a>. Prominent food companies based in Chicago include the world headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Conagra" class="mw-redirect" title="Conagra">Conagra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferrara_Candy_Company" title="Ferrara Candy Company">Ferrara Candy Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kraft_Heinz" title="Kraft Heinz">Kraft Heinz</a>, <a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mondelez_International" title="Mondelez International">Mondelez International</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quaker_Oats" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker Oats">Quaker Oats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[215]</a> Chicago has been a hub of the <a href="/wiki/Retail" title="Retail">retail</a> sector since its early development, with <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Ward" title="Montgomery Ward">Montgomery Ward</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sears" title="Sears">Sears</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Field%27s" title="Marshall Field's">Marshall Field's</a>. Today the Chicago metropolitan area is the headquarters of several retailers, including <a href="/wiki/Walgreens" title="Walgreens">Walgreens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sears_Holdings_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sears Holdings Corporation">Sears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ace_Hardware" title="Ace Hardware">Ace Hardware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claire%27s" title="Claire's">Claire's</a>, <a href="/wiki/ULTA_Beauty" class="mw-redirect" title="ULTA Beauty">ULTA Beauty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crate_%26_Barrel" title="Crate & Barrel">Crate & Barrel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[216]</a> Late in the 19th century, Chicago was part of the <a href="/wiki/Bike_boom#1890s" title="Bike boom">bicycle craze</a>, with the Western Wheel Company, which introduced <a href="/wiki/Stamping_(metalworking)" title="Stamping (metalworking)">stamping</a> to the production process and significantly reduced costs,<a href="#cite_note-223">[217]</a> while early in the 20th century, the city was part of the automobile revolution, hosting the <a href="/wiki/Brass_Era_car" title="Brass Era car">Brass Era car</a> builder Bugmobile, which was founded there in 1907.<a href="#cite_note-224">[218]</a> Chicago was also the site of the <a href="/wiki/Schwinn_Bicycle_Company" title="Schwinn Bicycle Company">Schwinn Bicycle Company</a>. Chicago is a major world convention destination. The city's main convention center is McCormick Place. With its four interconnected buildings, it is the largest convention center in the nation and third-largest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-225">[219]</a> Chicago also ranks third in the U.S. (behind <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando</a>) in number of conventions hosted annually.<a href="#cite_note-226">[220]</a> Chicago's minimum wage for non-tipped employees is one of the highest in the nation and reached $15 in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-227">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[222]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Culture_and_contemporary_life">Culture and contemporary life</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Chicago" title="Culture of Chicago">Culture of Chicago</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Chicago" title="List of people from Chicago">List of people from Chicago</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Navy_Pier_1190x1585.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Navy_Pier_1190x1585.jpg/170px-Navy_Pier_1190x1585.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1190" data-file-height="1585"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 226px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Navy_Pier_1190x1585.jpg/170px-Navy_Pier_1190x1585.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="226" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Navy_Pier_1190x1585.jpg/255px-Navy_Pier_1190x1585.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Navy_Pier_1190x1585.jpg/340px-Navy_Pier_1190x1585.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Aerial view of <a href="/wiki/Navy_Pier" title="Navy Pier">Navy Pier</a> located in the <a href="/wiki/Streeterville" title="Streeterville">Streeterville</a> neighborhood, one of the most visited attractions in the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern United States</a>.</figcaption></figure> The city's waterfront location and nightlife attracts residents and tourists alike. Over a third of the city population is concentrated in the lakefront neighborhoods from <a href="/wiki/Rogers_Park,_Chicago" title="Rogers Park, Chicago">Rogers Park</a> in the north to <a href="/wiki/South_Shore,_Chicago" title="South Shore, Chicago">South Shore</a> in the south.<a href="#cite_note-2000-demographics-map-229">[223]</a> The city has many upscale dining establishments as well as many ethnic restaurant districts. These districts include the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican American">Mexican American</a> neighborhoods, such as <a href="/wiki/Pilsen,_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilsen, Chicago">Pilsen</a> along 18th street, and La Villita along 26th Street; the <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_Chicago" title="Puerto Ricans in Chicago">Puerto Rican</a> enclave of <a href="/wiki/Paseo_Boricua" title="Paseo Boricua">Paseo Boricua</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Park,_Chicago" title="Humboldt Park, Chicago">Humboldt Park</a> neighborhood; <a href="/wiki/Greektown,_Chicago" title="Greektown, Chicago">Greektown</a>, along South <a href="/wiki/Halsted_Street" title="Halsted Street">Halsted Street</a>, immediately west of downtown;<a href="#cite_note-230">[224]</a> <a href="/wiki/Little_Italy,_Chicago" title="Little Italy, Chicago">Little Italy</a>, along Taylor Street; <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Chicago" title="Chinatown, Chicago">Chinatown</a> in <a href="/wiki/Armour_Square,_Chicago" title="Armour Square, Chicago">Armour Square</a>; <a href="/wiki/Polish_Patches" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Patches">Polish Patches</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Town,_Chicago" title="West Town, Chicago">West Town</a>; <a href="/wiki/Koreatown#Chicago,_Illinois" title="Koreatown">Little Seoul</a> in <a href="/wiki/Albany_Park,_Chicago" title="Albany Park, Chicago">Albany Park</a> around Lawrence Avenue; <a href="/wiki/Little_Vietnam,_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Vietnam, Chicago">Little Vietnam</a> near <a href="/wiki/Broadway_(Chicago)" title="Broadway (Chicago)">Broadway</a> in Uptown; and the <a href="/wiki/Desi" title="Desi">Desi</a> area, along <a href="/wiki/Devon_Avenue_(Chicago)" class="mw-redirect" title="Devon Avenue (Chicago)">Devon Avenue</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Ridge,_Chicago" title="West Ridge, Chicago">West Ridge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-231">[225]</a> Downtown is the center of Chicago's financial, cultural, governmental, and commercial institutions and the site of Grant Park and many of the city's skyscrapers. Many of the city's financial institutions, such as the CBOT and the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, are located within a section of downtown called "The Loop", which is an eight-block by five-block area of city streets that is encircled by elevated rail tracks. The term "The Loop" is largely used by locals to refer to the entire downtown area as well. The central area includes the <a href="/wiki/Near_North_Side,_Chicago" title="Near North Side, Chicago">Near North Side</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Near_South_Side,_Chicago" title="Near South Side, Chicago">Near South Side</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/West_Loop" class="mw-redirect" title="West Loop">Near West Side</a>, as well as the Loop. These areas contribute famous <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Chicago" title="List of tallest buildings in Chicago">skyscrapers</a>, abundant restaurants, <a href="/wiki/Magnificent_Mile" title="Magnificent Mile">shopping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museum_Campus" title="Museum Campus">museums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soldier_Field" title="Soldier Field">Soldier Field</a>, convention facilities, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chicago_parks" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chicago parks">parkland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beaches_in_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaches in Chicago">beaches</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nature_Boardwalk_Lincoln_Park.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nature_Boardwalk_Lincoln_Park.JPG/250px-Nature_Boardwalk_Lincoln_Park.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3785" data-file-height="2650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 154px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nature_Boardwalk_Lincoln_Park.JPG/250px-Nature_Boardwalk_Lincoln_Park.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="154" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nature_Boardwalk_Lincoln_Park.JPG/330px-Nature_Boardwalk_Lincoln_Park.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nature_Boardwalk_Lincoln_Park.JPG/500px-Nature_Boardwalk_Lincoln_Park.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nature_Boardwalk" title="Nature Boardwalk">Nature Boardwalk</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Park_Zoo" title="Lincoln Park Zoo">Lincoln Park Zoo</a>, North Side</figcaption></figure> Lincoln Park contains the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Park_Zoo" title="Lincoln Park Zoo">Lincoln Park Zoo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Park_Conservatory" title="Lincoln Park Conservatory">Lincoln Park Conservatory</a>. The <a href="/wiki/River_North_Gallery_District,_Near_North_Side,_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="River North Gallery District, Near North Side, Chicago">River North Gallery District</a> features the nation's largest concentration of contemporary art galleries outside of New York City.<a href="#cite_note-232">[226]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lake_View,_Chicago" title="Lake View, Chicago">Lake View</a> is home to <a href="/wiki/Boystown,_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="Boystown, Chicago">Boystown</a>, the city's large <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> nightlife and culture center. The <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Pride_Parade" title="Chicago Pride Parade">Chicago Pride Parade</a>, held the last Sunday in June, is one of the world's largest with over a million people in attendance.<a href="#cite_note-233">[227]</a> North <a href="/wiki/Halsted_Street" title="Halsted Street">Halsted Street</a> is the main thoroughfare of Boystown.<a href="#cite_note-234">[228]</a> The South Side neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Chicago" title="Hyde Park, Chicago">Hyde Park</a> is the home of former U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>. It also contains the University of Chicago, ranked one of the world's top ten universities,<a href="#cite_note-235">[229]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Science_and_Industry_(Chicago)" title="Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)">Museum of Science and Industry</a>. The 6-mile (9.7 km) long <a href="/wiki/Burnham_Park_(Chicago)" title="Burnham Park (Chicago)">Burnham Park</a> stretches along the waterfront of the South Side. Two of the city's largest parks are also located on this side of the city: Jackson Park, bordering the waterfront, hosted the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893, and is the site of the aforementioned museum; and slightly west sits <a href="/wiki/Washington_Park_(Chicago_park)" title="Washington Park (Chicago park)">Washington Park</a>. The two parks themselves are connected by a wide strip of parkland called the <a href="/wiki/Midway_Plaisance" title="Midway Plaisance">Midway Plaisance</a>, running adjacent to the University of Chicago. The South Side hosts one of the city's largest parades, the annual African American <a href="/wiki/Bud_Billiken_Parade_and_Picnic" title="Bud Billiken Parade and Picnic">Bud Billiken Parade and Picnic</a>, which travels through <a href="/wiki/Bronzeville,_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronzeville, Chicago">Bronzeville</a> to Washington Park. <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a> has an <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Assembly">automobile assembly plant</a> on the South Side in <a href="/wiki/Hegewisch,_Chicago" title="Hegewisch, Chicago">Hegewisch</a>, and most of the facilities of the Port of Chicago are also on the South Side.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The West Side holds the <a href="/wiki/Garfield_Park_Conservatory" title="Garfield Park Conservatory">Garfield Park Conservatory</a>, one of the largest collections of tropical plants in any U.S. city. Prominent Latino cultural attractions found here include <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Park_(Chicago_park)" title="Humboldt Park (Chicago park)">Humboldt Park</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Puerto_Rican_Arts_and_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Puerto Rican Arts and Culture">Institute of Puerto Rican Arts and Culture</a> and the annual Puerto Rican People's Parade, as well as the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Mexican_Art" title="National Museum of Mexican Art">National Museum of Mexican Art</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Adalbert%27s_in_Chicago" title="St. Adalbert's in Chicago">St. Adalbert's Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pilsen,_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilsen, Chicago">Pilsen</a>. The Near West Side holds the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Chicago">University of Illinois at Chicago</a> and was once home to <a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Harpo_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Harpo Studios">Harpo Studios</a>, the site of which has been rebuilt as the global headquarters of McDonald's.<a href="#cite_note-236">[230]</a> The city's distinctive accent, made famous by its use in classic films like <a href="/wiki/The_Blues_Brothers_(film)" title="The Blues Brothers (film)">The Blues Brothers</a> and television programs like the <a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live" title="Saturday Night Live">Saturday Night Live</a> skit "<a href="/wiki/Bill_Swerski%27s_Superfans" title="Bill Swerski's Superfans">Bill Swerski's Superfans</a>", is an advanced form of <a href="/wiki/Inland_Northern_American_English" title="Inland Northern American English">Inland Northern American English</a>. This dialect can also be found in other cities bordering the Great Lakes such as <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester, New York</a>, and most prominently features a rearrangement of certain vowel sounds, such as the <a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_short_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonological history of English short A">short 'a'</a> sound as in "cat", which can sound more like "kyet" to outsiders. The accent remains well associated with the city.<a href="#cite_note-237">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entertainment_and_the_arts">Entertainment and the arts </h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Theater_in_Chicago" title="Theater in Chicago">Theater in Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_of_Chicago" title="Visual arts of Chicago">Visual arts of Chicago</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chicago" title="Music of Chicago">Music of Chicago</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_in_Chicago" title="List of theaters in Chicago">List of theaters in Chicago</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicago_Theatre_blend.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Chicago_Theatre_blend.jpg/220px-Chicago_Theatre_blend.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3992" data-file-height="2998"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Chicago_Theatre_blend.jpg/220px-Chicago_Theatre_blend.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Chicago_Theatre_blend.jpg/330px-Chicago_Theatre_blend.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Chicago_Theatre_blend.jpg/440px-Chicago_Theatre_blend.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Theatre" title="Chicago Theatre">Chicago Theatre</a></figcaption></figure> Renowned Chicago theater companies include the <a href="/wiki/Goodman_Theatre" title="Goodman Theatre">Goodman Theatre</a> in the Loop; the <a href="/wiki/Steppenwolf_Theatre_Company" title="Steppenwolf Theatre Company">Steppenwolf Theatre Company</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victory_Gardens_Theater" title="Victory Gardens Theater">Victory Gardens Theater</a> in Lincoln Park; and the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Shakespeare_Theater" title="Chicago Shakespeare Theater">Chicago Shakespeare Theater</a> at Navy Pier. <a href="/wiki/Broadway_In_Chicago" title="Broadway In Chicago">Broadway In Chicago</a> offers Broadway-style entertainment at five theaters: the <a href="/wiki/Nederlander_Theatre_(Chicago)" title="Nederlander Theatre (Chicago)">Nederlander Theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/CIBC_Theatre" title="CIBC Theatre">CIBC Theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadillac_Palace_Theatre" title="Cadillac Palace Theatre">Cadillac Palace Theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auditorium_Building" title="Auditorium Building">Auditorium Building</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_University" title="Roosevelt University">Roosevelt University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Broadway_Playhouse_at_Water_Tower_Place" title="Broadway Playhouse at Water Tower Place">Broadway Playhouse at Water Tower Place</a>. <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish language</a> productions for <a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Chicago" title="Poles in Chicago">Chicago's large Polish speaking population</a> can be seen at the historic <a href="/wiki/Gateway_Theatre_(Chicago)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gateway Theatre (Chicago)">Gateway Theatre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Park,_Chicago" title="Jefferson Park, Chicago">Jefferson Park</a>. Since 1968, the <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jefferson_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Jefferson Award">Joseph Jefferson Awards</a> are given annually to acknowledge excellence in theater in the Chicago area. Chicago's theater community spawned modern <a href="/wiki/Improvisational_theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Improvisational theater">improvisational theater</a>, and includes the prominent groups <a href="/wiki/The_Second_City" title="The Second City">The Second City</a> and <a href="/wiki/IO_Theater" title="IO Theater">I.O.</a> (formerly ImprovOlympic).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Chicago Symphony Orchestra">Chicago Symphony Orchestra</a> (CSO) performs at <a href="/wiki/Symphony_Center" title="Symphony Center">Symphony Center</a>, and is recognized as one of the best orchestras in the world.<a href="#cite_note-238">[232]</a> Also performing regularly at <a href="/wiki/Symphony_Center" title="Symphony Center">Symphony Center</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Sinfonietta" title="Chicago Sinfonietta">Chicago Sinfonietta</a>, a more diverse and multicultural counterpart to the CSO. In the summer, many outdoor concerts are given in Grant Park and <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Park" title="Millennium Park">Millennium Park</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ravinia_Festival" title="Ravinia Festival">Ravinia Festival</a>, located 25 miles (40 km) north of Chicago, is the summer home of the CSO, and is a favorite destination for many Chicagoans. The <a href="/wiki/Civic_Opera_House_(Chicago)" title="Civic Opera House (Chicago)">Civic Opera House</a> is home to the <a href="/wiki/Lyric_Opera_of_Chicago" title="Lyric Opera of Chicago">Lyric Opera of Chicago</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[233]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Opera_Company_of_Chicago" title="Lithuanian Opera Company of Chicago">Lithuanian Opera Company of Chicago</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Lithuanians_in_the_Chicago_area" title="Lithuanians in the Chicago area">Lithuanian Chicagoans</a> in 1956,<a href="#cite_note-lithopera-240">[234]</a> and presents operas in <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Joffrey_Ballet" title="Joffrey Ballet">Joffrey Ballet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Festival_Ballet" title="Chicago Festival Ballet">Chicago Festival Ballet</a> perform in various venues, including the <a href="/wiki/Harris_Theater_(Chicago,_Illinois)" class="mw-redirect" title="Harris Theater (Chicago, Illinois)">Harris Theater</a> in <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Park" title="Millennium Park">Millennium Park</a>. Chicago has several other contemporary and jazz dance troupes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hubbard_Street_Dance_Chicago" title="Hubbard Street Dance Chicago">Hubbard Street Dance Chicago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Dance_Crash" title="Chicago Dance Crash">Chicago Dance Crash</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jay_Pritzker_Pavilion,_Chicago,_Illinois,_Estados_Unidos,_2012-10-20,_DD_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Jay_Pritzker_Pavilion%2C_Chicago%2C_Illinois%2C_Estados_Unidos%2C_2012-10-20%2C_DD_09.jpg/220px-Jay_Pritzker_Pavilion%2C_Chicago%2C_Illinois%2C_Estados_Unidos%2C_2012-10-20%2C_DD_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3994" data-file-height="2681"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 148px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Jay_Pritzker_Pavilion%2C_Chicago%2C_Illinois%2C_Estados_Unidos%2C_2012-10-20%2C_DD_09.jpg/220px-Jay_Pritzker_Pavilion%2C_Chicago%2C_Illinois%2C_Estados_Unidos%2C_2012-10-20%2C_DD_09.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="148" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Jay_Pritzker_Pavilion%2C_Chicago%2C_Illinois%2C_Estados_Unidos%2C_2012-10-20%2C_DD_09.jpg/330px-Jay_Pritzker_Pavilion%2C_Chicago%2C_Illinois%2C_Estados_Unidos%2C_2012-10-20%2C_DD_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Jay_Pritzker_Pavilion%2C_Chicago%2C_Illinois%2C_Estados_Unidos%2C_2012-10-20%2C_DD_09.jpg/440px-Jay_Pritzker_Pavilion%2C_Chicago%2C_Illinois%2C_Estados_Unidos%2C_2012-10-20%2C_DD_09.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jay_Pritzker_Pavilion" title="Jay Pritzker Pavilion">Jay Pritzker Pavilion</a></figcaption></figure> Other live-music genre which are part of the city's cultural heritage include <a href="/wiki/Chicago_blues" title="Chicago blues">Chicago blues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago_soul" title="Chicago soul">Chicago soul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel</a>. The city is the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">house music</a> (a popular form of electronic dance music) and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_music" title="Industrial music">industrial music</a>, and is the site of an influential <a href="/wiki/Chicago_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago hip hop">hip hop scene</a>. In the 1980s and 90s, the city was the global center for house and industrial music, two forms of music created in Chicago, as well as being popular for <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">new wave</a>. The city has been a center for <a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">rave</a> culture, since the 1980s. A flourishing independent rock music culture brought forth Chicago <a href="/wiki/Independent_music" title="Independent music">indie</a>. <a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Chicago" title="List of festivals in Chicago">Annual festivals</a> feature various acts, such as <a href="/wiki/Lollapalooza" title="Lollapalooza">Lollapalooza</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pitchfork_Music_Festival" title="Pitchfork Music Festival">Pitchfork Music Festival</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Lollapalooza originated in Chicago in 1991 and at first travelled to many cities, but as of 2005 its home has been Chicago.<a href="#cite_note-241">[235]</a> A 2007 report on the Chicago music industry by the <a href="/wiki/Harris_School_of_Public_Policy_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Harris School of Public Policy Studies">University of Chicago Cultural Policy Center</a> ranked Chicago third among metropolitan U.S. areas in "size of music industry" and fourth among all U.S. cities in "number of concerts and performances".<a href="#cite_note-242">[236]</a> Chicago has a distinctive <a href="/wiki/Fine_art" title="Fine art">fine art</a> tradition. For much of the twentieth century, it nurtured a strong style of figurative <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">surrealism</a>, as in the works of <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Albright" title="Ivan Albright">Ivan Albright</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ed_Paschke" title="Ed Paschke">Ed Paschke</a>. In 1968 and 1969, members of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Imagists" title="Chicago Imagists">Chicago Imagists</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Roger_Brown_(artist)" title="Roger Brown (artist)">Roger Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Golub" title="Leon Golub">Leon Golub</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lostutter" title="Robert Lostutter">Robert Lostutter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Nutt" title="Jim Nutt">Jim Nutt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Rossi_(artist)" title="Barbara Rossi (artist)">Barbara Rossi</a> produced bizarre representational paintings. