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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_Russian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geographic distribution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geographic distribution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caucasus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caucasus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Caucasus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caucasus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_an_international_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_an_international_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>As an international language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_an_international_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_other_Slavic_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_other_Slavic_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Comparison with other Slavic languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_other_Slavic_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derived_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derived_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Derived languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derived_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Alphabet</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Alphabet-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Alphabet subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transliteration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transliteration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Transliteration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transliteration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Computing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_and_literary_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_literary_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>History and literary language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_and_literary_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Sample text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Russian language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 254 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-254" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">254 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Урысыбзэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Урысыбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Урысыбзэ – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Урысыбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russies" title="Russies – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Russies" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russische_Sprache" title="Russische Sprache – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Russische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Орус тил – Southern Altai" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Орус тил" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Southern Altai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Алтай тил</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%AE%E1%89%A5%E1%8A%9B" title="መስኮብኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መስኮብኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruo%C5%A1%C3%A2kiel%C3%A2" title="Ruošâkielâ – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Ruošâkielâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="रूसी भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="रूसी भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russisc_spr%C7%A3c" title="Russisc sprǣc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Russisc sprǣc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Аурыс бызшәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аурыс бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الروسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الروسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_ruso" title="Idioma ruso – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma ruso" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%AB%DC%A2%DC%90_%DC%AA%DC%98%DC%A3%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܠܫܢܐ ܪܘܣܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܫܢܐ ܪܘܣܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A7%D5%B6" title="Ռուսերէն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ռուսերէն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo" title="Russo – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Russo" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9B_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="ৰুছ ভাষা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰুছ ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_rusu" title="Idioma rusu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma rusu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="रूसी भाषा – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="रूसी भाषा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rrusia%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Rrusiañe'ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Rrusiañe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80" title="ГӀурус мацӀ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ГӀурус мацӀ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusi_aru" title="Rusi aru – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Rusi aru" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus_dili" title="Rus dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rus dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="روس دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="روس دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Rusia" title="Basa Rusia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basa Rusia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="রুশ ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রুশ ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C5%8D%CD%98-se-a-g%C3%AD" title="Lō͘-se-a-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lō͘-se-a-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%8B%D2%AB_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Урыҫ теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Урыҫ теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Руская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Руская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Расейская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Расейская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="रूसी भाषा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रूसी भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruso" title="Ruso – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ruso" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toktok_Rusia" title="Toktok Rusia – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Toktok Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Руски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Руски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russische_Sproch" title="Russische Sproch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Russische Sproch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨུ་རུ་སུའི་སྐད། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨུ་རུ་སུའི་སྐད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruski_jezik" title="Ruski jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ruski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusianeg" title="Rusianeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rusianeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Орос хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Орос хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus" title="Rus – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%80%C4%83%D1%81_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Вырăс чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вырăс чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinuso" title="Rinuso – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Rinuso" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ru%C5%A1tina" title="Ruština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ruština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirhashiya" title="Chirhashiya – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chirhashiya" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_russa" title="Lingua russa – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lingua russa" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwseg" title="Rwseg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rwseg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russisk_(sprog)" title="Russisk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Russisk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="روسية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="روسية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruo%C5%A1%C5%A1agiella" title="Ruoššagiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Ruoššagiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russische_Sprache" title="Russische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Russische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%83%DE%AB%DE%90%DE%A9" title="ރޫސީ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ރޫސީ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%CA%BC%C3%A9%C3%A9%CA%BC_%C5%81ich%C3%AD%C3%AD%CA%BC%C3%AD_bizaad" title="Biʼééʼ Łichííʼí bizaad – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Biʼééʼ Łichííʼí bizaad" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusojska_r%C4%9Bc" title="Rusojska rěc – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Rusojska rěc" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vene_keel" title="Vene keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vene keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Ρωσική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρωσική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3ss" title="Róss – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Róss" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Рузонь кель – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Рузонь кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_ruso" title="Idioma ruso – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma ruso" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusa_lingvo" title="Rusa lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rusa lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_russa" title="Lengua russa – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Lengua russa" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errusiera" title="Errusiera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Errusiera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="زبان روسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان روسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russi_bhasa" title="Russi bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Russi bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Russiskt mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Russiskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russe" title="Russe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Russe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russysk" title="Russysk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Russysk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riisinkoore" title="Riisinkoore – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Riisinkoore" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_russe" title="Lenghe russe – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Lenghe russe" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_R%C3%BAisis" title="An Rúisis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Rúisis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooshish" title="Rooshish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Rooshish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus_dili" title="Rus dili – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Rus dili" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruisis" title="Ruisis – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ruisis" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_rusa" title="Lingua rusa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua rusa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Эрсий мотт – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Эрсий мотт" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E8%AA%9E" title="俄語 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="俄語" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A4%D9%86" title="رۊسي زوؤن – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="رۊسي زوؤن" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B2-l%C3%B2-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%82-ng%C3%AE" title="Ngò-lò-sṳ̂-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ngò-lò-sṳ̂-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%81_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD" title="Орс келн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Орс келн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9F%AC%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%EC%96%B4" title="러시아어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="러시아어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashanci" title="Rashanci – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Rashanci" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C5%8Clelo_L%C5%ABkini" title="ʻŌlelo Lūkini – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻŌlelo Lūkini" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Ռուսերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռուսերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="रूसी भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रूसी भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ru%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Rušćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Rušćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruski_jezik" title="Ruski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ruski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusa_linguo" title="Rusa linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rusa linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Ruso" title="Pagsasao a Ruso – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Ruso" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Rusia" title="Bahasa Rusia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_russe" title="Lingua russe – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua russe" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russ" title="Russ – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Russ" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruusitun_uqautchiq" title="Uruusitun uqautchiq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Uruusitun uqautchiq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Уырыссаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Уырыссаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiRashiya" title="IsiRashiya – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsiRashiya" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAssneska" title="Rússneska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rússneska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_russa" title="Lingua russa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua russa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%AA" title="רוסית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוסית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Ruslan" title="Basa Ruslan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Ruslan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruusii_k%CA%8An%CA%8A%C5%8B" title="Ruusii kʊnʊŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ruusii kʊnʊŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ರಷ್ಯಾದ ಭಾಷೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಷ್ಯಾದ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Орус тил – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Орус тил" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="რუსული ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რუსული ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%97%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%8E%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="روٗسی زَبان – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="روٗسی زَبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusczi_j%C3%A3z%C3%ABk" title="Rusczi jãzëk – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Rusczi jãzëk" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Орыс тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Орыс тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russek" title="Russek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Russek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirusiya" title="Kirusiya – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Kirusiya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirusi" title="Kirusi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kirusi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%87_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Роч кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Роч кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirusia" title="Kirusia – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kirusia" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossiava" title="Rossiava – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Rossiava" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lang_ris" title="Lang ris – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lang ris" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ris" title="Ris – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Ris" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_r%C3%BBs%C3%AE" title="Zimanê rûsî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê rûsî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Орус тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Орус тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%88_%D0%B9%D3%B9%D0%BB%D0%BC%D3%B9" title="Руш йӹлмӹ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Руш йӹлмӹ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingaz_rus" title="Lingaz rus – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Lingaz rus" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_russa" title="Lingua russa – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Lingua russa" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%8C%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Оьрус маз – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Оьрус маз" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%8D" title="ພາສາລັດເຊຍ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາລັດເຊຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C4%ABvu_vol%C5%ABda" title="Krīvu volūda – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Krīvu volūda" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Russica" title="Lingua Russica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Russica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krievu_valoda" title="Krievu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Krievu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russesch" title="Russesch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Russesch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Урус чӀал – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Урус чӀал" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%C5%B3_kalba" title="Rusų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rusų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_ruscia" title="Lengua ruscia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua ruscia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russisch" title="Russisch – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Russisch" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusce_(lingua)" title="Rusce (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Rusce (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%27an_kieli" title="Ven'an kieli – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Ven'an kieli" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/rukybau" title="rukybau – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="rukybau" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_russa" title="Lengua russa – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua russa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orosz_nyelv" title="Orosz nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Orosz nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="रूसी भाषा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="रूसी भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Руски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Руски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_rosiana" title="Fiteny rosiana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny rosiana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="റഷ്യൻ ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റഷ്യൻ ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwa_Russa" title="Lingwa Russa – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwa Russa" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_R%C5%ABhia" title="Reo Rūhia – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Rūhia" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="रशियन भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रशियन भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="რუსული ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რუსული ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%89" title="روسى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روسى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="روسی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="روسی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Rusia" title="Bahasa Rusia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯔꯁꯤꯌꯥꯟ ꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯔꯁꯤꯌꯥꯟ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_Rusia" title="Bahaso Rusia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso Rusia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B2%CC%A4-l%C3%B2%CC%A4-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%86-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Ngò̤-lò̤-sṳ̆-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ngò̤-lò̤-sṳ̆-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Рузонь кяль – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Рузонь кяль" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Орос хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Орос хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ရုရှားဘာသာစကား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရုရှားဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russisch" title="Russisch – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Russisch" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russisch" title="Russisch – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Russisch" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="रुसी भाषा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रुसी भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="रूसी भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="रूसी भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="ロシア語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロシア語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_russa" title="Lengua russa – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Lengua russa" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%8C%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Оьрсийн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Оьрсийн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCsk_spriak" title="Rüsk spriak – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Rüsk spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rushan" title="Rushan – Pitcairn-Norfolk" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Rushan" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Pitcairn-Norfolk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russisk" title="Russisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Russisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russisk" title="Russisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Russisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russe" title="Russe – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Russe" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusum" title="Rusum – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Rusum" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus" title="Rus – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Rus" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%88_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Руш йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Руш йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus_tili" title="Rus tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Rus tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਰੂਸੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੂਸੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salitan_R%C3%BAso" title="Salitan Rúso – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Salitan Rúso" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosiya_a_Sowal" title="Rosiya a Sowal – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Rosiya a Sowal" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="روسی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="روسی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruso" title="Ruso – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Ruso" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="روسي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="روسي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roshan_languij" title="Roshan languij – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Roshan languij" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%87_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Роч кыв – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Роч кыв" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8" title="ភាសារុស្ស៊ី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសារុស្ស៊ី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russe" title="Russe – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Russe" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_russa" title="Lenga russa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga russa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Rasia" title="Tok Rasia – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Tok Rasia" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russische_Spraak" title="Russische Spraak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Russische Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_rosyjski" title="Język rosyjski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język rosyjski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_russa" title="Língua russa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua russa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus_tili" title="Rus tili – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Rus tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus_tili" title="Rus tili – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Rus tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_R%C5%ABtia" title="Reo Rūtia – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Reo Rūtia" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_rus%C4%83" title="Limba rusă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba rusă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusikani_chhib" title="Rusikani chhib – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Rusikani chhib" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_russa" title="Lingua russa – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Lingua russa" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusu_simi" title="Rusu simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rusu simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Російскый язык – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Російскый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Русский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Русский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%83%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Нуучча тыла – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Нуучча тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%CA%BBa_Rusia" title="Faʻa Rusia – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Faʻa Rusia" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="रूसीभाषा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="रूसीभाषा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A5_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱨᱩᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱨᱩᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_russa" title="Limba russa – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba russa" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roushie_leid" title="Roushie leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Roushie leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serussian" title="Serussian – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Serussian" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_ruse" title="Gjuha ruse – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha ruse" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_russa" title="Lingua russa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua russa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Russian language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="روسي ٻولي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="روسي ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ru%C5%A1tina" title="Ruština – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ruština" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ru%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Ruščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ruščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D1%A9%EA%99%81%EA%99%91%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Роусьскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Роусьскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusk%C5%8F_g%C5%8Fdka" title="Ruskŏ gŏdka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ruskŏ gŏdka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Af-Ruush" title="Af-Ruush – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Af-Ruush" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%95%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="زمانی ڕووسی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی ڕووسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusitongo" title="Rusitongo – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Rusitongo" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Руски језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Руски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruski_jezik" title="Ruski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ruski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Rusia" title="Basa Rusia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basa Rusia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%C3%A4j%C3%A4n_kieli" title="Venäjän kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Venäjän kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryska" title="Ryska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ryska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Ruso" title="Wikang Ruso – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Ruso" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="உருசிய மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உருசிய மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayt_Tarusit" title="Tutlayt Tarusit – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tutlayt Tarusit" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayt_tarusit" title="Tutlayt tarusit – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tutlayt tarusit" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8nga_russe" title="Lènga russe – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Lènga russe" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Рус теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Рус теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="రష్యన్ భాష – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రష్యన్ భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lia-rusu" title="Lia-rusu – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Lia-rusu" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ภาษารัสเซีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษารัสเซีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Забони русӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони русӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1hk%C8%AFhehetanetse" title="Náhkȯhehetanetse – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Náhkȯhehetanetse" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%C3%A7a" title="Rusça – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rusça" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus_dili" title="Rus dili – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Rus dili" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roshiya_(a%CC%B1lyem)" title="Roshiya (a̱lyem) – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Roshiya (a̱lyem)" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Орус дыл – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Орус дыл" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%9E%D1%83%D1%87_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Ӟуч кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Ӟуч кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Російська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Російська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="روسی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="روسی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%87%D8%B3_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="رۇس تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="رۇس تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_rusa" title="Łéngua rusa – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua rusa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%C3%A4n_kel%27" title="Venän kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Venän kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Nga" title="Tiếng Nga – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Nga" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%C3%A4nap%C3%BCk" title="Rusänapük – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Rusänapük" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinne_kiil" title="Vinne kiil – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Vinne kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BBsse_(lingaedje)" title="Rûsse (lingaedje) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Rûsse (lingaedje)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E8%AA%9E" title="俄語 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="俄語" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russisch" title="Russisch – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Russisch" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinuso" title="Rinuso – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Rinuso" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E8%AF%AD" title="俄语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="俄语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A9" title="רוסיש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רוסיש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_R%E1%BB%8D%CC%81s%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Èdè Rọ́síà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Rọ́síà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E6%96%87" title="俄文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="俄文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruski" title="Ruski – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Ruski" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosu_kalba" title="Rosu kalba – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Rosu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E8%AF%AD" title="俄语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="俄语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hata_Rusia" title="Hata Rusia – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Hata Rusia" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Rus" title="Basa Rus – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Basa Rus" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saro_Rusia" title="Saro Rusia – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Saro Rusia" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boros_Rusia" title="Boros Rusia – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Boros Rusia" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaku_Rusia" title="Jaku Rusia – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jaku Rusia" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Rusiya" title="Basa Rusiya – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Basa Rusiya" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urusi_zyvon" title="Urusi zyvon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Urusi zyvon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7737#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Great Russian" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Great_Russia" title="Great Russia">Great Russia</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Russian</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">русский язык</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈruskʲɪi̯<span class="wrap"> </span>jɪˈzɨk]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5c\/Ru-russkiy_jizyk.ogg\/Ru-russkiy_jizyk.