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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-16th–18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16th–18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>16th–18th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16th–18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Dialects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dialects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Livonic_dialect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Livonic_dialect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Livonic dialect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Livonic_dialect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_dialect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_dialect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Central dialect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_dialect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_Latvian_dialect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_Latvian_dialect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>High Latvian dialect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_Latvian_dialect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-native_speakers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-native_speakers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Non-native speakers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-native_speakers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Orthography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Standard_orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Standard orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Old orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latvian_on_computers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latvian_on_computers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Latvian on computers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latvian_on_computers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparative_orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparative_orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Comparative orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparative_orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syllable_accent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syllable_accent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Syllable accent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syllable_accent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loanwords" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loanwords"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Loanwords</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loanwords-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_the_study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_the_study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>History of the study</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literary_histories_in_Latvian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_histories_in_Latvian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Literary histories in Latvian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_histories_in_Latvian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Latvian language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 146 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-146" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">146 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lets" title="Lets – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lets" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%8B%E1%89%B5%E1%89%AA%E1%8A%9B" title="ላትቪኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ላትቪኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="लातवियाई भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="लातवियाई भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettisc_spr%C7%A3c" title="Lettisc sprǣc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Lettisc sprǣc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%88_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Алатыш бызшәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Алатыш бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة اللاتفية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة اللاتفية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_let%C3%B3n" title="Idioma letón – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma letón" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_let%C3%B3n" title="Idioma letón – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma letón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leto%C3%B1a%C3%B1e%E2%80%99%E1%BA%BD" title="Letoñañe’ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Letoñañe’ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C4%B1%C5%9F_dili" title="Latış dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Latış dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="لاتیش دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لاتیش دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia-g%C3%AD" title="Latvia-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Latvia-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%88_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Латыш теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Латыш теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Латышская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Латышская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Латыская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Латыская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Латвийски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Латвийски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettische_Sproch" title="Lettische Sproch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Lettische Sproch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvijski_jezik" title="Latvijski jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Latvijski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latveg" title="Latveg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Latveg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%C3%B3" title="Letó – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Letó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%88_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Латыш чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Латыш чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinulongang_Leton" title="Pinulongang Leton – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pinulongang Leton" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loty%C5%A1tina" title="Lotyština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lotyština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latfieg" title="Latfieg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Latfieg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettisk_(sprog)" title="Lettisk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lettisk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latviagiella" title="Latviagiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Latviagiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettische_Sprache" title="Lettische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lettische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leti%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Letišćina – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Letišćina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4ti_keel" title="Läti keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Läti keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Λετονική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λετονική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Латонь кель – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Латонь кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_let%C3%B3n" title="Idioma letón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma letón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latva_lingvo" title="Latva lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Latva lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letoniera" title="Letoniera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Letoniera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="زبان لتونیایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان لتونیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_bhasa" title="Latvian bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Latvian bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettiskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Lettiskt mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Lettiskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letton" title="Letton – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Letton" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letsk" title="Letsk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Letsk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Laitvis" title="An Laitvis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Laitvis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvish" title="Latvish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Latvish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latbhais" title="Latbhais – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Latbhais" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_letoa" title="Lingua letoa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua letoa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia-ng%C3%AE" title="Latvia-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Latvia-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84%EC%96%B4" title="라트비아어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라트비아어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Լատիշերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լատիշերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="लातवियाई भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लातवियाई भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leti%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Letišćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Letišćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letonski_jezik" title="Letonski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Letonski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latviana_linguo" title="Latviana linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Latviana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Leton" title="Pagsasao a Leton – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Leton" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Latvia" title="Bahasa Latvia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Latvia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Латвиаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Латвиаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiLatviya" title="IsiLatviya – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsiLatviya" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettneska" title="Lettneska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lettneska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_lettone" title="Lingua lettone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua lettone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA" title="לטבית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לטבית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ლატვიური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლატვიური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%88_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Латыш тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Латыш тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latviek" title="Latviek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Latviek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikilativiya" title="Ikilativiya – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ikilativiya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%88_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Латыш кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Латыш кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latviava" title="Latviava – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Latviava" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_leton%C3%AE" title="Zimanê letonî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê letonî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%88_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Латыш тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Латыш тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latv%C4%AB%C5%A1u_vol%C5%ABda" title="Latvīšu volūda – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Latvīšu volūda" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Lettonica" title="Lingua Lettonica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Lettonica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvie%C5%A1u_valoda" title="Latviešu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Latviešu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvi%C5%B3_kalba" title="Latvių kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Latvių kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_lettone" title="Lengua lettone – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua lettone" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lets" title="Lets – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Lets" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvisce_(lingua)" title="Latvisce (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Latvisce (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_leton" title="Lengua leton – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua leton" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lett_nyelv" title="Lett nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lett nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Латвиски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Латвиски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_let%C3%B4na" title="Fiteny letôna – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny letôna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="लात्व्हियन भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लात्व्हियन भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ლატვიური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლატვიური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%89" title="لاتفى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لاتفى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="لاتویایی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لاتویایی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Latvia" title="Bahasa Latvia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Latvia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%A0%EA%AF%9A%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯂꯦꯠꯚꯤꯌꯥꯟ ꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯂꯦꯠꯚꯤꯌꯥꯟ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Латышонь кяль – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Латышонь кяль" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Латви хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Латви хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lets" title="Lets – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lets" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letsk" title="Letsk – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Letsk" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="लात्भियाली भाषा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लात्भियाली भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="लात्भियाया भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लात्भियाया भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%88%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="ラトビア語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラトビア語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Латышийн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Латышийн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letisk" title="Letisk – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Letisk" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latwyan" title="Latwyan – Pitcairn-Norfolk" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Latwyan" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Pitcairn-Norfolk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvisk" title="Latvisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Latvisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvisk" title="Latvisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Latvisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leton" title="Leton – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Leton" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%88_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Латыш йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Латыш йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latish_tili" title="Latish tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Latish tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%88" title="ਲਾਤਵੀਆਈ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਾਤਵੀਆਈ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%B9%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="لٹویائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لٹویائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9ton" title="Léton – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Léton" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_leton-a" title="Lenga leton-a – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga leton-a" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettsche_Spraak" title="Lettsche Spraak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Lettsche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_%C5%82otewski" title="Język łotewski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język łotewski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_let%C3%A3" title="Língua letã – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua letã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_leton%C4%83" title="Limba letonă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba letonă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litunya_simi" title="Litunya simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Litunya simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Лотіськый язык – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Лотіськый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Латышский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Латышский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱞᱟᱛᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱞᱟᱛᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_l%C3%A8tone" title="Limba lètone – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba lètone" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvie_leid" title="Latvie leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Latvie leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_letoneze" title="Gjuha letoneze – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha letoneze" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Latvian language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loty%C5%A1tina" title="Lotyština – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lotyština" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvij%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Latvijščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Latvijščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%97%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D1%A9%EA%99%81%EA%99%91%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Латвїискъ ѩꙁꙑкъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Латвїискъ ѩꙁꙑкъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81otewsko_godka" title="Łotewsko godka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Łotewsko godka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A4%DB%8C" title="زمانی لاتیڤی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی لاتیڤی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Летонски језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Летонски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvijski_jezik" title="Latvijski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Latvijski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_kieli" title="Latvian kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Latvian kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettiska" title="Lettiska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lettiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Latbiyano" title="Wikang Latbiyano – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Latbiyano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="இலத்துவிய மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இலத்துவிய மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%88_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Латыш теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Латыш теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ภาษาลัตเวีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาลัตเวีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letonca" title="Letonca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Letonca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laty%C5%9F_dili" title="Latyş dili – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Latyş dili" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Латви кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Латви кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Латиська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Латиська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لیٹویائی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لیٹویائی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8B%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="لاتۋىيە تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="لاتۋىيە تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_l%C3%A8tona" title="Łéngua lètona – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua lètona" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Latvia" title="Tiếng Latvia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Latvia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4ti_kiil" title="Läti kiil – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Läti kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leton_(lingaedje)" title="Leton (lingaedje) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Leton (lingaedje)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%84%AB%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" title="拉脫維亞語 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="拉脫維亞語" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineton" title="Lineton – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Lineton" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%84%B1%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="拉脱维亚语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="拉脱维亚语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A9" title="לעטיש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לעטיש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%84%AB%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E%E6%96%87" title="拉脫維亞文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="拉脫維亞文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letonki" title="Letonki – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Letonki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latviu_kalba" title="Latviu kalba – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Latviu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%84%B1%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="拉脱维亚语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="拉脱维亚语" 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li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Latvian</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Lettish<sup id="cite_ref-Lettish_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lettish-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="Latvian-language text"><i lang="lv">latviešu valoda</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="lv-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latvian" title="Help:IPA/Latvian">[ˈlatviɛʃu<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈvaluɔda]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Baltic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latvians" title="Latvians">Latvians</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1.5 million<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/East_Baltic_languages" title="East Baltic languages">East Baltic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Latvian</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Livonic</li> <li>Middle</li> <li>Upper Latvian<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latvian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian alphabet">Latvian alphabet</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian Braille</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=lv">lv</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=258">lav</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/lav" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:lav">lav</a></code> – inclusive code<br />Individual codes:<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/lvs" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:lvs">lvs</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Standard_Latvian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Latvian language">Standard Latvian language</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ltg" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ltg">ltg</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Latgalian_language" title="Latgalian language">Latgalian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/latv1249">latv1249</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=54-AAB-a">54-AAB-a</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Latvian_as_primary_language_at_home_by_municipalities_and_cities_(2011).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Latvian_as_primary_language_at_home_by_municipalities_and_cities_%282011%29.svg/320px-Latvian_as_primary_language_at_home_by_municipalities_and_cities_%282011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Latvian_as_primary_language_at_home_by_municipalities_and_cities_%282011%29.svg/480px-Latvian_as_primary_language_at_home_by_municipalities_and_cities_%282011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Latvian_as_primary_language_at_home_by_municipalities_and_cities_%282011%29.svg/640px-Latvian_as_primary_language_at_home_by_municipalities_and_cities_%282011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="689" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Use of Latvian as the primary language at home in 2011 by <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Latvia" title="Administrative divisions of Latvia">municipalities of Latvia</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Latvian</b> (<a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a>: <i lang="lv">latviešu valoda</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="lv-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latvian" title="Help:IPA/Latvian">[ˈlatviɛʃu<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈvaluɔda]</a></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as <b>Lettish</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an <a href="/wiki/East_Baltic_languages" title="East Baltic languages">East Baltic language</a> belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_language_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European language family">Indo-European language family</a>. It is spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Baltic region</a>, and is the language of <a href="/wiki/Latvians" title="Latvians">Latvians</a>. It is the official language of <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> as well as one of the official languages of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are about 1.5 million native Latvian speakers in Latvia and 100,000 abroad. Altogether, 2 million, or 80% of the population of Latvia, spoke Latvian in the 2000s, before the total number of inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> slipped to 1.8 million in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of those, around 1.16 million or 62% of Latvia's population used it as their primary language at home, though excluding the <a href="/wiki/Latgale" title="Latgale">Latgale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> regions it is spoken as a native language in villages and towns by over 90% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-CSB_2013_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSB_2013-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62%_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62%-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LanguagesOnLatvia_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LanguagesOnLatvia-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a <a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic language</a>, Latvian is most closely related to neighboring <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> (as well as <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussian_language" title="Old Prussian language">Old Prussian</a>, an extinct Baltic language); however, Latvian has followed a more rapid development.<sup id="cite_ref-Dahl_and_Koptjevskaja-Tamm_2001_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dahl_and_Koptjevskaja-Tamm_2001-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, there is some disagreement whether <a href="/wiki/Latgalian_language" title="Latgalian language">Standard Latgalian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kursenieki_language" title="Kursenieki language">Kursenieki</a>, which are <a href="/wiki/Mutually_intelligible" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutually intelligible">mutually intelligible</a> with Latvian,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> should be considered <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> or <a href="/wiki/Language_classification" title="Language classification">separate languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in Latvian linguistics, such hypotheses have been rejected as non-scientific.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Latvian first appeared in <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">print</a> in the mid-16th century with the reproduction of the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a> in Latvian in <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_M%C3%BCnster" title="Sebastian Münster">Sebastian Münster</a>'s <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Cosmographia_(Sebastian_M%C3%BCnster)" title="Cosmographia (Sebastian Münster)">Cosmographia universalis</a></i></span> (1544), in <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Latvian belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> language family. It is classified as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a> branch of the family. It is one of two living Baltic languages with an official status, the other being <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>. The Latvian and Lithuanian languages have retained many features of the nominal morphology of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a>, though their phonology and verbal morphology show many innovations (in other words, forms that did not exist in Proto-Indo-European),<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Latvian being considerably more innovative than Lithuanian. However, Latvian has mutual influences with the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg/220px-Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg/330px-Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg/440px-Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="1088" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of the Baltic tribes, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200</span> (boundaries are approximate).