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Darger" title="Henry Darger">Henry Darger</a> is one of the most celebrated figures of <a href="/wiki/Outsider_art" title="Outsider art">outsider art</a>.<a href="#cite_note-June_Skinner_Sawyers-243">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Chicago" title="Tourism in Chicago">Tourism in Chicago</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Chicago" title="List of beaches in Chicago">List of beaches in Chicago</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicago_River_Morning_(44455011711).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chicago_River_Morning_%2844455011711%29.jpg/250px-Chicago_River_Morning_%2844455011711%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5823" data-file-height="3890"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chicago_River_Morning_%2844455011711%29.jpg/250px-Chicago_River_Morning_%2844455011711%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chicago_River_Morning_%2844455011711%29.jpg/330px-Chicago_River_Morning_%2844455011711%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chicago_River_Morning_%2844455011711%29.jpg/500px-Chicago_River_Morning_%2844455011711%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ferries offer sightseeing tours and water-taxi transportation along the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_River" title="Chicago River">Chicago River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan" title="Lake Michigan">Lake Michigan</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago&action=edit">[update]</a>, Chicago attracted 50.17 million domestic leisure travelers, 11.09 million domestic business travelers and 1.308 million overseas visitors.<a href="#cite_note-visitors-244">[238]</a> These visitors contributed more than US$13.7 billion to Chicago's economy.<a href="#cite_note-visitors-244">[238]</a> Upscale shopping along the Magnificent Mile and State Street, thousands of restaurants, as well as Chicago's eminent architecture, continue to draw tourists. The city is the United States' third-largest <a href="/wiki/Convention_(meeting)" title="Convention (meeting)">convention</a> destination. A 2017 study by <a href="/wiki/Walk_Score" title="Walk Score">Walk Score</a> ranked Chicago the sixth-most walkable of fifty largest cities in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-245">[239]</a> Most conventions are held at McCormick Place, just south of <a href="/wiki/Soldier_Field" title="Soldier Field">Soldier Field</a>. Navy Pier, located just east of <a href="/wiki/Streeterville" title="Streeterville">Streeterville</a>, is 3,000 ft (910 m) long and houses retail stores, restaurants, museums, exhibition halls and auditoriums. Chicago was the first city in the world to ever erect a Ferris wheel. The Willis Tower (formerly named Sears Tower) is a popular destination for tourists.<a href="#cite_note-246">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_and_cultural_institutions_in_Chicago" title="List of museums and cultural institutions in Chicago">List of museums and cultural institutions in Chicago</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicago_Field_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Chicago_Field_Museum.jpg/250px-Chicago_Field_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3252" data-file-height="2265"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 153px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Chicago_Field_Museum.jpg/250px-Chicago_Field_Museum.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="153" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Chicago_Field_Museum.jpg/330px-Chicago_Field_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Chicago_Field_Museum.jpg/500px-Chicago_Field_Museum.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Field_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Field Museum of Natural History">Field Museum of Natural History</a></figcaption></figure> Among the city's museums are the <a href="/wiki/Adler_Planetarium_%26_Astronomy_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Adler Planetarium & Astronomy Museum">Adler Planetarium & Astronomy Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Field_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Field Museum of Natural History">Field Museum of Natural History</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Shedd_Aquarium" title="Shedd Aquarium">Shedd Aquarium</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Museum_Campus" title="Museum Campus">Museum Campus</a> joins the southern section of Grant Park, which includes the renowned <a href="/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago" title="Art Institute of Chicago">Art Institute of Chicago</a>. Buckingham Fountain anchors the downtown park along the lakefront. The University of Chicago's <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Study_of_Ancient_Cultures,_West_Asia_%26_North_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures, West Asia & North Africa">Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures, West Asia & North Africa</a> has an extensive collection of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near Eastern</a> archaeological artifacts. Other museums and galleries in Chicago include the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_History_Museum" title="Chicago History Museum">Chicago History Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Driehaus_Museum" title="Driehaus Museum">Driehaus Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/DuSable_Museum_of_African_American_History" class="mw-redirect" title="DuSable Museum of African American History">DuSable Museum of African American History</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art,_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago">Museum of Contemporary Art</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Peggy_Notebaert_Nature_Museum" title="Peggy Notebaert Nature Museum">Peggy Notebaert Nature Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Museum_of_America" title="Polish Museum of America">Polish Museum of America</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Broadcast_Communications" title="Museum of Broadcast Communications">Museum of Broadcast Communications</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Architecture_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Architecture Foundation">Chicago Architecture Foundation</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Science_and_Industry_(Chicago)" title="Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)">Museum of Science and Industry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-247">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Chicago#Food_and_drink" title="Culture of Chicago">Culture of Chicago § Food and drink</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago_farmers%27_markets" title="Chicago farmers' markets">Chicago farmers' markets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Michelin_starred_restaurants_in_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Michelin starred restaurants in Chicago">List of Michelin starred restaurants in Chicago</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicago-style-pizza-03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Chicago-style-pizza-03.jpg/220px-Chicago-style-pizza-03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Chicago-style-pizza-03.jpg/220px-Chicago-style-pizza-03.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Chicago-style-pizza-03.jpg/330px-Chicago-style-pizza-03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Chicago-style-pizza-03.jpg/440px-Chicago-style-pizza-03.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chicago-style_pizza" title="Chicago-style pizza">Chicago-style deep-dish pizza</a></figcaption></figure> Chicago lays claim to a large number of regional specialties that reflect the city's ethnic and working-class roots. Included among these are its nationally renowned <a href="/wiki/Chicago-style_pizza" title="Chicago-style pizza">deep-dish pizza</a>; this style is said to have originated at <a href="/wiki/Uno_Chicago_Grill" class="mw-redirect" title="Uno Chicago Grill">Pizzeria Uno</a>.<a href="#cite_note-250">[244]</a> The Chicago-style thin crust is also popular in the city.<a href="#cite_note-251">[245]</a> Certain Chicago pizza favorites include <a href="/wiki/Lou_Malnati%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Lou Malnati's">Lou Malnati's</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giordano%27s" title="Giordano's">Giordano's</a>.<a href="#cite_note-252">[246]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chicago-style_hot_dog" title="Chicago-style hot dog">Chicago-style hot dog</a>, typically an all-beef hot dog, is loaded with an array of toppings that often includes pickle relish, <a href="/wiki/Mustard_(condiment)#Yellow_mustard" title="Mustard (condiment)">yellow mustard</a>, pickled <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">sport peppers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomato</a> wedges, <a href="/wiki/Dill_pickle" class="mw-redirect" title="Dill pickle">dill pickle</a> spear and topped off with <a href="/wiki/Celery_salt" title="Celery salt">celery salt</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Poppy_seed" title="Poppy seed">poppy seed</a> <a href="/wiki/Hot_dog_bun" title="Hot dog bun">bun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-253">[247]</a> Enthusiasts of the Chicago-style hot dog frown upon the use of <a href="/wiki/Ketchup" title="Ketchup">ketchup</a> as a garnish, but may prefer to add <a href="/wiki/Giardiniera" title="Giardiniera">giardiniera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Recipe_Detail:_Chicago_Style_Hot_Dog-254">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[250]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polish_Market_in_Chicago.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Polish_Market_in_Chicago.jpeg/250px-Polish_Market_in_Chicago.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Polish_Market_in_Chicago.jpeg/250px-Polish_Market_in_Chicago.jpeg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Polish_Market_in_Chicago.jpeg/330px-Polish_Market_in_Chicago.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Polish_Market_in_Chicago.jpeg/500px-Polish_Market_in_Chicago.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Chicago" title="Poles in Chicago">Polish</a> market in Chicago</figcaption></figure> A distinctly Chicago sandwich, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_beef" title="Italian beef">Italian beef</a> sandwich is thinly sliced beef simmered in <a href="/wiki/Au_jus" title="Au jus">au jus</a> and served on an Italian roll with sweet peppers or spicy giardiniera. A popular modification is the Combo—an Italian beef sandwich with the addition of an Italian sausage. The <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Street_Polish" title="Maxwell Street Polish">Maxwell Street Polish</a> is a grilled or deep-fried <a href="/wiki/Kielbasa" title="Kielbasa">kielbasa</a>—on a hot dog roll, topped with grilled onions, yellow mustard, and hot sport peppers.<a href="#cite_note-sandwich-257">[251]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chicken_Vesuvio" title="Chicken Vesuvio">Chicken Vesuvio</a> is roasted bone-in chicken cooked in oil and garlic next to garlicky oven-roasted potato wedges and a sprinkling of green peas. The <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican</a>-influenced <a href="/wiki/Jibarito" title="Jibarito">jibarito</a> is a sandwich made with flattened, fried green plantains instead of bread. The <a href="/wiki/Mother-in-law_(sandwich)" title="Mother-in-law (sandwich)">mother-in-law</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Tamale" title="Tamale">tamale</a> topped with chili and served on a hot dog bun.<a href="#cite_note-258">[252]</a> The tradition of serving the <a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greek</a> dish <a href="/wiki/Saganaki" title="Saganaki">saganaki</a> while aflame has its origins in Chicago's Greek community.<a href="#cite_note-259">[253]</a> The appetizer, which consists of a square of fried cheese, is doused with <a href="/wiki/Metaxa" title="Metaxa">Metaxa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flamb%C3%A9ed" class="mw-redirect" title="Flambéed">flambéed</a> table-side.<a href="#cite_note-260">[254]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chicago-style_barbecue" title="Chicago-style barbecue">Chicago-style barbecue</a> features hardwood smoked <a href="/wiki/Rib_tips" class="mw-redirect" title="Rib tips">rib tips</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hot_links" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot links">hot links</a> which were traditionally cooked in an aquarium smoker, a Chicago invention.<a href="#cite_note-261">[255]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Chicago" title="List of festivals in Chicago">Annual festivals</a> feature various Chicago signature dishes, such as <a href="/wiki/Taste_of_Chicago" title="Taste of Chicago">Taste of Chicago</a> and the Chicago Food Truck Festival.<a href="#cite_note-262">[256]</a> One of the world's most decorated restaurants and a recipient of three <a href="/wiki/Michelin_Guide" title="Michelin Guide">Michelin</a> stars, <a href="/wiki/Alinea_(restaurant)" title="Alinea (restaurant)">Alinea</a> is located in Chicago. Well-known chefs who have had restaurants in Chicago include: <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Trotter" title="Charlie Trotter">Charlie Trotter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rick_Tramonto" title="Rick Tramonto">Rick Tramonto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grant_Achatz" title="Grant Achatz">Grant Achatz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rick_Bayless" title="Rick Bayless">Rick Bayless</a>. In 2003, <a href="/wiki/Robb_Report" title="Robb Report">Robb Report</a> named Chicago the country's "most exceptional dining destination".<a href="#cite_note-263">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Chicago_literature" title="Chicago literature">Chicago literature</a></div> Chicago literature finds its roots in the city's tradition of lucid, direct journalism, lending to a strong tradition of <a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">social realism</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Chicago" title="Encyclopedia of Chicago">Encyclopedia of Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a> Professor Bill Savage describes Chicago fiction as prose which tries to "capture the essence of the city, its spaces and its people." The challenge for early writers was that Chicago was a frontier outpost that transformed into a global metropolis in the span of two generations. Narrative fiction of that time, much of it in the style of "high-flown romance" and "genteel realism", needed a new approach to describe the urban social, political, and economic conditions of Chicago.<a href="#cite_note-264">[258]</a> Nonetheless, Chicagoans worked hard to create a literary tradition that would stand the test of time,<a href="#cite_note-265">[259]</a> and create a "city of feeling" out of concrete, steel, vast lake, and open prairie.<a href="#cite_note-266">[260]</a> Much notable Chicago fiction focuses on the city itself, with social criticism keeping exultation in check. At least three short periods in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Chicago" title="History of Chicago">history of Chicago</a> have had a lasting influence on <a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">American literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-267">[261]</a> These include from the time of the Great Chicago Fire to about 1900, what became known as the Chicago Literary Renaissance in the 1910s and early 1920s, and the period of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> through the 1940s. What would become the influential <a href="/wiki/Poetry_(magazine)" title="Poetry (magazine)">Poetry</a> magazine was founded in 1912 by <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Monroe" title="Harriet Monroe">Harriet Monroe</a>, who was working as an <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a> <a href="/wiki/Critic" title="Critic">critic</a> for the Chicago Tribune. The magazine discovered such poets as <a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Brooks" title="Gwendolyn Brooks">Gwendolyn Brooks</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Merrill" title="James Merrill">James Merrill</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Ashbery" title="John Ashbery">John Ashbery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ny-268">[262]</a> <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>'s first professionally published poem, "<a href="/wiki/The_Love_Song_of_J._Alfred_Prufrock" title="The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock">The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock</a>", was first published by Poetry. Contributors have included <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Butler_Yeats" class="mw-redirect" title="William Butler Yeats">William Butler Yeats</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams" title="William Carlos Williams">William Carlos Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes">Langston Hughes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sandburg" title="Carl Sandburg">Carl Sandburg</a>, among others. The magazine was instrumental in launching the <a href="/wiki/Imagist" class="mw-redirect" title="Imagist">Imagist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Objectivist_poets" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivist poets">Objectivist</a> poetic movements. From the 1950s through 1970s, American poetry continued to evolve in Chicago.<a href="#cite_note-269">[263]</a> In the 1980s, a modern form of poetry performance began in Chicago, the <a href="/wiki/Poetry_slam" title="Poetry slam">poetry slam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-270">[264]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Chicago" title="Sports in Chicago">Sports in Chicago</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Soldier_Field_S.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Soldier_Field_S.jpg/220px-Soldier_Field_S.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Soldier_Field_S.jpg/220px-Soldier_Field_S.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Soldier_Field_S.jpg/330px-Soldier_Field_S.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Soldier_Field_S.jpg/440px-Soldier_Field_S.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Soldier_Field" title="Soldier Field">Soldier Field</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Wrigley_Field_2018_-_42195054760.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Wrigley_Field_2018_-_42195054760.jpg/250px-Wrigley_Field_2018_-_42195054760.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7607" data-file-height="3500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 101px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Wrigley_Field_2018_-_42195054760.jpg/250px-Wrigley_Field_2018_-_42195054760.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="101" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Wrigley_Field_2018_-_42195054760.jpg/330px-Wrigley_Field_2018_-_42195054760.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Wrigley_Field_2018_-_42195054760.jpg/500px-Wrigley_Field_2018_-_42195054760.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Wrigley_Field" title="Wrigley Field">Wrigley Field</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Center_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/United_Center_1.jpg/220px-United_Center_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4833" data-file-height="3222"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/United_Center_1.jpg/220px-United_Center_1.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/United_Center_1.jpg/330px-United_Center_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/United_Center_1.jpg/440px-United_Center_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/United_Center" title="United Center">United Center</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicago,_Illinois,_U.S._(2023)_-_062.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Chicago%2C_Illinois%2C_U.S._%282023%29_-_062.jpg/220px-Chicago%2C_Illinois%2C_U.S._%282023%29_-_062.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Chicago%2C_Illinois%2C_U.S._%282023%29_-_062.jpg/220px-Chicago%2C_Illinois%2C_U.S._%282023%29_-_062.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Chicago%2C_Illinois%2C_U.S._%282023%29_-_062.jpg/330px-Chicago%2C_Illinois%2C_U.S._%282023%29_-_062.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Chicago%2C_Illinois%2C_U.S._%282023%29_-_062.jpg/440px-Chicago%2C_Illinois%2C_U.S._%282023%29_-_062.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Rate_Field" title="Rate Field">Rate Field</a></div></div></div></div></div> The city has two <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> (MLB) teams: the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Cubs" title="Chicago Cubs">Chicago Cubs</a> of the National League play in Wrigley Field on the North Side; and the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox" title="Chicago White Sox">Chicago White Sox</a> of the American League play in Rate Field on the South Side. The two teams have faced each other in a World Series only once, in 1906.<a href="#cite_note-271">[265]</a> The Cubs are the oldest Major League Baseball team to have never changed their city;<a href="#cite_note-272">[266]</a> they have played in Chicago since 1871.<a href="#cite_note-273">[267]</a> They had the dubious honor of having the longest championship drought in American professional sports, failing to win a World Series between 1908 and 2016. The White Sox have played on the South Side continuously since 1901. They have won three World Series titles (1906, 1917, 2005) and six American League pennants, including the first in 1901. The <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Bears" title="Chicago Bears">Chicago Bears</a>, one of the last two remaining charter members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> (NFL), have won nine <a href="/wiki/List_of_NFL_champions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of NFL champions">NFL Championships</a>, including the 1985 <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XX" title="Super Bowl XX">Super Bowl XX</a>. The Bears play their home games at Soldier Field. The <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Bulls" title="Chicago Bulls">Chicago Bulls</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">National Basketball Association</a> (NBA) is one of the most recognized basketball teams in the world.<a href="#cite_note-274">[268]</a> During the 1990s, with <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jordan" title="Michael Jordan">Michael Jordan</a> leading them, the Bulls won six NBA championships in eight seasons.<a href="#cite_note-bulls_dynasty-275">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[270]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks" title="Chicago Blackhawks">Chicago Blackhawks</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a> (NHL) began play in 1926, and are one of the "<a href="/wiki/Original_Six" title="Original Six">Original Six</a>" teams of the NHL. The Blackhawks have won six <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cup" title="Stanley Cup">Stanley Cups</a>, including in 2010, 2013, and <a href="/wiki/2015_Stanley_Cup_Finals" title="2015 Stanley Cup Finals">2015</a>. Both the Bulls and the Blackhawks play at the <a href="/wiki/United_Center" title="United Center">United Center</a>.<a href="#cite_note-277">[271]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Major league professional teams in Chicago (ranked by attendance) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Club </th> <th scope="col">League </th> <th scope="col">Sport </th> <th scope="col">Venue </th> <th scope="col">Attendance </th> <th scope="col">Founded </th> <th scope="col">Championships </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;">Chicago Bears </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">NFL</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">Football</a> </td> <td>Soldier Field </td> <td align="center">61,142 </td> <td align="center">1919 </td> <td>9 <a href="/wiki/NFL_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="NFL Championships">Championships</a> (1 <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl" title="Super Bowl">Super Bowl</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Cubs" title="Chicago Cubs">Chicago Cubs</a> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">MLB</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">Baseball</a> </td> <td>Wrigley Field </td> <td align="center">41,649 </td> <td align="center">1870 </td> <td>3 <a href="/wiki/World_Series" title="World Series">World Series</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox" title="Chicago White Sox">Chicago White Sox</a> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">MLB</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">Baseball</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rate_Field" title="Rate Field">Rate Field</a> </td> <td align="center">40,615 </td> <td align="center">1900 </td> <td>3 <a href="/wiki/World_Series" title="World Series">World Series</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks" title="Chicago Blackhawks">Chicago Blackhawks</a> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">NHL</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Ice hockey</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">United Center </td> <td align="center">21,653 </td> <td align="center">1926 </td> <td>6 <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cup" title="Stanley Cup">Stanley Cups</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Bulls" title="Chicago Bulls">Chicago Bulls</a> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">NBA</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> </td> <td align="center">20,776 </td> <td align="center">1966 </td> <td>6 <a href="/wiki/NBA_Finals" title="NBA Finals">NBA Championships</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Fire_FC" title="Chicago Fire FC">Chicago Fire</a> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Major_League_Soccer" title="Major League Soccer">MLS</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Soccer</a> </td> <td>Soldier Field </td> <td align="center">17,383 </td> <td align="center">1997 </td> <td>1 <a href="/wiki/MLS_Cup" title="MLS Cup">MLS Cup</a>, 1 <a href="/wiki/Supporters_Shield" class="mw-redirect" title="Supporters Shield">Supporters Shield</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Sky" title="Chicago Sky">Chicago Sky</a> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_National_Basketball_Association" title="Women's National Basketball Association">WNBA</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wintrust_Arena" title="Wintrust Arena">Wintrust Arena</a> </td> <td align="center">10,387 </td> <td align="center">2006 </td> <td>1 <a href="/wiki/WNBA_Finals" title="WNBA Finals">WNBA Championships</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Stars_FC" title="Chicago Stars FC">Chicago Stars FC</a> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Soccer_League" title="National Women's Soccer League">NWSL</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soccer" class="mw-redirect" title="Soccer">Soccer</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SeatGeek_Stadium" title="SeatGeek Stadium">SeatGeek Stadium</a> </td> <td align="center">5,863 </td> <td align="center">2013 </td> <td>1 <a href="/wiki/WPSL_Elite" class="mw-redirect" title="WPSL Elite">WPSL Elite</a> championship </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20070909_Chicago_Half_Marathon.