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-russkiy jizyk.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Ru-russkiy_jizyk.ogg/Ru-russkiy_jizyk.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-russkiy_jizyk.ogg" title="File:Ru-russkiy jizyk.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, other areas of the <a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_Russian_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of Russian speakers">Russian-speaking world</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Speakers</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/L1_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="L1 speakers">L1</a>: 148 million<sup id="cite_ref-e27_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/L2_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="L2 speakers">L2</a>: 108 million <sup id="cite_ref-e27_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Total: 255 million (2024 Ethnologue estimate)<sup id="cite_ref-e27_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Russian</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic">Old East Slavic</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_alphabet" title="Russian alphabet">Russian alphabet</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian Braille</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Russian_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Russian is an official language">5 UN member states</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> <small>(state)</small><sup id="cite_ref-RusConst_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RusConst-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> <small>(co-official)</small><sup id="cite_ref-Belarus_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belarus-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> <small>(co-official)</small><sup id="cite_ref-Kazakhstan_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kazakhstan-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> <small>(co-official)</small><sup id="cite_ref-Kyrgyzstan_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kyrgyzstan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> <small>(as inter-ethnic language designated by the constitution)</small><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </li></ul> </div> <br /><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div>As inter-ethnic language but with no official status, or <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Russian_is_an_official_language#Status_in_dependencies_or_regions" title="List of countries and territories where Russian is an official language">as official on regional level</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <small>(as inter-ethnic language despite having no <i>de jure</i> status)</small><sup id="cite_ref-AA_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Шухрат_Хуррамов_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Шухрат_Хуррамов-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AB_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AB-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>: <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Gagauzia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Gagauzia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Gagauzia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Gagauzia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Gagauzia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Gagauzia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Gagauzia" title="Gagauzia">Gagauzia</a> <small>(co-official)</small><sup id="cite_ref-Gagauzia_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gagauzia-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative-Territorial_Units_of_the_Left_Bank_of_the_Dniester" title="Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester">Left Bank of the Dniester</a> <small>(co-official)</small></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>: <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Flag_of_Crimea_%28Latest_version%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Crimea_%28Latest_version%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Flag_of_Crimea_%28Latest_version%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Crimea_%28Latest_version%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Flag_of_Crimea_%28Latest_version%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Crimea_%28Latest_version%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea" title="Autonomous Republic of Crimea">Autonomous Republic of Crimea</a> <small>(co-official)</small><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <br /><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Russian_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Russian is an official language">Partially recognized states</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a><sup id="cite_ref-AbkhaziaSouthOssetia_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AbkhaziaSouthOssetia-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <small>(co-official)</small><sup id="cite_ref-Abkhazia_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abkhazia-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a><sup id="cite_ref-AbkhaziaSouthOssetia_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AbkhaziaSouthOssetia-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <small>(co-official)</small><sup id="cite_ref-Ossetia_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ossetia-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a> <small>(state)</small><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <br /><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div>Organizations</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">IAEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">ICAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">EAEU</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">CSTO</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">SCO</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">OSCE</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_Secretariat" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Treaty Secretariat">ATS</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority<br />language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a><sup id="cite_ref-No148_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-No148-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a><sup id="cite_ref-No148_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-No148-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a><sup id="cite_ref-UAConstitution_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UAConstitution-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Language_Institute" title="Russian Language Institute">V.V. Vinogradov Russian Language Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=ru">ru</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=379">rus</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/rus" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:rus">rus</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/russ1263">russ1263</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">53-AAA-ea < <a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">53-AAA-e</a><br />(varieties: 53-AAA-eaa to 53-AAA-eat)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_language_status_and_proficiency_in_the_World.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Russian_language_status_and_proficiency_in_the_World.svg/320px-Russian_language_status_and_proficiency_in_the_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Russian_language_status_and_proficiency_in_the_World.svg/480px-Russian_language_status_and_proficiency_in_the_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Russian_language_status_and_proficiency_in_the_World.svg/640px-Russian_language_status_and_proficiency_in_the_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="377" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000075; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Official language (Stripes: Disputed territory)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#007575; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Spoken by >30% of the population as either 1st or a 2nd language</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#B3B3B3; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Neither of the above</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Russian</b><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an <a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic language</a> belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language family</a>. It is one of the four extant East Slavic languages,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is the native language of the <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>. It was the <i>de facto</i> and <i>de jure</i><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/De_facto#National_languages" title="De facto">official language</a> of the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USSR_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USSR-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian has remained an <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian Federation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, and is still commonly used as a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, and to a lesser extent in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_language_in_Israel" title="Russian language in Israel">Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-demoscope_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demoscope-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpolskyShohamy1999236_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpolskyShohamy1999236-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsurin201113_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsurin201113-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russian has over 258 million total speakers worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_speakers_in_Europe" title="List of languages by number of speakers in Europe">most spoken native language in Europe</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the most spoken <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic language</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-language_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-language-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the most geographically widespread language of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-language_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-language-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">seventh-most spoken language by number of native speakers</a>, and the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_total_number_of_speakers" title="List of languages by total number of speakers">ninth-most spoken language by total number of speakers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian is one of two official languages aboard the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the six <a href="/wiki/Official_languages_of_the_United_Nations" title="Official languages of the United Nations">official languages of the United Nations</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Languages_used_on_the_Internet" title="Languages used on the Internet">fourth most widely used language</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russian is written using the <a href="/wiki/Russian_alphabet" title="Russian alphabet">Russian alphabet</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a>; it distinguishes between consonant <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> with <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatal</a> <a href="/wiki/Secondary_articulation" title="Secondary articulation">secondary articulation</a> and those without—the so-called "soft" and "hard" sounds. Almost every <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a> has a hard or soft counterpart, and the distinction is a prominent feature of the language, which is usually shown in writing not by a change of the consonant but rather by changing the following vowel. Another important aspect is the <a href="/wiki/Vowel_reduction" title="Vowel reduction">reduction</a> of unstressed <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">Stress</a>, which is often unpredictable, is not normally indicated <a href="/wiki/Orthographically" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthographically">orthographically</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETimberlake200417_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETimberlake200417-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though an optional <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a> may be used to mark stress – such as to distinguish between <a href="/wiki/Homograph" title="Homograph">homographic</a> words (e.g. <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">замо́к</span></span> [<span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">zamók</i></span>, 'lock'] and <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">за́мок</span></span> [<span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">zámok</i></span>, 'castle']), or to indicate the proper pronunciation of uncommon words or names. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2></div> <p>Russian is an <a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="East Slavic language">East Slavic language</a> of the wider <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European family</a>. It is a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic">Old East Slavic</a>, a language used in <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>, which was a loose conglomerate of <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavic</a> tribes from the late 9th to the mid-13th centuries. From the point of view of <a href="/wiki/Spoken_language" title="Spoken language">spoken language</a>, its closest relatives are <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the other three languages in the East Slavic branch. In many places in eastern and southern Ukraine and throughout Belarus, these languages are spoken interchangeably, and in certain areas traditional bilingualism resulted in language mixtures such as <a href="/wiki/Surzhyk" title="Surzhyk">Surzhyk</a> in eastern Ukraine and <a href="/wiki/Trasianka" title="Trasianka">Trasianka</a> in Belarus. An East Slavic <a href="/wiki/Old_Novgorod_dialect" title="Old Novgorod dialect">Old Novgorod dialect</a>, although it vanished during the 15th or 16th century, is sometimes considered to have played a significant role in the formation of modern Russian. Also, Russian has notable lexical similarities with <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> due to a common <a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a> influence on both languages, but because of later interaction in the 19th and 20th centuries, Bulgarian grammar differs markedly from Russian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESussexCubberley2006477–478,_480_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESussexCubberley2006477–478,_480-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the course of centuries, the vocabulary and literary style of Russian have also been influenced by Western and Central European languages such as Greek, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, German, French, Italian, and English,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to a lesser extent the languages to the south and the east: <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Defense_Language_Institute" title="Defense Language Institute">Defense Language Institute</a> in <a href="/wiki/Monterey,_California" title="Monterey, California">Monterey, California</a>, Russian is classified as a <a href="/wiki/DLI_levels" class="mw-redirect" title="DLI levels">level III language</a> in terms of learning difficulty for native English speakers, requiring approximately 1,100 hours of immersion instruction to achieve intermediate fluency.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standard_Russian">Standard Russian</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Moscow_dialect" title="Moscow dialect">Moscow dialect</a></div> <p>Feudal divisions and conflicts created obstacles between the Russian principalities before and especially during Mongol rule. This strengthened dialectal differences, and for a while, prevented the emergence of a standardized national language. The formation of the unified and centralized Russian state in the 15th and 16th centuries, and the gradual re-emergence of a common political, economic, and cultural space created the need for a common standard language. The initial impulse for standardization came from the government bureaucracy for the lack of a reliable tool of communication in administrative, legal, and judicial affairs became an obvious practical problem. The earliest attempts at standardizing Russian were made based on the so-called Moscow official or chancery language, during the 15th to 17th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Kadochnikov-2016_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kadochnikov-2016-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, the trend of language policy in Russia has been standardization in both the restricted sense of reducing dialectical barriers between ethnic Russians, and the broader sense of expanding the use of Russian alongside or in favour of other languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Kadochnikov-2016_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kadochnikov-2016-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The current standard form of Russian is generally regarded as the <i>modern Russian literary language</i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">современный русский литературный язык</span></span> – "sovremenny russky literaturny yazyk"). It arose at the beginning of the 18th century with the modernization reforms of the Russian state under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> and developed from the Moscow (<a href="/wiki/Central_Russian_dialects" title="Central Russian dialects">Middle or Central Russian</a>) dialect substratum under the influence of some of the previous century's Russian chancery language.<sup id="cite_ref-Kadochnikov-2016_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kadochnikov-2016-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik Revolution">Bolshevik Revolution</a>, the spoken form of the Russian language was that of the nobility and the urban bourgeoisie. Russian peasants, the great majority of the population, continued to speak in their own dialects. However, the peasants' speech was never systematically studied, as it was generally regarded by philologists as simply a source of folklore and an object of curiosity.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was acknowledged by the noted Russian dialectologist <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Mikhailovich_Karinsky" title="Nikolai Mikhailovich Karinsky">Nikolai Karinsky</a>, who toward the end of his life wrote: "Scholars of Russian dialects mostly studied phonetics and morphology. Some scholars and collectors compiled local dictionaries. We have almost no studies of lexical material or the syntax of Russian dialects."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1917, Marxist linguists had no interest in the multiplicity of peasant dialects and regarded their language as a relic of the rapidly disappearing past that was not worthy of scholarly attention. Nakhimovsky quotes the Soviet academicians A.M Ivanov and L.P Yakubinsky, writing in 1930: </p> <blockquote><p>The language of peasants has a motley diversity inherited from feudalism. On its way to becoming proletariat peasantry brings to the factory and the industrial plant their local peasant dialects with their phonetics, grammar, and vocabulary, and the very process of recruiting workers from peasants and the mobility of the worker population generate another process: the liquidation of peasant inheritance by way of leveling the particulars of local dialects. On the ruins of peasant multilingual, in the context of developing heavy industry, a qualitatively new entity can be said to emerge—the general language of the working class... capitalism has the tendency of creating the general urban language of a given society.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_Russian_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of Russian speakers">Geographical distribution of Russian speakers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ru%C5%A1tina_ve_sv%C4%9Bt%C4%9B.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ru%C5%A1tina_ve_sv%C4%9Bt%C4%9B.svg/220px-Ru%C5%A1tina_ve_sv%C4%9Bt%C4%9B.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ru%C5%A1tina_ve_sv%C4%9Bt%C4%9B.svg/330px-Ru%C5%A1tina_ve_sv%C4%9Bt%C4%9B.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ru%C5%A1tina_ve_sv%C4%9Bt%C4%9B.svg/440px-Ru%C5%A1tina_ve_sv%C4%9Bt%C4%9B.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption>Hemisphere view of countries where Russian is an official language and countries where it is spoken as a first or second language by at least 30% of the population but is not an official language</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_ex-USSR_2004.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Russian_ex-USSR_2004.PNG/400px-Russian_ex-USSR_2004.PNG" decoding="async" width="400" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Russian_ex-USSR_2004.PNG/600px-Russian_ex-USSR_2004.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Russian_ex-USSR_2004.PNG 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>Competence of Russian in countries of the former Soviet Union (except Russia), 2004</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2010, there were 259.8 million speakers of Russian in the world: in Russia – 137.5 million, in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS</a> and Baltic countries – 93.7 million, in Eastern Europe – 12.9 million, Western Europe – 7.3 million, Asia – 2.7 million, in the Middle East and North Africa – 1.3 million, Sub-Saharan Africa – 0.1 million, Latin America – 0.2 million, U.S., <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, Australia, and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> – 4.1 million speakers. Therefore, the Russian language is the <a href="/wiki/Languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages by number of native speakers">seventh-largest in the world by the number of speakers</a>, after English, Mandarin, <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>-Urdu, Spanish, French, Arabic, and Portuguese.<sup id="cite_ref-demoscope.ru_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demoscope.ru-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ethnologue-rating-2018_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue-rating-2018-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russian is one of the <a href="/wiki/Official_languages_of_the_United_Nations" title="Official languages of the United Nations">six official languages</a> of the United Nations. Education in Russian is still a popular choice for both Russian as a second language (RSL) and native speakers in Russia, and in many former Soviet republics. Russian is still seen as an important language for children to learn in most of the former Soviet republics.<sup id="cite_ref-gallup2008_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallup2008-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BelarusHomeLanguages2009.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/BelarusHomeLanguages2009.PNG/220px-BelarusHomeLanguages2009.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/BelarusHomeLanguages2009.PNG/330px-BelarusHomeLanguages2009.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/BelarusHomeLanguages2009.PNG/440px-BelarusHomeLanguages2009.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1212" /></a><figcaption>Languages spoken at home in <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> (according to the <a href="/wiki/2009_Belarusian_census" title="2009 Belarusian census">2009 Belarusian census</a>) (green — Belarusian, blue — Russian) (<a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Belarus" title="Districts of Belarus">by raion</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russophone_population_in_Estonia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Russophone_population_in_Estonia.png/220px-Russophone_population_in_Estonia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Russophone_population_in_Estonia.png/330px-Russophone_population_in_Estonia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Russophone_population_in_Estonia.png/440px-Russophone_population_in_Estonia.png 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="1027" /></a><figcaption>Percentage of Russian speakers in <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> (according to the 2000 Estonian census)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Use_of_Russian_language_at_home_in_Latvia_(2011).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Use_of_Russian_language_at_home_in_Latvia_%282011%29.svg/200px-Use_of_Russian_language_at_home_in_Latvia_%282011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Use_of_Russian_language_at_home_in_Latvia_%282011%29.svg/300px-Use_of_Russian_language_at_home_in_Latvia_%282011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Use_of_Russian_language_at_home_in_Latvia_%282011%29.svg/400px-Use_of_Russian_language_at_home_in_Latvia_%282011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="689" /></a><figcaption>Percentage of Russian speakers in different regions of <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> (according to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_Latvian_census&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2011 Latvian census (page does not exist)">2011 census</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011._gada_tautas_skait%C4%AB%C5%A1ana_Latvij%C4%81" class="extiw" title="lv:2011. gada tautas skaitīšana Latvijā">lv</a>]</span>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UkraineNativeRussianLanguageCensus2001detailed.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/UkraineNativeRussianLanguageCensus2001detailed.png/220px-UkraineNativeRussianLanguageCensus2001detailed.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/UkraineNativeRussianLanguageCensus2001detailed.png/330px-UkraineNativeRussianLanguageCensus2001detailed.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/UkraineNativeRussianLanguageCensus2001detailed.png/440px-UkraineNativeRussianLanguageCensus2001detailed.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1737" /></a><figcaption>Percentage of people in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> with Russian as their native language (according to the <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ukraine#2001_national_census" title="Languages of Ukraine">2001 Ukrainian census</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, Russian is a second state language alongside Belarusian per the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Belarus" title="Constitution of Belarus">Constitution of Belarus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fundeh1_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fundeh1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 77% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 67% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work.<sup id="cite_ref-demoscope329_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demoscope329-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/2019_Belarusian_census" title="2019 Belarusian census">2019 Belarusian census</a>, out of 9,413,446 inhabitants of the country, 5,094,928 (54.1% of the total population) named Belarusian as their native language, with 61.2% of ethnic Belarusians and 54.5% of <a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Belarus#Current_situation" title="Poles in Belarus">ethnic Poles</a> declaring Belarusian as their native language. In everyday life in the Belarusian society the Russian language prevails, so according to the 2019 census 6,718,557 people (71.4% of the total population) stated that they speak Russian at home, for ethnic Belarusians this share is 61.4%, for <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Belarus" title="Russians in Belarus">Russians</a> — 97.2%, for <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Belarus" title="Ukrainians in Belarus">Ukrainians</a> — 89.0%, for Poles — 52.4%, and for <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Belarus">Jews</a> — 96.6%; 2,447,764 people (26.0% of the total population) stated that the language they usually speak at home is Belarusian, among ethnic Belarusians this share is 28.5%; the highest share of those who speak Belarusian at home is among ethnic Poles — 46.0%.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, Russian is spoken by 29.6% of the population, according to a 2011 estimate from the World Factbook,<sup id="cite_ref-bookoffact_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bookoffact-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is officially considered a foreign language.<sup id="cite_ref-fundeh1_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fundeh1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> School education in the Russian language is a very contentious point in Estonian politics, and in 2022, the parliament approved a bill to close up all Russian language schools and kindergartens by the school year. The transition to only Estonian language schools and kindergartens will start in the 2024–2025 school year.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, Russian is officially considered a foreign language.<sup id="cite_ref-fundeh1_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fundeh1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 55% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 26% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work.<sup id="cite_ref-demoscope329_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demoscope329-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 18 February 2012, Latvia held a <a href="/wiki/2012_Latvian_constitutional_referendum" title="2012 Latvian constitutional referendum">constitutional referendum</a> on whether to adopt Russian as a second official language.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Central Election Commission, 74.8% voted against, 24.9% voted for and the voter turnout was 71.1%.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in 2019, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language_in_Latvia" title="Russian language in Latvia">instruction in Russian</a> will be gradually discontinued in private colleges and universities in Latvia, and in general instruction in Latvian public high schools.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 29 September 2022, <a href="/wiki/Saeima" title="Saeima">Saeima</a> passed in the final reading amendments that state that all schools and kindergartens in the country are to transition to education in <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>. From 2025, all children will be taught in Latvian only.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 28 September 2023, Latvian deputies approved The National Security Concept, according to which from 1 January 2026, all content created by Latvian public media (including <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_of_Latvia" title="Public Broadcasting of Latvia">LSM</a>) should be only in Latvian or a language that "belongs to the European cultural space". The financing of Russian-language content by the state will cease, which the concept says create a "unified information space". However, one inevitable consequence would be the closure of public media broadcasts in Russian on LTV and Latvian Radio, as well as the closure of LSM's Russian-language service.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, Russian has no official or legal status, but the use of the language has some presence in certain areas. A large part of the population, especially the older generations, can speak Russian as a foreign language.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, English has replaced Russian as <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> in Lithuania and around 80% of young people speak English as their first foreign language.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to the other two Baltic states, Lithuania has a relatively small Russian-speaking minority (5.0% as of 2008).<sup id="cite_ref-andrlik_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrlik-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/2011_Lithuanian_census" title="2011 Lithuanian census">2011 Lithuanian census</a>, Russian was the native language for 7.2% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, Russian was considered to be the language of interethnic communication under a Soviet-era law.<sup id="cite_ref-fundeh1_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fundeh1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 January 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Moldova" title="Constitutional Court of Moldova">Constitutional Court of Moldova</a> declared the law unconstitutional and deprived Russian of the status of the language of interethnic communication.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 50% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 19% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work.<sup id="cite_ref-demoscope329_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demoscope329-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/2014_Moldovan_census" title="2014 Moldovan census">2014 Moldovan census</a>, Russians accounted for 4.1% of Moldova's population, 9.4% of the population declared Russian as their native language, and 14.5% said they usually spoke Russian.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Census_(2010)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Census (2010)">2010 census in Russia</a>, Russian language skills were indicated by 138 million people (99.4% of the respondents), while according to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Census_(2002)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Census (2002)">2002 census</a> – 142.6 million people (99.2% of the respondents).<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, Russian is a significant minority language. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 14,400,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 29 million active speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-demoscope251_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demoscope251-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 65% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 38% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work.<sup id="cite_ref-demoscope329_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demoscope329-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 5 September 2017, Ukraine's Parliament passed a <a href="/wiki/Ukrainization#2017_law_"On_Education"" title="Ukrainization">new education law</a> which requires all schools to teach at least partially in Ukrainian, with provisions while allow indigenous languages and languages of national minorities to be used alongside the national language.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law faced criticism from officials in Russia and Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2019 <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Ukraine_%22On_protecting_the_functioning_of_the_Ukrainian_language_as_the_state_language%22" title="Law of Ukraine "On protecting the functioning of the Ukrainian language as the state language"">Law of Ukraine "On protecting the functioning of the Ukrainian language as the state language"</a> gives priority to the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian language</a> in more than 30 spheres of public life: in particular in <a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public administration</a>, media, education, science, culture, advertising, <a href="/wiki/Service_(economics)" title="Service (economics)">services</a>. The law does not regulate private communication.