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Curonians_kursenieki_in_1649.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Curonians_kursenieki_in_1649.png/220px-Curonians_kursenieki_in_1649.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Curonians_kursenieki_in_1649.png/330px-Curonians_kursenieki_in_1649.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Curonians_kursenieki_in_1649.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>In 1649<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> settlement of the Latvian speaking <a href="/wiki/Kursenieki" title="Kursenieki">Kursenieki</a> spanned from <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da" title="Klaipėda">Memel (Klaipėda)</a> to <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Danzig (Gdańsk)</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dictionarium_Polono-Latino-Lothavicum_opus_posthumum_(Dictionary_of_the_Polish-Latin-Latvian_languages)_by_Georgs_Elgers,_Vilnius,_1683.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Dictionarium_Polono-Latino-Lothavicum_opus_posthumum_%28Dictionary_of_the_Polish-Latin-Latvian_languages%29_by_Georgs_Elgers%2C_Vilnius%2C_1683.jpg/220px-Dictionarium_Polono-Latino-Lothavicum_opus_posthumum_%28Dictionary_of_the_Polish-Latin-Latvian_languages%29_by_Georgs_Elgers%2C_Vilnius%2C_1683.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Dictionarium_Polono-Latino-Lothavicum_opus_posthumum_%28Dictionary_of_the_Polish-Latin-Latvian_languages%29_by_Georgs_Elgers%2C_Vilnius%2C_1683.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption>Dictionary of the Polish-Latin-Latvian languages by Georgs Elgers, published in <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a>, 1683</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to some <a href="/wiki/Glottochronology" title="Glottochronology">glottochronological</a> speculations, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Baltic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Baltic languages">East Baltic languages</a> split from <a href="/wiki/Western_Baltic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Baltic languages">West Baltic</a> (or, perhaps, from the hypothetical <a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic_language" title="Proto-Baltic language">proto-Baltic language</a>) between 400 and 600 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The differentiation between <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> and Latvian started after 800 CE. At a minimum, transitional dialects existed until the 14th century or 15th century, and perhaps as late as the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Latvian as a distinct language emerged over several centuries from the language spoken by the ancient <a href="/wiki/Latgalians" title="Latgalians">Latgalians</a> assimilating the languages of other neighboring Baltic tribes—<a href="/wiki/Curonian_language" title="Curonian language">Curonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semigallian_language" title="Semigallian language">Semigallian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Selonian_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Selonian (language)">Selonian</a>—which resulted in these languages gradually losing their most distinct characteristics. This process of consolidation started in the 13th century after the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Crusade" title="Livonian Crusade">Livonian Crusade</a> and forced <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">christianization</a>, which formed a unified political, economic, and religious space in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Livonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Livonia">Medieval Livonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lnvm.lv_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lnvm.lv-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="16th–18th_century"><span id="16th.E2.80.9318th_century"></span>16th–18th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 16th–18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The oldest known examples of written Latvian are from a 1530 translation of a hymn made by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolaus_Ramm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolaus Ramm (page does not exist)">Nikolaus Ramm</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolajs_Ramms" class="extiw" title="lv:Nikolajs Ramms">lv</a>]</span>, a German pastor in <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest preserved book in Latvian is a 1585 Catholic catechism of <a href="/wiki/Petrus_Canisius" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrus Canisius">Petrus Canisius</a> currently located at the <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_University_Library" title="Uppsala University Library">Uppsala University Library</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first person to <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Latvian" title="Bible translations into Latvian">translate the Bible</a> into Latvian was the German <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> pastor <a href="/wiki/Johann_Ernst_Gl%C3%BCck" title="Johann Ernst Glück">Johann Ernst Glück</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/The_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="The New Testament">The New Testament</a> in 1685 and <a href="/wiki/The_Old_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="The Old Testament">The Old Testament</a> in 1691). The Lutheran pastor <a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Friedrich_Stender" title="Gotthard Friedrich Stender">Gotthard Friedrich Stender</a> was a founder of Latvian secular literature. He wrote the first illustrated Latvian <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_book" title="Alphabet book">alphabet book</a> (1787), the first encyclopedia "<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Book_of_High_Wisdom_of_the_World_and_Nature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Book of High Wisdom of the World and Nature (page does not exist)">The Book of High Wisdom of the World and Nature</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augstas_gudr%C4%ABbas_gr%C4%81mata_no_pasaules_un_dabas" class="extiw" title="lv:Augstas gudrības grāmata no pasaules un dabas">lv</a>]</span>" (<span title="Latvian-language text"><i lang="lv">Augstas gudrības grāmata no pasaules un dabas</i></span>; 1774), grammar books and Latvian–German and German–Latvian dictionaries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until the 19th century, the Latvian written language was influenced by <a href="/wiki/German_Lutherans" class="mw-redirect" title="German Lutherans">German Lutheran</a> pastors and the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German language</a>, because <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic Germans</a> formed the upper class of local society.