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/20070909_Chicago_Half_Marathon.JPG/250px-20070909_Chicago_Half_Marathon.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/20070909_Chicago_Half_Marathon.JPG/250px-20070909_Chicago_Half_Marathon.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/20070909_Chicago_Half_Marathon.JPG/330px-20070909_Chicago_Half_Marathon.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/20070909_Chicago_Half_Marathon.JPG/500px-20070909_Chicago_Half_Marathon.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Half_Marathon" title="Chicago Half Marathon">Chicago Half Marathon</a> on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Shore_Drive" title="Lake Shore Drive">Lake Shore Drive</a> on the South Side</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Fire_FC" title="Chicago Fire FC">Chicago Fire FC</a> is a member of <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Soccer" title="Major League Soccer">Major League Soccer</a> (MLS) and plays at Soldier Field. The Fire have won one league title and four <a href="/wiki/Lamar_Hunt_U.S._Open_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup">U.S. Open Cups</a>, since their founding in 1997. In 1994, the United States hosted a successful <a href="/wiki/1994_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1994 FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a> with games played at Soldier Field.<a href="#cite_note-278">[272]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Stars_FC" title="Chicago Stars FC">Chicago Stars FC</a> are a team in the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Soccer_League" title="National Women's Soccer League">National Women's Soccer League</a> (NWSL). They previously played in <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Professional_Soccer" title="Women's Professional Soccer">Women's Professional Soccer</a> (WPS), of which they were a founding member, before joining the NWSL in 2013. They play at <a href="/wiki/SeatGeek_Stadium" title="SeatGeek Stadium">SeatGeek Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bridgeview,_Illinois" title="Bridgeview, Illinois">Bridgeview, Illinois</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Sky" title="Chicago Sky">Chicago Sky</a> is a professional basketball team playing in the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_National_Basketball_Association" title="Women's National Basketball Association">Women's National Basketball Association</a> (WNBA). They play home games at the <a href="/wiki/Wintrust_Arena" title="Wintrust Arena">Wintrust Arena</a>. The team was founded before the 2006 WNBA season began.<a href="#cite_note-279">[273]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Marathon" title="Chicago Marathon">Chicago Marathon</a> has been held each year since 1977 except for 1987, when a half marathon was run in its place. The Chicago Marathon is one of six <a href="/wiki/World_Marathon_Majors" title="World Marathon Majors">World Marathon Majors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-280">[274]</a> Five area colleges play in <a href="/wiki/Division_I_(NCAA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Division I (NCAA)">Division I</a> conferences: two from major conferences—the <a href="/wiki/DePaul_Blue_Demons" title="DePaul Blue Demons">DePaul Blue Demons</a> (<a href="/wiki/Big_East_Conference" title="Big East Conference">Big East Conference</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Wildcats" title="Northwestern Wildcats">Northwestern Wildcats</a> (<a href="/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference" title="Big Ten Conference">Big Ten Conference</a>)—and three from other D1 conferences—the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_State_Cougars" title="Chicago State Cougars">Chicago State Cougars</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northeast_Conference" title="Northeast Conference">Northeast Conference</a>); the <a href="/wiki/Loyola_Ramblers" title="Loyola Ramblers">Loyola Ramblers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Atlantic_10_Conference" title="Atlantic 10 Conference">Atlantic 10 Conference</a>); and the <a href="/wiki/UIC_Flames" title="UIC Flames">UIC Flames</a> (<a href="/wiki/Missouri_Valley_Conference" title="Missouri Valley Conference">Missouri Valley Conference</a>).<a href="#cite_note-281">[275]</a> Chicago has also entered into <a href="/wiki/Esports" title="Esports">esports</a> with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/OpTic_Chicago" title="OpTic Chicago">OpTic Chicago</a>, a professional <a href="/wiki/Call_of_Duty" title="Call of Duty">Call of Duty</a> team that participates within the <a href="/wiki/Call_of_Duty_League" title="Call of Duty League">CDL</a>.<a href="#cite_note-282">[276]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Parks_and_greenspace">Parks and greenspace</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Parks_in_Chicago" title="Parks in Chicago">Parks in Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Boulevard_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Boulevard System">Chicago Boulevard System</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cook_County_Forest_Preserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Cook County Forest Preserves">Cook County Forest Preserves</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buckingham_Fountain_in_Chicago_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Buckingham_Fountain_in_Chicago_at_night.jpg/250px-Buckingham_Fountain_in_Chicago_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Buckingham_Fountain_in_Chicago_at_night.jpg/250px-Buckingham_Fountain_in_Chicago_at_night.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Buckingham_Fountain_in_Chicago_at_night.jpg/330px-Buckingham_Fountain_in_Chicago_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Buckingham_Fountain_in_Chicago_at_night.jpg/500px-Buckingham_Fountain_in_Chicago_at_night.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Fountain" title="Buckingham Fountain">Buckingham Fountain</a> is located in <a href="/wiki/Grant_Park_(Chicago)" title="Grant Park (Chicago)">Grant Park</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Loop" title="Chicago Loop">Loop</a>.</figcaption></figure> When Chicago was incorporated in 1837, it chose the motto Urbs in Horto, a <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> phrase which means "City in a Garden". Today, the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Park_District" title="Chicago Park District">Chicago Park District</a> consists of more than 570 parks with over 8,000 acres (3,200 ha) of <a href="/wiki/Municipal_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal park">municipal parkland</a>. There are 31 sand <a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Chicago,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="List of beaches in Chicago, Illinois">beaches</a>, a plethora of museums, two world-class conservatories, and 50 nature areas.<a href="#cite_note-283">[277]</a> Lincoln Park, the largest of the city's parks, covers 1,200 acres (490 ha) and has over 20 million visitors each year, making it third in the number of visitors after <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Mall_and_Memorial_Parks" title="National Mall and Memorial Parks">National Mall and Memorial Parks</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[278]</a> There is a historic <a href="/wiki/Chicago_boulevard_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago boulevard system">boulevard system</a>,<a href="#cite_note-285">[279]</a> a network of wide, tree-lined <a href="/wiki/Boulevard" title="Boulevard">boulevards</a> which connect a number of Chicago <a href="/wiki/Parks_in_Chicago" title="Parks in Chicago">parks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WTTW-286">[280]</a> The boulevards and the parks were authorized by the Illinois legislature in 1869.<a href="#cite_note-287">[281]</a> A number of <a href="/wiki/Neighborhoods_of_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="Neighborhoods of Chicago">Chicago neighborhoods</a> emerged along these roadways in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-WTTW-286">[280]</a> The building of the boulevard system continued intermittently until 1942. It includes nineteen boulevards, eight parks, and six <a href="/wiki/Town_square" title="Town square">squares</a>, along twenty-six miles of interconnected streets.<a href="#cite_note-288">[282]</a> The Chicago Park Boulevard System Historic District was listed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-weekly-289">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-NR2018-290">[284]</a> With berths for more than 6,000 boats, the Chicago Park District operates the nation's largest municipal harbor system.<a href="#cite_note-291">[285]</a> In addition to ongoing beautification and renewal projects for the existing parks, a number of new parks have been added in recent years, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ping_Tom_Memorial_Park" title="Ping Tom Memorial Park">Ping Tom Memorial Park</a> in Chinatown, <a href="/wiki/DuSable_Park_(Chicago)" title="DuSable Park (Chicago)">DuSable Park</a> on the Near North Side, and most notably, Millennium Park, which is in the northwestern corner of one of Chicago's oldest parks, Grant Park in the Chicago Loop.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The wealth of greenspace afforded by Chicago's parks is further augmented by the <a href="/wiki/Cook_County_Forest_Preserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Cook County Forest Preserves">Cook County Forest Preserves</a>, a network of open spaces containing forest, <a href="/wiki/Prairie" title="Prairie">prairie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetland</a>, streams, and lakes that are set aside as natural areas which lie along the city's outskirts,<a href="#cite_note-292">[286]</a> including both the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Botanic_Garden" title="Chicago Botanic Garden">Chicago Botanic Garden</a> in <a href="/wiki/Glencoe,_Illinois" title="Glencoe, Illinois">Glencoe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Brookfield_Zoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Brookfield Zoo">Brookfield Zoo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brookfield,_Illinois" title="Brookfield, Illinois">Brookfield</a>.<a href="#cite_note-293">[287]</a> Washington Park is also one of the city's biggest parks; covering nearly 400 acres (160 ha). The park is listed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_South_Side_Chicago" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in South Side Chicago">National Register of Historic Places listings in South Side Chicago</a>.<a href="#cite_note-294">[288]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Law_and_government">Law and government</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Chicago" title="Government of Chicago">Government of Chicago</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daley_Plaza_060716.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Daley_Plaza_060716.jpg/220px-Daley_Plaza_060716.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="765"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Daley_Plaza_060716.jpg/220px-Daley_Plaza_060716.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Daley_Plaza_060716.jpg/330px-Daley_Plaza_060716.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Daley_Plaza_060716.jpg/440px-Daley_Plaza_060716.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Daley_Plaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Daley Plaza">Daley Plaza</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Picasso" title="Chicago Picasso">Chicago Picasso</a>, with <a href="/wiki/City_Hall-County_Building_(Chicago)" class="mw-redirect" title="City Hall-County Building (Chicago)">City Hall-County Building</a> visible in background. At right, the <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Daley_Center" title="Richard J. Daley Center">Daley Center</a> contains the state law courts.</figcaption></figure> The government of the City of Chicago is divided into executive and <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislative</a> branches. The <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Chicago" title="Mayor of Chicago">mayor of Chicago</a> is the chief executive, elected by general election for a term of four years, with no term limits. The current mayor is <a href="/wiki/Brandon_Johnson" title="Brandon Johnson">Brandon Johnson</a>. The mayor appoints commissioners and other officials who oversee the various departments. As well as the mayor, Chicago's clerk and treasurer are also elected citywide. The <a href="/wiki/Chicago_City_Council" title="Chicago City Council">City Council</a> is the legislative branch and is made up of 50 alderpersons, one elected from each <a href="/wiki/Wards_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Wards of the United States">ward</a> in the city.<a href="#cite_note-295">[289]</a> The council takes official action through the passage of <a href="/wiki/Local_ordinance" title="Local ordinance">ordinances</a> and resolutions and approves the city budget.<a href="#cite_note-296">[290]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Police_Department" title="Chicago Police Department">Chicago Police Department</a> provides law enforcement and the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Fire_Department" title="Chicago Fire Department">Chicago Fire Department</a> provides fire suppression and emergency medical services for the city and its residents. Civil and criminal law cases are heard in the <a href="/wiki/Cook_County_Circuit_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Cook County Circuit Court">Cook County Circuit Court</a> of the State of Illinois court system, or in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_District_of_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern District of Illinois">Northern District of Illinois</a>, in the federal system. In the state court, the public prosecutor is the Illinois <a href="/wiki/State%27s_attorney" class="mw-redirect" title="State's attorney">state's attorney</a>; in the Federal court it is the United States <a href="/wiki/District_Attorney" class="mw-redirect" title="District Attorney">attorney</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_Chicago" title="Political history of Chicago">Political history of Chicago</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; font-size:95%;"> <caption>Presidential election results in Chicago<a href="#cite_note-Dave's-297">[291]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:center;">Year </th> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </th> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </th> <th style="text-align:center;">Others </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election_in_Illinois" title="2020 United States presidential election in Illinois">2020</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">82.5% 944,735 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">15.8% 181,234 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:honeyDew;">1.6% 18,772 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election_in_Illinois" title="2016 United States presidential election in Illinois">2016</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">82.9% 912,945 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">12.3% 135,320 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:honeyDew;">4.8% 53,262 </td></tr></tbody></table> During much of the last half of the 19th century, Chicago's politics were dominated by a growing <a href="/wiki/Cook_County_Democratic_Party" title="Cook County Democratic Party">Democratic Party</a> organization. During the 1880s and 1890s, Chicago had a powerful radical tradition with large and highly organized <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labor_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor organization">labor organizations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneirov1998173%E2%80%93174-298">[292]</a> For much of the 20th century, Chicago has been among the largest and most reliable Democratic strongholds in the United States; with Chicago's Democratic vote the state of Illinois has been "<a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">solid blue</a>" in <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">presidential elections</a> since 1992. Even before then, it was not unheard of for Republican presidential candidates to win handily in downstate Illinois, only to lose statewide due to large Democratic margins in Chicago. The citizens of Chicago have not elected a <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> mayor since 1927, when <a href="/wiki/William_Hale_Thompson" title="William Hale Thompson">William Thompson</a> was voted into office. The strength of the party in the city is partly a consequence of Illinois state politics, where the Republicans have come to represent rural and farm concerns while the Democrats support urban issues such as Chicago's public school funding.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Chicago contains less than 25% of the state's population, but it is split between eight of Illinois' 17 <a href="/wiki/Illinois%27s_congressional_districts" title="Illinois's congressional districts">districts</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a>. All eight of the city's representatives are Democrats; only two Republicans have represented a significant portion of the city since 1973, for one term each: <a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Hanrahan" title="Robert P. Hanrahan">Robert P. Hanrahan</a> from 1973 to 1975, and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Patrick_Flanagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Patrick Flanagan">Michael Patrick Flanagan</a> from 1995 to 1997.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Machine_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine politics">Machine politics</a> persisted in Chicago after the decline of similar machines in other large U.S. cities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontejano199933%E2%80%9334-299">[293]</a> During much of that time, the city administration found opposition mainly from a liberal "independent" faction of the Democratic Party. The independents finally gained control of city government in 1983 with the election of <a href="/wiki/Harold_Washington" title="Harold Washington">Harold Washington</a> (in office 1983–1987). From 1989 until May 16, 2011, Chicago was under the leadership of its longest-serving mayor, <a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Daley" title="Richard M. Daley">Richard M. Daley</a>, the son of Richard J. Daley. Because of the dominance of the Democratic Party in Chicago, the Democratic <a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">primary</a> vote held in the spring is generally more significant than the general elections in November for U.S. House and Illinois State seats. The aldermanic, mayoral, and other city offices are filled through nonpartisan elections with runoffs as needed.<a href="#cite_note-300">[294]</a> The city is home of former United States President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> and First Lady <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a>; Barack Obama was formerly a state legislator representing Chicago and later a U.S. senator. The Obamas' residence is located near the University of Chicago in <a href="/wiki/Kenwood,_Chicago" title="Kenwood, Chicago">Kenwood</a> on the city's south side.<a href="#cite_note-301">[295]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crime">Crime</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Chicago" title="Crime in Chicago">Crime in Chicago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_organized_crime_in_Chicago" title="Timeline of organized crime in Chicago">Timeline of organized crime in Chicago</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicago_Police_Ford_Police_Interceptor_Utility_7905_(Front_left_view)_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Chicago_Police_Ford_Police_Interceptor_Utility_7905_%28Front_left_view%29_b.jpg/220px-Chicago_Police_Ford_Police_Interceptor_Utility_7905_%28Front_left_view%29_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3172"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 135px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Chicago_Police_Ford_Police_Interceptor_Utility_7905_%28Front_left_view%29_b.jpg/220px-Chicago_Police_Ford_Police_Interceptor_Utility_7905_%28Front_left_view%29_b.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="135" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Chicago_Police_Ford_Police_Interceptor_Utility_7905_%28Front_left_view%29_b.jpg/330px-Chicago_Police_Ford_Police_Interceptor_Utility_7905_%28Front_left_view%29_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Chicago_Police_Ford_Police_Interceptor_Utility_7905_%28Front_left_view%29_b.jpg/440px-Chicago_Police_Ford_Police_Interceptor_Utility_7905_%28Front_left_view%29_b.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ford_Explorer" title="Ford Explorer">Ford Explorer</a> <a href="/wiki/SUV" title="SUV">SUV</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Police_Department" title="Chicago Police Department">Chicago Police Department</a> vehicle, 2021</figcaption></figure> Chicago's crime rate in 2020 was 3,926 per 100,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-302">[296]</a> Chicago experienced major rises in <a href="/wiki/Violent_crime" title="Violent crime">violent crime</a> in the 1920s, in the late 1960s, and in the 2020s.<a href="#cite_note-303">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chicago_Police_Annual_Report_2017-304">[298]</a> Chicago's biggest <a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice" title="Criminal justice">criminal justice</a> challenges have changed little over the last 50 years, and statistically reside with homicide, <a href="/wiki/Armed_robbery" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed robbery">armed robbery</a>, gang violence, and <a href="/wiki/Aggravated_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="Aggravated battery">aggravated battery</a>. Chicago has a higher murder rate than the larger cities of New York and Los Angeles. However, while it has a large absolute number of crimes due to its size, Chicago is not among the top-25 most violent cities in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-305">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[300]</a> Murder rates in Chicago vary greatly depending on the neighborhood in question.<a href="#cite_note-307">[301]</a> The neighborhoods of <a href="/wiki/Englewood,_Chicago" title="Englewood, Chicago">Englewood</a> on the South Side, and <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Chicago" title="Austin, Chicago">Austin</a> on the West side, for example, have homicide rates that are ten times higher than other parts of the city.<a href="#cite_note-308">[302]</a> Chicago has an estimated population of over 100,000 active gang members from nearly 60 factions.<a href="#cite_note-309">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-310">[304]</a> According to reports in 2013, "most of Chicago's violent crime comes from gangs trying to maintain control of drug-selling territories,"<a href="#cite_note-bloomberg1-311">[305]</a> and is specifically related to the activities of the <a href="/wiki/Sinaloa_Cartel" title="Sinaloa Cartel">Sinaloa Cartel</a>, which is active in several American cities.<a href="#cite_note-312">[306]</a> Violent crime rates vary significantly by area of the city, with more economically developed areas having low rates, but other sections have much higher rates of crime.<a href="#cite_note-bloomberg1-311">[305]</a> In 2013, the violent crime rate was 910 per 100,000 people;<a href="#cite_note-313">[307]</a> the murder rate was 10.4 per 100,000 – while high crime districts saw 38.9 murders, low crime districts saw 2.5 murders per 100,000.