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A poll conducted in March 2022 by <a href="/wiki/Sociological_group_%22RATING%22" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociological group "RATING"">RATING</a> in the territory controlled by Ukraine found that 83% of the respondents believe that Ukrainian should be the only state language of Ukraine. This opinion dominates in all macro-regions, age and language groups. On the other hand, before the war, almost a quarter of Ukrainians were in favour of granting Russian the status of the state language, while after the beginning of Russia's invasion the support for the idea dropped to just 7%. In peacetime, the idea of raising the status of Russian was traditionally supported by residents of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ukraine" title="Southern Ukraine">south</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ukraine" title="Eastern Ukraine">east</a>. But even in these regions, only a third of the respondents were in favour, and after <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russia's full-scale invasion</a>, their number dropped by almost half.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the survey carried out by <a href="/wiki/Sociological_group_%22RATING%22" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociological group "RATING"">RATING</a> in August 2023 in the territory controlled by Ukraine and among the refugees, almost 60% of the polled usually speak Ukrainian at home, about 30% – Ukrainian and Russian, only 9% – Russian. Since March 2022, the use of Russian in everyday life has been noticeably decreasing. For 82% of respondents, Ukrainian is their mother tongue, and for 16%, Russian is their mother tongue. <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_person" title="Internally displaced person">IDPs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_refugee_crisis_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian refugee crisis (2022–present)">refugees living abroad</a> are more likely to use both languages for communication or speak Russian. Nevertheless, more than 70% of IDPs and refugees consider Ukrainian to be their native language.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 20th century, Russian was a mandatory language taught in the schools of the members of the old <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> and in other <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">countries</a> that used to be satellites of the USSR. According to the Eurobarometer 2005 survey,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fluency in Russian remains fairly high (20–40%) in some countries, in particular former Warsaw Pact countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caucasus">Caucasus</h3></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, Russian has no official status, but it is recognized as a minority language under the <a href="/wiki/Framework_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_National_Minorities" title="Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities">Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fundeh1_60-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fundeh1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 30% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 2% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work.<sup id="cite_ref-demoscope329_61-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demoscope329-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, Russian has no official status, but is a <i>lingua franca</i> of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-fundeh1_60-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fundeh1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 26% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 5% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work.<sup id="cite_ref-demoscope329_61-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demoscope329-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, Russian has no official status, but it is recognized as a minority language under the <a href="/wiki/Framework_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_National_Minorities" title="Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities">Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fundeh1_60-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fundeh1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian is the language of 9% of the population according to the World Factbook.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ethnologue cites Russian as the country's de facto working language.<sup id="cite_ref-ethn_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethn-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, Russian has no official status, but it is spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_China" title="Russians in China">small Russian communities</a> in the northeastern <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a> and the northwestern <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Uyghur_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region">Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region</a>. Russian was also the main foreign language taught in school in China between 1949 and 1964. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, Russian is not a state language, but according to article 7 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kazakhstan" title="Constitution of Kazakhstan">Constitution of Kazakhstan</a> its usage enjoys equal status to that of the <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh language</a> in state and local administration.<sup id="cite_ref-fundeh1_60-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fundeh1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2009 census reported that 10,309,500 people, or 84.8% of the population aged 15 and above, could read and write well in Russian, and understand the spoken language.<sup id="cite_ref-kazcensus_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kazcensus-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2023, Kazakhstan drafted a media law aimed at increasing the use of the Kazakh language over Russian, the law stipulates that the share of the state language on television and radio should increase from 50% to 70%, at a rate of 5% per year, starting in 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, Russian is a co-official language per article 5 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Constitution of Kyrgyzstan">Constitution of Kyrgyzstan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fundeh1_60-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fundeh1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2009 census states that 482,200 people speak Russian as a native language, or 8.99% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-kyrcen_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kyrcen-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, 1,854,700 residents of Kyrgyzstan aged 15 and above fluently speak Russian as a second language, or 49.6% of the population in the age group.<sup id="cite_ref-kyrcen_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kyrcen-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, Russian is the language of inter-ethnic communication under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Tajikistan" title="Constitution of Tajikistan">Constitution of Tajikistan</a> and is permitted in official documentation.<sup id="cite_ref-fundeh1_60-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fundeh1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 28% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 7% used it as the main language with family, friends or at work.<sup id="cite_ref-demoscope329_61-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demoscope329-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The World Factbook notes that Russian is widely used in government and business.<sup id="cite_ref-bookoffact_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bookoffact-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, Russian lost its status as the official <i>lingua franca</i> in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-fundeh1_60-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fundeh1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among 12%<sup id="cite_ref-bookoffact_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bookoffact-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the population who grew up in the Soviet era can speak Russian, other generations of citizens that do not have any knowledge of Russian. Primary and secondary education by Russian is almost non-existent.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, Russian is the language of inter-ethnic communication.<sup id="cite_ref-AA_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Шухрат_Хуррамов_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Шухрат_Хуррамов-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AB_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AB-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has some official roles, being permitted in official documentation and is the <i>lingua franca</i> of the country and the language of the elite.<sup id="cite_ref-fundeh1_60-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fundeh1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UZB_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UZB-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian is spoken by 14.2% of the population according to an undated estimate from the World Factbook.<sup id="cite_ref-bookoffact_63-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bookoffact-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, Russian was the most widely taught foreign language in Mongolia,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was compulsory in Year 7 onward as a second foreign language in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 1.5<span class="nowrap"> </span>million Israelis spoke Russian as of 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Israeli <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">press</a> and websites regularly publish material in Russian and there are Russian newspapers, television stations, schools, and social media outlets based in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is an Israeli TV channel mainly broadcasting in Russian with <a href="/wiki/Israel_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel Plus">Israel Plus</a>. See also <a href="/wiki/Russian_language_in_Israel" title="Russian language in Israel">Russian language in Israel</a>. </p><p>Russian is also spoken as a second language by a small number of people in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, Russian has been added in the elementary curriculum along with Chinese and Japanese and were named as "first foreign languages" for Vietnamese students to learn, on equal footing with English.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Russian_language_in_the_United_States" title="Russian language in the United States">Russian language in the United States</a></div> <p>The Russian language was first introduced in North America when <a href="/wiki/Russian_explorers" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian explorers">Russian explorers</a> voyaged into <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> and claimed it for Russia during the 18th century. Although most Russian colonists left after the United States bought the land in 1867, a handful stayed and preserved the Russian language in this region to this day, although only a few elderly speakers of this unique dialect are left.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Nikolaevsk,_Alaska" title="Nikolaevsk, Alaska">Nikolaevsk, Alaska</a>, Russian is more spoken than English. Sizable Russian-speaking communities also exist in North America, especially in large urban centers of the US and Canada, such as <a href="/wiki/Russian_Americans_in_New_York_City" title="Russian Americans in New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spokane,_Washington" title="Spokane, Washington">Spokane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russians_in_Baltimore" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Russians in Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>. In a number of locations they issue their own newspapers, and live in <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_enclave" title="Ethnic enclave">ethnic enclaves</a> (especially the generation of immigrants who started arriving in the early 1960s). Only about 25% of them are ethnic Russians, however. Before the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, the overwhelming majority of <a href="/wiki/Russophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Russophone">Russophones</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brighton_Beach,_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Brighton Beach, Brooklyn">Brighton Beach, Brooklyn</a> in New York City were Russian-speaking Jews. Afterward, the influx from the countries of the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> changed the statistics somewhat, with ethnic Russians and Ukrainians immigrating along with some more Russian Jews and Central Asians. According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Census">United States Census</a>, in 2007 Russian was the primary language spoken in the homes of over 850,000 individuals living in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_an_international_language">As an international language</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Russophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Russophone">Russophone</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_official_languages_by_institution" class="mw-redirect" title="List of official languages by institution">List of official languages by institution</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Russian" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Russian">Internet in Russian</a></div> <p>Russian is one of the official languages (or has similar status and interpretation must be provided into Russian) of the following: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">International Civil Aviation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development" title="International Fund for Agricultural Development">International Fund for Agricultural Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">Universal Postal Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Community" title="Eurasian Economic Community">Eurasian Economic Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_Secretariat" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Treaty Secretariat">Antarctic Treaty Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Mathematical_Olympiad" title="International Mathematical Olympiad">International Mathematical Olympiad</a></li></ul> </div> <p>The Russian language is also one of two official languages aboard the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> – <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> astronauts who serve alongside Russian cosmonauts usually take Russian language courses. This practice goes back to the <a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a> mission, which first flew in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2013, Russian was found to be the second-most used language on websites after English. Russian was the language of 5.9% of all websites, slightly ahead of German and far behind English (54.7%). Russian was used not only on 89.8% of <a href="/wiki/.ru" title=".ru">.ru</a> sites, but also on 88.7% of sites with the former Soviet Union domain <a href="/wiki/.su" title=".su">.su</a>. Websites in former Soviet Union member states also used high levels of Russian: 79.0% in Ukraine, 86.9% in Belarus, 84.0% in Kazakhstan, 79.6% in Uzbekistan, 75.9% in Kyrgyzstan and 81.8% in Tajikistan. However, Russian was the sixth-most used language on the top 1,000 sites, behind English, Chinese, French, German, and Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 13 October 2023, the <a href="/wiki/CIS_Council_of_Heads_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="CIS Council of Heads of State">CIS Council of Heads of State</a> signed the Treaty on the Establishment of the <a href="/wiki/International_Organisation_for_the_Russian_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="International Organisation for the Russian Language">International Organisation for the Russian Language</a> and adopted the Statement on Support and Promotion of the Russian Language as a Language of Interethnic Communication.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Russian_dialects" title="Russian dialects">Russian dialects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moscow_dialect" title="Moscow dialect">Moscow dialect</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pomor_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomor dialect">Pomor dialect</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dialects_of_Russian_language-ru.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Dialects_of_Russian_language-ru.png/300px-Dialects_of_Russian_language-ru.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Dialects_of_Russian_language-ru.png/450px-Dialects_of_Russian_language-ru.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Dialects_of_Russian_language-ru.png/600px-Dialects_of_Russian_language-ru.png 2x" data-file-width="1465" data-file-height="1723" /></a><figcaption> Russian dialects in 1915 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> Northern dialects <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#587942; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 1. <a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a> dialect</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#3E7D6D; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 2. <a href="/wiki/Olonets" title="Olonets">Olonets</a> dialect</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#45AD96; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 3. <a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Novgorod</a> dialect</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#69A74B; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 4. <a href="/wiki/Kirov,_Kirov_Oblast" title="Kirov, Kirov Oblast">Viatka</a> dialect</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#61C57A; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 5. <a href="/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia" title="Vladimir, Russia">Vladimir</a> dialect</div> </td> <td class="col-break"> Central dialects <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F587C1; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 6. <a href="/wiki/Moscow_dialect" title="Moscow dialect">Moscow dialect</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D172A2; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 7. <a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a> dialect</div> Southern dialects <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF9B06; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 8. <a href="/wiki/Oryol" title="Oryol">Orel</a> (Don) dialect</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF7D26; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 9. <a href="/wiki/Ryazan" title="Ryazan">Ryazan</a> dialect</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFAA71; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 10. <a href="/wiki/Tula,_Russia" title="Tula, Russia">Tula</a> dialect</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F2D273; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 11. <a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a> dialect</div> Other <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#40956C; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 12. Northern Russian dialect with <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a> influences</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ECBD00; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 13. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slobozhan_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slobozhan dialect (page does not exist)">Slobozhan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%80" class="extiw" title="uk:Слобожанський говір">uk</a>]</span> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Steppe_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steppe dialect (page does not exist)">Steppe</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%80" class="extiw" title="uk:Степовий говір">uk</a>]</span> dialects of <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFD93E; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 14. Steppe dialect of Ukrainian with Russian influences (<a href="/wiki/Balachka" title="Balachka">Balachka</a>)</div>   </td></tr></tbody></table></div></figcaption></figure> <p>Despite <a href="/wiki/Dialect_levelling" title="Dialect levelling">leveling</a> after 1900, especially in matters of vocabulary and phonetics, a number of dialects still exist in Russia. Some linguists divide the dialects of Russian into two primary regional groupings, "Northern" and "Southern", with Moscow lying on the zone of transition between the two. Others divide the language into three groupings, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Russian_dialects" title="Northern Russian dialects">Northern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Russian_dialects" title="Central Russian dialects">Central</a> (or Middle), and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Russian_dialects" title="Southern Russian dialects">Southern</a>, with Moscow lying in the Central region.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESussexCubberley2006521–526_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESussexCubberley2006521–526-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Russian_dialects" title="Northern Russian dialects">Northern Russian dialects</a> and those spoken along the <a href="/wiki/Volga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga River">Volga River</a> typically pronounce unstressed <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> clearly, a phenomenon called <a href="/wiki/Vowel_reduction_in_Russian#Back_vowels" title="Vowel reduction in Russian">okanye</a> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">оканье</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESussexCubberley2006521–526_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESussexCubberley2006521–526-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides the absence of vowel reduction, some dialects have <a href="/wiki/High_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="High vowel">high</a> or <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongal</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e⁓i̯ɛ/</span> in place of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Slavic">Proto-Slavic</a> *<i>ě</i> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o⁓u̯ɔ/</span> in stressed closed syllables (as in Ukrainian) instead of Standard Russian <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESussexCubberley2006521–526_109-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESussexCubberley2006521–526-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another Northern dialectal morphological feature is a post-posed definite article <i>-to</i>, <i>-ta</i>, <i>-te</i> similar to that existing in Bulgarian and Macedonian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESussexCubberley2006521–526_109-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESussexCubberley2006521–526-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Russian_dialects" title="Southern Russian dialects">Southern Russian dialects</a>, instances of unstressed <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> following <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalized</a> consonants and preceding a stressed syllable are not reduced to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ]</span> (as occurs in the Moscow dialect), being instead pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span> in such positions (e.g. <span lang="ru"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:несли">несл<b>и</b></a></span> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[nʲaˈslʲi]</span>, not <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[nʲɪsˈlʲi]</span>) – this is called <a href="/wiki/Yakanye" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakanye">yakanye</a> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">яканье</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESussexCubberley2006521–526_109-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESussexCubberley2006521–526-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consonants include a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">fricative <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɣ/</span></a>, a <a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">semivowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w⁓u̯/</span></a> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x⁓xv⁓xw/</span>, whereas the Standard and Northern dialects have the consonants <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v/</span>, and final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESussexCubberley2006521–526_109-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESussexCubberley2006521–526-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The morphology features a palatalized final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʲ/</span> in 3rd person forms of verbs (this is unpalatalized in the Standard and Northern dialects).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESussexCubberley2006521–526_109-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESussexCubberley2006521–526-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_other_Slavic_languages">Comparison with other Slavic languages</h2></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a> (Common Slavic) times all Slavs spoke one mutually intelligible language or group of dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a high degree of <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a> between Russian, <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>, and a moderate degree of it in all modern Slavic languages, at least at the conversational level.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Derived_languages">Derived languages</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balachka" title="Balachka">Balachka</a>, a Ukrainian dialect spoken in Krasnodar region, Don, <a href="/wiki/Kuban" title="Kuban">Kuban</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Terek_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Terek River">Terek</a>, brought by relocated <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Cossacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Cossacks">Cossacks</a> in 1793 and is based on the so-called "southwest Russian" dialect (Ukrainian dialect). During the Russification of the aforementioned regions in the 1920s to 1950s, it was replaced by the Russian language.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_etymology" title="Esperanto etymology">Esperanto</a> has some words of Russian and Slavic origin and some features of its grammar could be derived from Russian.<sup id="cite_ref-Kiselman_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiselman-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenya" title="Fenya">Fenya</a>, a criminal <a href="/wiki/Argot" class="mw-redirect" title="Argot">argot</a> of ancient origin, with Russian grammar, but with distinct vocabulary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lojban" title="Lojban">Lojban</a>, Russian is one of its six source languages, weighed for the number of Russian speakers in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-Lojban_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lojban-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medny_Aleut_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Medny Aleut language">Medny Aleut language</a>, an extinct <a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed language</a> that was spoken on <a href="/wiki/Bering_Island" title="Bering Island">Bering Island</a> and is characterized by its <a href="/wiki/Aleut" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleut">Aleut</a> nouns and Russian verbs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padonkaffsky_jargon" title="Padonkaffsky jargon">Padonkaffsky jargon</a>, a slang language developed by <a href="/wiki/Padonki" class="mw-redirect" title="Padonki">padonki</a> of <a href="/wiki/Runet" title="Runet">Runet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quelia" class="mw-redirect" title="Quelia">Quelia</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Macaronic_language" title="Macaronic language">macaronic language</a> with Russian-derived basic structure and part of the <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a> (mainly nouns and verbs) borrowed from German</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runglish" title="Runglish">Runglish</a>, a Russian-English pidgin. This word is also used by English speakers to describe the way in which Russians attempt to speak English using Russian morphology or syntax.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russenorsk_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Russenorsk language">Russenorsk</a>, an extinct <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgin</a> language with mostly Russian vocabulary and mostly <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> grammar, used for communication between <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> and Norwegian traders in the Pomor trade in <a href="/wiki/Finnmark" title="Finnmark">Finnmark</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kola_Peninsula" title="Kola Peninsula">Kola Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surzhyk" title="Surzhyk">Surzhyk</a>, a range of mixed (macaronic) sociolects of Ukrainian and Russian languages used in certain regions of Ukraine and adjacent lands.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasianka" title="Trasianka">Trasianka</a>, a heavily russified variety of <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a> used by a large portion of the rural population in Belarus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taimyr_Pidgin_Russian" title="Taimyr Pidgin Russian">Taimyr Pidgin Russian</a>, spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Nganasan_people" title="Nganasan people">Nganasan</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Taymyr_Peninsula" title="Taymyr Peninsula">Taimyr Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Russian" title="Alaskan Russian">Alaskan Russian</a>, a dialect of Russian spoken in some parts of the <a href="/wiki/US" class="mw-redirect" title="US">US</a> state of <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alphabet">Alphabet</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Russian_alphabet" title="Russian alphabet">Russian alphabet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian Braille</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Azbuka_1574_by_Ivan_Fyodorov.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Azbuka_1574_by_Ivan_Fyodorov.png/220px-Azbuka_1574_by_Ivan_Fyodorov.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Azbuka_1574_by_Ivan_Fyodorov.png/330px-Azbuka_1574_by_Ivan_Fyodorov.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Azbuka_1574_by_Ivan_Fyodorov.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>A page from Azbuka (<a href="/wiki/Alphabet_book" title="Alphabet book">Alphabet book</a>), the first East Slavic printed textbook. Printed by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fyodorov_(printer)" title="Ivan Fyodorov (printer)">Ivan Fyodorov</a> in 1574 in Lviv. This page features the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Russian is written using a <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> alphabet. The Russian alphabet consists of 33 letters. The following table gives their forms, along with <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a> values for each letter's typical sound: </p> <table cellpadding="4" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru"><a href="/wiki/A_(Cyrillic)" title="A (Cyrillic)">А</a></span></span>а<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span></td> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru"><a href="/wiki/Be_(Cyrillic)" title="Be (Cyrillic)">Б</a></span></span>б<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span></td> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru"><a href="/wiki/Ve_(Cyrillic)" title="Ve (Cyrillic)">В</a></span></span>в<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v/</span></td> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru"><a href="/wiki/Ge_(Cyrillic)" title="Ge (Cyrillic)">Г</a></span></span>г<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span></td> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru"><a href="/wiki/De_(Cyrillic)" title="De (Cyrillic)">Д</a></span></span>д<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span></td> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru"><a href="/wiki/Ye_(Cyrillic)" title="Ye (Cyrillic)">Е</a></span></span>е<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/je/</span></td> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru"><a href="/wiki/Yo_(Cyrillic)" title="Yo (Cyrillic)">Ё</a></span></span>ё<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jo/</span></td> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru"><a href="/wiki/Zhe_(Cyrillic)" title="Zhe (Cyrillic)">Ж</a></span></span>ж<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʐ/</span></td> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru"><a href="/wiki/Ze_(Cyrillic)" title="Ze (Cyrillic)">З</a></span></span>з<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span></td> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru"><a href="/wiki/I_(Cyrillic)" title="I (Cyrillic)">И</a></span></span>и<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span></td> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru"><a href="/wiki/Short_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Short I">Й</a></span></span>й<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru"><a href="/wiki/Ka_(Cyrillic)" title="Ka (Cyrillic)">К</a></span></span>к<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span></td> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru"><a href="/wiki/El_(Cyrillic)" title="El (Cyrillic)">Л</a></span></span>л<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span></td> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru"><a href="/wiki/Em_(Cyrillic)" title="Em (Cyrillic)">М</a></span></span>м<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span></td> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru"><a href="/wiki/En_(Cyrillic)" title="En (Cyrillic)">Н</a></span></span>н<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span></td> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru"><a href="/wiki/O_(Cyrillic)" title="O (Cyrillic)">О</a></span></span>о<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span></td> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru"><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Cyrillic)" title="Pe (Cyrillic)">П</a></span></span>п<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span></td> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru"><a href="/wiki/Er_(Cyrillic)" title="Er (Cyrillic)">Р</a></span></span>р<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span></td> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru"><a href="/wiki/Es_(Cyrillic)" title="Es (Cyrillic)">С</a></span></span>с<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span></td> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru"><a href="/wiki/Te_(Cyrillic)" title="Te (Cyrillic)">Т</a></span></span>т<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span></td> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru"><a href="/wiki/U_(Cyrillic)" title="U (Cyrillic)">У</a></span></span>у<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span></td> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru"><a href="/wiki/Ef_(Cyrillic)" title="Ef (Cyrillic)">Ф</a></span></span>ф<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru"><a href="/wiki/Kha_(Cyrillic)" title="Kha (Cyrillic)">Х</a></span></span>х<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span></td> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru"><a href="/wiki/Tse_(Cyrillic)" title="Tse (Cyrillic)">Ц</a></span></span>ц<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ts/</span></td> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru"><a href="/wiki/Che_(Cyrillic)" title="Che (Cyrillic)">Ч</a></span></span>ч<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tɕ/</span></td> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru"><a href="/wiki/Sha_(Cyrillic)" title="Sha (Cyrillic)">Ш</a></span></span>ш<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʂ/</span></td> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru"><a href="/wiki/Shcha_(Cyrillic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shcha (Cyrillic)">Щ</a></span></span>щ<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɕː/</span></td> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru"><a href="/wiki/Hard_sign" title="Hard sign">Ъ</a></span></span>ъ<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-/</span></td> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru"><a href="/wiki/Yery" title="Yery">Ы</a></span></span>ы<br /> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɨ/</span></td> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru"><a href="/wiki/Soft_sign" title="Soft sign">Ь</a></span></span>ь<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʲ/</span></td> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru"><a href="/wiki/E_(Cyrillic)" title="E (Cyrillic)">Э</a></span></span>э<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span></td> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru"><a href="/wiki/Yu_(Cyrillic)" title="Yu (Cyrillic)">Ю</a></span></span>ю<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ju/</span></td> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru"><a href="/wiki/Ya_(Cyrillic)" title="Ya (Cyrillic)">Я</a></span></span>я<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ja/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Older letters of the Russian alphabet include <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Old East Slavic-language text"><span lang="orv">ѣ</span></span>⟩</span>, which merged to <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">е</span></span>⟩</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/je/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʲe/</span>); <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Old East Slavic-language text"><span lang="orv">і</span></span>⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Old East Slavic-language text"><span lang="orv">ѵ</span></span>⟩</span>, which both merged to <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">и</span></span>⟩</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>); <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Old East Slavic-language text"><span lang="orv">ѳ</span></span>⟩</span>, which merged to <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">ф</span></span>⟩</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span>); <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Old East Slavic-language text"><span lang="orv">ѫ</span></span>⟩</span>, which merged to <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">у</span></span>⟩</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span>); <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Old East Slavic-language text"><span lang="orv">ѭ</span></span>⟩</span>, which merged to <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">ю</span></span>⟩</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ju/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʲu/</span>); and <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Old East Slavic-language text"><span lang="orv">ѧ</span></span>⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Old East Slavic-language text"><span lang="orv">ѩ</span></span>⟩</span>, which later were graphically reshaped into <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">я</span></span>⟩</span> and merged phonetically to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ja/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʲa/</span>. While these older letters have been abandoned at one time or another, they may be used in this and related articles. The <a href="/wiki/Yer" title="Yer">yers</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">ъ</span></span>⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru">ь</i></span>⟩</span> originally indicated the pronunciation of <i>ultra-short</i> or <i>reduced</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŭ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ĭ/</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transliteration">Transliteration</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">Romanization of Russian</a></div> <p>Because of many technical restrictions in computing and also because of the unavailability of Cyrillic keyboards abroad, Russian is often transliterated using the Latin alphabet. For example, <span lang="ru"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:мороз">мороз</a></span> ('frost') is transliterated <i>moroz</i>, and <span lang="ru"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8C#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:мышь">мышь</a></span> ('mouse'), <i>mysh</i> or <i>myš'</i>. Once commonly used by the majority of those living outside Russia, transliteration is being used less frequently by Russian-speaking typists in favor of the extension of Unicode <a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">character encoding</a>, which fully incorporates the Russian alphabet. Free programs are available offering this <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> extension, which allow users to type Russian characters, even on Western 'QWERTY' keyboards.