<sup id="cite_ref-Dahl_and_Koptjevskaja-Tamm_2001_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dahl_and_Koptjevskaja-Tamm_2001-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the middle of the 19th century <a href="/wiki/The_First_Latvian_National_Awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="The First Latvian National Awakening">the First Latvian National Awakening</a> was started, led by "<a href="/wiki/Young_Latvians" title="Young Latvians">Young Latvians</a>" who popularized the use of Latvian language. Participants in this movement laid the foundations for standard Latvian and also popularized the Latvianization of loan words. However, in the 1880s, when <a href="/wiki/Czar_Alexander_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Czar Alexander III">Czar Alexander III</a> came into power, <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a> started. </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/1897_Imperial_Russian_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="1897 Imperial Russian Census">1897 Imperial Russian Census</a>, there were 505,994 (75.1%) speakers of Latvian in the <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Courland" class="mw-redirect" title="Governorate of Courland">Governorate of Courland</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 563,829 (43.4%) speakers of Latvian in the <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Livonia" title="Governorate of Livonia">Governorate of Livonia</a>, making Latvian-speakers the largest linguistic group in each of the governorates.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the death of Alexander III at the end of the 19th century, Latvian nationalist movements re-emerged. In 1908, Latvian linguists <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81rlis_M%C4%ABlenbahs" title="Kārlis Mīlenbahs">Kārlis Mīlenbahs</a> and <a href="/wiki/J%C4%81nis_Endzel%C4%ABns" title="Jānis Endzelīns">Jānis Endzelīns</a> elaborated the modern Latvian alphabet, which slowly replaced the old orthography used before. Another feature of the language, in common with its sister language Lithuanian, that was developed at that time is that proper names from other countries and languages are <a href="/wiki/Orthographic_transcription" title="Orthographic transcription">altered phonetically</a> to fit the phonological system of Latvian, even if the original language also uses the Latin alphabet. Moreover, the names are modified to ensure that they have noun declension endings, declining like all other nouns. For example, a place such as <a href="/wiki/Lecropt" title="Lecropt">Lecropt</a> (a Scottish parish) is likely to become Lekropta; the Scottish village of <a href="/wiki/Tillicoultry" title="Tillicoultry">Tillicoultry</a> becomes Tilikutrija. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Latvia_in_1940" title="Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940">Soviet occupation of Latvia</a>, the policy of <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a> greatly affected the Latvian language. At the same time, the use of Latvian among the <a href="/wiki/Latvians_in_Russia" title="Latvians in Russia">Latvians in Russia</a> had already dwindled after the so-called 1937–1938 <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Operation_of_the_NKVD" title="Latvian Operation of the NKVD">Latvian Operation of the NKVD</a>, during which at least 16,573 ethnic Latvians and Latvian nationals were executed. In the 1941 <a href="/wiki/June_deportation" title="June deportation">June deportation</a> and the 1949 <a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation Priboi</a>, tens of thousands of Latvians and other ethnicities were deported from Latvia. Massive immigration from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Byelorussian SSR">Byelorussian SSR</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">republics of the Soviet Union</a> followed, primarily as a result of Stalin's plan to integrate Latvia and the other Baltic republics into the Soviet Union through <a href="/wiki/Soviet_colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet colonialism">colonization</a>. As a result, the proportion of the ethnic Latvian population within the total population was reduced from 80% in 1935 to 52% in 1989. In Soviet Latvia, most of the immigrants who settled in the country did not learn Latvian. According to the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a> Latvian was the language spoken at home by 62% of the country's population.<sup id="cite_ref-CSB_2013_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSB_2013-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62%_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62%-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the re-establishment of independence in 1991, a new policy of language education was introduced. The primary declared goal was the integration of all inhabitants into the environment of the official state language while protecting the languages of Latvia's ethnic minorities.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Government-funded bilingual education was available in primary schools for ethnic minorities until 2019 when Parliament decided on educating only in Latvian. Minority schools are available for <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romany_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romany language">Roma</a> languages. Latvian is taught as a second language in the initial stages too, as is officially declared, to encourage proficiency in that language, aiming at avoiding alienation from the Latvian-speaking linguistic majority and for the sake of facilitating academic and professional achievements. Since the mid-1990s, the government may pay a student's tuition in public universities only provided that the instruction is in Latvian. Since 2004, the state mandates Latvian as the language of instruction in public secondary schools (Form 10–12) for at least 60% of class work (previously, a broad system of education in Russian existed).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Official Language Law was adopted on 9 December 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several regulatory acts associated with this law have been adopted. Observance of the law is monitored by the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_State_Language_Center" title="Latvian State Language Center">Latvian State Language Center</a> run by the Ministry of Justice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To counter the influence of <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, government organizations (namely the Terminology Commission of the Latvian Academy of Science and the State Language Center) popularize the use of Latvian terms. A debate arose over the Latvian term for <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a>. The Terminology Commission suggested <span title="Latvian-language text"><i lang="lv">eira</i></span> or <span title="Latvian-language text"><i lang="lv">eirs</i></span>, with their Latvianized and declinable ending, would be a better term for <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> than the widely used <span title="Latvian-language text"><i lang="lv">eiro</i></span>, while <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a> insisted that the original name <i>euro</i> be used in all languages.