<a href="#cite_note-314">[308]</a> Chicago has a long history of public <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a> that regularly draws the attention of federal law enforcement and federal prosecutors.<a href="#cite_note-315">[309]</a> From 2012 to 2019, 33 Chicago alderpersons were convicted on corruption charges, roughly one third of those elected in the time period. A report from the Office of the Legislative Inspector General noted that over half of Chicago's elected alderpersons took illegal campaign contributions in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-316">[310]</a> Most corruption cases in Chicago are prosecuted by the <a href="/wiki/US_Attorney" class="mw-redirect" title="US Attorney">U.S. Attorney</a>'s office, as legal <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a> makes most offenses punishable as a federal crime.<a href="#cite_note-317">[311]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schools_and_libraries">Schools and libraries</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harold_Washington_Library,_Chicago,_Illinois_(9181548762).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Harold_Washington_Library%2C_Chicago%2C_Illinois_%289181548762%29.jpg/220px-Harold_Washington_Library%2C_Chicago%2C_Illinois_%289181548762%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Harold_Washington_Library%2C_Chicago%2C_Illinois_%289181548762%29.jpg/220px-Harold_Washington_Library%2C_Chicago%2C_Illinois_%289181548762%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Harold_Washington_Library%2C_Chicago%2C_Illinois_%289181548762%29.jpg/330px-Harold_Washington_Library%2C_Chicago%2C_Illinois_%289181548762%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Harold_Washington_Library%2C_Chicago%2C_Illinois_%289181548762%29.jpg/440px-Harold_Washington_Library%2C_Chicago%2C_Illinois_%289181548762%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>When it was opened in 1991, the central <a href="/wiki/Harold_Washington_Library" title="Harold Washington Library">Harold Washington Library</a> appeared in <a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness World Records</a> as the largest municipal public library building in the world.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Public_Schools" title="Chicago Public Schools">Chicago Public Schools</a> (CPS) is the governing body of the <a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">school district</a> that contains over 600 public elementary and high schools citywide, including several selective-admission magnet schools. There are eleven selective enrollment high schools in the Chicago Public Schools, designed to meet the needs of Chicago's most academically advanced students. These schools offer a rigorous curriculum with mainly honors and <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Placement" title="Advanced Placement">Advanced Placement</a> (AP) courses.<a href="#cite_note-318">[312]</a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Payton_College_Prep_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Payton College Prep High School">Walter Payton College Prep High School</a> is ranked number one in the city of Chicago and the state of Illinois.<a href="#cite_note-319">[313]</a> Chicago high school rankings are determined by the average test scores on state achievement tests.<a href="#cite_note-320">[314]</a> The district, with an enrollment exceeding 400,545 students (2013–2014 20th Day Enrollment), is the third-largest in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-321">[315]</a> On September 10, 2012, teachers for the Chicago Teachers Union went on strike for the first time since 1987 over pay, resources, and other issues.<a href="#cite_note-322">[316]</a> According to data compiled in 2014, Chicago's "choice system", where students who test or apply and may attend one of a number of public high schools (there are about 130), sorts students of different achievement levels into different schools (high performing, middle performing, and low performing schools).<a href="#cite_note-323">[317]</a> Chicago has a network of <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_school" title="Lutheran school">Lutheran schools</a>,<a href="#cite_note-324">[318]</a> and several private schools are run by other denominations and faiths, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ida_Crown_Jewish_Academy" title="Ida Crown Jewish Academy">Ida Crown Jewish Academy</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Ridge,_Chicago" title="West Ridge, Chicago">West Ridge</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Chicago" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago</a> operates <a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Catholic schools</a>, including <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesuit_secondary_schools_in_the_United_States#Illinois" title="List of Jesuit secondary schools in the United States">Jesuit preparatory schools</a> and others. A number of private schools are completely secular. There is also the private <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Academy_for_the_Arts" title="Chicago Academy for the Arts">Chicago Academy for the Arts</a>, a high school focused on six different artistic disciplines, and the public <a href="/wiki/Chicago_High_School_for_the_Arts" title="Chicago High School for the Arts">Chicago High School for the Arts</a>, a high school focused on five disciplines (visual arts, theatre, musical theatre, dance, and music).<a href="#cite_note-325">[319]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Public_Library" title="Chicago Public Library">Chicago Public Library</a> system operates three regional libraries and 77 neighborhood branches, including the central library.<a href="#cite_note-326">[320]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colleges_and_universities">Colleges and universities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Chicago" title="List of colleges and universities in Chicago">List of colleges and universities in Chicago</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harper_Midway_Chicago.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Harper_Midway_Chicago.jpg/220px-Harper_Midway_Chicago.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Harper_Midway_Chicago.jpg/220px-Harper_Midway_Chicago.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Harper_Midway_Chicago.jpg/330px-Harper_Midway_Chicago.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Harper_Midway_Chicago.jpg/440px-Harper_Midway_Chicago.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> campus as seen from the <a href="/wiki/Midway_Plaisance" title="Midway Plaisance">Midway Plaisance</a></figcaption></figure> Since the 1850s, Chicago has been a world center of higher education and research with several universities. These institutions consistently rank among the top "National Universities" in the United States, as determined by <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a>.<a href="#cite_note-327">[321]</a> Highly regarded universities in Chicago and the surrounding area are the University of Chicago; Northwestern University; <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Institute_of_Technology" title="Illinois Institute of Technology">Illinois Institute of Technology</a>; <a href="/wiki/Loyola_University_Chicago" title="Loyola University Chicago">Loyola University Chicago</a>; <a href="/wiki/DePaul_University" title="DePaul University">DePaul University</a>; <a href="/wiki/Columbia_College_Chicago" title="Columbia College Chicago">Columbia College Chicago</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Chicago" title="University of Illinois Chicago">University of Illinois Chicago</a>. Other notable schools include: <a href="/wiki/Chicago_State_University" title="Chicago State University">Chicago State University</a>; the <a href="/wiki/School_of_the_Art_Institute_of_Chicago" title="School of the Art Institute of Chicago">School of the Art Institute of Chicago</a>; <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_University" title="East–West University">East–West University</a>; <a href="/wiki/National_Louis_University" title="National Louis University">National Louis University</a>; <a href="/wiki/North_Park_University" title="North Park University">North Park University</a>; <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Illinois_University" title="Northeastern Illinois University">Northeastern Illinois University</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_University_Illinois" title="Robert Morris University Illinois">Robert Morris University Illinois</a>; <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_University" title="Roosevelt University">Roosevelt University</a>; <a href="/wiki/Saint_Xavier_University" title="Saint Xavier University">Saint Xavier University</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rush_University" title="Rush University">Rush University</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Shimer_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimer College">Shimer College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-328">[322]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Rainey_Harper" title="William Rainey Harper">William Rainey Harper</a>, the first president of the University of Chicago, was instrumental in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Junior_college" title="Junior college">junior college</a> concept, establishing nearby <a href="/wiki/Joliet_Junior_College" title="Joliet Junior College">Joliet Junior College</a> as the first in the nation in 1901.<a href="#cite_note-329">[323]</a> His legacy continues with the multiple <a href="/wiki/Community_college" title="Community college">community colleges</a> in the Chicago proper, including the seven <a href="/wiki/City_Colleges_of_Chicago" title="City Colleges of Chicago">City Colleges of Chicago</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Daley_College" title="Richard J. Daley College">Richard J. Daley College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kennedy%E2%80%93King_College" title="Kennedy–King College">Kennedy–King College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X_College" title="Malcolm X College">Malcolm X College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olive%E2%80%93Harvey_College" title="Olive–Harvey College">Olive–Harvey College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Truman_College" title="Truman College">Truman College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Washington_College" title="Harold Washington College">Harold Washington College</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Wright_College" title="Wilbur Wright College">Wilbur Wright College</a>, in addition to the privately held <a href="/wiki/MacCormac_College" class="mw-redirect" title="MacCormac College">MacCormac College</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Chicago also has a high concentration of post-baccalaureate institutions, graduate schools, seminaries, and theological schools, such as the <a href="/wiki/Adler_School_of_Professional_Psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Adler School of Professional Psychology">Adler School of Professional Psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_School" title="The Chicago School">The Chicago School</a> the <a href="/wiki/Erikson_Institute" title="Erikson Institute">Erikson Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Clinical_Social_Work" title="Institute for Clinical Social Work">Institute for Clinical Social Work</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_School_of_Theology_at_Chicago" title="Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago">Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Theological_Union" title="Catholic Theological Union">Catholic Theological Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moody_Bible_Institute" title="Moody Bible Institute">Moody Bible Institute</a>, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Divinity_School" title="University of Chicago Divinity School">University of Chicago Divinity School</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Media_in_Chicago" title="Media in Chicago">Media in Chicago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chicago_International_Film_Festival" title="Chicago International Film Festival">Chicago International Film Festival</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:W-G-N_Studios_Tribune_Square,_Chicago_(60792).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/W-G-N_Studios_Tribune_Square%2C_Chicago_%2860792%29.jpg/220px-W-G-N_Studios_Tribune_Square%2C_Chicago_%2860792%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3372" data-file-height="2167"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 141px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/W-G-N_Studios_Tribune_Square%2C_Chicago_%2860792%29.jpg/220px-W-G-N_Studios_Tribune_Square%2C_Chicago_%2860792%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="141" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/W-G-N_Studios_Tribune_Square%2C_Chicago_%2860792%29.jpg/330px-W-G-N_Studios_Tribune_Square%2C_Chicago_%2860792%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/W-G-N_Studios_Tribune_Square%2C_Chicago_%2860792%29.jpg/440px-W-G-N_Studios_Tribune_Square%2C_Chicago_%2860792%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/WGN_(AM)" title="WGN (AM)">WGN</a> began in the early days of radio and developed into a multi-platform broadcaster, including a cable television super-station.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harpo_Studio_sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Harpo_Studio_sign.jpg/250px-Harpo_Studio_sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="641"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 138px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Harpo_Studio_sign.jpg/250px-Harpo_Studio_sign.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="138" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Harpo_Studio_sign.jpg/330px-Harpo_Studio_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Harpo_Studio_sign.jpg/500px-Harpo_Studio_sign.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Chicago was home of <a href="/wiki/The_Oprah_Winfrey_Show" title="The Oprah Winfrey Show">The Oprah Winfrey Show</a> from 1986 until 2011, and of other Harpo Production operations until 2015.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3></div> The Chicago metropolitan area is a major media hub and the third-largest media market in the United States, after New York City and Los Angeles.<a href="#cite_note-330">[324]</a> Each of the big five <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_over-the-air_television_networks" title="List of United States over-the-air television networks">U.S. television networks</a>, <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>, <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_CW" title="The CW">The CW</a>, directly owns and operates a <a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">high-definition television</a> station in Chicago (<a href="/wiki/WMAQ-TV" title="WMAQ-TV">WMAQ</a> 5, <a href="/wiki/WLS-TV" title="WLS-TV">WLS</a> 7, <a href="/wiki/WBBM-TV" title="WBBM-TV">WBBM</a> 2, <a href="/wiki/WFLD" title="WFLD">WFLD</a> 32 and <a href="/wiki/WGN-TV" title="WGN-TV">WGN-TV</a> 9, respectively). WGN is owned by the CW through a majority stake held in the network by the <a href="/wiki/Nexstar_Media_Group" title="Nexstar Media Group">Nexstar Media Group</a>, which acquired it from its founding owner <a href="/wiki/Tribune_Broadcasting" title="Tribune Broadcasting">Tribune Broadcasting</a> in 2019. WGN was once carried, with some programming differences, as "<a href="/wiki/WGN_America" title="WGN America">WGN America</a>" on <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable and satellite TV</a> nationwide and in parts of the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>. WGN America eventually became <a href="/wiki/NewsNation" title="NewsNation">NewsNation</a> in 2021. Chicago has also been the home of several prominent talk shows, including <a href="/wiki/The_Oprah_Winfrey_Show" title="The Oprah Winfrey Show">The Oprah Winfrey Show</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Harvey_(talk_show)" title="Steve Harvey (talk show)">Steve Harvey Show</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Rosie_Show" title="The Rosie Show">The Rosie Show</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Jerry_Springer_Show" title="The Jerry Springer Show">The Jerry Springer Show</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Phil_Donahue_Show" title="The Phil Donahue Show">The Phil Donahue Show</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Jenny_Jones_Show" title="The Jenny Jones Show">The Jenny Jones Show</a>, and more. The city also has one <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> member station (its second: <a href="/wiki/WYCC" title="WYCC">WYCC</a> 20, removed its affiliation with PBS in 2017<a href="#cite_note-331">[325]</a>): <a href="/wiki/WTTW" title="WTTW">WTTW</a> 11, producer of shows such as <a href="/wiki/Sneak_Previews" title="Sneak Previews">Sneak Previews</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Frugal_Gourmet" class="mw-redirect" title="The Frugal Gourmet">The Frugal Gourmet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamb_Chop%27s_Play-Along" title="Lamb Chop's Play-Along">Lamb Chop's Play-Along</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_McLaughlin_Group" title="The McLaughlin Group">The McLaughlin Group</a>. As of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago&action=edit">[update]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windy_City_Live" title="Windy City Live">Windy City Live</a> is Chicago's only daytime talk show, which is hosted by Val Warner and <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Chiaverini" title="Ryan Chiaverini">Ryan Chiaverini</a> at ABC7 Studios with a live weekday audience. Since 1999, <a href="/wiki/Judge_Mathis" title="Judge Mathis">Judge Mathis</a> also films his syndicated arbitration-based reality <a href="/wiki/Court_show" title="Court show">court show</a> at the <a href="/wiki/NBC_Tower" title="NBC Tower">NBC Tower</a>. Beginning in January 2019, <a href="/wiki/Newsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Newsy">Newsy</a> began producing 12 of its 14 hours of live news programming per day from its new facility in Chicago.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Television_stations">Television stations</h4></div> Most of Chicago's television stations are owned and operated by the big television network companies. They are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WBBM-TV" title="WBBM-TV">WBBM-TV</a> (2), owned and operated by <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WMAQ-TV" title="WMAQ-TV">WMAQ-TV</a> (5), owned and operated by <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WLS-TV" title="WLS-TV">WLS-TV</a> (7), owned and operated by <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WGN-TV" title="WGN-TV">WGN-TV</a> (9), a <a href="/wiki/The_CW" title="The CW">CW</a> station owned and operated by network majority owner <a href="/wiki/Nexstar_Media_Group" title="Nexstar Media Group">Nexstar Media Group</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTTW" title="WTTW">WTTW</a> (11), a <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> member station owned by Window to the World Communications, Inc.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WCIU-TV" title="WCIU-TV">WCIU-TV</a> (26), an independent station (with a secondary <a href="/wiki/MeTV" title="MeTV">MeTV</a> affiliation) owned by <a href="/wiki/Weigel_Broadcasting" title="Weigel Broadcasting">Weigel Broadcasting</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WFLD" title="WFLD">WFLD</a> (32), owned and operated by <a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWTO-TV" title="WWTO-TV">WWTO-TV</a> (35), owned and operated by TBN, licensed in <a href="/wiki/Naperville" class="mw-redirect" title="Naperville">Naperville</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WCPX-TV" title="WCPX-TV">WCPX-TV</a> (38), owned and operated by <a href="/wiki/Ion_Television" title="Ion Television">Ion Television</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WSNS-TV" title="WSNS-TV">WSNS-TV</a> (44), owned and operated by <a href="/wiki/Telemundo" title="Telemundo">Telemundo</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPWR-TV" title="WPWR-TV">WPWR-TV</a> (50), owned and operated by <a href="/wiki/MyNetworkTV" title="MyNetworkTV">MyNetworkTV</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a>), licensed to <a href="/wiki/Gary,_Indiana" title="Gary, Indiana">Gary, Indiana</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WYIN" title="WYIN">WYIN</a> (56), a PBS member station owned by Northwest Indiana Public Broadcasting, Inc., licensed in Gary, Indiana.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTVK_(TV)" title="WTVK (TV)">WTVK</a> (59), an independent station owned by Venture Technologies Group, licensed in <a href="/wiki/Oswego,_Illinois" title="Oswego, Illinois">Oswego, Illinois</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WXFT-DT" title="WXFT-DT">WXFT-DT</a> (60), owned and operated by <a href="/wiki/Unimas" class="mw-redirect" title="Unimas">Unimas</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WJYS" title="WJYS">WJYS</a> (62), an independent station owned by Millennial Telecommunications, Inc., licensed to <a href="/wiki/Hammond,_Indiana" title="Hammond, Indiana">Hammond, Indiana</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WGBO-DT" title="WGBO-DT">WGBO-DT</a> (66), owned and operated by <a href="/wiki/Univision" title="Univision">Univision</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspapers">Newspapers</h3></div> Two major daily newspapers are published in Chicago: the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times" title="Chicago Sun-Times">Chicago Sun-Times</a>, with the Tribune having the larger circulation. There are also several regional and special-interest newspapers and magazines, such as <a href="/wiki/Chicago_(magazine)" title="Chicago (magazine)">Chicago</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dziennik_Zwi%C4%85zkowy_(Polish_Daily_News)" title="Dziennik Związkowy (Polish Daily News)">Dziennik Związkowy (Polish Daily News)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Draugas" title="Draugas">Draugas</a> (the Lithuanian daily newspaper), the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Reader" title="Chicago Reader">Chicago Reader</a>, the <a href="/wiki/SouthtownStar" class="mw-redirect" title="SouthtownStar">SouthtownStar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Defender" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Defender">Chicago Defender</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Herald_(Arlington_Heights)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Herald (Arlington Heights)">Daily Herald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newcity" title="Newcity">Newcity</a>,<a href="#cite_note-twsOctW11-332">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-twsOctW14-333">[327]</a> <a href="/wiki/StreetWise" title="StreetWise">StreetWise</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Windy_City_Times" title="Windy City Times">Windy City Times</a>. The entertainment and cultural magazine <a href="/wiki/Time_Out_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Out Chicago">Time Out Chicago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grab_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grab (magazine)">GRAB</a> magazine are also published in the city, as well as local music magazine <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Innerview" title="Chicago Innerview">Chicago Innerview</a>. In addition, Chicago is the home of satirical national news outlet, <a href="/wiki/The_Onion" title="The Onion">The Onion</a>, as well as its sister pop-culture publication, <a href="/wiki/The_A.V._Club" title="The A.V. Club">The A.V. Club</a>.<a href="#cite_note-334">[328]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Movies_and_filming">Movies and filming</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_fiction_set_in_Chicago#Films" title="List of fiction set in Chicago">List of movies set in Chicago</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_fiction_set_in_Chicago#Television_shows" title="List of fiction set in Chicago">List of television shows set in Chicago</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio">Radio</h3></div> Chicago has five <a href="/wiki/List_of_50_kW_AM_radio_stations_in_the_United_States" title="List of 50 kW AM radio stations in the United States">50,000 watt AM radio stations</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Audacy,_Inc." title="Audacy, Inc.">Audacy</a>-owned <a href="/wiki/WBBM_(AM)" title="WBBM (AM)">WBBM</a> and <a href="/wiki/WSCR" title="WSCR">WSCR</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Tribune_Broadcasting" title="Tribune Broadcasting">Tribune Broadcasting</a>-owned <a href="/wiki/WGN_(AM)" title="WGN (AM)">WGN</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Cumulus_Media" title="Cumulus Media">Cumulus Media</a>-owned <a href="/wiki/WLS_(AM)" title="WLS (AM)">WLS</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/ESPN_Radio" title="ESPN Radio">ESPN Radio</a>-owned <a href="/wiki/WMVP" title="WMVP">WMVP</a>. Chicago is also home to a number of national radio shows, including <a href="/wiki/Beyond_the_Beltway" title="Beyond the Beltway">Beyond the Beltway</a> with <a href="/wiki/Bruce_DuMont" title="Bruce DuMont">Bruce DuMont</a> on Sunday evenings.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Public Radio">Chicago Public Radio</a> produces nationally aired programs such as <a href="/wiki/Public_Radio_International" title="Public Radio International">PRI</a>'s <a href="/wiki/This_American_Life" title="This American Life">This American Life</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">NPR</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Wait_Wait...Don%27t_Tell_Me!" class="mw-redirect" title="Wait Wait...Don't Tell Me!">Wait Wait...Don't Tell Me!