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computing">Computing</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of computing in the Soviet Union">History of computing in the Soviet Union</a></div> <p>The Russian language was first introduced to computing after the <a href="/wiki/Automatic_Digital_Computer_M-1" title="Automatic Digital Computer M-1">M-1</a>, and <a href="/wiki/MESM" title="MESM">MESM</a> models were produced in 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orthography">Orthography</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russian_orthography" title="Russian orthography">Russian orthography</a></div> <p>According to the Institute of Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an optional <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">знак ударения</span></span>) may, and sometimes should, be used to mark <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress</a>. For example, it is used to distinguish between otherwise identical words, especially when context does not make it obvious: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">замо́к</span></span> (<i>zamók</i> – "lock") – <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">за́мок</span></span> (<i>zámok</i> – "castle"), <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">сто́ящий</span></span> (<i>stóyashchy</i> – "worthwhile") – <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">стоя́щий</span></span> (<i>stoyáshchy</i> – "standing"), <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">чудно́</span></span> (<i>chudnó</i> – "this is odd") – <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">чу́дно</span></span> (<i>chúdno</i> – "this is marvellous"), <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">молоде́ц</span></span> (<i>molodéts</i> – "well done!") – <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">мо́лодец</span></span> (<i>mólodets</i> – "fine young man"), <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">узна́ю</span></span> (<i>uznáyu</i> – "I shall learn it") – <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">узнаю́</span></span> (<i>uznayú</i> – "I recognize it"), <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">отреза́ть</span></span> (<i>otrezát</i> – "to be cutting") – <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">отре́зать</span></span> (<i>otrézat</i> – "to have cut"); to indicate the proper pronunciation of uncommon words, especially personal and family names, like <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">афе́ра</span></span> (<i>aféra</i>, "scandal, affair"), <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">гу́ру</span></span> (<i>gúru</i>, "guru"), <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Гарси́я</span></span> (<i>García</i>), <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Оле́ша</span></span> (<i>Olésha</i>), <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Фе́рми</span></span> (<i>Fermi</i>), and to show which is the stressed word in a sentence, for example <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Ты́ съел печенье?</span></span> (<i>Tý syel pechenye?</i> – "Was it <i>you</i> who ate the cookie?") – <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Ты съе́л печенье?</span></span> (<i>Ty syél pechenye?</i> – "Did you <i>eat</i> the cookie?) – <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Ты съел пече́нье?</span></span> (<i>Ty syel pechénye?</i> "Was it the <i>cookie</i> you ate?"). Stress marks are mandatory in lexical dictionaries and books for children or Russian learners.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russian_phonology" title="Russian phonology">Russian phonology</a></div> <p>The Russian <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a> structure can be quite complex, with both initial and final consonant clusters of up to four consecutive sounds. Using a formula with V standing for the nucleus (vowel) and C for each consonant, the maximal structure can be described as follows: </p><p>(C)(C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Consonant phonemes </caption> <tbody><tr style="font-size: 90%;"> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a><br />/<a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-<br />alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">pal.</a></small> </th> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">pal.</a></small> </th> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">pal.</a></small> </th> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">pal.</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">mʲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">nʲ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <th><small>voiceless</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">pʲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">tʲ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">kʲ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>voiced</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">bʲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">dʲ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">ɡʲ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">t͡sʲ</a></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">t͡ɕ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <th><small>voiceless</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">fʲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">sʲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a></span>ː </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">xʲ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>voiced</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">vʲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">zʲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">ʐ</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a></span>ː) </td> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span>) </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">ɣʲ</a></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">ɫ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">lʲ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">rʲ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Russian is notable for its distinction based on <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalization</a> of most of its consonants. The phoneme /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ts</span>/ is generally considered to be always hard; however, loan words such as <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Цюрих</a> and some other neologisms contain /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tsʲ</span>/ through the word-building processes (e.g., фрицёнок ["фриц" plus diminutive "ёнок"], шпицята ["шпиц" plus diminutive "ята"]). Palatalization means that the center of the tongue is raised during and after the articulation of the consonant. In the case of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʲ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʲ/</span>, the tongue is raised enough to produce slight frication (affricate sounds; cf. Belarusian ць, дзь, or Polish ć, dź). The sounds <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t,<span class="wrap"> </span>d,<span class="wrap"> </span>ts,<span class="wrap"> </span>s,<span class="wrap"> </span>z,<span class="wrap"> </span>n,<span class="wrap"> </span>rʲ/</span> are <a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">dental</a>, that is, pronounced with the tip of the tongue against the teeth rather than against the <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ridge">alveolar ridge</a>. According to some linguists, the "plain" consonants are velarized as in <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>, something which is most noticeable when it involves a labial before a hard vowel, such as мы, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mˠɨː/</span>, "we" , or бэ, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bˠɛ/</span>, "the letter Б". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; float: left; margin-right: 1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td style="font-size:90%"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td style="font-size:90%">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a></span>) </td> <td style="font-size:90%"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td style="font-size:90%"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:90%"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:90%"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_vowel_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Russian_vowel_chart.svg/220px-Russian_vowel_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Russian_vowel_chart.svg/330px-Russian_vowel_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Russian_vowel_chart.svg/440px-Russian_vowel_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Russian vowel chart by <a href="#CITEREFTrofimovJones1923">Trofimov & Jones (1923</a>:55)</figcaption></figure> <p>Russian has five or six vowels in stressed syllables, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i,<span class="wrap"> </span>u,<span class="wrap"> </span>e,<span class="wrap"> </span>o,<span class="wrap"> </span>a/</span>, and in some analyses <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɨ/</span>, but in most cases these vowels have merged to only two to four vowels when unstressed: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i,<span class="wrap"> </span>u,<span class="wrap"> </span>a/</span> (or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɨ,<span class="wrap"> </span>u,<span class="wrap"> </span>a/</span>) after hard consonants and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i,<span class="wrap"> </span>u/</span> after soft ones. These vowels have several <a href="/wiki/Allophones" class="mw-redirect" title="Allophones">allophones</a>, which are displayed on the diagram to the right.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russian_grammar" title="Russian grammar">Russian grammar</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <span class="anonymous-show"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3ARussian_language&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+17+February+2025&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Russian+language">making an edit request</a></span></span><span class="user-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_language&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> </span>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2014</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Russian has preserved an <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_language" title="Synthetic language">synthetic</a>-<a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflectional</a> structure, although considerable <a href="/wiki/Morphological_levelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphological levelling">leveling</a> has occurred. Russian grammar encompasses: </p> <ul><li>a highly <a href="/wiki/Fusional_language" title="Fusional language">fusional</a> <b>morphology</b></li> <li>a <b>syntax</b> that, for the literary language, is the conscious fusion of three elements:<sup id="cite_ref-rbthdialects_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rbthdialects-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>a polished <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> foundation;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>a <a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Slavonic language">Church Slavonic</a> inheritance;</li> <li>a <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western European</a> style.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul></li></ul> <p>The spoken language has been influenced by the literary one but continues to preserve characteristic forms. The dialects show various non-standard grammatical features.<sup id="cite_ref-rbthdialects_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rbthdialects-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of actual grammar, there are three <a href="/wiki/Tenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenses">tenses</a> in Russian –  past, present, and future –  and each verb has two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect_in_Slavic_languages" title="Grammatical aspect in Slavic languages">aspects</a> (perfective and imperfective). Russian nouns each have a gender –  either feminine, masculine, or neuter, chiefly indicated by spelling at the end of the word. Words change depending on both their gender and function in the sentence. Russian has six <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">cases</a>: Nominative (for the grammatical subject), Accusative (for direct objects), Dative (for indirect objects), Genitive (to indicate possession or relation), Instrumental (to indicate 'with' or 'by means of'), and Prepositional (used after the locative prepositions в "in", на "on", о "about", при "in the presence of"). Verbs of motion in Russian –  such as 'go', 'walk', 'run', 'swim', and 'fly' –  use the imperfective or perfective form to indicate a single or return trip, and also use a multitude of <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefixes</a> to add shades of meaning to the verb. Such verbs also take on different forms to distinguish between concrete and abstract motion.<sup id="cite_ref-Nesset_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nesset-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karion_Istomin%27s_alphabet_P.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Karion_Istomin%27s_alphabet_P.jpg/220px-Karion_Istomin%27s_alphabet_P.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Karion_Istomin%27s_alphabet_P.jpg/330px-Karion_Istomin%27s_alphabet_P.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Karion_Istomin%27s_alphabet_P.jpg/440px-Karion_Istomin%27s_alphabet_P.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1013" data-file-height="1688" /></a><figcaption>This page from an "ABC" book printed in Moscow in 1694 shows the letter <b><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="П">П</a></b>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The number of listed words or entries in some of the major dictionaries published during the past two centuries, are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:left;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Work</th> <th>Year</th> <th>Words</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>Academic dictionary, I Ed.</td> <td>1789–1794</td> <td>43,257</td> <td>Russian and Church Slavonic with some Old Russian vocabulary. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Academic dictionary, II Ed</td> <td>1806–1822</td> <td>51,388</td> <td>Russian and Church Slavonic with some Old Russian vocabulary. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Academic dictionary, III Ed.</td> <td>1847</td> <td>114,749</td> <td>Russian and Church Slavonic with Old Russian vocabulary. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_Dictionary_of_the_Living_Great_Russian_Language" title="Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language">Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Dahl" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Dahl">Dahl</a>'s)</td> <td>1880–1882</td> <td>195,844</td> <td>44,000 entries lexically grouped; attempt to catalogue the full vernacular language. Contains many dialectal, local, and obsolete words. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_Dictionary_of_the_Russian_Language_(Ushakov)" class="mw-redirect" title="Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language (Ushakov)">Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Ushakov" title="Dmitry Ushakov">Ushakov</a>'s)</td> <td>1934–1940</td> <td>85,289</td> <td>Current language with some archaisms. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Academic Dictionary of the Russian Language (<a href="/wiki/Sergey_Ozhegov" title="Sergey Ozhegov">Ozhegov</a>'s)</td> <td>1950–1965<br />1991<span class="nowrap"> </span>(2nd<span class="nowrap"> </span>ed.) </td> <td>120,480</td> <td>"Full" 17-volumed dictionary of the contemporary language. The second 20-volumed edition was begun in 1991, but not all volumes have been finished. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lopatin's dictionary</td> <td>1999–2013</td> <td>≈200,000</td> <td>Orthographic, current language, several editions </td></tr> <tr> <td>Great Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language</td> <td>1998–2009</td> <td>≈130,000</td> <td>Current language, the dictionary has many subsequent editions from the first one of 1998. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Russian <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a></td> <td>11 October 2021</td> <td>442,533</td> <td>Number of entries in the category <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ru:Category:%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="wikt:ru:Category:Русский язык">Русский язык (Russian language)</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_literary_language">History and literary language</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_language" title="History of the Russian language">History of the Russian language</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Reforms_of_Russian_orthography" title="Reforms of Russian orthography">Reforms of Russian orthography</a></div> <p>No single periodization is universally accepted, but the history of the Russian language is sometimes divided into the following periods:<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Matthews_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthews-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_language#Feudal_and_linguistic_breakup_(13th–14th_century)" title="History of the Russian language">Old Russian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic">Old East Slavic</a> (until the 14th or 15th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_language#The_Moscow_period_(15th–17th_centuries)" title="History of the Russian language">Middle Russian</a> (14th or 15th century until the 17th or 18th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_language#Empire_(18th–19th_centuries)" title="History of the Russian language">Modern Russian</a> (17th century or 18th century to the present)</li></ul> <p>The history of the Russian language is also divided into <i>Old Russian</i> from the 11th to 17th centuries, followed by <i>Modern Russian</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Matthews_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthews-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ostromir_Gospel_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ostromir_Gospel_1.jpg/220px-Ostromir_Gospel_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ostromir_Gospel_1.jpg/330px-Ostromir_Gospel_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ostromir_Gospel_1.jpg/440px-Ostromir_Gospel_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ostromir_Gospels" title="Ostromir Gospels">Ostromir Gospels</a> of 1056 is the second oldest <a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a> book known, one of many medieval <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscripts</a> preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_National_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian National Library">Russian National Library</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The political reforms of <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter I of Russia">Peter the Great</a> (Пётр Вели́кий, <i>Pyótr Velíky</i>) were accompanied by a reform of the alphabet, and achieved their goal of secularization and Westernization. Blocks of specialized vocabulary were adopted from the languages of Western Europe. By 1800, a significant portion of the gentry spoke French daily, and German sometimes. Many Russian novels of the 19th<span class="nowrap"> </span>century, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>'s (Лев Толсто́й) <i><a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace" title="War and Peace">War and Peace</a></i>, contain entire paragraphs and even pages in French with no translation given, with an assumption that educated readers would not need one.<sup id="cite_ref-Jeffra_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeffra-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern literary language is usually considered to date from the time of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Alexander Pushkin</a> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Алекса́ндр Пу́шкин</span></span>) in the first third of the 19th<span class="nowrap"> </span>century. Pushkin revolutionized <a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Russian literature</a> by rejecting archaic grammar and vocabulary (so-called <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">высо́кий стиль</span></span> — "high style") in favor of grammar and vocabulary found in the spoken language of the time. Even modern readers of younger age may only experience slight difficulties understanding some words in Pushkin's texts, since relatively few words used by Pushkin have become archaic or changed meaning. In fact, many expressions used by Russian writers of the early 19th<span class="nowrap"> </span>century, in particular Pushkin, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lermontov" title="Mikhail Lermontov">Mikhail Lermontov</a> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Михаи́л Ле́рмонтов</span></span>), <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Nikolai Gogol</a> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Никола́й Го́голь</span></span>), <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Griboyedov" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksander Griboyedov">Aleksander Griboyedov</a> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Алекса́ндр Грибое́дов</span></span>), became proverbs or sayings which can be frequently found even in modern Russian colloquial speech.<sup id="cite_ref-Jeffra_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeffra-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-Zimniy_vecher.ogg" title="File:Ru-Zimniy vecher.ogg">Winter Evening</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="21" data-mwtitle="Ru-Zimniy_vecher.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Ru-Zimniy_vecher.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/Ru-Zimniy_vecher.ogg/Ru-Zimniy_vecher.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Reading of excerpt of Pushkin's "Winter Evening" (Зимний вечер), 1825.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <table> <tbody><tr> <th>Russian text</th> <th>Pronunciation</th> <th>Transliteration</th> <th>English Translation </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru"><b>Зи́мний ве́чер</b></span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈzʲimnʲɪj<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈvʲetɕɪr]</a></span></td> <td><i><b>Zímnij véčer</b></i></td> <td><b>Winter evening</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Бу́ря мгло́ю не́бо кро́ет,</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈburʲə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈmɡɫoju<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈnʲɛbə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈkroɪt]</a></span></td> <td><i>Búrja mglóju nébo krójet,</i></td> <td>The storm covers the sky with a haze </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Ви́хри сне́жные крутя́;</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈvʲixrʲɪ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈsʲnʲɛʐnɨɪ<span class="wrap"> </span>krʊˈtʲa]</a></span></td> <td><i>Víhri snéžnyje krutjá,</i></td> <td>As it swirls heaps of snow in the air. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">То, как зверь, она́ заво́ет,</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈto<span class="wrap"> </span>kaɡ<span class="wrap"> </span>zvʲerʲ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɐˈna<span class="wrap"> </span>zɐˈvoɪt]</a></span></td> <td><i>To, kak zveŕ, oná zavójet,</i></td> <td>At times, it howls like a beast, </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">То запла́чет, как дитя́,</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈto<span class="wrap"> </span>zɐˈpɫatɕɪt,<span class="wrap"> </span>kaɡ<span class="wrap"> </span>dʲɪˈtʲa]</a></span></td> <td><i>To zapláčet, kak ditjá,</i></td> <td>And then cries like a child; </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">То по кро́вле обветша́лой</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈto<span class="wrap"> </span>pɐˈkrovlʲɪ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɐbvʲɪtˈʂaɫəj]</a></span></td> <td><i>To po króvle obvetšáloj</i></td> <td>At times, on top of the threadbare roof, </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Вдруг соло́мой зашуми́т,</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈvdruk<span class="wrap"> </span>sɐˈɫoməj<span class="wrap"> </span>zəʂʊˈmʲit]</a></span></td> <td><i>Vdrug solómoj zašumít,</i></td> <td>It suddenly rustles straw, </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">То, как пу́тник запозда́лый,</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈto<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈkak<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈputʲnʲɪɡ<span class="wrap"> </span>zəpɐˈzdaɫɨj]</a></span></td> <td><i>To, kak pútnik zapozdályj</i></td> <td>And then, like a late traveller, </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">К нам в око́шко застучи́т.</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈknam<span class="wrap"> </span>vɐˈkoʂkə<span class="wrap"> </span>zəstʊˈtɕit]</a></span></td> <td><i>K nam v okóško zastučít.</i></td> <td>It knocks upon our window. </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <p>During the Soviet period, the policy toward the languages of the various other ethnic groups fluctuated in practice. Though each of the constituent republics had its own official language, the unifying role and superior status was reserved for Russian, although it was declared the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> only in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">break-up of the USSR</a> in 1991, several of the newly independent states have encouraged their native languages, which has partly reversed the privileged status of Russian, though its role as the language of post-Soviet national discourse throughout the region has continued.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Russian language in the world declined after 1991 due to the collapse of the Soviet Union and decrease in the number of <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> in the world and diminution of the total population in Russia (where Russian is an official language), however <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">this</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The decline, decrease, or diminution; or all three? (October 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> has since been reversed.<sup id="cite_ref-demoscope.ru_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demoscope.ru-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated20130215-1_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated20130215-1-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mof.gov.cy_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mof.gov.cy-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Recent estimates of the total number of speakers of Russian </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Source</th> <th>Native speakers</th> <th>Native rank</th> <th>Total speakers</th> <th>Total rank </th></tr> <tr> <td>G. Weber, "Top Languages",<br /><i>Language Monthly</i>,<br />3: 12–18, 1997, ISSN 1369-9733</td> <td>160,000,000</td> <td>8</td> <td>285,000,000</td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>World Almanac (1999)</td> <td>145,000,000</td> <td>8 (2005)</td> <td>275,000,000</td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>SIL (2000 WCD)</td> <td>145,000,000</td> <td>8</td> <td>255,000,000</td> <td>5–6 (tied with Arabic) </td></tr> <tr> <td>CIA World Factbook (2005)</td> <td>160,000,000</td> <td>8</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>According to figures published in 2006 in the journal "<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF_Weekly" class="extiw" title="ru:Демоскоп Weekly">Demoskop Weekly</a>" research deputy director of Research Center for Sociological Research of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_and_Science_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Education and Science (Russia)">Ministry of Education and Science (Russia)</a> Arefyev A. L.,<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Russian language is gradually losing its position in the world in general, and in Russia in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated20130215-1_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated20130215-1-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-demoscope_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demoscope-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, A. L. Arefyev published a new study "Russian language at the turn of the 20th–21st centuries", in which he confirmed his conclusion about the trend of weakening of the Russian language after the Soviet Union's collapse in various regions of the world (findings published in 2013 in the journal "<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF_Weekly" class="extiw" title="ru:Демоскоп Weekly">Demoskop Weekly</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-demoscope.ru_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demoscope.ru-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated20130213-1_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated20130213-1-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the countries of the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> the Russian language was being replaced or used in conjunction with local languages.<sup id="cite_ref-demoscope.ru_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demoscope.ru-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, the number of speakers of Russian in the world depends on the number of <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> in the world and total population in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-demoscope.ru_56-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demoscope.ru-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated20130215-1_132-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated20130215-1-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mof.gov.cy_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mof.gov.cy-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>The changing proportion of Russian speakers in the world<br />(assessment Aref'eva 2012)<sup id="cite_ref-demoscope.ru_56-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demoscope.ru-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated20130213-1_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated20130213-1-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 387">: 387 </span></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:bottom"> <th>Year</th> <th>worldwide<br />population,<br /><br />billion</th> <th>population<br />Russian Empire,<br />Soviet Union and<br />Russian Federation,<br /><br />million</th> <th>share in world<br />population,<br /><br />%</th> <th>total number<br />of speakers<br />of Russian,<br /><br />million</th> <th>share in world<br />population,<br /><br />% </th></tr> <tr> <td>1900</td> <td>1.650</td> <td>138.0</td> <td><span class="nowrap"> </span> 8.4</td> <td>105</td> <td>6.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1914</td> <td>1.782</td> <td>182.2</td> <td><span class="nowrap"> </span> 10.2</td> <td>140</td> <td>7.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1940</td> <td>2.342</td> <td>205.0</td> <td><span class="nowrap"> </span> 8.8</td> <td>200</td> <td>7.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980</td> <td>4.434</td> <td>265.0</td> <td><span class="nowrap"> </span> 6.0</td> <td>280</td> <td>6.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990</td> <td>5.263</td> <td>286.0</td> <td><span class="nowrap"> </span> 5.4</td> <td>312</td> <td>5.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004</td> <td>6.400</td> <td>146.0</td> <td><span class="nowrap"> </span> 2.3</td> <td>278</td> <td>4.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>6.820</td> <td>142.7</td> <td><span class="nowrap"> </span> 2.1</td> <td>260</td> <td>3.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020</td> <td>7.794</td> <td>147.3</td> <td><span class="nowrap"> </span> 1.8</td> <td>256</td> <td>3.3 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_text">Sample text</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_-_rus_-_sd_-_Art1.ogg" title="File:Universal Declaration of Human Rights - rus - sd - Art1.ogg">Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Russian</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="11" data-mwtitle="Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_-_rus_-_sd_-_Art1.