</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2></div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Chicago" title="Transportation in Chicago">Transportation in Chicago</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jane_M._Byrne_Interchange_(1)_4-1-22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Jane_M._Byrne_Interchange_%281%29_4-1-22.jpg/330px-Jane_M._Byrne_Interchange_%281%29_4-1-22.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Jane_M._Byrne_Interchange_%281%29_4-1-22.jpg/330px-Jane_M._Byrne_Interchange_%281%29_4-1-22.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="146" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Jane_M._Byrne_Interchange_%281%29_4-1-22.jpg/500px-Jane_M._Byrne_Interchange_%281%29_4-1-22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Jane_M._Byrne_Interchange_%281%29_4-1-22.jpg/960px-Jane_M._Byrne_Interchange_%281%29_4-1-22.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Aerial photo of the <a href="/wiki/Jane_Byrne_Interchange" title="Jane Byrne Interchange">Jane Byrne Interchange</a> (2022) after reconstruction; it initially opened in the 1960s.</figcaption></figure> Chicago is a major transportation hub in the United States. It is an important component in global distribution, as it is the third-largest inter-modal port in the world after <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadigan200452-335">[329]</a> The city of Chicago has a higher than average percentage of households without a car. In 2015, 26.5 percent of Chicago households were without a car, and increased slightly to 27.5 percent in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Chicago averaged 1.12 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.<a href="#cite_note-336">[330]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parking">Parking</h4></div> Due to Chicago's <a href="/wiki/Wheel_tax" title="Wheel tax">wheel tax</a>,<a href="#cite_note-337">[331]</a> residents of Chicago who own a vehicle are required to purchase a Chicago City Vehicle Sticker.<a href="#cite_note-338">[332]</a> In established Residential Parking Zones, only local residents can purchase Zone-specific parking stickers for themselves and guests.<a href="#cite_note-339">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-340">[334]</a> Chicago since 2009 has relinquished rights to its <a href="/wiki/Commercial_area" title="Commercial area">public</a> street parking.<a href="#cite_note-341">[335]</a> In 2008, as Chicago struggled to close a growing budget deficit, the city agreed to a 75-year, $1.16 billion deal to lease its <a href="/wiki/Parking_meter" title="Parking meter">parking meter</a> system to an operating company created by <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Stanley" title="Morgan Stanley">Morgan Stanley</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Parking_Meters_LLC" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Parking Meters LLC">Chicago Parking Meters LLC</a>. Daley said the "agreement is very good news for the taxpayers of Chicago because it will provide more than $1 billion in net proceeds that can be used during this very difficult economy."<a href="#cite_note-fail-342">[336]</a> The rights of the parking ticket lease end in 2081, and since 2022 have already recouped over $1.5 billion in revenue for <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Parking_Meters_LLC" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Parking Meters LLC">Chicago Parking Meters LLC</a> investors.<a href="#cite_note-343">[337]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Expressways">Expressways</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Roads_and_expressways_in_Chicago" title="Roads and expressways in Chicago">Roads and expressways in Chicago</a></div> Seven mainline and four auxiliary <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System" title="Interstate Highway System">interstate highways</a> (<a href="/wiki/Interstate_55_in_Illinois" title="Interstate 55 in Illinois">55</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interstate_57" title="Interstate 57">57</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interstate_65_in_Indiana" title="Interstate 65 in Indiana">65</a> (only in Indiana), <a href="/wiki/Interstate_80_in_Illinois" title="Interstate 80 in Illinois">80</a> (also in <a href="/wiki/Interstate_80_in_Indiana" title="Interstate 80 in Indiana">Indiana</a>), <a href="/wiki/Interstate_88_(west)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 88 (west)">88</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interstate_90_in_Illinois" title="Interstate 90 in Illinois">90</a> (also in <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Toll_Road" title="Indiana Toll Road">Indiana</a>), <a href="/wiki/Interstate_94_in_Illinois" title="Interstate 94 in Illinois">94</a> (also in <a href="/wiki/Interstate_94_in_Indiana" title="Interstate 94 in Indiana">Indiana</a>), <a href="/wiki/Interstate_190_(Illinois)" title="Interstate 190 (Illinois)">190</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interstate_290_(Illinois)" title="Interstate 290 (Illinois)">290</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interstate_294" title="Interstate 294">294</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Interstate_355" title="Interstate 355">355</a>) run through Chicago and its suburbs. Segments that link to the city center are named after influential politicians, with three of them named after former U.S. Presidents (Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Reagan) and one named after two-time Democratic candidate <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Expressway" title="Kennedy Expressway">Kennedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dan_Ryan_Expressway" title="Dan Ryan Expressway">Dan Ryan</a> Expressways are the busiest state maintained routes in the entire state of Illinois.<a href="#cite_note-344">[338]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transit_systems">Transit systems</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicago_union_station_hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Chicago_union_station_hall.jpg/260px-Chicago_union_station_hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="126" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3087" data-file-height="1492"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 126px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Chicago_union_station_hall.jpg/260px-Chicago_union_station_hall.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="126" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Chicago_union_station_hall.jpg/390px-Chicago_union_station_hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Chicago_union_station_hall.jpg/520px-Chicago_union_station_hall.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Union_Station" title="Chicago Union Station">Chicago Union Station</a>, opened in 1925, is the third-busiest passenger rail terminal in the United States.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Regional_Transportation_Authority_(Illinois)" title="Regional Transportation Authority (Illinois)">Regional Transportation Authority</a> (RTA) coordinates the operation of the three service boards: CTA, Metra, and Pace. <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Transit_Authority" title="Chicago Transit Authority">Chicago Transit Authority</a> (CTA) handles public transportation in the City of Chicago and a few adjacent suburbs outside of the Chicago city limits. The CTA operates an extensive network of buses and a <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit</a> elevated and subway system known as <a href="/wiki/Chicago_%22L%22" title='Chicago "L"'>the Chicago "L" or just the "L"</a> (short for "elevated"), with lines designated by colors. These rapid transit lines also serve both <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Midway_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Midway International Airport">Midway</a> and O'Hare Airports. The CTA's rail lines consist of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Line_(Chicago_Transit_Authority)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Line (Chicago Transit Authority)">Red</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue_Line_(Chicago_Transit_Authority)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Line (Chicago Transit Authority)">Blue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_Line_(Chicago_Transit_Authority)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Line (Chicago Transit Authority)">Green</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orange_Line_(Chicago_Transit_Authority)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange Line (Chicago Transit Authority)">Orange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brown_Line_(Chicago_Transit_Authority)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown Line (Chicago Transit Authority)">Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Purple_Line_(Chicago_Transit_Authority)" class="mw-redirect" title="Purple Line (Chicago Transit Authority)">Purple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pink_Line_(Chicago_Transit_Authority)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pink Line (Chicago Transit Authority)">Pink</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Line_(Chicago_Transit_Authority)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow Line (Chicago Transit Authority)">Yellow</a> lines. Both the Red and Blue lines offer 24‑hour service which makes Chicago one of a handful of cities around the world (and one of two in the United States, the other being New York City) to offer rail service 24 hours a day, every day of the year, within the city's limits.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metra" title="Metra">Metra</a>, the nation's second-most used passenger regional rail network, operates an 11-line <a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">commuter rail</a> service in Chicago and throughout the Chicago suburbs. The <a href="/wiki/Metra_Electric_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Metra Electric Line">Metra Electric Line</a> shares its trackage with Northern Indiana Commuter Transportation District's <a href="/wiki/South_Shore_Line_(NICTD)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Shore Line (NICTD)">South Shore Line</a>, which provides commuter service between <a href="/wiki/South_Bend,_Indiana" title="South Bend, Indiana">South Bend</a> and Chicago.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pace_(transit)" title="Pace (transit)">Pace</a> provides bus and <a href="/wiki/Paratransit" title="Paratransit">paratransit</a> service in over 200 surrounding suburbs with some extensions into the city as well. A 2005 study found that one quarter of commuters used public transit.<a href="#cite_note-345">[339]</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Greyhound_Lines" title="Greyhound Lines">Greyhound Lines</a> provides inter-city bus service to and from the city at the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Bus_Station" title="Chicago Bus Station">Chicago Bus Station</a>, and Chicago is also the hub for the Midwest network of <a href="/wiki/Megabus_(North_America)" title="Megabus (North America)">Megabus (North America)</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Passenger_rail">Passenger rail</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20110821_AmtrakEmpireBuilder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/20110821_AmtrakEmpireBuilder.jpg/220px-20110821_AmtrakEmpireBuilder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2941" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 194px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/20110821_AmtrakEmpireBuilder.jpg/220px-20110821_AmtrakEmpireBuilder.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="194" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/20110821_AmtrakEmpireBuilder.jpg/330px-20110821_AmtrakEmpireBuilder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/20110821_AmtrakEmpireBuilder.jpg/440px-20110821_AmtrakEmpireBuilder.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a> train on the <a href="/wiki/Empire_Builder" title="Empire Builder">Empire Builder</a> route departs Chicago from <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Union_Station" title="Chicago Union Station">Union Station</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a> long distance and <a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">commuter rail</a> services originate from <a href="/wiki/Union_Station_(Chicago)" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Station (Chicago)">Union Station</a>.<a href="#cite_note-346">[340]</a> Chicago is one of the largest hubs of passenger rail service in the nation.<a href="#cite_note-347">[341]</a> The services terminate in the San Francisco area, Washington, D.C., New York City, New Orleans, <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quincy,_Illinois" title="Quincy, Illinois">Quincy</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbondale,_Illinois" title="Carbondale, Illinois">Carbondale</a>, Boston, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_Huron,_Michigan" title="Port Huron, Michigan">Port Huron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontiac,_Michigan" title="Pontiac, Michigan">Pontiac</a>, Los Angeles, and <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a>. Future service will terminate at <a href="/wiki/Moline,_Illinois" title="Moline, Illinois">Moline</a>. An attempt was made in the early 20th century to link Chicago with New York City via the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_%E2%80%93_New_York_Electric_Air_Line_Railroad" title="Chicago – New York Electric Air Line Railroad">Chicago – New York Electric Air Line Railroad</a>. Parts of this were built, but it was never completed. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bicycle_and_scooter_sharing_systems">Bicycle and scooter sharing systems</h4></div> In July 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Bicycle-sharing_system" title="Bicycle-sharing system">bicycle-sharing system</a> <a href="/wiki/Divvy" title="Divvy">Divvy</a> was launched with 750 bikes and 75 docking stations<a href="#cite_note-348">[342]</a> It is operated by <a href="/wiki/Lyft" title="Lyft">Lyft</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Department_of_Transportation" title="Chicago Department of Transportation">Chicago Department of Transportation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-349">[343]</a> As of July 2019, Divvy operated 5800 bicycles at 608 stations, covering almost all of the city, excluding <a href="/wiki/Pullman,_Chicago" title="Pullman, Chicago">Pullman</a>, Rosedale, <a href="/wiki/Beverly,_Chicago" title="Beverly, Chicago">Beverly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belmont_Cragin,_Chicago" title="Belmont Cragin, Chicago">Belmont Cragin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edison_Park,_Chicago" title="Edison Park, Chicago">Edison Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-350">[344]</a> In May 2019, The City of Chicago announced its Chicago's Electric Shared Scooter Pilot Program, scheduled to run from June 15 to October 15.<a href="#cite_note-351">[345]</a> The program started on June 15 with 10 different scooter companies, including scooter sharing market leaders <a href="/wiki/Bird_Global" title="Bird Global">Bird</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jump_(transportation_company)" title="Jump (transportation company)">Jump</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lime_(transportation_company)" title="Lime (transportation company)">Lime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lyft" title="Lyft">Lyft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-352">[346]</a> Each company was allowed to bring 250 <a href="/wiki/Electric_motorcycles_and_scooters" title="Electric motorcycles and scooters">electric scooters</a>, although both Bird and Lime claimed that they experienced a higher demand for their scooters.<a href="#cite_note-353">[347]</a> The program ended on October 15, with nearly 800,000 rides taken.<a href="#cite_note-354">[348]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Freight_rail">Freight rail</h4></div> Chicago is the largest hub in the railroad industry.<a href="#cite_note-355">[349]</a> All five <a href="/wiki/Class_I_railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Class I railroad">Class I railroads</a> meet in Chicago. As of 2002<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago&action=edit">[update]</a>, severe freight train congestion caused trains to take as long to get through the Chicago region as it took to get there from the West Coast of the country (about 2 days).<a href="#cite_note-356">[350]</a> According to U.S. Department of Transportation, the volume of imported and exported goods transported via rail to, from, or through Chicago is forecast to increase nearly 150 percent between 2010 and 2040.<a href="#cite_note-357">[351]</a> CREATE, the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Region_Environmental_and_Transportation_Efficiency_Program" title="Chicago Region Environmental and Transportation Efficiency Program">Chicago Region Environmental and Transportation Efficiency Program</a>, comprises about 70 programs, including crossovers, overpasses and underpasses, that intend to significantly improve the speed of freight movements in the Chicago area.<a href="#cite_note-358">[352]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Airports">Airports</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Chicago#Airports" title="Transportation in Chicago">Transportation in Chicago § Airports</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicago_O%27Hare_International_Airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Chicago_O%27Hare_International_Airport.jpg/330px-Chicago_O%27Hare_International_Airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="2916"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Chicago_O%27Hare_International_Airport.jpg/330px-Chicago_O%27Hare_International_Airport.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="146" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Chicago_O%27Hare_International_Airport.jpg/500px-Chicago_O%27Hare_International_Airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Chicago_O%27Hare_International_Airport.jpg/960px-Chicago_O%27Hare_International_Airport.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/O%27Hare_International_Airport" title="O'Hare International Airport">O'Hare International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> Chicago is served by <a href="/wiki/O%27Hare_International_Airport" title="O'Hare International Airport">O'Hare International Airport</a>, the world's busiest airport measured by airline operations,<a href="#cite_note-359">[353]</a> on the far Northwest Side, and <a href="/wiki/Midway_International_Airport" title="Midway International Airport">Midway International Airport</a> on the Southwest Side. In 2005, O'Hare was the world's busiest airport by aircraft movements and the second-busiest by total passenger traffic.<a href="#cite_note-360">[354]</a> Both O'Hare and Midway are owned and operated by the City of Chicago. <a href="/wiki/Gary/Chicago_International_Airport" title="Gary/Chicago International Airport">Gary/Chicago International Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Rockford_International_Airport" title="Chicago Rockford International Airport">Chicago Rockford International Airport</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Gary,_Indiana" title="Gary, Indiana">Gary, Indiana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rockford,_Illinois" title="Rockford, Illinois">Rockford, Illinois</a>, respectively, can serve as alternative Chicago area airports, however they do not offer as many commercial flights as O'Hare and Midway. In recent years the state of Illinois has been leaning towards <a href="/wiki/Proposed_Chicago_south_suburban_airport" title="Proposed Chicago south suburban airport">building an entirely new airport</a> in the Illinois suburbs of Chicago.<a href="#cite_note-361">[355]</a> The City of Chicago is the world headquarters for <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a>, the world's third-largest airline. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Port_authority">Port authority</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Chicago" title="Port of Chicago">Port of Chicago</a></div> The Port of Chicago consists of several major port facilities within the city of Chicago operated by the Illinois International Port District (formerly known as the Chicago Regional Port District). The central element of the Port District, Calumet Harbor, is maintained by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Corps_of_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Corps of Engineers">U.S. Army Corps of Engineers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-362">[356]</a> <ul><li>Iroquois Landing Lakefront Terminal: at the mouth of the Calumet River, it includes 100 acres (0.40 km2) of warehouses and facilities on Lake Michigan with over 780,000 square meters (8,400,000 sq ft) of storage.</li> <li>Lake Calumet terminal: located at the union of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Calumet_River" title="Grand Calumet River">Grand Calumet River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Little_Calumet_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Calumet River">Little Calumet River</a> 6 miles (9.7 km) inland from Lake Michigan. Includes three transit sheds totaling over 29,000 square meters (310,000 sq ft) adjacent to over 900 linear meters (3,000 linear feet) of ship and barge berthing.</li> <li>Grain (14 million bushels) and bulk liquid (800,000 barrels) storage facilities along <a href="/wiki/Lake_Calumet" title="Lake Calumet">Lake Calumet</a>.</li> <li>The Illinois International Port district also operates <a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_zones_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign trade zones of the United States">Foreign trade zone</a> No. 22, which extends 60 miles (97 km) from Chicago's city limits.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utilities">Utilities</h3></div> Electricity for most of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Illinois" title="Northern Illinois">northern Illinois</a> is provided by <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Edison" title="Commonwealth Edison">Commonwealth Edison</a>, also known as ComEd. Their service territory borders <a href="/wiki/Iroquois_County,_Illinois" title="Iroquois County, Illinois">Iroquois County</a> to the south, the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> border to the north, the <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a> border to the west and the <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> border to the east. In northern Illinois, ComEd (a division of <a href="/wiki/Exelon" title="Exelon">Exelon</a>) operates the greatest number of nuclear generating plants in any U.S. state. Because of this, ComEd reports indicate that Chicago receives about 75% of its electricity from nuclear power. Recently, the city began installing wind turbines on government buildings to promote renewable energy.<a href="#cite_note-363">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-364">[358]</a><a href="#cite_note-365">[359]</a> Natural gas is provided by Peoples Gas, a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Integrys_Energy_Group" title="Integrys Energy Group">Integrys Energy Group</a>, which is headquartered in Chicago. Domestic and industrial waste was once incinerated but it is now <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">landfilled</a>, mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Calumet" title="Lake Calumet">Calumet area</a>. From 1995 to 2008, the city had a <a href="/wiki/Blue_bag" title="Blue bag">blue bag</a> program to divert recyclable refuse from landfills.<a href="#cite_note-366">[360]</a> Because of low participation in the blue bag programs, the city began a pilot program for blue bin recycling like other cities. This proved successful and blue bins were rolled out across the city.<a href="#cite_note-367">[361]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_systems">Health systems</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prentice_Chicago_060816.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Prentice_Chicago_060816.jpg/250px-Prentice_Chicago_060816.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="761" data-file-height="1024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 229px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Prentice_Chicago_060816.jpg/250px-Prentice_Chicago_060816.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="229" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Prentice_Chicago_060816.jpg/330px-Prentice_Chicago_060816.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Prentice_Chicago_060816.jpg/500px-Prentice_Chicago_060816.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Prentice Women's Hospital on the <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Memorial_Hospital" title="Northwestern Memorial Hospital">Northwestern Memorial Hospital</a> Downtown Campus</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Medical_District" title="Illinois Medical District">Illinois Medical District</a> is on the Near West Side. It includes <a href="/wiki/Rush_University_Medical_Center" title="Rush University Medical Center">Rush University Medical Center</a>, ranked as the second best hospital in the Chicago metropolitan area by U.S. News & World Report for 2014–16, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_College_of_Medicine" title="University of Illinois College of Medicine">University of Illinois Medical Center at Chicago</a>, Jesse Brown VA Hospital, and <a href="/wiki/John_H._Stroger_Jr._Hospital_of_Cook_County" title="John H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County">John H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County</a>, one of the busiest trauma centers in the nation.<a href="#cite_note-368">[362]</a> Two of the country's premier academic medical centers reside in Chicago, including <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Memorial_Hospital" title="Northwestern Memorial Hospital">Northwestern Memorial Hospital</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Medical_Center" title="University of Chicago Medical Center">University of Chicago Medical Center</a>. The Chicago campus of Northwestern University includes the <a href="/wiki/Feinberg_School_of_Medicine" title="Feinberg School of Medicine">Feinberg School of Medicine</a>; Northwestern Memorial Hospital, which is ranked as the best hospital in the Chicago metropolitan area by U.S. News & World Report for 2017–18;<a href="#cite_note-369">[363]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Ryan_AbilityLab" class="mw-redirect" title="Shirley Ryan AbilityLab">Shirley Ryan AbilityLab</a> (formerly named the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago), which is ranked the best U.S. rehabilitation hospital by U.S. News & World Report;<a href="#cite_note-370">[364]</a> the new <a href="/wiki/List_of_Northwestern_University_buildings#Prentice_Women's_Hospital" title="List of Northwestern University buildings">Prentice Women's Hospital</a>; and Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_College_of_Medicine" title="University of Illinois College of Medicine">University of Illinois College of Medicine</a> at UIC is the second-largest medical school in the United States (2,600 students, including those at campuses in Peoria, Rockford and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana%E2%80%93Champaign" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign">Urbana–Champaign</a>).<a href="#cite_note-371">[365]</a> In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Medical_School" title="Chicago Medical School">Chicago Medical School</a> and Loyola University Chicago's <a href="/wiki/Stritch_School_of_Medicine" title="Stritch School of Medicine">Stritch School of Medicine</a> are located in the suburbs of <a href="/wiki/North_Chicago,_Illinois" title="North Chicago, Illinois">North Chicago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maywood,_Illinois" title="Maywood, Illinois">Maywood</a>, respectively. The <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_University" title="Midwestern University">Midwestern University</a> Chicago College of <a href="/wiki/Osteopathic_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="Osteopathic medicine in the United States">Osteopathic Medicine</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Downers_Grove,_Illinois" title="Downers Grove, Illinois">Downers Grove</a>. The <a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association">American Medical Association</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accreditation_Council_for_Graduate_Medical_Education" title="Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education">Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accreditation_Council_for_Continuing_Medical_Education" title="Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education">Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Osteopathic_Association" title="American Osteopathic Association">American Osteopathic Association</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Dental_Association" title="American Dental Association">American Dental Association</a>, <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_General_Dentistry" title="Academy of General Dentistry">Academy of General Dentistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Nutrition_and_Dietetics" title="Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics">Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Nurse_Anesthetists" class="mw-redirect" title="American Association of Nurse Anesthetists">American Association of Nurse Anesthetists</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_College_of_Surgeons" title="American College of Surgeons">American College of Surgeons</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_Clinical_Pathology" title="American Society for Clinical Pathology">American Society for Clinical Pathology</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_College_of_Healthcare_Executives" title="American College of Healthcare Executives">American College of Healthcare Executives</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Hospital_Association" title="American Hospital Association">American Hospital Association</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blue_Cross_and_Blue_Shield_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association">Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association</a> are all based in Chicago. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Sister_cities">Sister cities</h2></div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_sister_cities_in_Illinois#C" title="List of sister cities in Illinois">List of sister cities of Chicago</a></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_area_water_quality" title="Chicago area water quality">Chicago area water quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Wilderness" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Wilderness">Chicago Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentrification_of_Chicago" title="Gentrification of Chicago">Gentrification of Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Illinois-related_articles" title="Index of Illinois-related articles">Index of Illinois-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_with_the_most_skyscrapers" title="List of cities with the most skyscrapers">List of cities with the most skyscrapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Central_Chicago" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Central Chicago">National Register of Historic Places listings in Central Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_North_Side_Chicago" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in North Side Chicago">National Register of Historic Places listings in North Side Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_West_Side_Chicago" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in West Side Chicago">National Register of Historic Places listings in West Side Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Chicago" title="USS Chicago">USS Chicago</a>, four ships</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/08\/En-us-Chicago.ogg\/En-us-Chicago.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Chicago.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/08/En-us-Chicago.ogg/En-us-Chicago.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Chicago.ogg" title="File:En-us-Chicago.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">shih-KAH-goh</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>locally also <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">shih-KAW-goh</a>;<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Miami-Illinois_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami-Illinois language">Miami-Illinois</a>: Shikaakwa; <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a>: Zhigaagong<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strange_field_expl-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Strange_field_expl_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strange_field_expl_153-1">b</a> Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> Official records for Chicago were kept at various locations in downtown from January 1871 to December 31, 1925, University of Chicago from January 1, 1926 to June 30, 1942, Midway Airport from July 1, 1942 to January 16, 1980, and at O'Hare Airport since January 17, 1980.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-fifteen-186">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fifteen_186-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fifteen_186-1">b</a> From 15% sample </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> The total for each race includes those who reported that race alone or in combination with other races. People who reported a combination of multiple races may be counted multiple times, so the sum of all percentages will exceed 100%. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> Hispanic and Latino origins are separate from race in the U.S. Census. The Census does not distinguish between Latino origins alone or in combination. This row counts Hispanics and Latinos of any race. </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-gnis-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gnis_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gnis_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/428803">"City of Chicago"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">Geographic Names Information System</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=City+of+Chicago&rft.btitle=Geographic+Names+Information+System&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey%2C+United+States+Department+of+the+Interior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedits.nationalmap.gov%2Fapps%2Fgaz-domestic%2Fpublic%2Fsearch%2Fnames%2F428803&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CenPopGazetteer2020-2"><a href="#cite_ref-CenPopGazetteer2020_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_17.txt">"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files"</a>. 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Retrieved March 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+U.S.+Gazetteer+Files&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fgeo%2Fdocs%2Fmaps-data%2Fdata%2Fgazetteer%2F2020_Gazetteer%2F2020_gaz_place_17.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quickfacts-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quickfacts_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quickfacts_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/chicagocityillinois/PST045222">"QuickFacts: Chicago city, Illinois"</a>. census.gov. United States Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231218043241/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/chicagocityillinois/PST045222">Archived</a> from the original on December 18, 2023. Retrieved February 29, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=census.gov&rft.atitle=QuickFacts%3A+Chicago+city%2C+Illinois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fquickfacts%2Ffact%2Ftable%2Fchicagocityillinois%2FPST045222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-urban_area-4"><a href="#cite_ref-urban_area_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/geography/guidance/geo-areas/urban-rural.html">"List of 2020 Census Urban Areas"</a>. census.gov. United States Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114022812/https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/geography/guidance/geo-areas/urban-rural.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved January 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=census.gov&rft.atitle=List+of+2020+Census+Urban+Areas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprograms-surveys%2Fgeography%2Fguidance%2Fgeo-areas%2Furban-rural.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2020Pop-5"><a href="#cite_ref-2020Pop_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html">"2020 Population and Housing State Data"</a>. United States Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210824081449/https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+Population+and+Housing+State+Data&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fvisualizations%2Finteractive%2F2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/NGMP16980">"Total Gross Domestic Product for Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI (MSA)"</a>. fred.stlouisfed.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fred.stlouisfed.org&rft.atitle=Total+Gross+Domestic+Product+for+Chicago-Naperville-Elgin%2C+IL-IN-WI+%28MSA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffred.stlouisfed.org%2Fseries%2FNGMP16980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite id="CITEREFWells1982" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. 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Chicago Reader. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201213172436/https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/tipi-first-nations-garden-albany-park/Content?oid=69017988">Archived</a> from the original on December 13, 2020. Retrieved January 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Reader&rft.atitle=%27We%27re+still+here%27&rft.date=2019-03-18&rft.aulast=Carrico&rft.aufirst=Natalya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagoreader.com%2Fchicago%2Ftipi-first-nations-garden-albany-park%2FContent%3Foid%3D69017988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-QuickFacts-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-QuickFacts_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-QuickFacts_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/chicagocityillinois/POP010220">"QuickFacts: Chicago city, Illinois"</a>. 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In <a href="#CITEREFGrossmanKeatingReiff2004">Grossman, Keating & Reiff (2004)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-chicagohistory-demography-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chicagohistory-demography_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chicagohistory-demography_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/962.html">"Demography: Chicago as a Modern World City"</a>. Encyclopedia of Chicago. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221012204646/https://encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/962.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 12, 2022. 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Retrieved September 19, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nineteenth-Century+Reform+Movements&rft.btitle=Building+American+Public+Health%3A+Urban+Planning%2C+Architecture%2C+%26+the+Quest+for+Better+Health+in+the+United+States&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-137-00243-3&rft.aulast=Lopez&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzbjFAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140917212325/http://www.chicagoarchitecture.info/Building/3168/The-Home-Insurance-Building.php">"The Home Insurance Building"</a>. Chicago Architecture Info. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagoarchitecture.info/Building/3168/The-Home-Insurance-Building.php">the original</a> on September 17, 2014. Retrieved September 23, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Architecture+Info&rft.atitle=The+Home+Insurance+Building&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagoarchitecture.info%2FBuilding%2F3168%2FThe-Home-Insurance-Building.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ultrapolisproject.com/ultrapolis_017.htm">World's Tallest Cities</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070308161625/http://www.ultrapolisproject.com/ultrapolis_017.htm">Archived</a> March 8, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. UltrapolisProject.com. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130603063912/http://www.emporis.com/statistics/tallest-buildings-usa">"U.S.A.'s tallest buildings – Top 20"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Emporis" title="Emporis">Emporis</a>. Archived from the original on June 3, 2013. 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The Merchandise Mart. Pomegranate Communications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7649-2497-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7649-2497-4"><bdi>0-7649-2497-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2003051164">2003051164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Merchandise+Mart&rft.pub=Pomegranate+Communications&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2003051164&rft.isbn=0-7649-2497-4&rft.aulast=Pridmore&rft.aufirst=Jay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBach198070,_99–100,_146–147-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBach198070,_99%E2%80%93100,_146%E2%80%93147_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBach1980">Bach (1980)</a>, pp. 70, 99–100, 146–147. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCondit1998" class="citation book cs1">Condit, Carl W. (1998). The Chicago School of Architecture. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-11455-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-11455-4"><bdi>0-226-11455-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chicago+School+of+Architecture&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-226-11455-4&rft.aulast=Condit&rft.aufirst=Carl+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmann1984" class="citation book cs1">Hoffmann, Donald (1984). Frank Lloyd Wright's Robie House: The Illustrated Story of an Architectural Masterpiece. 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Robie House"</a>. Frank Lloyd Wright Trust. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140910224118/http://flwright.org/researchexplore/robiehouse">Archived</a> from the original on September 10, 2014. Retrieved September 23, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frederick+C.+Robie+House&rft.pub=Frank+Lloyd+Wright+Trust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flwright.org%2Fresearchexplore%2Frobiehouse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180619205552/https://www.architecture.org/experience-caf/tours/detail/chicago-architecture-foundation-river-cruise-aboard-chicagos-first-lady-cruises/">"Chicago Architecture Foundation River Cruise Aboard Chicago's First Lady Cruises"</a>. Chicago Architecture Foundation – CAF. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.architecture.org/experience-caf/tours/detail/chicago-architecture-foundation-river-cruise-aboard-chicagos-first-lady-cruises/">the original</a> on June 19, 2018. Retrieved May 29, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Architecture+Foundation+%E2%80%93+CAF&rft.atitle=Chicago+Architecture+Foundation+River+Cruise+Aboard+Chicago%27s+First+Lady+Cruises&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.architecture.org%2Fexperience-caf%2Ftours%2Fdetail%2Fchicago-architecture-foundation-river-cruise-aboard-chicagos-first-lady-cruises%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131016194149/http://www.cntraveler.com/daily-traveler/chicago/2013/10/street-art-tour-murals-hyde-park-university-chicago-illinois_slideshow_item0_1">"The Public Art Scene You're Missing in Chicago"</a>. Conde Nast Traveler. October 1, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cntraveler.com/daily-traveler/chicago/2013/10/street-art-tour-murals-hyde-park-university-chicago-illinois_slideshow_item0_1">the original</a> on October 16, 2013. Retrieved November 18, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Public+Art+Scene+You%27re+Missing+in+Chicago&rft.pub=Conde+Nast+Traveler&rft.date=2013-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cntraveler.com%2Fdaily-traveler%2Fchicago%2F2013%2F10%2Fstreet-art-tour-murals-hyde-park-university-chicago-illinois_slideshow_item0_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicago.gov/content/city/en/depts/dca/supp_info/chicago_s_publicartcrownfountaininmillenniumpark.html">"Crown Fountain in Millennium Park"</a>. chicago.gov. Retrieved October 24, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chicago.gov&rft.atitle=Crown+Fountain+in+Millennium+Park&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicago.gov%2Fcontent%2Fcity%2Fen%2Fdepts%2Fdca%2Fsupp_info%2Fchicago_s_publicartcrownfountaininmillenniumpark.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagoparkdistrict.com/parks-facilities/clarence-f-buckingham-memorial-fountain">"Clarence F. Buckingham Memorial Fountain | Chicago Park District"</a>. www.chicagoparkdistrict.com. 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Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-02144-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-02144-7"><bdi>978-3-319-02144-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230709112337/https://books.google.com/books?id=nWr1AwAAQBAJ&q=hot-summer+humid+continental+climate+CHICAGO&pg=PA521">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2023. 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Weatherbase. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519043008/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=3527&cityname=Chicago,+Illinois,+United+States+of+America">Archived</a> from the original on May 19, 2020. 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American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130402141408/http://www.aaos.org/news/acadnews/2013/AAOS16_3_20.asp">Archived</a> from the original on April 2, 2013. Retrieved April 27, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Academy+of+Orthopaedic+Surgeons&rft.atitle=Chicago%3A+Landmarks%2C+Pizza%2C+Politics%2C+and+Jazz&rft.aulast=Fischer%2C+MD&rft.aufirst=Stuart+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaos.org%2Fnews%2Facadnews%2F2013%2FAAOS16_3_20.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGemignani,_Tony.2014" class="citation book cs1">Gemignani, Tony. (2014). The pizza bible : the world's favorite pizza styles, from Neapolitan, deep-dish, wood-fired, Sicilian, calzones and focaccia to New York, New Haven, Detroit, and more (First ed.). Clarkson Potter/Ten Speed. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60774-605-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60774-605-8"><bdi>978-1-60774-605-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/879642419">879642419</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+pizza+bible+%3A+the+world%27s+favorite+pizza+styles%2C+from+Neapolitan%2C+deep-dish%2C+wood-fired%2C+Sicilian%2C+calzones+and+focaccia+to+New+York%2C+New+Haven%2C+Detroit%2C+and+more&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Clarkson+Potter%2FTen+Speed&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F879642419&rft.isbn=978-1-60774-605-8&rft.au=Gemignani%2C+Tony.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030415193753/http://www.foodnetwork.com/food/recipes/recipe/0%2C1977%2CFOOD_9936_8208%2C00.html">"Classic Chicago Hot Dog"</a>. Emril Lagasse. 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foodnetwork.com/food/recipes/recipe/0,1977,FOOD_9936_8208,00.html">the original</a> on April 15, 2003. Retrieved September 3, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Emril+Lagasse&rft.atitle=Classic+Chicago+Hot+Dog&rft.date=1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foodnetwork.com%2Ffood%2Frecipes%2Frecipe%2F0%2C1977%2CFOOD_9936_8208%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Recipe_Detail:_Chicago_Style_Hot_Dog-254"><a href="#cite_ref-Recipe_Detail:_Chicago_Style_Hot_Dog_254-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080815101621/https://www.wttw.com/main.taf?erube_fh=wttw&wttw.submit.CPRecipieDetail=1&wttw.RecipieID=26">"Recipe Detail: Chicago Style Hot Dog"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wttw.com/main.taf?erube_fh=wttw&wttw.submit.CPRecipieDetail=1&wttw.RecipieID=26">the original</a> on August 15, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recipe+Detail%3A+Chicago+Style+Hot+Dog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wttw.com%2Fmain.taf%3Ferube_fh%3Dwttw%26wttw.submit.CPRecipieDetail%3D1%26wttw.RecipieID%3D26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibsonPortia_Belloc_Lowndes2008" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Kelly; Portia Belloc Lowndes (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mg1wcViP7vgC&q=Chicago%20%22hot%20dog%22%20ketchup&pg=PA238">The Slow Food guide to Chicago: Restaurants, markets, bars</a>. Chelsea Green Publishing. p. 384. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-931498-61-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-931498-61-6"><bdi>978-1-931498-61-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230709112835/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mg1wcViP7vgC&q=Chicago%20%22hot%20dog%22%20ketchup&pg=PA238">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2010. <q>no self-respecting Chicagoan would think of using ketchup as a condiment ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Slow+Food+guide+to+Chicago%3A+Restaurants%2C+markets%2C+bars&rft.pages=384&rft.pub=Chelsea+Green+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-931498-61-6&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rft.au=Portia+Belloc+Lowndes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMg1wcViP7vgC%26q%3DChicago%2520%2522hot%2520dog%2522%2520ketchup%26pg%3DPA238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFodor's2009" class="citation book cs1">Fodor's (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fodorschicago20100fodo">Fodor's Chicago 2010</a>. 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Retrieved February 18, 2010. <q>Make sure to never add ketchup to your Chicago-style hot dog: a major no-no among hot dog aficionados.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fodor%27s+Chicago+2010&rft.pages=352&rft.pub=Fodor%27s&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-0860-5&rft.au=Fodor%27s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffodorschicago20100fodo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sandwich-257"><a href="#cite_ref-sandwich_257-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeldes2010" class="citation web cs1">Zeldes, Leah A. 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Retrieved August 9, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chicagohistory.org&rft.atitle=Literary+Images+of+Chicago&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org%2Fpages%2F1390.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/257.html">"Chicago Literary Renaissance"</a>. chicagohistory.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220921183952/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/257.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 21, 2022. Retrieved August 9, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chicagohistory.org&rft.atitle=Chicago+Literary+Renaissance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org%2Fpages%2F257.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ny-268"><a href="#cite_ref-ny_268-0">^</a> Goodyear, Dana, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/02/19/070219fa_fact_goodyear">"The Moneyed Muse: What can two hundred million dollars do for poetry?