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_-_rus_-_sd_-_Art1.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_-_rus_-_sd_-_Art1.ogg/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_-_rus_-_sd_-_Art1.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div><p> Article 1 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a></i> in Russian:<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>Все люди рождаются свободными и равными в своем достоинстве и правах. Они наделены разумом и совестью и должны поступать в отношении друг друга в духе братства.</p></blockquote><p>The <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanization</a> of the text into <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>:</p><blockquote><p><i>Vse lyudi rozhdayutsya svobodnymi i ravnymi v svoyem dostoinstve i pravakh. Oni nadeleny razumom i sovest'yu i dolzhny postupat' v otnoshenii drug druga v dukhe bratstva.</i></p></blockquote><p>Article 1 of the <i>Universal Declaration of Human Rights</i> in English:<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Russia portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Language" title="Portal:Language">Language portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Russian_origin" title="List of English words of Russian origin">List of English words of Russian origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_language_topics" title="List of Russian language topics">List of Russian language topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Russian_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Russian is an official language">List of countries and territories where Russian is an official language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Russification" title="Computer Russification">Computer Russification</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On the history of using "русский" ("<i>russkiy</i>") and "российский" ("<i>rossiyskiy</i>") as the Russian adjectives denoting "Russian", see: <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Trubachyov" title="Oleg Trubachyov">Oleg Trubachyov</a>. 2005. Русский<span class="nowrap"> </span>– Российский. История, динамика, идеология двух атрибутов нации (pp. 216–227). В поисках единства. Взгляд филолога на проблему истоков Руси., 2005. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://krotov.info/libr_min/19_t/ru/bachev.htm"><bdi lang="ru">РУССКИЙ – РОССИЙСКИЙ</bdi></a> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140218214456/http://krotov.info/libr_min/19_t/ru/bachev.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%A3%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%98%D0%99+%E2%80%93+%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%98%D0%99%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%98%D0%99&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkrotov.info%2Flibr_min%2F19_t%2Fru%2Fbachev.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span>. On the 1830s change in the Russian name of the Russian language and its causes, see: <a href="/wiki/Tomasz_Kamusella" title="Tomasz Kamusella">Tomasz Kamusella</a>. 2012. The Change of the Name of the Russian Language in Russian from Rossiiskii to Russkii: Did Politics Have Anything to Do with It? (pp.<span class="nowrap"> </span>73–96). <i>Acta Slavica Iaponica</i>. Vol 32, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/publictn/acta/32/04Kamusella.pdf">"The Change of the Name of the Russian Language in Russian from Rossiiskii to Russkii: Did Politics Have Anything to Do with It?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130518165147/http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/publictn/acta/32/04Kamusella.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 18 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Change+of+the+Name+of+the+Russian+Language+in+Russian+from+Rossiiskii+to+Russkii%3A+Did+Politics+Have+Anything+to+Do+with+It%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsrc-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp%2Fpublictn%2Facta%2F32%2F04Kamusella.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Under the laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Russian language is not offered any status in terms of official language. The provisions only state that "Under request of citizens the text of document compiled by state notary or person acting as a notary shall be issued on Russian and if possible on other acceptable language" <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b4d328.html">"Uzbekistan: Law "On Official Language"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190508060700/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b4d328.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uzbekistan%3A+Law+%22On+Official+Language%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F3ae6b4d328.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The status of <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> and of the city of <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a> is <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">under dispute between Russia and Ukraine</a> since March 2014; Ukraine and the majority of the international community consider Crimea to be an <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_republic" title="Autonomous republic">autonomous republic</a> of Ukraine and Sevastopol to be one of Ukraine's <a href="/wiki/Cities_with_special_status" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities with special status">cities with special status</a>, whereas Russia, on the other hand, considers Crimea to be a <a href="/wiki/Federal_subject_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal subject of Russia">federal subject of Russia</a> and Sevastopol to be one of Russia's three <a href="/wiki/Federal_cities_of_Russia" title="Federal cities of Russia">federal cities</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AbkhaziaSouthOssetia-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AbkhaziaSouthOssetia_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AbkhaziaSouthOssetia_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abkhazia and South Ossetia are only <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia" title="International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia">partially recognized countries</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Русский язык</span></span>, <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Russkiy yazyk</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈruskʲɪj<span class="wrap"> </span>jɪˈzɨk]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5c\/Ru-russkiy_jizyk.ogg\/Ru-russkiy_jizyk.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-russkiy jizyk.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Ru-russkiy_jizyk.ogg/Ru-russkiy_jizyk.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-russkiy_jizyk.ogg" title="File:Ru-russkiy jizyk.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Including <a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a>, which is sometimes classified as a <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> in Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e27-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e27_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/rus">Russian</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (27th ed., 2024) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RusConst-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RusConst_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-01.htm">"Article 68. Constitution of the Russian Federation"</a>. <i>Constitution.ru</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130606071041/http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-01.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Constitution.ru&rft.atitle=Article+68.+Constitution+of+the+Russian+Federation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.constitution.ru%2Fen%2F10003000-01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Belarus-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Belarus_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070502115338/http://president.gov.by/en/press19329.html">"Article 17. Constitution of the Republic of Belarus"</a>. <i>President.gov.by</i>. 11 May 1998. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Constcouncil.kz&rft.atitle=Article+7.+Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+Kazakhstan&rft.date=2005-12-04&rft.aulast=Nazarbaev&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.constcouncil.kz%2Feng%2Fnorpb%2Fconstrk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kyrgyzstan-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kyrgyzstan_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121222125830/http://www.gov.kg/?page_id=263">"Официальный сайт Правительства КР"</a>. <i>Gov.kg</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.kg/ky">the original</a> on 22 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gov.kg&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%9A%D0%A0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.kg%2Fky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prokuratura.tj/ru/legislation/the-constitution-of-the-republic-of-tajikistan.html">"КОНСТИТУЦИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАДЖИКИСТАН"</a>. <i>prokuratura.tj</i>. Parliament of Tajikistan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224035434/http://prokuratura.tj/ru/legislation/the-constitution-of-the-republic-of-tajikistan.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=prokuratura.tj&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%98%D0%A2%D0%A3%D0%A6%D0%98%D0%AF+%D0%A0%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%9F%D0%A3%D0%91%D0%9B%D0%98%D0%9A%D0%98+%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%94%D0%96%D0%98%D0%9A%D0%98%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%9D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprokuratura.tj%2Fru%2Flegislation%2Fthe-constitution-of-the-republic-of-tajikistan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AA-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AA_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AA_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFЮрий_Подпоренко2001" class="citation web cs1">Юрий Подпоренко (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mytashkent.uz/2015/04/27/bespraven-no-vostrebovan-russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/">"Бесправен, но востребован. Русский язык в Узбекистане"</a>. Дружба Народов. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160513012627/http://mytashkent.uz/2015/04/27/bespraven-no-vostrebovan-russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%2C+%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD.+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA+%D0%B2+%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.pub=%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B0+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.date=2001&rft.au=%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmytashkent.uz%2F2015%2F04%2F27%2Fbespraven-no-vostrebovan-russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Шухрат_Хуррамов-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Шухрат_Хуррамов_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Шухрат_Хуррамов_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFШухрат_Хуррамов2015" class="citation web cs1">Шухрат Хуррамов (11 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://365info.kz/2015/09/russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/">"Почему русский язык нужен узбекам?"</a>. <i>365info.kz</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160701175737/http://365info.kz/2015/09/russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%3A+%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8C+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8.+%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%2C+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%B2+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.pub=%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81&rft.date=2009&rft.au=%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmagazines.russ.ru%2Fnz%2F2009%2F4%2Fab21.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gagauzia-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gagauzia_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gagauzia.md/pageview.php?l=en&idc=389&id=240">"Article 16. Legal code of Gagauzia (Gagauz-Yeri)"</a>. <i>Gagauzia.md</i>. 5 August 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513170728/http://www.gagauzia.md/pageview.php?l=en&idc=389&id=240">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gagauzia.md&rft.atitle=Article+16.+Legal+code+of+Gagauzia+%28Gagauz-Yeri%29&rft.date=2008-08-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gagauzia.md%2Fpageview.php%3Fl%3Den%26idc%3D389%26id%3D240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abkhazia-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abkhazia_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090118213155/http://www.abkhaziagov.org/ru/state/sovereignty">"Конституция Республики Абхазия"</a>. 18 January 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abkhaziagov.org/ru/state/sovereignty">the original</a> on 18 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.date=2009-01-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abkhaziagov.org%2Fru%2Fstate%2Fsovereignty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ossetia-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ossetia_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090811021536/http://cominf.org/node/1127818105">"КОНСТИТУЦИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ЮЖНАЯ ОСЕТИЯ"</a> [Constitution of the Republic of South Ossetia]. 11 August 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cominf.org/node/1127818105">the original</a> on 11 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%98%D0%A2%D0%A3%D0%A6%D0%98%D0%AF+%D0%A0%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%9F%D0%A3%D0%91%D0%9B%D0%98%D0%9A%D0%98+%D0%AE%D0%96%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%AF+%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%95%D0%A2%D0%98%D0%AF&rft.date=2009-08-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcominf.org%2Fnode%2F1127818105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160921034927/http://usefoundation.org/view/436">"Law of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic on the Functioning of Languages on the Territory of the Moldavian SSR"</a>. U.S. English Foundation Research. 2016. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue.com&rft.atitle=Romania+%3A+Languages+of+Romania&rft.date=1999-02-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_country.asp%3Fname%3DRO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-No148-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-No148_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-No148_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?NT=148&CM=8&DF=23/01/05&CL=ENG&VL=1">"List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148 (Status as of: 21/9/2011)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120522083136/http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?NT=148&CM=8&DF=23%2F01%2F05&CL=ENG&VL=1">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+declarations+made+with+respect+to+treaty+No.+148+%28Status+as+of%3A+21%2F9%2F2011%29&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconventions.coe.int%2FTreaty%2FCommun%2FListeDeclarations.asp%3FNT%3D148%26CM%3D8%26DF%3D23%2F01%2F05%26CL%3DENG%26VL%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vlada.cz/en/pracovni-a-poradni-organy-vlady/rnm/historie-a-soucasnost-rady-en-16666/">"National Minorities Policy of the Government of the Czech Republic"</a>. Vlada.cz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120607051111/http://www.vlada.cz/en/pracovni-a-poradni-organy-vlady/rnm/historie-a-soucasnost-rady-en-16666/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Minorities+Policy+of+the+Government+of+the+Czech+Republic&rft.pub=Vlada.cz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vlada.cz%2Fen%2Fpracovni-a-poradni-organy-vlady%2Frnm%2Fhistorie-a-soucasnost-rady-en-16666%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deschide.md/ro/stiri/politic/78929/Pre%C8%99edintele-CCM-Constitu%C8%9Bia-nu-confer%C4%83-limbii-ruse-un-statut-deosebit-de-cel-al-altor-limbi-minoritare.htm">"Președintele CCM: Constituția nu conferă limbii ruse un statut deosebit de cel al altor limbi minoritare"</a>. Deschide.md. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210129050215/https://deschide.md/ro/stiri/politic/78929/Pre%C8%99edintele-CCM-Constitu%C8%9Bia-nu-confer%C4%83-limbii-ruse-un-statut-deosebit-de-cel-al-altor-limbi-minoritare.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The State ensures the comprehensive development and functioning of the Ukrainian language in all spheres of social life throughout the entire territory of Ukraine. In Ukraine, the free development, use and protection of Russian, and other languages of national minorities of Ukraine, is guaranteed."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEthnic_Groups_and_Religious_department,_Fujian_Provincial_Government2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ethnic Groups and Religious department, Fujian Provincial Government (13 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fujian.gov.cn/hdjl/hdjlzsk/mzzjt/mz/202209/t20220913_5991001.htm">"少数民族的语言文字有哪些？"</a>. <i>fujian.gov.cn</i> (in Chinese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221028081421/http://fujian.gov.cn/hdjl/hdjlzsk/mzzjt/mz/202209/t20220913_5991001.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2022</span>. <q>我国已正式使用和经国家批准推行的少数民族文字有19种，它们是...俄罗斯文...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fujian.gov.cn&rft.atitle=%E5%B0%91%E6%95%B0%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E6%9C%89%E5%93%AA%E4%BA%9B%EF%BC%9F&rft.date=2022-09-13&rft.au=Ethnic+Groups+and+Religious+department%2C+Fujian+Provincial+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffujian.gov.cn%2Fhdjl%2Fhdjlzsk%2Fmzzjt%2Fmz%2F202209%2Ft20220913_5991001.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Education_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China</a> (27 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_sjzl/wenzi/202108/t20210827_554992.html">"中国语言文字概况（2021年版）"</a>. <i>moe.gov.cn</i> (in Chinese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240104031557/http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_sjzl/wenzi/202108/t20210827_554992.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2023</span>. <q>...属于印欧语系的是属斯拉夫语族的俄语...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=moe.gov.cn&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E6%A6%82%E5%86%B5%EF%BC%882021%E5%B9%B4%E7%89%88%EF%BC%89&rft.date=2021-08-27&rft.au=Ministry+of+Education+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moe.gov.cn%2Fjyb_sjzl%2Fwenzi%2F202108%2Ft20210827_554992.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ruslang.ru/agens.php?id=aims">"Russian Language Institute"</a>. <i>Ruslang.ru</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100719234135/http://www.ruslang.ru/agens.php?id=aims">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ruslang.ru&rft.atitle=Russian+Language+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruslang.ru%2Fagens.php%3Fid%3Daims&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi1996" class="citation journal cs1">Magocsi, Paul Robert (1996). 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Gallup. 1 August 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100518073110/http://www.gallup.com/poll/109228/Russian-Language-Enjoying-Boost-PostSoviet-States.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Ethnologue. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210223132915/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/rus">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2021</span>. <q>Russian is the most widespread of the Slavic languages and the largest native language in Europe. Of great political importance, it is one of the official languages of the United Nations – making it a natural area of study for those interested in geopolitics.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearn.utoronto.ca%2Fprograms-courses%2Flanguages-and-translation%2Flanguage-learning%2Frussian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927062910/http://www2.ignatius.edu/faculty/turner/languages.htm">"The World's Most Widely Spoken Languages"</a>. <i>Saint Ignatius High School</i>. Cleveland, Ohio. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ignatius.edu/faculty/turner/languages.htm">the original</a> on 27 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Saint+Ignatius+High+School&rft.atitle=The+World%27s+Most+Widely+Spoken+Languages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.ignatius.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fturner%2Flanguages.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWakata" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Koichi_Wakata" title="Koichi Wakata">Wakata, Koichi</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.jaxa.jp/article/special/expedition/wakata01_e.html">"My Long Mission in Space"</a>. <a href="/wiki/JAXA" title="JAXA">JAXA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140426232353/https://global.jaxa.jp/article/special/expedition/wakata01_e.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2021</span>. <q>The official languages on the ISS are English and Russian, and when I was speaking with the Flight Control Room at JAXA's Tsukuba Space Center during ISS systems and payload operations, I was required to speak in either English or Russian.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=My+Long+Mission+in+Space&rft.pub=JAXA&rft.aulast=Wakata&rft.aufirst=Koichi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.jaxa.jp%2Farticle%2Fspecial%2Fexpedition%2Fwakata01_e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/our-work/official-languages">"Official Languages"</a>. United Nations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210713075145/https://www.un.org/en/our-work/official-languages">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2021</span>. <q>There are six official languages of the UN. These are Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=roa.rutgers.edu&rft.atitle=Russian+Loanword+Adoptation+in+Persian%3B+Optimal+Approach&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Aliyeh+Kord+Zafaranlu+Kambuziya&rft.au=Eftekhar+Sadat+Hashemi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Froa.rutgers.edu%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Ffiles%2F1317_hashemi_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIraj_Bashiri1990" class="citation journal cs1">Iraj Bashiri (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/10442551">"Russian Loanwords in Persian and Tajiki Language"</a>. <i>academia.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160530193133/http://www.academia.edu/10442551/Russian_Loanwords_in_Persian_and_Tajiki_Languages">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=academia.edu&rft.atitle=Russian+Loanwords+in+Persian+and+Tajiki+Language&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Iraj+Bashiri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F10442551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colin Baker, Sylvia Prys Jones <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YgtSqB9oqDIC&dq=russian+loanwords+in+hebrew&pg=PA219"><i>Encyclopedia of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180320151848/https://books.google.com/books?id=YgtSqB9oqDIC&pg=PA219&dq=russian+loanwords+in+hebrew&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=Y75GVbmtKomuUe25gbAJ&ved=0CEEQ6AEwAw">Archived</a> 20 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> pp 219 Multilingual Matters, 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85359-362-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85359-362-1">1-85359-362-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson" class="citation web cs1">Thompson, Irene. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aboutworldlanguages.com/language-difficulty">"Language Learning Difficulty"</a>. <i>mustgo</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20140527094808/http://aboutworldlanguages.com/language-difficulty">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mustgo&rft.atitle=Language+Learning+Difficulty&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Irene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faboutworldlanguages.com%2Flanguage-difficulty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kadochnikov-2016-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kadochnikov-2016_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kadochnikov-2016_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kadochnikov-2016_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKadochnikov2016" class="citation cs2">Kadochnikov, Denis V. 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(Chapter 1)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nakhimovsky,<span class="nowrap"> </span>A.<span class="nowrap"> </span>D.<span class="nowrap"> </span>(2019).<span class="nowrap"> </span><i>The Language of Russian Peasants in the Twentieth Century: A Linguistic Analysis and Oral History</i>.<span class="nowrap"> </span>United Kingdom:<span class="nowrap"> </span>Lexington Books. (p.2)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ibid.</i>(p.3)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-demoscope.ru-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-demoscope.ru_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-demoscope.ru_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-demoscope.ru_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-demoscope.ru_56-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-demoscope.ru_56-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-demoscope.ru_56-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2013/0571/tema02.php">"Демографические изменения – не на пользу русскому языку"</a> (in Russian). Demoscope.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140805090035/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2013/0571/tema02.php">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%E2%80%93+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7%D1%83+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%83&rft.pub=Demoscope.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2F2013%2F0571%2Ftema02.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethnologue-rating-2018-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ethnologue-rating-2018_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis,_M._PaulGary_F._SimonsCharles_D._Fennig2018" class="citation web cs1">Lewis, M. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue%3A+Languages+of+the+World&rft.atitle=Statistical+Summaries.+Summary+by+language+size.+Language+size&rft.date=2018-02-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fstatistics%2Fsize&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFАрефьев_А._Л.2013" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Арефьев А. Л. (31 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2013/0571/tema02.php">"Сжимающееся русскоязычие. Демографические изменения — не на пользу русскому языку"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF_Weekly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Демоскоп Weekly (page does not exist)">Демоскоп Weekly</a></i> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140805090035/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2013/0571/tema02.php">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The World Factbook. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hannasles.com/languages/">the original</a> on 23 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ERR&rft.atitle=Riigikogu+kiitis+heaks+eestikeelsele+%C3%B5ppele+%C3%BClemineku&rft.date=2022-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.err.ee%2F1608817708%2Friigikogu-kiitis-heaks-eestikeelsele-oppele-ulemineku&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://estonianworld.com/knowledge/estonias-russian-schools-to-switch-to-estonian-language-schooling/">"Estonia's Russian schools to switch to Estonian-language schooling"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Estonian_World" title="Estonian World">Estonian World</a></i>. 13 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Estonian+World&rft.atitle=Estonia%27s+Russian+schools+to+switch+to+Estonian-language+schooling&rft.date=2022-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Festonianworld.com%2Fknowledge%2Festonias-russian-schools-to-switch-to-estonian-language-schooling%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120502013728/http://web.cvk.lv/pub/public/28361.html">"Referendum on the Draft Law 'Amendments to the Constitution of the Republic of Latvia'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Central Election Commission of Latvia. 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.cvk.lv/pub/public/28361.html/">the original</a> on 2 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Referendum+on+the+Draft+Law+%27Amendments+to+the+Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+Latvia%27&rft.pub=Central+Election+Commission+of+Latvia&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.cvk.lv%2Fpub%2Fpublic%2F28361.html%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tn2012.cvk.lv/">"Results of the referendum on the Draft Law 'Amendments to the Constitution of the Republic of Latvia'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> (in Latvian). Central Election Commission of Latvia. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120415075014/http://www.tn2012.cvk.lv/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Results+of+the+referendum+on+the+Draft+Law+%27Amendments+to+the+Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+Latvia%27&rft.pub=Central+Election+Commission+of+Latvia&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tn2012.cvk.lv%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/latvia-pushes-majority-language-in-schools-leaving-parents-miffed/a-45385830">"Latvia pushes majority language in schools, leaving parents miffed"</a>. Deutsche Welle. 8 September 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190123223709/https://www.dw.com/en/latvia-pushes-majority-language-in-schools-leaving-parents-miffed/a-45385830">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Latvia+pushes+majority+language+in+schools%2C+leaving+parents+miffed&rft.date=2018-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Flatvia-pushes-majority-language-in-schools-leaving-parents-miffed%2Fa-45385830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/04/03/moscow-threatens-sanctions-against-latvia-removal-russian-secondary/">"Moscow threatens sanctions against Latvia over removal of Russian from secondary schools"</a></span>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. 3 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/04/03/moscow-threatens-sanctions-against-latvia-removal-russian-secondary/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Moscow+threatens+sanctions+against+Latvia+over+removal+of+Russian+from+secondary+schools&rft.date=2018-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2018%2F04%2F03%2Fmoscow-threatens-sanctions-against-latvia-removal-russian-secondary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bnn-news.com/latvia-to-gradually-transition-to-education-only-in-official-language-238962">"Latvia to gradually transition to education only in official language"</a>. 29 September 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231205153814/https://bnn-news.com/latvia-to-gradually-transition-to-education-only-in-official-language-238962">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Latvia+to+gradually+transition+to+education+only+in+official+language&rft.date=2022-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbnn-news.com%2Flatvia-to-gradually-transition-to-education-only-in-official-language-238962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheremet2022" class="citation web cs1">Sheremet, Anhelina (13 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.ua/en/news/78675-in-latvia-from-2025-all-children-will-be-taught-in-latvian-only">"In Latvia, from 2025, all children will be taught in Latvian only"</a>. <i>Бабель</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231121114406/https://babel.ua/en/news/78675-in-latvia-from-2025-all-children-will-be-taught-in-latvian-only">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C&rft.atitle=In+Latvia%2C+from+2025%2C+all+children+will+be+taught+in+Latvian+only&rft.date=2022-05-13&rft.aulast=Sheremet&rft.aufirst=Anhelina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.ua%2Fen%2Fnews%2F78675-in-latvia-from-2025-all-children-will-be-taught-in-latvian-only&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eng.lsm.lv/article/society/defense/28.09.2023-saeima-approves-updated-national-security-concept-for-latvia.a525735/">"Saeima approves updated National Security concept for Latvia"</a>. <i>Eng.LSM.lv</i>. 28 September 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231121114206/https://eng.lsm.lv/article/society/defense/28.09.2023-saeima-approves-updated-national-security-concept-for-latvia.a525735/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eng.LSM.lv&rft.atitle=Saeima+approves+updated+National+Security+concept+for+Latvia&rft.date=2023-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feng.lsm.lv%2Farticle%2Fsociety%2Fdefense%2F28.09.2023-saeima-approves-updated-national-security-concept-for-latvia.a525735%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210106145651/https://in.mfa.lt/in/en/news/statistics-lithuania-785-of-lithuanians-speak-at-least-one-foreign-language">"Statistics Lithuania: 78.5% of Lithuanians speak at least one foreign language | News"</a>. <i>Ministry of Foreign Affairs</i>. 27 September 2013. 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href="https://osp.stat.gov.lt/documents/10180/217110/Gyv_kalba_tikyba.pdf">"Gyventojai pagal tautybę, gimtąją kalbą ir tikybą"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Oficialiosios statistikos portalas</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404074611/https://osp.stat.gov.lt/documents/10180/217110/Gyv_kalba_tikyba.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oficialiosios+statistikos+portalas&rft.atitle=Gyventojai+pagal+tautyb%C4%99%2C+gimt%C4%85j%C4%85+kalb%C4%85+ir+tikyb%C4%85&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fosp.stat.gov.lt%2Fdocuments%2F10180%2F217110%2FGyv_kalba_tikyba.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span 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href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-moldova-language-idUSKBN29Q2J0/">"Moldovan court overturns special status for Russian language"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231121095432/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-moldova-language-idUSKBN29Q2J0/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Moldovan+court+overturns+special+status+for+Russian+language&rft.date=2021-01-21&rft.aulast=Tanas&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-russia-moldova-language-idUSKBN29Q2J0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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Об итогах Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года. Сообщение Росстата"</a> (in Russian). Demoscope.ru. 8 November 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141018055149/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2011/0491/perep01.php">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unian.info&rft.atitle=New+education+law+becomes+effective+in+Ukraine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unian.info%2Fsociety%2F2159231-new-education-law-becomes-effective-in-ukraine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/ukraine-defends-education-reform-as-hungary-promises-pain-1.3235916">"Ukraine defends education reform as Hungary promises 'pain'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>. 27 September 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220324150210/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/ukraine-defends-education-reform-as-hungary-promises-pain-1.3235916">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Ukraine+defends+education+reform+as+Hungary+promises+%27pain%27&rft.date=2017-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fukraine-defends-education-reform-as-hungary-promises-pain-1.3235916&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-language-legislation-minority-languages-russia-hungary-romania/28753925.html">"Ukrainian Language Bill Facing Barrage Of Criticism From Minorities, Foreign Capitals"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></i>. 24 September 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331162824/https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-language-legislation-minority-languages-russia-hungary-romania/28753925.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Ukrainian+Language+Bill+Facing+Barrage+Of+Criticism+From+Minorities%2C+Foreign+Capitals&rft.date=2017-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fukraine-language-legislation-minority-languages-russia-hungary-romania%2F28753925.