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140630105939/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/02/19/070219fa_fact_goodyear">Archived</a> June 30, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, article, <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>, February 19 and 26 double issue, 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiggory2015" class="citation book cs1">Diggory, Terence (April 22, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SpxbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT271">Encyclopedia of the New York School Poets</a>. Infobase Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-4066-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-4066-7"><bdi>978-1-4381-4066-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230709112921/https://books.google.com/books?id=SpxbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT271">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2023. 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Seven Stories Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60980-057-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60980-057-4"><bdi>978-1-60980-057-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230709112835/https://books.google.com/books?id=yRG1XpKfemwC&pg=PA255">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2023. 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Chicago, IL: Triumph Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fewchosen00rons/page/">xxi</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57243-710-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57243-710-4"><bdi>978-1-57243-710-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface+by+Phil+Pepe&rft.btitle=Few+and+Chosen+Cubs%3A+Defining+Cubs+Greatness+Across+the+Eras&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&rft.pages=xxi&rft.pub=Triumph+Books&rft.date=2005-04-01&rft.isbn=978-1-57243-710-4&rft.aulast=Santo&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft.au=Pepe%2C+Phil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffewchosen00rons%2Fpage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/">"MLB Teams and Baseball Encyclopedia"</a>. 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Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13751-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13751-3"><bdi>978-0-691-13751-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230709112830/https://books.google.com/books?id=o2QpA0fGyiIC&pg=PA89">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2023. 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Retrieved September 2, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=Rehabilitation+Institute+of+Chicago&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhealth.usnews.com%2Fbest-hospitals%2Farea%2Fil%2Frehabilitation-institute-of-chicago-6431012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aamc.org/download/321526/data/factstableb1-2.pdf">"Fact sheet"</a> (PDF). aamc.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161016215352/https://www.aamc.org/download/321526/data/factstableb1-2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 16, 2016. Retrieved October 11, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aamc.org&rft.atitle=Fact+sheet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aamc.org%2Fdownload%2F321526%2Fdata%2Ffactstableb1-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cited_references">Cited references</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBach1980" class="citation cs2">Bach, Ira J. (1980), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chicagosfamousbu00cond">Chicago's Famous Buildings</a>, The University of Chicago Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-03396-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-03396-1"><bdi>0-226-03396-1</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/79023365">79023365</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chicago%27s+Famous+Buildings&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F79023365&rft.isbn=0-226-03396-1&rft.aulast=Bach&rft.aufirst=Ira+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchicagosfamousbu00cond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuisseret1990" class="citation cs2">Buisseret, David (1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicillinois0000buis">Historic Illinois From The Air</a>, The University of Chicago Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-07989-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-07989-9"><bdi>0-226-07989-9</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/89020648">89020648</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historic+Illinois+From+The+Air&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F89020648&rft.isbn=0-226-07989-9&rft.aulast=Buisseret&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricillinois0000buis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClymer1950" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Floyd_Clymer" title="Floyd Clymer">Clymer, Floyd</a> (1950), Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877–1925, New York: Bonanza Books, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1966986">1966986</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treasury+of+Early+American+Automobiles%2C+1877%E2%80%931925&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bonanza+Books&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1966986&rft.aulast=Clymer&rft.aufirst=Floyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCondit1973" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Carl_W._Condit" title="Carl W. Condit">Condit, Carl W.</a> (1973), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chicago191029bui0000cond">Chicago 1910–29: Building, Planning, and Urban Technology</a>, The University of Chicago Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-11456-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-11456-2"><bdi>0-226-11456-2</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/72094791">72094791</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chicago+1910%E2%80%9329%3A+Building%2C+Planning%2C+and+Urban+Technology&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F72094791&rft.isbn=0-226-11456-2&rft.aulast=Condit&rft.aufirst=Carl+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchicago191029bui0000cond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGenzen2007" class="citation cs2">Genzen, Jonathan (2007), The Chicago River: A History in Photographs, Westcliffe Publishers, Inc., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56579-553-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56579-553-2"><bdi>978-1-56579-553-2</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2006022119">2006022119</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chicago+River%3A+A+History+in+Photographs&rft.pub=Westcliffe+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2006022119&rft.isbn=978-1-56579-553-2&rft.aulast=Genzen&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossmanKeatingReiff2004" class="citation cs2">Grossman, James R.; Keating, Ann Durkin; Reiff, Janice L., eds. (2004), The Encyclopedia of Chicago, University of Chicago Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-31015-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-31015-9"><bdi>0-226-31015-9</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54454572">54454572</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54454572&rft.isbn=0-226-31015-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Holli, Melvin G., and Jones, Peter d'A., eds. Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820-1980 (Greenwood Press, 1981) short scholarly biographies each of the city's mayors 1820 to 1980. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict0000unse_r8s1">online</a>; see index at pp. 406–411 for list.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowe2000" class="citation cs2">Lowe, David Garrard (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lostchicago0000lowe">Lost Chicago</a>, New York: Watson-Guptill Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8230-2871-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8230-2871-2"><bdi>0-8230-2871-2</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/00107305">00107305</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Chicago&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Watson-Guptill+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F00107305&rft.isbn=0-8230-2871-2&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=David+Garrard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flostchicago0000lowe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadigan2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Madigan" title="Charles Madigan">Madigan, Charles</a>, ed. (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/globalchicago00char">Global Chicago</a>, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-02941-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-02941-0"><bdi>0-252-02941-0</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54400307">54400307</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Chicago&rft.place=Urbana&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54400307&rft.isbn=0-252-02941-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fglobalchicago00char&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontejano1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_Montejano" title="David Montejano">Montejano, David</a>, ed. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chicanopoliticss0000unse_y4a4">Chicano Politics and Society in the Late Twentieth Century</a>, Austin: University of Texas Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-75215-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-75215-6"><bdi>0-292-75215-6</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38879251">38879251</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chicano+Politics+and+Society+in+the+Late+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Austin&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38879251&rft.isbn=0-292-75215-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchicanopoliticss0000unse_y4a4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorcliffe2001" class="citation cs2">Norcliffe, Glen (2001), The Ride to Modernity: The Bicycle in Canada, 1869–1900, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-4398-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-4398-4"><bdi>0-8020-4398-4</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46625313">46625313</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ride+to+Modernity%3A+The+Bicycle+in+Canada%2C+1869%E2%80%931900&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46625313&rft.isbn=0-8020-4398-4&rft.aulast=Norcliffe&rft.aufirst=Glen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPogorzelskiMaloof2008" class="citation cs2">Pogorzelski, Daniel; Maloof, John (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4p2aYsItpT8C&pg=PP1">Portage Park</a>, Arcadia Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-5229-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-5229-3"><bdi>978-0-7385-5229-3</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230709113333/https://books.google.com/books?id=4p2aYsItpT8C&pg=PP1">archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2023, retrieved November 9, 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portage+Park&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7385-5229-3&rft.aulast=Pogorzelski&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Maloof%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4p2aYsItpT8C%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneirov1998" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Schneirov" title="Richard Schneirov">Schneirov, Richard</a> (1998), Labor and urban politics: class conflict and the origins of modern liberalism in Chicago, 1864–97, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-06676-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-06676-6"><bdi>0-252-06676-6</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37246254">37246254</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Labor+and+urban+politics%3A+class+conflict+and+the+origins+of+modern+liberalism+in+Chicago%2C+1864%E2%80%9397&rft.place=Urbana&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37246254&rft.isbn=0-252-06676-6&rft.aulast=Schneirov&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(17)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div><section class="mf-section-17 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-17"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCronon1992" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/William_Cronon" title="William Cronon">Cronon, William</a> (1992) [1991], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780393308730">Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West</a>, New York: W.W. Norton, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-30873-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-30873-1"><bdi>0-393-30873-1</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/26609682">26609682</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Metropolis%3A+Chicago+and+the+Great+West&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F26609682&rft.isbn=0-393-30873-1&rft.aulast=Cronon&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780393308730&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranacki2004" class="citation cs2">Granacki, Victoria (2004), Chicago's Polish Downtown, Arcadia Pub, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-3286-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-3286-8"><bdi>978-0-7385-3286-8</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2004103888">2004103888</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chicago%27s+Polish+Downtown&rft.pub=Arcadia+Pub&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2004103888&rft.isbn=978-0-7385-3286-8&rft.aulast=Granacki&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJirasekTortolero2001" class="citation cs2">Jirasek, Rita Arias; Tortolero, Carlos (2001), Mexican Chicago, Arcadia Pub, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-0756-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-0756-9"><bdi>978-0-7385-0756-9</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2001088175">2001088175</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mexican+Chicago&rft.pub=Arcadia+Pub&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2001088175&rft.isbn=978-0-7385-0756-9&rft.aulast=Jirasek&rft.aufirst=Rita+Arias&rft.au=Tortolero%2C+Carlos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1996" class="citation cs2">Miller, Donald L. (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cityofcentury00dona">City of the Century: The Epic of Chicago and the Making of America</a>, New York: Simon & Schuster, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-80194-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-80194-9"><bdi>0-684-80194-9</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/493430274">493430274</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+of+the+Century%3A+The+Epic+of+Chicago+and+the+Making+of+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F493430274&rft.isbn=0-684-80194-9&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Donald+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcityofcentury00dona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPacyga2009" class="citation cs2">Pacyga, Dominic A. (2009), Chicago: A Biography, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-64431-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-64431-8"><bdi>978-0-226-64431-8</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/298670853">298670853</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chicago%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F298670853&rft.isbn=978-0-226-64431-8&rft.aulast=Pacyga&rft.aufirst=Dominic+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSampson2012" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Sampson" title="Robert J. Sampson">Sampson, Robert J.</a> (2012), <a href="/wiki/Great_American_City:_Chicago_and_the_Enduring_Neighborhood_Effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Great American City: Chicago and the Enduring Neighborhood Effect">Great American City: Chicago and the Enduring Neighborhood Effect</a>, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73456-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73456-9"><bdi>978-0-226-73456-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+American+City%3A+Chicago+and+the+Enduring+Neighborhood+Effect&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-226-73456-9&rft.aulast=Sampson&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawyer2002" class="citation cs2">Sawyer, R. Keith (2002), Improvised dialogue: emergence and creativity in conversation, Westport, Conn.: Ablex Pub., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56750-677-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-56750-677-1"><bdi>1-56750-677-1</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59373382">59373382</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Improvised+dialogue%3A+emergence+and+creativity+in+conversation&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Ablex+Pub.&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59373382&rft.isbn=1-56750-677-1&rft.aulast=Sawyer&rft.aufirst=R.+Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlaton1997" class="citation cs2">Slaton, Deborah, ed. (1997), Wild Onions: A Brief Guide to Landmarks and Lesser-Known Structures in Chicago's Loop (2nd ed.), Champaign, IL: <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Preservation_Technology_International" title="Association for Preservation Technology International">Association for Preservation Technology International</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42362348">42362348</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wild+Onions%3A+A+Brief+Guide+to+Landmarks+and+Lesser-Known+Structures+in+Chicago%27s+Loop&rft.place=Champaign%2C+IL&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Association+for+Preservation+Technology+International&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42362348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2006" class="citation cs2">Smith, Carl S. (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/planofchicagodan0000smit">The Plan of Chicago: Daniel Burnham and the Remaking of the American City</a>, Chicago visions + revisions, Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-76471-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-76471-0"><bdi>0-226-76471-0</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/261199152">261199152</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Plan+of+Chicago%3A+Daniel+Burnham+and+the+Remaking+of+the+American+City&rft.place=Chicago&rft.series=Chicago+visions+%2B+revisions&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F261199152&rft.isbn=0-226-76471-0&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Carl+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplanofchicagodan0000smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpears2005" class="citation cs2">Spears, Timothy B. (2005), Chicago dreaming: Midwesterners and the city, 1871–1919, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-76874-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-76874-0"><bdi>0-226-76874-0</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56086689">56086689</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chicago+dreaming%3A+Midwesterners+and+the+city%2C+1871%E2%80%931919&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56086689&rft.isbn=0-226-76874-0&rft.aulast=Spears&rft.aufirst=Timothy+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwanson1997" class="citation cs2">Swanson, Stevenson (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chicagodays150de0000unse">Chicago Days: 150 Defining Moments in the Life of a Great City</a>, Chicago Tribune (Firm), Chicago: Cantigny First Division Foundation, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-890093-03-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-890093-03-3"><bdi>1-890093-03-3</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36066057">36066057</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chicago+Days%3A+150+Defining+Moments+in+the+Life+of+a+Great+City&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Cantigny+First+Division+Foundation&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36066057&rft.isbn=1-890093-03-3&rft.aulast=Swanson&rft.aufirst=Stevenson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchicagodays150de0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZurawski2007" class="citation cs2">Zurawski, Joseph W. (2007), Polish Chicago: Our History—Our Recipes, G. Bradley Pub, Inc., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9774512-2-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9774512-2-7"><bdi>978-0-9774512-2-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polish+Chicago%3A+Our+History%E2%80%94Our+Recipes&rft.pub=G.+Bradley+Pub%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9774512-2-7&rft.aulast=Zurawski&rft.aufirst=Joseph+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(18)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-18 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-18"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header">Listen to this article (38 minutes)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="2258" data-mwtitle="Chicago.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Chicago.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/63/Chicago.ogg/Chicago.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><noscript><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 45px;height: 34px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" data-alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" data-width="45" data-height="34" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicago.ogg" title="File:Chicago.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 22 July 2005 (2005-7-22), and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/700005.html?entryA">Encyclopedia of Chicago (2004)</a>, comprehensive coverage of city and suburbs, past and present</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cityofchicago.org/">Official website</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/*/http://ci.chi.il.us">Website archives</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archive index))</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060610131550/http://choosechicago.com/">Choose Chicago</a>—Official tourism website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earlychicago.com/chron/">Chicago History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220609094509/https://earlychicago.com/chron/">Archived</a> June 9, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.lib.uwm.edu/cdm4/results.php?CISOOP1=all&CISOBOX1=Illinois&CISOFIELD1=statep&CISOOP2=all&CISOBOX2=chicago+%28ill%29+--+maps&CISOFIELD2=subjec&CISOROOT=/agdm&t=s">Maps of Chicago from the American Geographical Society Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Documentation_Programs#Historic_American_Landscapes_Survey" title="Heritage Documentation Programs">Historic American Landscapes Survey</a> (HALS) No. IL-10, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://loc.gov/pictures/item/il0993/">Chicago Cityscape, Chicago, Cook County, IL</a>", 45 photos, 4 photo caption pages</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://localwiki.org/chicago//">Chicago – LocalWiki</a> Local Chicago Wiki</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Chicago">"Chicago" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 118–125.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chicago&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E118-%3C%2Fspan%3E125&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicago" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1922_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Chicago">"Chicago" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. 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portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Chicago%2C_Illinois.svg/40px-Flag_of_Chicago%2C_Illinois.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Chicago%2C_Illinois.svg/40px-Flag_of_Chicago%2C_Illinois.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="14" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Chicago%2C_Illinois.svg/60px-Flag_of_Chicago%2C_Illinois.