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2704-19#Text">"Про забезпечення функціонування української мови як державної"</a>. <i>Офіційний вебпортал парламенту України</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200502182619/https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2704-19#Text">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9E%D1%84%D1%96%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D1%84%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8+%D1%8F%D0%BA+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzakon.rada.gov.ua%2Flaws%2Fshow%2F2704-19%23Text&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://language-policy.info/2019/05/komu-varto-boyatysya-zakonu-pro-movu/">"Кому варто боятися закону про мову?"</a>. <i>Портал мовної політики</i> (in Ukrainian). 16 May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190518152707/http://language-policy.info/2019/05/komu-varto-boyatysya-zakonu-pro-movu/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%3A+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%96+%2819+%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F+2022%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fratinggroup.ua%2Fresearch%2Fukraine%2Flanguage_issue_in_ukraine_march_19th_2022.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ratinggroup.ua/files/ratinggroup/reg_files/rating_independence_august_2023.pdf">"Соціологічне дослідження до Дня Незалежності УЯВЛЕННЯ ПРО ПАТРІОТИЗМ ТА МАЙБУТНЄ УКРАЇНИ"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231227002638/https://ratinggroup.ua/files/ratinggroup/reg_files/rating_independence_august_2023.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 27 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85+%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8%2C+%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82+%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%8E+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C&rft.pub=Demoscope.ru&rft.aulast=%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%90.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.demoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2F2006%2F0251%2Ftema03.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFАрефьев" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Арефьев, А. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2006/0251/tema05.php"><bdi lang="ru">Будет ли русский в числе мировых языков в будущем?</bdi></a> (in Russian). Demoscope.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512104646/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2006/0251/tema05.php">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B2+%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B2+%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BC%3F&rft.pub=Demoscope.ru&rft.aulast=%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%90.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.demoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2F2006%2F0251%2Ftema05.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2013/0571/tema03.php"><bdi lang="ru">Все меньше школьников обучаются на русском языке</bdi></a> (in Russian). Demoscope.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140805082906/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2013/0571/tema03.php">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B5+%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B5&rft.pub=Demoscope.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2F2013%2F0571%2Ftema03.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2013/0571/biblio01.php"><bdi lang="ru">Русский Язык На Рубеже Xx-Ххi Веков</bdi></a> (in Russian). Demoscope.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140201203021/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2013/0571/biblio01.php">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA+%D0%9D%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5+Xx-%D0%A5%D1%85i+%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.pub=Demoscope.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2F2013%2F0571%2Fbiblio01.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated20130213-1-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated20130213-1_139-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated20130213-1_139-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civisbook.ru/files/File/russkij_yazyk.pdf">Русский язык на рубеже XX-XXI веков</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615042230/http://www.civisbook.ru/files/File/russkij_yazyk.pdf">Archived</a> 15 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> — М.: Центр социального прогнозирования и маркетинга, 2012. — 482 стр.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2008/0329/tema01.php"><bdi lang="ru">журнал "Демоскоп". Русский язык — советский язык?</bdi></a>. <i>Demoscope.ru</i> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130402125223/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2008/0329/tema01.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Demoscope.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB+%22%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%22.+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA+%E2%80%94+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2F2008%2F0329%2Ftema01.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/human-rights/universal-declaration/translations/russian">"Universal Declaration of Human Rights – Russian (Russky)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207181634/https://www.ohchr.org/en/human-rights/universal-declaration/translations/russian">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights+%E2%80%93+Russian+%28Russky%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2Fen%2Fhuman-rights%2Funiversal-declaration%2Ftranslations%2Frussian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNations" class="citation news cs1">Nations, United. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights">"Universal Declaration of Human Rights"</a>. <i>United Nations</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210316050452/https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+Nations&rft.atitle=Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights&rft.aulast=Nations&rft.aufirst=United&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fabout-us%2Funiversal-declaration-of-human-rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <dl><dt>In English</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Carleton, T. R. (1991). <i>Introduction to the Phonological History of the Slavic Languages</i>. Columbus, Ohio: Slavica Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Phonological+History+of+the+Slavic+Languages&rft.place=Columbus%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=Slavica+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Carleton&rft.aufirst=T.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Comrie" title="Bernard Comrie">Comrie, Bernard S.</a>; Stone, Gerald; Polinsky, Maria (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russianlanguagei00comr"><i>The Russian Language in the Twentieth Century</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). Oxford, England: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-824066-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-824066-2"><bdi>978-0-19-824066-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Language+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-824066-2&rft.aulast=Comrie&rft.aufirst=Bernard+S.&rft.au=Stone%2C+Gerald&rft.au=Polinsky%2C+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frussianlanguagei00comr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Cubberley, P. (2002). <i>Russian: A Linguistic Introduction</i> (1st ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79641-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79641-5"><bdi>978-0-521-79641-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian%3A+A+Linguistic+Introduction&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79641-5&rft.aulast=Cubberley&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/33192973/THE_RUSSIAN_GENITIVE_OF_NEGATION_AND_ITS_JAPANESE_COUNTERPART">Iliev, Iv. The Russian Genitive of Negation and Its Japanese Counterpart. International Journal of Russian Stidies. 1, 2018 (In Print)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsurin2011" class="citation book cs1">Isurin, Ludmila (2011). <i>Russian Diaspora Culture, Identity, and Language Change</i>. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781934078457" title="Special:BookSources/9781934078457"><bdi>9781934078457</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Diaspora+Culture%2C+Identity%2C+and+Language+Change&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781934078457&rft.aulast=Isurin&rft.aufirst=Ludmila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>O'Brien, M.A., New English–Russian and Russian–English Dictionary (New Orthography), New York, The Language Library 1944, Dover Publications.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Shohamy, Elana (2006). <i>Language policy: hidden agendas and new approaches</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415328647" title="Special:BookSources/9780415328647"><bdi>9780415328647</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+policy%3A+hidden+agendas+and+new+approaches&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780415328647&rft.aulast=Shohamy&rft.aufirst=Elana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpolskyShohamy1999" class="citation book cs1">Spolsky, Bernard; Shohamy, Elana (1999). <i>The languages of Israel: policy, ideology, and practice</i>. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781853594519" title="Special:BookSources/9781853594519"><bdi>9781853594519</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+languages+of+Israel%3A+policy%2C+ideology%2C+and+practice&rft.place=Clevedon%2C+UK&rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781853594519&rft.aulast=Spolsky&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft.au=Shohamy%2C+Elana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSussexCubberley2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roland_Sussex" title="Roland Sussex">Sussex, Roland</a>; Cubberley, Paul (2006). <i>The Slavic languages</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, England: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22315-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22315-7"><bdi>978-0-521-22315-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Slavic+languages&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-22315-7&rft.aulast=Sussex&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft.au=Cubberley%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimberlake2004" class="citation book cs1">Timberlake, Alan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/european-language-and-linguistics/reference-grammar-russian?format=HB"><i>A Reference Grammar of Russian</i></a>. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77292-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77292-1"><bdi>978-0-521-77292-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140907175751/http://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/european-language-and-linguistics/reference-grammar-russian?format=HB">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Reference+Grammar+of+Russian&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77292-1&rft.aulast=Timberlake&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fgb%2Facademic%2Fsubjects%2Flanguages-linguistics%2Feuropean-language-and-linguistics%2Freference-grammar-russian%3Fformat%3DHB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Timberlake, Alan (1993). "Russian". In Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville G. (eds.). <i>The Slavonic languages</i>. London, England; New York, NY: Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">827–</span>886. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-04755-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-04755-5"><bdi>978-0-415-04755-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Russian&rft.btitle=The+Slavonic+languages&rft.place=London%2C+England%3B+New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E827-%3C%2Fspan%3E886&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-415-04755-5&rft.aulast=Timberlake&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrofimovJones1923" class="citation book cs1">Trofimov, Michael V.; Jones, Daniel (1923). <i>The Pronunciation of Russian</i>. Cambridge primers of pronunciation. Cambridge: University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pronunciation+of+Russian&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Cambridge+primers+of+pronunciation&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Trofimov&rft.aufirst=Michael+V.&rft.au=Jones%2C+Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Terence_Wade" title="Terence Wade">Wade, Terence</a> (2000). Holman, Michael (ed.). <i>A Comprehensive Russian Grammar</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford, England: <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Publishing">Blackwell Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20757-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20757-3"><bdi>978-0-631-20757-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+Russian+Grammar&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-631-20757-3&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Terence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <dl><dt>In Russian</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2013/0571/tema02.php">журнал «Демоскоп Weekly» № 571 – 572 14 – 31 октября 2013. А. Арефьев. Тема номера: сжимающееся русскоязычие. Демографические изменения – не на пользу русскому языку</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140805090035/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2013/0571/tema02.php">Archived</a> 5 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civisbook.ru/files/File/russkij_yazyk.pdf">Русский язык на рубеже XX-XXI веков</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615042230/http://www.civisbook.ru/files/File/russkij_yazyk.pdf">Archived</a> 15 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> — М.: Центр социального прогнозирования и маркетинга, 2012. — 482 стр. Аннотация книги в <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2013/0571/biblio01.php">РУССКИЙ ЯЗЫК НА РУБЕЖЕ XX-XXI ВЕКОВ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140201203021/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2013/0571/biblio01.php">Archived</a> 1 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2008/0329/tema04.php">журнал «Демоскоп Weekly» № 329 – 330 14 – 27 апреля 2008. К. Гаврилов. Е. Козиевская. Е. Яценко. Тема номера: русский язык на постсоветских просторах. Где есть потребность в изучении русского языка</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130405005201/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2008/0329/tema04.php">Archived</a> 5 April 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2006/0251/tema05.php">журнал «Демоскоп Weekly» № 251 – 252 19 июня – 20 августа 2006. А. Арефьев. Тема номера: сколько людей говорят и будут говорить по-русски? Будет ли русский в числе мировых языков в будущем?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512104646/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2006/0251/tema05.php">Archived</a> 12 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Жуковская Л. П. (отв. ред.) Древнерусский литературный язык и его отношение к старославянскому. — М.: «Наука», 1987.</li> <li>Иванов В. В. Историческая грамматика русского языка. — М.: «Просвещение», 1990.</li> <li>Новиков Л. А. Современный русский язык: для высшей школы. — М.: Лань, 2003.</li> <li>Филин Ф. П. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philology.ru/linguistics2/filin-82.htm">О словарном составе языка Великорусского народа.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080130042407/http://www.philology.ru/linguistics2/filin-82.htm">Archived</a> 30 January 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> // Вопросы языкознания. — М., 1982, No. 5. — С. 18–28</li></ul> </div> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYanushevskayaBunčić2015" class="citation journal cs1">Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100314000395">"Russian"</a>. Illustrations of the IPA. <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>. <b>45</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">221–</span>228. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100314000395">10.1017/S0025100314000395</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Russian&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E221-%3C%2Fspan%3E228&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100314000395&rft.aulast=Yanushevskaya&rft.aufirst=Irena&rft.au=Bun%C4%8Di%C4%87%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0025100314000395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+language" class="Z3988"></span>, with supplementary sound recordings.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Russian_Swadesh_list" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Russian Swadesh list">Appendix:Russian Swadesh list</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://russianenthusiast.com/">Russian Enthusiast</a> - Prominent Russian language resource for English speakers</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ruscorpora.ru/">Национальный корпус русского языка</a> National Corpus of the Russian Language <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ruslang.ru/">Russian Language Institute</a> Language regulator of the Russian language <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_language" title="Template:Russian language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_language" title="Template talk:Russian language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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in Ukraine">In Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_alphabet" title="Russian alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_orthography" title="Russian orthography">Orthography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_spelling_rules" title="Russian spelling rules">Spelling rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforms_of_Russian_orthography" title="Reforms of Russian orthography">Reforms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">Romanization (transliteration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cursive" title="Russian cursive">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Russification" title="Computer Russification">Computer Russification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Morse_code" title="Russian Morse code">Morse code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_grammar" title="Russian grammar">Grammar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_declension" title="Russian declension">Declension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animacy#Russian" title="Animacy">Animacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduplication_in_the_Russian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduplication in the Russian language">Reduplication</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_phonology" title="Russian phonology">Phonology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vowel_reduction_in_Russian" title="Vowel reduction in Russian">Vowel reduction</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pushkin_House" title="Pushkin House">Pushkin House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_formalism" title="Russian formalism">Formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_science_fiction_and_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian science fiction and fantasy">Science fiction and fantasy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_dialects" title="Russian dialects">Dialects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Russian_dialects" title="Northern Russian dialects">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pomor_dialects" title="Pomor dialects">Pomor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Russian_dialects" title="Central Russian dialects">Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_dialect" title="Moscow dialect">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasianka" title="Trasianka">Trasianka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russian_dialects" title="Southern Russian dialects">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balachka" title="Balachka">Balachka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surzhyk" title="Surzhyk">Surzhyk</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pidgins, creoles, cants <br />and mixed languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Russian" title="Alaskan Russian">Alaskan Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenya" title="Fenya">Fenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyakhta_Russian%E2%80%93Chinese_Pidgin" title="Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin">Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mednyj_Aleut" class="mw-redirect" title="Mednyj Aleut">Mednyj Aleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padonkaffsky_jargon" title="Padonkaffsky jargon">Padonkaffsky jargon</a> (Olbanian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russenorsk" title="Russenorsk">Russenorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solombala_English%E2%80%93Russian_Pidgin" class="mw-redirect" title="Solombala English–Russian Pidgin">Solombala English–Russian Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surzhyk" title="Surzhyk">Surzhyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasianka" title="Trasianka">Trasianka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_Russian_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of Russian speakers">Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Armenia#Russian" title="Languages of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language_in_Azerbaijan" title="Russian language in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language_in_Belarus" title="Russian language in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language_in_Israel" title="Russian language in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language_in_Latvia" title="Russian language in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language_in_Ukraine" title="Russian language in Ukraine">Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_language_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Russian language in Ukraine">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language_in_the_United_States" title="Russian language in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Russophone">Russophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Language_Institute" title="Russian Language Institute">Russian Language Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russkiy_Mir_Foundation" title="Russkiy Mir Foundation">Russkiy Mir Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runglish" title="Runglish">Runglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_language_topics" title="List of Russian language topics">List of topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russian_dialects47" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_dialects" title="Template:Russian dialects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_dialects" title="Template talk:Russian dialects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_dialects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian dialects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russian_dialects47" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Russian_dialects" title="Russian dialects">Russian dialects</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Russian_dialects" title="Central Russian dialects">Central</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Lake_Peipus_dialect" title="Lake Peipus dialect">Lake Peipus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moscow_dialect" title="Moscow dialect">Moscow</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Russian_dialects" title="Northern Russian dialects">Northern</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Siberian_dialects" title="Siberian dialects">Siberian</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russian_dialects" title="Southern Russian dialects">Southern</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Russian" title="Astrakhan Russian">Astrakhan</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Don_Cossacks" title="Don Cossacks">Don Cossack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goryun_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Goryun language">Goryun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balachka" title="Balachka">Kuban Cossack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomor_dialects" title="Pomor dialects">Pomor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Russian" title="Alaskan Russian">Alaskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobor_Russian" title="Doukhobor Russian">Doukhobor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dagestani_Russian" title="Dagestani Russian">Dagestani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasianka" title="Trasianka">Trasianka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surzhyk" title="Surzhyk">Surzhyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runglish" title="Runglish">Runglish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russenorsk" title="Russenorsk">Russenorsk</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Slavic_languages388" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Slavic_languages" title="Template:Slavic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Slavic_languages" title="Template talk:Slavic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Slavic_languages388" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Slavic_languages" title="History of the Slavic languages">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Proto-Slavic" title="History of Proto-Slavic">Up to Proto-Slavic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_accent" title="Proto-Slavic accent">Accent</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic script</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Slavic_languages" title="History of the Slavic languages">Modern languages</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simple_speech" title="Simple speech">Simple speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic">Old East Slavic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Novgorod_dialect" title="Old Novgorod dialect">Old Novgorodian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_dialects" title="Russian dialects">dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Russian" title="Alaskan Russian">Alaskan Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobor_Russian" title="Doukhobor Russian">Doukhobor Russian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_dialects" title="Ukrainian dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Ukrainian" title="Canadian Ukrainian">Canadian Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_speech" title="Simple speech">Simple speech</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_South_Slavic" title="Eastern South Slavic">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages#Transitional_South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">Transitional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torlakian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Torlakian dialect">Torlakian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_South_Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Western South Slavic">Western</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Западные южнославянские языки">ru</a>]</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carantanians#Language" title="Carantanians">Alpine Slavic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavomolisano_dialect" title="Slavomolisano dialect">Slavomolisano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Czech%E2%80%93Slovak_languages" title="Czech–Slovak languages">Czech–Slovak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Czech_language" title="Biblical Czech language">Biblical Czech</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_language" title="Czechoslovak language">Czechoslovak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_dialects" title="Moravian dialects">Moravian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">White Croatian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Camaldolese_Slovak" title="Camaldolese Slovak">Camaldolese Slovak</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slovak_dialects" title="Eastern Slovak dialects">Eastern Slovak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn" title="Pannonian Rusyn">Pannonian Rusyn</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lechitic_languages" title="Lechitic languages">Lechitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>East Lechitic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masurian_dialects" title="Masurian dialects">Masurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Polish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Polish language">Old Polish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Polish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Polish language">Middle Polish</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language">Silesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lach_dialects" title="Lach dialects">Lach</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_language" title="Pomeranian language">Pomeranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slovincian_language" title="Slovincian language">Slovincian</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/West_Lechitic_dialects" title="West Lechitic dialects">West Lechitic</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Marcho-Magdeburgian_dialect" title="Marcho-Magdeburgian dialect">Marcho-Magdeburgian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polabian_language" title="Polabian language">Polabian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rani_dialect" title="Rani dialect">Rani</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sorbian_languages" title="Sorbian languages">Sorbian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian_language" title="Upper Sorbian language">Upper Sorbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sorbian_language" title="Lower Sorbian language">Lower Sorbian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schleifer_dialect" title="Schleifer dialect">Schleifer</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_microlanguages" title="Slavic microlanguages">Microlanguages</a> <br />and dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Carpathian Rusyn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lemkos#Language" title="Lemkos">Lemko</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odesan_Russian" title="Odesan Russian">Odesan Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podlachian_language" title="Podlachian language">Podlachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Polesian" title="West Polesian">West Polesian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Bulgarian_dialect" title="Banat Bulgarian dialect">Banat Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakavian" title="Chakavian">Chakavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burgenland_Croatian" title="Burgenland Croatian">Burgenland Croatian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajkavian" title="Kajkavian">Kajkavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomak_language" title="Pomak language">Pomak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prekmurje_Slovene" title="Prekmurje Slovene">Prekmurje Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resian_dialect" title="Resian dialect">Resian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shtokavian" title="Shtokavian">Shtokavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavomolisano_dialect" title="Slavomolisano dialect">Slavomolisano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunjevac_dialect" title="Bunjevac dialect">Bunjevac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_dialects_of_Greece" title="Slavic dialects of Greece">Slavic dialects of Greece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slovak_dialects" title="Eastern Slovak dialects">Eastern Slovak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn" title="Pannonian Rusyn">Pannonian Rusyn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goral_ethnolect" title="Goral ethnolect">Goral</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lach_dialects" title="Lach dialects">Lach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language">Silesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cieszyn_Silesian_dialect" title="Cieszyn Silesian dialect">Cieszyn Silesian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balachka" title="Balachka">Balachka</a></li> <li><i>20th century <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Romani" title="Bohemian Romani">Bohemian Romani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kyakhta_Russian%E2%80%93Chinese_Pidgin" title="Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin">Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mednyj_Aleut_language" title="Mednyj Aleut language">Mednyj Aleut</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponaschemu" title="Ponaschemu">Ponaschemu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German-Russian_macaronic_language" title="German-Russian macaronic language">Quelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Serbian_language" title="Romano-Serbian language">Romano-Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runglish" title="Runglish">Runglish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russenorsk" title="Russenorsk">Russenorsk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solombala_English" title="Solombala English">Solombala English</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surzhyk" title="Surzhyk">Surzhyk</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taimyr_Pidgin_Russian" title="Taimyr Pidgin Russian">Taimyr Pidgin Russian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasianka" title="Trasianka">Trasianka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavic_language" title="Pan-Slavic language">Pan-Slavic language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interslavic" title="Interslavic">Interslavic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydnevi" title="Lydnevi">Lydnevi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Army_Slavic" title="Army Slavic">Army Slavic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iazychie" title="Iazychie">Iazychie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slavonic-Serbian" title="Slavonic-Serbian">Slavonic-Serbian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical<br />phonology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_first_palatalization" title="Slavic first palatalization">Slavic first palatalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_second_palatalization" title="Slavic second palatalization">Slavic second palatalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_liquid_metathesis_and_pleophony" title="Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony">Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophthongization_of_diphthongs_in_Proto-Slavic" title="Monophthongization of diphthongs in Proto-Slavic">Monophthongization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dybo%27s_law" title="Dybo's law">Dybo's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havl%C3%ADk%27s_law" title="Havlík's law">Havlík's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirt%27s_law" title="Hirt's law">Hirt's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illi%C4%8D-Svity%C4%8D%27s_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Illič-Svityč's law">Illič-Svityč's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iv%C5%A1i%C4%87%27s_law" title="Ivšić's law">Ivšić's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meillet%27s_law" title="Meillet's law">Meillet's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedersen%27s_law" title="Pedersen's law">Pedersen's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruki_sound_law" title="Ruki sound law">Ruki sound law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Wijk%27s_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Wijk's law">Van Wijk's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter%27s_law" title="Winter's law">Winter's law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Russia489" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Russia" title="Template:Languages of Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Russia" title="Template talk:Languages of Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Russia489" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Languages of Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State languages<br />of federal subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaza_language" title="Abaza language">Abaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghul_language" title="Aghul language">Aghul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_languages" title="Altai languages">Altai</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Northern_Altai_language" title="Northern Altai language">Northern Altai</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Southern_Altai_language" title="Southern Altai language">Southern Altai</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avar_language" title="Avar language">Avar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryat_language" title="Buryat language">Buryat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargwa_language" title="Dargwa language">Dargwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Oirat" title="Kalmyk Oirat">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas_language" title="Khakas language">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_language" title="Komi language">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lak_language" title="Lak language">Lak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_language" title="Mari language">Mari</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hill_Mari_language" title="Hill Mari language">Hill</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Meadow_Mari_language" title="Meadow Mari language">Meadow</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordvinic_languages" title="Mordvinic languages">Mordvin</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutul_language" title="Rutul language">Rutul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Yakut/Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_language" title="Tabasaran language">Tabasaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_language" title="Tsakhur language">Tsakhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages with official status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_language" title="Chukchi language">Chukchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgan_language" title="Dolgan language">Dolgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Even_language" title="Even language">Even</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_language" title="Evenki language">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanty_languages" title="Khanty languages">Khanty</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Khanty_language" title="Northern Khanty language">Northern Khanty</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Khanty_language" title="Southern Khanty language">Southern Khanty</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Khanty_language" title="Eastern Khanty language">Eastern Khanty</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi-Permyak_language" title="Komi-Permyak language">Komi-Permyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansi language">Mansi</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Mansi language">Northern Mansi</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Mansi_language" title="Western Mansi language">Western Mansi</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Mansi language">Eastern Mansi</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Mansi_language" title="Southern Mansi language">Southern Mansi</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenets_languages" title="Nenets languages">Nenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkup_language" title="Selkup language">Selkup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veps_language" title="Veps language">Veps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Tundra_Yukaghir_language" title="Tundra Yukaghir language">Northern Yukaghir</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Yukaghir_language" title="Southern Yukaghir language">Southern Yukaghir</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic Braille">Cyrillic Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian script</a> (<small><a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Buryat script</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Kalmyk script</a></small>)<sup>2</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><sup>1</sup> In Russia, the Cyrillic alphabet is officially supported. <sup>2</sup> For other, non-Cyrillic alphabets, separate federal laws are required. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Russia" title="Category:Languages of Russia">Languages of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_in_languages_of_Russia" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia in languages of Russia">Wikipedia in languages of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_by_language_of_Russia" title="Category:Mass media by language of Russia">Mass media by language of Russia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1266661725"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Belarus73" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Belarus" title="Template:Languages of Belarus"><abbr title="View this 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style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/32px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/48px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/64px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Belarus" title="Portal:Belarus">Belarus portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_speech" title="Simple speech">Simple speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasianka" title="Trasianka">Trasianka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Polesian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="West Polesian dialect">West Polesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Romani" title="Baltic Romani">Baltic Romani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Kazakhstan77" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Kazakhstan" title="Template:Languages of Kazakhstan"><abbr title="View this 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style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_language" title="Dungan language">Dungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Kyrgyzstan76" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Template:Languages of Kyrgyzstan"><abbr title="View 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style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_language" title="Dungan language">Dungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koryo-mar" title="Koryo-mar">Koryo-mar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sart_Kalmyk_language" title="Sart Kalmyk language">Sart Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_China222" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_China" title="Template:Languages of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_China" title="Template talk:Languages of China"><abbr title="Discuss this 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_China" title="Autonomous regions of China">ARs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">SARs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a><sup><b><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cantonese" title="Hong Kong Cantonese">HK</a>/MC</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_English" title="Hong Kong English">English</a><sup><b>HK</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language_in_Inner_Mongolia" title="Mongolian language in Inner Mongolia">Mongolian</a><sup><b>NM</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_Portuguese" title="Macanese Portuguese">Portuguese</a><sup><b>MC</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a><sup><b>XZ</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a><sup><b>XJ</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Zhuang" title="Standard Zhuang">Zhuang</a><sup><b>GX</b></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_prefectures_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous prefectures of China">Prefecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kam_language" title="Kam language">Kam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouyei_language" title="Bouyei language">Bouyei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tujia_language" title="Tujia language">Tujia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language_in_China" title="Korean language in China">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_people#Language" title="Yi people">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Nuea_language" title="Tai Nuea language">Tai Nüa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Lue_language" title="Tai Lue language">Tai Lü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaiwa_language" title="Zaiwa language">Zaiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hani_language" title="Hani language">Hani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Zhuang" title="Standard Zhuang">Zhuang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_counties_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous counties of China">Counties</a>/<a href="/wiki/Banners_of_Inner_Mongolia#Autonomous_banner" title="Banners of Inner Mongolia">Banners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">numerous</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sino-Tibetan_languages41" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lolo-Burmese_languages" title="Lolo-Burmese languages">Lolo-<br />Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mondzish_languages" title="Mondzish languages">Mondzish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kathu_language" title="Kathu language">Kathu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maang_language" title="Maang language">Maang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga_language_(China)" title="Manga language (China)">Manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_language_(China)" title="Mango language (China)">Mango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maza_language" title="Maza language">Maza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantsi_language" title="Mantsi language">Mondzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muangphe_language" title="Muangphe language">Muangphe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burmish_languages" title="Burmish languages">Burmish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achang_language" title="Achang language">Achang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiandao_dialect" title="Xiandao dialect">Xiandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pela_language" title="Pela language">Pela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashi_language" title="Lashi language">Lashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chashan_language" title="Chashan language">Chashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhao_Vo_language" title="Lhao Vo language">Lhao Vo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaiwa_language" title="Zaiwa language">Zaiwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Loloish_languages" title="Loloish languages">Loloish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Loloish_languages" title="Southern Loloish languages">Hanoish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akeu_language" title="Akeu language">Akeu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akha_language" title="Akha language">Akha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amu_language" title="Amu language">Amu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angluo_language" title="Angluo language">Angluo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asuo_language" title="Asuo language">Asuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baihong_language" title="Baihong language">Baihong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisu_language" title="Bisu language">Bisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budu_language_(China)" title="Budu language (China)">Budu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukong_language" title="Bukong language">Bukong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosao_language" title="Cosao language">Cosao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duoni_language" title="Duoni language">Duoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duota_language" title="Duota language">Duota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enu_language" title="Enu language">Enu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habei_language" title="Habei language">Habei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hani_language" title="Hani language">Hani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honi_language" title="Honi language">Honi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jino_language" title="Jino language">Jino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khabi_language" title="Khabi language">Kabie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaduo_language" title="Kaduo language">Kaduo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lami_language" title="Lami language">Lami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laomian_language" title="Laomian language">Laomian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laopin_language" title="Laopin language">Laopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpi_language" title="Mpi language">Mpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muda_language" title="Muda language">Muda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuobi_language" title="Nuobi language">Nuobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuomei_language" title="Nuomei language">Nuomei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phana%CA%BC_language" title="Phanaʼ language">Phana’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyo_language" title="Piyo language">Piyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qidi_language" title="Qidi language">Qidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadu_language" title="Sadu language">Sadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangkong_language" title="Sangkong language">Sangkong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suobi_language" title="Suobi language">Suobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsukong_language" title="Tsukong language">Tsukong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woni_language" title="Woni language">Woni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiche_language" title="Yiche language">Yiche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lisoish_languages" title="Lisoish languages">Lisoish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eka_language" title="Eka language">Eka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlersu_language" title="Hlersu language">Hlersu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kua-nsi_language" title="Kua-nsi language">Kua-nsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuamasi_language" title="Kuamasi language">Kuamasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laizisi_language" title="Laizisi language">Laizisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalo_language" title="Lalo language">Lalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamu_language" title="Lamu language">Lamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavu_language" title="Lavu language">Lavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawu_language" title="Lawu language">Lawu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limi_language" title="Limi language">Limi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipo_language" title="Lipo language">Lipo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolopo_language" title="Lolopo language">Lolopo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangdi_language" title="Mangdi language">Mangdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha_language" title="Micha language">Micha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mili_language" title="Mili language">Mili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonaga_language" title="Sonaga language">Sonaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholo_language" title="Tholo language">Toloza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuzhang_language" title="Xuzhang language">Xuzhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangliu_language" title="Yangliu language">Yangliu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zibusi_language" title="Zibusi language">Zibusi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nisoish_languages" title="Nisoish languages">Nisoish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alingpo_language" title="Alingpo language">Alingpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phupha_language" title="Phupha language">Alugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluo_language" title="Aluo language">Aluo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axi_language" title="Axi language">Axi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azha_language" title="Azha language">Azha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azhe_language" title="Azhe language">Azhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muji_language" title="Muji language">Bokha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepo_language" title="Gepo language">Gepo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khlula_language" title="Khlula language">Khlula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lope_language" title="Lope language">Lope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moji_language" title="Moji language">Moji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muji_language" title="Muji language">Muji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzi_language" title="Muzi language">Muzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasu_language" title="Nasu language">Nasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisu_language" title="Nisu language">Nisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuosu_language" title="Nuosu language">Nuosu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phola_language" title="Phola language">Phala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phola_language" title="Phola language">Phola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phowa_language" title="Phowa language">Phowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muji_language" title="Muji language">Phukha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phuma_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Phuma language">Phuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phupha_language" title="Phupha language">Phupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phupha_language" title="Phupha language">Phupha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phupha_language" title="Phupha language">Phuza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samei_language" title="Samei language">Samei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sani_language" title="Sani language">Sani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thopho_language" title="Thopho language">Thopho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zokhuo_language" title="Zokhuo language">Zokhuo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gokhy_language" title="Gokhy language">Gokhy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katso_language" title="Katso language">Katso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucong_language" title="Kucong language">Kucong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahu_language" title="Lahu language">Lahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naruo_language" title="Naruo language">Naruo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namuyi_language" title="Namuyi language">Namuyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxi_language" title="Naxi language">Naxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusu_language" title="Nusu language">Nusu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samu_language" title="Samu language">Samu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanie_language" title="Sanie language">Sanie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zauzou_language" title="Zauzou language">Zauzou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baima_language" title="Baima language">Baima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choyo_language" title="Choyo language">Choyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersu_language" title="Ersu language">Ersu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiqiong_language" title="Guiqiong language">Guiqiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horpa_language" title="Horpa language">Horpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japhug_language" title="Japhug language">Japhug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khroskyabs_language" title="Khroskyabs language">Khroskyabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laze_language" title="Laze language">Laze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizu_language" title="Lizu language">Lizu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na_language" title="Na language">Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muya_language" title="Muya language">Muya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namuyi_language" title="Namuyi language">Namuyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxi_language" title="Naxi language">Naxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumi_language" title="Pumi language">Pumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Qiang_language" title="Northern Qiang language">Northern Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Qiang_language" title="Southern Qiang language">Southern Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shixing_language" title="Shixing language">Shixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situ_language" title="Situ language">Situ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tshobdun_language" title="Tshobdun language">Tshobdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zbu_language" title="Zbu language">Zbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaba_language" title="Zhaba language">Zhaba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amdo_Tibetan" title="Amdo Tibetan">Amdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baima_language" title="Baima language">Baima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basum_language" title="Basum language">Basum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan" title="Central Tibetan">Central Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choni_language" title="Choni language">Choni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dao_language_(China)" title="Dao language (China)">Dao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongwang_Tibetan_language" title="Dongwang Tibetan language">Dongwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drugchu_language" title="Drugchu language">Drugchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groma_language" title="Groma language">Groma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gserpa_language" title="Gserpa language">Gserpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalong_Tibetan_language" title="Khalong Tibetan language">Khalong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khams_Tibetan" title="Khams Tibetan">Khams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyirong_language" title="Kyirong language">Kyirong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_language" title="Ladakhi language">Ladakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tseku_language" title="Tseku language">Tseku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongu_Tibetan_language" title="Zhongu Tibetan language">Zhongu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zitsadegu_language" title="Zitsadegu language">Zitsadegu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caijia_language" title="Caijia language">Caijia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derung_language" title="Derung language">Derung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingpo_language" title="Jingpo language">Jingpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjia_language" title="Longjia language">Longjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nung_language_(Sino-Tibetan)" title="Nung language (Sino-Tibetan)">Nung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tujia_language" title="Tujia language">Tujia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxiang_Chinese" title="Waxiang Chinese">Waxianghua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_languages41" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other languages</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit_language" title="Bit language">Bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blang_language" title="Blang language">Blang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolyu_language" title="Bolyu language">Bolyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugan_language" title="Bugan language">Bugan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumang_language" title="Bumang language">Bumang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_language" title="Hu language">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuan_language" title="Kuan language">Kuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A3ng_language" title="Mảng language">Mang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Met_language" title="Man Met language">Man Met</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muak_language" title="Muak language">Muak Sa-aak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaung_language" title="Palaung language">Palaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riang_language" title="Riang language">Riang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_language" title="U language">U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va_language" title="Va language">Va</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa_language" title="Wa language">Wa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hmong-Mien_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong-Mien languages">Hmong-Mien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hmongic_languages" title="Hmongic languages">Hmongic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-Hmao_language" title="A-Hmao language">A-Hmao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu-Nao_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Bu-Nao languages">Bu-Nao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gejia_language" title="Gejia language">Gejia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiyang_Miao_language" title="Guiyang Miao language">Guiyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hm_Nai_language" title="Hm Nai language">Hm Nai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmu_language" title="Hmu language">Hmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huishui_Miao_language" title="Huishui Miao language">Huishui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiong_Nai_language" title="Kiong Nai language">Kiong Nai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luobohe_Miao_language" title="Luobohe Miao language">Luobohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashan_Miao_language" title="Mashan Miao language">Mashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa-Hng_language" title="Pa-Hng language">Pa-Hng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa_Na_language" title="Pa Na language">Pa Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingtang_Miao_language" title="Pingtang Miao language">Pingtang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xong_language" title="Xong language">Qo Xiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raojia_language" title="Raojia language">Raojia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/She_language" title="She language">Sheyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gha-Mu_language" title="Gha-Mu language">Small Flowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xixiu_Miao_language" title="Xixiu Miao language">Xixiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younuo_language" title="Younuo language">Younuo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mienic_languages" title="Mienic languages">Mienic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biao_Min_language" title="Biao Min language">Biao Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzao_Min_language" title="Dzao Min language">Dzao Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iu_Mien_language" title="Iu Mien language">Iu Mien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Mun_language" title="Kim Mun language">Kim Mun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonan_language" title="Bonan language">Bonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryat_language" title="Buryat language">Buryat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagur_language" title="Dagur language">Daur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yugur_language" title="Eastern Yugur language">Eastern Yugur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangjia_language" title="Kangjia language">Kangjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamnigan_Mongol" title="Khamnigan Mongol">Khamnigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monguor_language" title="Monguor language">Monguor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_language" title="Oirat language">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_Mongolian" title="Ordos Mongolian">Ordos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_language" title="Santa language">Santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torgut_Oirat" title="Torgut Oirat">Torgut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kra-Dai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kra-Dai languages">Kra-Dai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_languages" title="Zhuang languages">Zhuang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouyei_language" title="Bouyei language">Bouyei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Zhuang_language" title="Dai Zhuang language">Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Zhuang_language" title="Min Zhuang language">Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_languages" title="Zhuang languages">Ningming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nong_Zhuang_language" title="Nong Zhuang language">Nong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Dam_language" title="Tai Dam language">Tai Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_D%C3%B3n_language" title="Tai Dón language">Tai Dón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Ya_language" title="Tai Ya language">Tai Hongjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Lue_language" title="Tai Lue language">Tai Lü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Nuea_language" title="Tai Nuea language">Tai Nüa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Ya_language" title="Tai Ya language">Tai Ya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Zhuang_language" title="Yang Zhuang language">Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yei_Zhuang_language" title="Yei Zhuang language">Yei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Cham_language" title="Ai-Cham language">Ai-Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biao_language" title="Biao language">Biao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyang_language" title="Buyang language">Buyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Miao_language" title="Cao Miao language">Cao Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadong_language" title="Chadong language">Chadong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cun_language" title="Cun language">Cun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelao_languages" title="Gelao languages">Gelao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlai_languages" title="Hlai languages">Hlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiamao_language" title="Jiamao language">Jiamao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kam_language" title="Kam language">Kam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakkia_language" title="Lakkia language">Lakkja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mak_language" title="Mak language">Mak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maonan_language" title="Maonan language">Maonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulam_language" title="Mulam language">Mulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuoxi_language" title="Nuoxi language">Naxi Yao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be_languages" title="Be languages">Ong Be</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paha_language" title="Paha language">Paha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qabiao_language" title="Qabiao language">Qabiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_language" title="Sui language">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Then_language" title="Then language">Then</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_language" title="Evenki language">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanai_language" title="Nanai language">Nanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroqen_language" title="Oroqen language">Oroqen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xibe_language" title="Xibe language">Xibe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ynu_language" title="Äynu language">Äynu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_language" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz language">Fuyu Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turki_language" title="Ili Turki language">Ili Turki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_language" title="Salar language">Salar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yugur_language" title="Western Yugur language">Western Yugur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarikoli_language" title="Sarikoli language">Sarikoli</a> <small>(Indo-European)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsat_language" title="Tsat language">Tsat</a> <small>(Austronesian)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan languages</a> <small>(Austronesian)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_in_China" title="Esperanto in China">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> (Kinh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Varieties of<br />Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danzhou_dialect" title="Danzhou dialect">Danzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Mandarin" title="Northeastern Mandarin">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Mandarin_(division_of_Mandarin)" title="Beijing Mandarin (division of Mandarin)">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilu_Mandarin" title="Jilu Mandarin">Ji-Lu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaoliao_Mandarin" title="Jiaoliao Mandarin">Jiao-Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Plains_Mandarin" title="Central Plains Mandarin">Zhongyuan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanyin_Mandarin" title="Lanyin Mandarin">Lan-Yin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Chinese" title="Jin Chinese">Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Mandarin" title="Southwestern Mandarin">Southwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_dialects" title="Sichuanese dialects">Sichuanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Yangtze_Mandarin" title="Lower Yangtze Mandarin">Southeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Chinese" title="Gan Chinese">Gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_Chinese" title="Huizhou Chinese">Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mai_Chinese" title="Mai Chinese">Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_Min" title="Teochew Min">Teoswa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E2%80%93Xian_Min" title="Pu–Xian Min">Puxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Min" title="Central Min">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Min" title="Northern Min">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao%E2%80%93Jiang_Min" title="Shao–Jiang Min">Shaojiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinghua" title="Pinghua">Ping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaozhou_Tuhua" title="Shaozhou Tuhua">Shaozhou Tuhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/She_Chinese" title="She Chinese">Shehua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chu%E2%80%93Qu_Wu" title="Chu–Qu Wu">Chu–Qu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiangshan_dialect" title="Jiangshan dialect">Jiangshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingtian_dialect" title="Qingtian dialect">Qingtian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quzhou_dialect" title="Quzhou dialect">Quzhou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Oujiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taihu_Wu" title="Taihu Wu">Taihu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinxiang_dialect" title="Jinxiang dialect">Jinxiang</a></li> <li>Northwestern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changzhou_dialect" title="Changzhou dialect">Changzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou_dialect" title="Hangzhou dialect">Hangzhou</a></li></ul></li> <li>Northern Zhejiang <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ningbo_dialect" title="Ningbo dialect">Ningbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoxing_dialect" title="Shaoxing dialect">Shaoxing</a></li></ul></li> <li>Su–Jia–Hu <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghainese" title="Shanghainese">Shanghainese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzhou_dialect" title="Suzhou dialect">Suzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxi_dialect" title="Wuxi dialect">Wuxi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taizhou_Wu" title="Taizhou Wu">Taizhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taizhou_dialect" title="Taizhou dialect">Taizhou proper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuzhou_Wu" title="Wuzhou Wu">Wuzhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinhua_dialect" title="Jinhua dialect">Jinhua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzhou_Wu_Chinese" title="Xuanzhou Wu Chinese">Xuanzhou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Xiang" title="New Xiang">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Xiang" title="Old Xiang">Old</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Creole/Mixed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E_language" title="E language">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezhou_language" title="Hezhou language">Hezhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linglinghua" title="Linglinghua">Lingling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_Patois" title="Macanese Patois">Macanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maojia_dialect" title="Maojia dialect">Maojia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qoqmon%C4%8Daq_language" title="Qoqmončaq language">Qoqmončaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanqiao_language" title="Sanqiao language">Sanqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangwang_language" title="Tangwang language">Tangwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wutun_language" title="Wutun language">Wutun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extinct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%E2%80%93Shu_Chinese" title="Ba–Shu Chinese">Ba–Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jie_language" title="Jie language">Jie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_language" title="Khitan language">Khitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yue_language" title="Old Yue language">Old Yue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_language" title="Rouran language">Rouran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka_language" title="Saka language">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_language" title="Tangut language">Tangut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_language" title="Tuoba language">Tuoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuyuhun_language" title="Tuyuhun language">Tuyuhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei#Language" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang-Zhung_language" title="Zhang-Zhung language">Zhangzhung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese Sign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Sign_Language" title="Hong Kong Sign Language">Hong Kong Sign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Sign_Language" title="Tibetan Sign Language">Tibetan Sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li>GX = Guangxi</li> <li>HK = Hong Kong</li> <li>MC = Macau</li> <li>NM = Inner Mongolia</li> <li>XJ = Xinjiang</li> <li>XZ = Tibet</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Israel115" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Israel" title="Template:Languages of Israel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Israel" title="Template talk:Languages of Israel"><abbr title="Discuss this 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href="/wiki/Palestinian_Arabic" title="Palestinian Arabic">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Arabian_Arabic" title="Northwest Arabian Arabic">Bedouin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language_in_Israel" title="Russian language in Israel">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Israel#Other_spoken_languages" title="Languages of Israel">others</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Kaf_Bedouin_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Kaf Bedouin Sign Language (page does not exist)">Abu Kaf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Atrash_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Atrash Sign Language (page does not exist)">Al-Atrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sayyid_Bedouin_Sign_Language" title="Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language">Al-Sayyid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_El-Naim_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arab El-Naim Sign Language (page does not exist)">El-Naim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ein_Mahel_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ein Mahel Sign Language (page does not exist)">Ein Mahel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Ghardaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Qasem_Sign_Language" title="Kafr Qasem Sign Language">Kafr Qasem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic_Sign_Language" title="Levantine Arabic Sign Language">Levantine Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Holy languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmudic_Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Talmudic Aramaic">Talmudic Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranic_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Quranic Arabic">Quranic Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Greek">Biblical Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Jewish languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russia_articles405" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russia_topics" title="Template:Russia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russia_topics" title="Template talk:Russia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russia_articles405" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_history" title="Timeline of Russian history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li>Feudal Rus' <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moscow" title="Principality of Moscow">Moscow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Russia_(1500%E2%80%931800)" title="Expansion of Russia (1500–1800)">Expansion (1500–1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Army of the Tsardom of Russia">Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian state">Russian state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Great Patriotic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1991%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Russia (1991–present)">Russian Federation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union State</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Economic history of the Russian Federation">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russian_journalism" title="History of Russian journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet_in_Russia" title="History of the Internet in Russia">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Judicial system of the Russian Empire">Judicial system of the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Russia">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Russia" title="Military history of Russia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Russia" title="Outline of Russia">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Russia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Russia">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_city_of_Russia" title="Historical city of Russia">Historical cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Russia" title="Geography of Russia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Russia" title="Borders of Russia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Russia" title="List of cities and towns in Russia">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Russia" title="Climate of Russia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Russia" title="List of earthquakes in Russia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Russia" title="Environment of Russia">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Russia" title="Environmental issues in Russia">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Russia">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Russian_Upland" title="Central Russian Upland">Central Russian Upland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Russia" title="Northwest Russia">Northwest Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshchera_Lowlands" title="Meshchera Lowlands">Meshchera Lowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oka%E2%80%93Don_Lowland" title="Oka–Don Lowland">Oka–Don Lowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_Upland" title="Smolensk Upland">Smolensk Upland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fjords_of_Russia" title="List of fjords of Russia">Fjords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Russia" title="Geology of Russia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_Russia" title="List of glaciers in Russia">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Russian_Regions" title="Great Russian Regions">Great Russian Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_points_of_Russian_federal_subjects" title="List of highest points of Russian federal subjects">Highest points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Russia" title="List of islands of Russia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Russia" title="List of lakes of Russia">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mountains of Russia">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Urals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Russia" title="List of volcanoes in Russia">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_Plain" title="West Siberian Plain">West Siberian Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Russia" title="List of rivers of Russia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Russia" title="Protected areas of Russia">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Russia" title="Wildlife of Russia">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Far North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Russia" title="Politics of Russia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Russia" title="Capital punishment in Russia">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Civil Service of the Russian Federation">Civil Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classified_information_in_Russia" title="Classified information in Russia">Classified information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Russia" title="Conscription in Russia">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Code_of_Russia" title="Criminal Code of Russia">Criminal code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Russia" title="Elections in Russia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Russia" title="Far-right politics in Russia">Far-right politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_budget_of_Russia" title="Federal budget of Russia">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Russia" title="Foreign relations of Russia">Foreign relations</a> (<a href="/wiki/Foreign_Relations_of_Russia_since_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly_in_Russia" title="Freedom of assembly in Russia">Freedom of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apparatus_of_the_Government_of_Russia" title="Apparatus of the Government of Russia">Apparatus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Russia" title="Judiciary of Russia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Russia" title="Law of Russia">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Russia" title="Law enforcement in Russia">Law enforcement</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Russia" title="Prisons in Russia">Prisons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_Russia" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in Russia">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Russia" title="Political divisions of Russia">Political divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda in Russia">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_irredentism" title="Russian irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Russia" title="Martial law in Russia">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_Russia" title="Media freedom in Russia">Media freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism_in_Russia" title="Neo-Nazism in Russia">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agencies_of_Russia" title="Intelligence agencies of Russia">Intelligence agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian opposition">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties in Russia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">Prime Minister of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency_in_Russia" title="State of emergency in Russia">State of emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_in_Russia" title="Civil defense in Russia">Civil defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue_in_Russia" title="Search and rescue in Russia">Search and rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Russia" title="Urban planning in Russia">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_Russia" title="Mass surveillance in Russia">Mass surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism_in_Russia" title="Separatism in Russia">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_limits_in_Russia" title="Term limits in Russia">Term limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Russia" title="Terrorism in Russia">Terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Russia" title="Agriculture in Russia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_industry_of_Russia" title="Aircraft industry of Russia">Aircraft industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Russia" title="Banking in Russia">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droughts_and_famines_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union">Droughts and famines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Russia" title="Automotive industry in Russia">Car industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Russia" title="Central Bank of Russia">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense industry of Russia">Defence industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_regions_of_Russia" title="Economic regions of Russia">Economic regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Russia" title="Energy in Russia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Russia" title="Fishing industry in Russia">Fishing industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Russia" title="Forestry in Russia">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Financial_districts_in_Russia" title="Category:Financial districts in Russia">Financial districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Russia" title="Gambling in Russia">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Russia" title="Homelessness in Russia">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Russia" title="Mining industry of Russia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Russia" title="Petroleum industry in Russia">Petroleum industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Russia" title="Postal codes in Russia">Postal codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarchs" title="Russian oligarchs">Russian oligarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Ruble <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Russia" title="Science and technology in Russia">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding_in_Russia" title="Shipbuilding in Russia">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security_system_in_Russia" title="Social security system in Russia">Social security system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_Russia" title="Space industry of Russia">Space industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Russia" title="Taxation in Russia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Russia" title="Telecommunications in Russia">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Russia" title="Telephone numbers in Russia">Telephone numbers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Russia" title="Tourism in Russia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Russia" title="List of trade unions in Russia">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Russia" title="Transport in Russia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Russia" title="Waste management in Russia">Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Russia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Russia">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Russia" title="Category:Society of Russia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Russia" title="Abortion in Russia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Russia" title="Alcohol in Russia">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Russia" title="Anti-American sentiment in Russia">Anti-American sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Russia" title="Cannabis in Russia">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in the Russian Federation">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of Russia">Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Russia" title="Corruption in Russia">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Russia" title="Crime in Russia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deafness_in_Russia" title="Deafness in Russia">Deafness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Russia" title="Demographics of Russia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Russia" title="Domestic violence in Russia">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doping_in_Russia" title="Doping in Russia">Doping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Russia" title="Education in Russia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Russia" title="Ethnic groups in Russia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Russia" title="Feminism in Russia">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_public_apologies_in_Russia" title="Forced public apologies in Russia">Forced public apologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funerals_in_Russia" title="Funerals in Russia">Funerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_control_in_Russia" title="Gun control in Russia">Gun control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Russia" title="Health in Russia">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Russia" title="Healthcare in Russia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Russia" title="HIV/AIDS in Russia">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_Russia" title="Mental health in Russia">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Russia" title="Human rights in Russia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Russia" title="LGBTQ rights in Russia">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Russia" title="Immigration to Russia">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_Russia" title="Illegal immigration to Russia">Illegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_workers_in_Russia" title="Migrant workers in Russia">Labour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_life_expectancy" title="List of federal subjects of Russia by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Russia" title="Open access in Russia">Open access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphans_in_Russia" title="Orphans in Russia">Orphans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Russia" title="Polygamy in Russia">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Russia" title="Prostitution in Russia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Russia" title="Racism in Russia">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_in_Russia" title="Scouting in Russia">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Russia" title="Slavery in Russia">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_entrepreneurship_in_Russia" title="Social entrepreneurship in Russia">Social entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_in_Russia" title="Sociology in Russia">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Russia" title="Smoking in Russia">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Russia" title="Suicide in Russia">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_wedding_traditions" title="Russian wedding traditions">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Russia" title="Witch trials in Russia">Witch trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Russia" title="Women in Russia">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Russian_and_Soviet_military" title="Women in the Russian and Soviet military">in army</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Russia" title="Culture of Russia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Russia" title="Architecture of Russia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Russia" title="Armorial of Russia">Armorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Culture of the Russian Armed Forces">Army culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_weapons_of_Russia" title="Honorary weapons of Russia">Honorary weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_artists" title="List of Russian artists">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ballet" title="Russian ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Russia" title="Cinema of Russia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_wine" title="Russian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fashion" title="Russian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fairy_tale" title="Russian fairy tale">Fairy tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fashion" title="Russian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Russia" title="Category:Festivals in Russia">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Russia">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_traditions_and_superstitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian traditions and superstitions">Traditions and superstitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_forms_of_addressing" title="Russian forms of addressing">Forms of addressing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti_in_Russia" title="Graffiti in Russia">Graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_heraldry" title="Russian heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Russia" title="Internet in Russia">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_innovation" title="Timeline of Russian innovation">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_martial_arts" title="Russian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Russia" title="Mass media in Russia">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Rus%CA%B9,_Russia_and_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of Rusʹ, Russia and Ruthenia">Names of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_given_name" title="Russian given name">Russian given name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nobility" title="Russian nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Russia" title="National symbols of Russia">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Russia" title="National anthem of Russia">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Russia" title="Coat of arms of Russia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Russia" title="Flag of Russia">Flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_the_Russian_tsars" title="Regalia of the Russian tsars">Russian tsars regalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opera" title="Russian opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personification_of_Russia" title="Personification of Russia">Personification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_playing_cards" title="Russian playing cards">Playing cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_philosophers" title="List of Russian philosophers">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_political_jokes" title="Russian political jokes">Political jokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Russia" title="Public holidays in Russia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_tea_culture" title="Russian tea culture">Tea culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Russia" title="Television in Russia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_Russia" title="Seven Wonders of Russia">Seven Wonders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Russia" title="Sport in Russia">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Sports_Classification_System_of_Russia" title="Unified Sports Classification System of Russia">Unified Sports Classification System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Russia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Russia">World Heritage sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Russia" title="Outline of Russia">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Russia" title="Category:Russia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_Union_topics570" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Template:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Template talk:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soviet_Union_topics570" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Soviet Union–related articles">Index of Soviet Union–related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">Creation treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Great Patriotic War</a> (World War II) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Evacuation in the Soviet Union">Evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="The Holocaust in the Soviet Union">The Holocaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" title="Khrushchev Thaw">Khrushchev Thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Caribbean Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Soviet_economic_reform" title="1965 Soviet economic reform">1965 economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">August Coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia_for_the_Soviet_Union" title="Nostalgia for the Soviet Union">Nostalgia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Geography of the Soviet Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Subdivisions of the Soviet Union">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">Krais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Oblasts of the Soviet Union">Oblasts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_city" title="Closed city">Closed city</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_Plain" title="West Siberian Plain">West Siberian Plain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politics of the Soviet Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Constitution of the Soviet Union">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1977</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Elections in the Soviet Union">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Foreign relations of the Soviet Union">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_control_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Gun control in the Soviet Union">Gun control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Government of the Soviet Union">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of governments of the Soviet Union">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Human rights in the Soviet Union">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_post-Soviet_states" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the post-Soviet states">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Law of the Soviet Union">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Capital punishment in the Soviet Union">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of leaders of the Soviet Union">Leaders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collective leadership in the Soviet Union">Collective leadership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="National delimitation in the Soviet Union">National delimitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passport_system_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Passport system in the Soviet Union">Passport system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propiska_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propiska in the Soviet Union">Propiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of political parties in the Soviet Union">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">State ideology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-Zionism" title="Soviet anti-Zionism">Soviet anti-Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Organization of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Presidium/Politburo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Secretariat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Soviets_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union">Congress of Soviets</a> (1922–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet</a> (1938–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union">Congress of People's Deputies</a> (1989–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Collegium_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Military Collegium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of heads of state of the Soviet Union">Heads of state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="President of the Soviet Union">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">Deputy Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">First Deputy Premier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies">Security services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Political_Directorate" title="State Political Directorate">GPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_battalions" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction battalions">Destruction battalions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Militsiya" title="Militsiya">Militsiya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)">MGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairmen_of_the_KGB" title="List of chairmen of the KGB">Chairmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Border_Troops" title="Soviet Border Troops">Soviet Border Troops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz_GRU" title="Spetsnaz GRU">Spetsnaz GRU</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Navy" title="Soviet Navy">Soviet Navy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces" title="Soviet Air Forces">Soviet Air Forces</a>/<a href="/wiki/Soviet_Airborne_Forces" title="Soviet Airborne Forces">Soviet Airborne Forces</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political repression in the Soviet Union">Political repression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labor_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Forced labor in the Soviet Union">Forced labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gulag_camps" title="List of Gulag camps">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideological repression in the Soviet Union">Ideological repression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repression_of_science_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Repression of science in the Soviet Union">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship in the Soviet Union">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_images_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship of images in the Soviet Union">Censorship of images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Agriculture in the Soviet Union">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosbank" class="mw-redirect" title="Gosbank">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Energy policy of the Soviet Union">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Five-year plans of the Soviet Union">Five-year plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.su" title=".su">Internet domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_innovation#Soviet_Union" title="Timeline of Russian innovation">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_material_product" title="Net material product">Net material product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGAS" title="OGAS">OGAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_ruble" title="Soviet ruble">Rouble <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Transport in the Soviet Union">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_system_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Railway system of the Soviet Union">Railway system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Rail transport in the Soviet Union">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metro_systems_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of metro systems in the Soviet Union">List of metro systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Vehicle registration plates of the Soviet Union">Vehicle registration plates</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Academy" title="Communist Academy">Communist Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cybernetics in the Soviet Union">Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences#In_the_Soviet_Union" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences" title="USSR Academy of Medical Sciences">Academy of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VASKhNIL" title="VASKhNIL">Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharashka" title="Sharashka">Sharashkas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naukograd" title="Naukograd">Naukograds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naukograds" title="Category:Naukograds">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Society of the Soviet Union">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Crime in the Soviet Union">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Demographics of the Soviet Union">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_people" title="Soviet people">Soviet people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_working_class" title="Soviet working class">Working class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Soviet_census" title="1989 Soviet census">1989 census</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Drug policy of the Soviet Union">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Family in the Soviet Union">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Languages of the Soviet Union">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistics of the Soviet Union">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cyrillisation in the Soviet Union">Cyrillisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_Russian_Empire_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Prohibition in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Racism in the Soviet Union">Racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Culture of the Soviet Union">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ballet" title="Russian ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion in the Soviet Union">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_literature#20th_century" title="Russian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Music of the Soviet Union">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opera#20th_century" title="Russian opera">Opera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_phraseology" title="Soviet phraseology">Phraseology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_media_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Printed media in the Soviet Union">Printed media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propaganda in the Soviet Union">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Radio in the Soviet Union">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Russia" title="Sport in Russia">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Television in the Soviet Union">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sovietism" title="Anti-Sovietism">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissidents" title="Soviet dissidents">Soviet dissidents</a> and their groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_opposition_groups" title="Category:Soviet opposition groups">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Anthem_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Anthem of the Soviet Union">Anthem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthems_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Anthems of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Emblem_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Emblem of the Soviet Union">Emblem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emblems_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Emblems of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Flag of the Soviet Union">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Flags of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle">Hammer and sickle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Russian language</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" 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