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Chicago" title="Portal:Chicago">Chicago</a></li><li 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data-height="11" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Chicago at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/20px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/20px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chicago" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Chicago">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 14px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="14" data-height="19" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Chicago" class="extiw" title="c:Chicago">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" 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data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="19" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Chicago" class="extiw" title="q:Chicago">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="18" data-height="19" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Chicago" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Chicago">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chicago" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Chicago">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 17px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="17" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chicago" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Chicago">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/20px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/20px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Chicago" class="extiw" title="voy:Chicago">Travel guides</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="12" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1297" class="extiw" title="d:Q1297">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago&oldid=1283274775">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago&oldid=1283274775</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Chicago&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 31 March 2025, at 13:58 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%BA%E1%8A%AB%E1%8C%8E" title="ሺካጎ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሺካጎ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cic%C4%93a" title="Cicēa – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Cicēa" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%88" title="شيكاغو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شيكاغو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AB%DC%9D%DC%A9%DC%93%DC%98" title="ܫܝܩܓܘ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܫܝܩܓܘ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%85" title="Շիքակօ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Շիքակօ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicag%C3%B4" title="Chicagô – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Chicagô" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikago" title="Chikago – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Chikago" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ikaqo" title="Çikaqo – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çikaqo" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88" title="شیکاقو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شیکاقو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B" title="শিকাগো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শিকাগো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Чикаго – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Чикаго" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Чыкага – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чыкага" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Чыкага – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чыкага" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="शिकागो – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="शिकागो" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Чикаго – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чикаго" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Чикаго – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Чикаго" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Чикаго – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чикаго" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shik%C3%A1%C3%A1%CA%BCg%C3%B3%C3%B3" title="Shikááʼgóó – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Shikááʼgóó" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="शिकागो – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="शिकागो" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%BF" title="Σικάγο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σικάγο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Чикаго – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Чикаго" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88ikago" title="Ĉikago – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉikago" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%88" title="شیکاگو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شیکاگو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" title="Chicago, Illinois – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Chicago, Illinois" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%93%A5" title="芝加哥 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="芝加哥" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%A4" title="شيکاگؤ – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="شيکاگؤ" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8D%89" title="𐍃𐌾𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌲𐍉 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍃𐌾𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌲𐍉" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Чикаго – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Чикаго" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EC%B9%B4%EA%B3%A0" title="시카고 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시카고" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikako,_%CA%BBIlinoe" title="Kikako, ʻIlinoe – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kikako, ʻIlinoe" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8" title="Չիկագո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չիկագո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="शिकागो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शिकागो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%B0%E1%96%84%E1%91%AF" title="ᓰᖄᑯ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᓰᖄᑯ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Чикаго – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Чикаго" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Chicago" title="E-Chicago – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="E-Chicago" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%92%D7%95" title="שיקגו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שיקגו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" title="Chicago, Illinois – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Chicago, Illinois" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8A" title="ಶಿಕಾಗೊ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶಿಕಾಗೊ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Чикаго – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Чикаго" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D" title="ჩიკაგო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩიკაგო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Чикаго – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Чикаго" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" title="Chicago, Illinois – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Chicago, Illinois" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikago" title="Chikago – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Chikago" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE_(%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81)" title="Чикаго (Иллинойс) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чикаго (Иллинойс)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Чикаго – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Чикаго" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicagum" title="Sicagum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sicagum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cik%C4%81ga" title="Čikāga – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čikāga" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cikaga" title="Čikaga – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čikaga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Чикаго – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чикаго" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B" title="ഷിക്കാഗോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഷിക്കാഗോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hik%C4%81ko" title="Hikāko – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Hikāko" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="शिकागो – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शिकागो" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D" title="ჩიკაგო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩიკაგო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%88" title="شيكاجو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شيكاجو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%88" title="شیکاگو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="شیکاگو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C4%95-g%C4%83-g%C5%8F%CC%A4" title="Ciĕ-gă-gŏ̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ciĕ-gă-gŏ̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Чикага – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Чикага" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Чикаго – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Чикаго" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AE%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ရှီကာဂိုမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရှီကာဂိုမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="सिकागो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सिकागो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="शिकागो – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="शिकागो" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B4" title="シカゴ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シカゴ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Чикаго – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Чикаго" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Чикаго – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Чикаго" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikago" title="Chikago – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chikago" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8B" title="ਸ਼ਿਕਾਗੋ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ਿਕਾਗੋ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%88" title="شکاگو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شکاگو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%AB%D9%88" title="شیکاګو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="شیکاګو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikago" title="Chikago – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Chikago" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ikago" title="Çikago – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Çikago" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Чикаго – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Чикаго" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Чикаго – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чикаго" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Чикаго – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Чикаго" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ikago" title="Çikago – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Çikago" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicagu" title="Chicagu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Chicagu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DA%AA%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%88" title="شڪاگو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="شڪاگو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%AF%DB%86" title="شیکاگۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شیکاگۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Чикаго – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чикаго" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B" title="சிகாகோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிகாகோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Чикаго – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чикаго" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8B" title="చికాగో – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చికాగో" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81" title="ชิคาโก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชิคาโก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Чикаго – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Чикаго" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyekago" title="Kyekago – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Kyekago" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Чикаго – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Чикаго" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Чикаго – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чикаго" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%88" title="شکاگو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شکاگو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikago" title="Chikago – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Chikago" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cihgyahgoh" title="Cihgyahgoh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Cihgyahgoh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cikago" title="Čikago – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Čikago" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchicago" title="Tchicago – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tchicago" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%93%A5" title="芝加哥 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="芝加哥" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%93%A5" title="芝加哥 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="芝加哥" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%92%D7%90" title="שיקאגא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שיקאגא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%A2%C3%ACk%C3%A1g%C3%B2" title="Ṣìkágò – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ṣìkágò" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%93%A5" title="芝加哥 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="芝加哥" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cikaga" title="Čikaga – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Čikaga" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%93%A5" title="芝加哥 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="芝加哥" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Chicago" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cikago" title="Cikago – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Cikago" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> <ul id="footer-icons" class="footer-icons"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-66d47bf9fb-rmtt5","wgBackendResponseTime":1073,"wgKartographerLiveData":{"_07873b48c56991d0a6750c6c6435c2a2e6121063":[{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoshape?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q1297","properties":{"stroke-width":2,"stroke":"#0096FF","title":"Chicago","fill":"#0096FF"}},{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geomask","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoshape?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q1297","properties":{"title":"Chicago","fill-opacity":0,"stroke-opacity":0,"stroke":"#5F5F5F","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#000000"}}]},"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.908","walltime":"4.519","ppvisitednodes":{"value":41089,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1404167,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":247633,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":26,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":75,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1366937,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3536.591 1 -total"," 41.48% 1467.040 2 Template:Reflist"," 21.83% 771.974 220 Template:Cite_web"," 14.45% 510.998 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 13.06% 461.955 1 Template:Infobox"," 5.58% 197.429 31 Template:Sfnp"," 5.19% 183.522 11 Template:Navbox"," 4.74% 167.808 1 Template:Navboxes"," 4.46% 157.629 48 Template:Cite_news"," 4.14% 146.515 33 Template:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.201","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":27273090,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREF\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFAddis2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllen2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAngel\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArmentrout2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAustin_Berg2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAvant1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBach1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaumWinkler2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeatty1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBendersky2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBentley2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlakley2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBledstein\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBosmanSmithDavey2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruegmann2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuckley2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuisseret1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCahill2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCain,_Louis_P.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarpenter2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarrico2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFChristensen2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCillizza2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClymer1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCondit1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCondit1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConzen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCosta2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCronon1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDarlene_Clark_Hine2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiggory2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDold1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDylan_Sharkey2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElejalde-Ruiz\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEssig2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFieldstadt2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFischer,_MD\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFodor\u0026#039;s2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreund2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFulton\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarcia2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGemignani,_Tony.2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGenzen2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibsonPortia_Belloc_Lowndes2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiles2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlancey2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlusac2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGranacki2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrossmanKeatingReiff2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarper\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHavertz\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHinzCorfman\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHoffmann1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHofmann2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHollingsworth1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuizenga2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJirasekTortolero2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoravskyDumke2009\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFJune_Skinner_Sawyers2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeating2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeating2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawrence_RothfieldDon_CourseySarah_LeeDaniel_Silver2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLentz1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeonor_Vivanco2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLippertCattanParker2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLopez2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoury2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowe2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuttonMetzger2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadigan2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMailer\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcus2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkovitsRensmann,_Lars2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarovich,_Robert_M.2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall_Ingwerson1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin_LaMonica_Staff_WriterCNET_News\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMehlhorn1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMessner2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetsch2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonkovicAsher2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontejano1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoser2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMöldersKramm2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Park_Service2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorcliffe2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Brien\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPacyga2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeregrin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerez\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPogorzelskiMaloof2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoinski\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPridmore2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuaife1933\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaymond2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReddy2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRivlinLarry_Bennett2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobbins2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_W._Rydell\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodolphe_El-KhouryEdward_Robbins2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodriguez,_Alex2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodriguez2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSampson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandvick2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSantoPepe2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSawyer2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchamisso2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchneirov1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShields2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkilling\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlaton1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpears2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteffes2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSula1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwanson1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwenson,_John_F.1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwenson1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzymczak1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTareenBurnett2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_States._Office_of_the_Commissioner_of_Railroads1883\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatts2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiesniewski2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinsor2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWisniwski2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZeldes2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZeldes2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZeldes2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZurawski2007\"] = 1,\n [\"Entertainment,_the_arts,_and_performing_arts\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 6,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Accents of English\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 4,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bartable\"] = 14,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 2,\n [\"Chicago\"] = 1,\n [\"Chicago Landmarks\"] = 1,\n [\"Chicago metropolitan area\"] = 1,\n [\"Chicago weatherbox\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 24,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite EB1922\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite GNIS\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 32,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 48,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 212,\n [\"Community areas of Chicago\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 31,\n [\"Cook County, Illinois\"] = 1,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"DuPage County, Illinois\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 5,\n [\"FIPS\"] = 1,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 9,\n [\"GNIS4\"] = 1,\n [\"Gloss\"] = 2,\n [\"Great Lakes Megalopolis\"] = 1,\n [\"HALS\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvc\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 3,\n [\"Holland-Classic\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"Illinois\"] = 1,\n [\"Illinois county seats\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox settlement\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Langx\"] = 4,\n [\"Legend inline\"] = 5,\n [\"Main\"] = 19,\n [\"Main list\"] = 1,\n [\"Maplink\"] = 1,\n [\"Midwestern United States\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 3,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Neighborhoods in Chicago\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Pan American Games host cities\"] = 1,\n [\"Party shading/Democratic\"] = 4,\n [\"Party shading/Republican\"] = 2,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-vandalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 6,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 31,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Spoken Wikipedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Start date and age\"] = 3,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"US Census population\"] = 1,\n [\"US$\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 16,\n [\"Wide image\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","460","19.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","300","12.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","200","8.3"],["dataWrapper 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