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New terms are Latvian derivatives, <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calques</a> or new loanwords. For example, Latvian has two words for "telephone"—<span title="Latvian-language text"><i lang="lv">tālrunis</i></span> and <span title="Latvian-language text"><i lang="lv">telefons</i></span>, the former being a direct translation into Latvian of the latter international term. Still, others are older or more euphonic loanwords rather than Latvian words. For example, "computer" can be either <span title="Latvian-language text"><i lang="lv">dators</i></span> or <span title="Latvian-language text"><i lang="lv">kompjūters</i></span>. Both are loanwords; the native Latvian word for "computer" is <span title="Latvian-language text"><i lang="lv">skaitļotājs</i></span>, which is also an official term. However, now <span title="Latvian-language text"><i lang="lv">dators</i></span> has been considered an appropriate translation, <span title="Latvian-language text"><i lang="lv">skaitļotājs</i></span> is also used. </p><p>There are several contests held annually to promote the correct use of Latvian. One of them is "Word of the year" (<span title="Latvian-language text"><i lang="lv">Gada vārds</i></span>) organized by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Riga_Latvian_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Riga Latvian Society (page does not exist)">Riga Latvian Society</a> since 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It features categories such as the "Best word", "Worst word", "Best saying" and "<a href="/wiki/Word_salad" title="Word salad">Word salad</a>". In 2018 the word <span title="Latvian-language text"><i lang="lv">zibmaksājums</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Instant_payment" title="Instant payment">instant payment</a>) won the category of "Best word" and <span title="Latvian-language text"><i lang="lv">influenceris</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Influencer" title="Influencer">influencer</a>) won the category of "Worst word".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word pair of <span title="Latvian-language text"><i lang="lv">straumēt</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">stream</a>) and <span title="Latvian-language text"><i lang="lv">straumēšana</i></span> (streaming) were named the best words of 2017, while <span title="Latvian-language text"><i lang="lv">transporti</i></span> as an unnecessary plural of the name for <a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transport</a> was chosen as the worst word of 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/WIKITONGUES-_J%C4%81nis_speaking_Latvian.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_J%C4%81nis_speaking_Latvian.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="123" data-durationhint="204" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Jānis_speaking_Latvian.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_J%C4%81nis_speaking_Latvian.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f9/WIKITONGUES-_J%C4%81nis_speaking_Latvian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_J%C4%81nis_speaking_Latvian.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/WIKITONGUES-_J%C4%81nis_speaking_Latvian.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1080" data-height="606" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f9/WIKITONGUES-_J%C4%81nis_speaking_Latvian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_J%C4%81nis_speaking_Latvian.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f9/WIKITONGUES-_J%C4%81nis_speaking_Latvian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_J%C4%81nis_speaking_Latvian.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f9/WIKITONGUES-_J%C4%81nis_speaking_Latvian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_J%C4%81nis_speaking_Latvian.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A young man speaking in Latvian</figcaption></figure> <p>There are three <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a> in Latvian: the Livonic dialect, High Latvian and the Central dialect. Latvian dialects and their varieties should not be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curonian_language" title="Curonian language">Curonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semigallian_language" title="Semigallian language">Semigallian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Selonian_language" title="Selonian language">Selonian</a> languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Livonic_dialect">Livonic dialect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Livonic dialect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Latvaldialekti.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Latvaldialekti.svg/220px-Latvaldialekti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Latvaldialekti.svg/330px-Latvaldialekti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Latvaldialekti.svg/440px-Latvaldialekti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="344" /></a><figcaption>Geographical distribution of the dialects in Latvia. Varieties of the Livonic dialect (<i>Lībiskais dialekts</i>) are in blue, the Central dialect (<i>Vidus dialekts</i>) in green, the High Latvian dialect (<i>Augšzemnieku dialekts</i>) in yellow.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Julius_D%C3%B6ring,_Tafel_I,_Karte_des_lettischen_Sprachgebiets_ca1860.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Julius_D%C3%B6ring%2C_Tafel_I%2C_Karte_des_lettischen_Sprachgebiets_ca1860.jpg/220px-Julius_D%C3%B6ring%2C_Tafel_I%2C_Karte_des_lettischen_Sprachgebiets_ca1860.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Julius_D%C3%B6ring%2C_Tafel_I%2C_Karte_des_lettischen_Sprachgebiets_ca1860.jpg/330px-Julius_D%C3%B6ring%2C_Tafel_I%2C_Karte_des_lettischen_Sprachgebiets_ca1860.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Julius_D%C3%B6ring%2C_Tafel_I%2C_Karte_des_lettischen_Sprachgebiets_ca1860.jpg/440px-Julius_D%C3%B6ring%2C_Tafel_I%2C_Karte_des_lettischen_Sprachgebiets_ca1860.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6198" data-file-height="4926" /></a><figcaption>Languages and dialects in Latvia around 1860. 1: Middle dialect, or Latvian written language, 2: the "purest" Latvian language, 3: Courlanders variant (Nordwestkurisch oder Tamisch), 4: the real estimater's variant (eigentliches Tamisch), 5: the northern variant of Livonian-Latvian (nordliches Live-Lettisch), 6: Highland dialect (Oberländischer Dialekt oder Hochlettisch), 7: "True" Highland dialect (eigentliches Oberländisch), 9: <a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian language</a> (Livisch)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Livonic dialect (also called <i>Tamian</i> or <i>tāmnieku</i>) of Latvian was more affected by the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian language</a> <a href="/wiki/Substrata_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrata (linguistics)">substratum</a> than Latvian in other parts of Latvia. It is divided into the <a href="/wiki/Vidzeme" title="Vidzeme">Vidzeme</a> <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">variety</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Courland" title="Courland">Courland</a> variety (also called <i>tāmnieku</i>). There are two syllable <a href="/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)" title="Intonation (linguistics)">intonations</a> in the Livonic dialect, extended and broken. In the Livonic dialect, short vowels at the end of words are discarded, while long vowels are shortened. In all numbers, only one form of the <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a> is used. Due to migration and the introduction of a standardised language, this dialect has declined. It arose from assimilated <a href="/wiki/Livonians" title="Livonians">Livonians</a>, who started to speak in Latvian. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_dialect">Central dialect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Central dialect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Central dialect spoken in central and Southwestern Latvia is the basis of standard Latvian. The dialect is divided into the Vidzeme variety, the Curonic variety and the Semigallic variety. The Vidzeme variety and the Semigallic variety are closer to each other than to the Curonic variety, which is more archaic than the other two. There are three syllable intonations in some parts of Vidzeme variety of the Central dialect, extended, broken and falling. The Curonic and Semigallic varieties have two syllable intonations, extended and broken, but some parts of the Vidzeme variety have extended and falling intonations. In the Curonic variety, <i>ŗ</i> is still used. The <a href="/wiki/Kursenieki_language" title="Kursenieki language">Kursenieki language</a>, a historic variety of Latvian, which used to be spoken along <a href="/wiki/Curonian_Spit" title="Curonian Spit">Curonian Spit</a>, is closely related to the varieties of the Central dialect spoken in <a href="/wiki/Courland" title="Courland">Courland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_Latvian_dialect">High Latvian dialect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: High Latvian dialect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>High Latvian dialect is spoken in Eastern Latvia. It is set apart from the rest of the Latvian by a number of phonological differences. The dialect has two main varieties – Selonic (two syllable intonations, falling and rising) and Non-Selonic (falling and broken syllable intonations). There is a <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard language</a>, i.e., the Standard Latgalian, another historic variety of Latvian, which is based on deep non-Selonic varieties spoken in the south of <a href="/wiki/Latgale" title="Latgale">Latgale</a>. The term "Latgalic" is sometimes also applied to all non-Selonic varieties or even the whole dialect. However, it is unclear if using the term for any varieties besides the standard language is accurate. While the term may refer to varieties spoken in <a href="/wiki/Latgale" title="Latgale">Latgale</a> or by <a href="/wiki/Latgalians_(modern)" title="Latgalians (modern)">Latgalians</a>, not all speakers identify as speaking Latgalic; for example, speakers of deep Non-Selonic varieties in <a href="/wiki/Vidzeme" title="Vidzeme">Vidzeme</a> explicitly deny speaking Latgalic.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is spoken by approximately 15% of Latvia's population, but almost all of its speakers are also fluent in the standard Latvian language and they promote the dialect in popular culture in order to preserve their distinct culture.<sup id="cite_ref-LanguagesOnLatvia_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LanguagesOnLatvia-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Latvian Government since 1990 has also taken measures to protect the dialect from extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-LanguagesOnLatvia_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LanguagesOnLatvia-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-native_speakers">Non-native speakers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Non-native speakers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The history of the Latvian language (see below) has placed it in a peculiar position for a language of its size, whereby many non-native speakers speak it compared to native speakers. The immigrant and minority population in Latvia is 700,000 people: <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a>, and others. The majority of immigrants settled in Latvia between 1940 and 1991;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> supplementing pre-existing ethnic minority communities (<a href="/wiki/Latvian_Germans" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian Germans">Latvian Germans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian Jews">Latvian Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Russians" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian Russians">Latvian Russians</a>). The trends show that the proficiency of Latvian among its non-native speakers is gradually increasing. In a 2009 survey by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Latvian_Language_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latvian Language Agency (page does not exist)">Latvian Language Agency</a> 56% percent of respondents with Russian as their native language described having a good knowledge of Latvian, whereas for the younger generation (from 17 to 25 years) the number was 64%.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The increased adoption of Latvian by minorities was brought about by its status as the country's only official language and other changes in the society after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of the Soviet Union">fall of the Soviet Union</a> that mostly shifted linguistic focus away from <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>. As an example, in 2007, universities and colleges for the first time received applications from prospective students who had a bilingual secondary education in schools for minorities. Fluency in Latvian is expected in a variety of professions and careers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Latvian_grammar" title="Latvian grammar">Latvian grammar</a></div> <p>Latvian grammar represents a classic Indo-European (Baltic) system with well developed inflection and derivation. Word stress, with some exceptions in derivation and inflection, more often is on the first <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a>. There are no articles in Latvian; definiteness is expressed by an inflection of adjectives. Basic word order in Latvian is <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">subject–verb–object</a>; however, word order is relatively free. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Latvian_declension" title="Latvian declension">Latvian declension</a></div> <p>There are two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical genders</a> in Latvian (masculine and feminine) and two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">numbers</a>, singular and plural. Nouns, adjectives, and declinable participles <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">decline</a> into seven cases: <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instrumental</a>, <a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">locative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">vocative</a>. There are six declensions for nouns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Latvian_grammar#Verb_conjugation" title="Latvian grammar">Latvian grammar § Verb conjugation</a></div> <p>There are three conjugation classes in Latvian. Verbs are conjugated for person, tense, mood and voice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Latvian_orthography" title="Latvian orthography">Latvian orthography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian Braille</a></div> <p>Latvian in <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> was first based upon the <a href="/wiki/German_alphabet" title="German alphabet">German orthography</a>, while the alphabet of the Standard Latgalian variety was based on the <a href="/wiki/Polish_alphabet" title="Polish alphabet">Polish orthography</a>. At the beginning of the 20th century, it was replaced by a more phonologically consistent orthography. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard_orthography">Standard orthography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Standard orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today, the Latvian standard orthography employs 33 characters: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td bgcolor="#EFEFEF" colspan="33"><b><a href="/wiki/Capital_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital letters">Majuscule forms</a></b> (also called <b>uppercase</b> or <b>capital letters</b>) </td></tr> <tr> <td width="15">A</td> <td width="15">Ā</td> <td width="15">B</td> <td width="15">C</td> <td width="15">Č</td> <td width="15">D</td> <td width="15">E</td> <td width="15">Ē </td> <td width="15">F</td> <td width="15">G</td> <td width="15">Ģ</td> <td width="15">H</td> <td width="15">I</td> <td width="15">Ī</td> <td width="15">J</td> <td width="15">K </td> <td width="15">Ķ</td> <td width="15">L</td> <td width="15">Ļ</td> <td width="15">M</td> <td width="15">N</td> <td width="15">Ņ</td> <td width="15">O</td> <td width="15">P </td> <td width="15">R</td> <td width="15">S</td> <td width="15">Š</td> <td width="15">T</td> <td width="15">U</td> <td width="15">Ū</td> <td width="15">V</td> <td width="15">Z</td> <td width="15">Ž </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#EFEFEF" colspan="33"><b><a href="/wiki/Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">Minuscule forms</a></b> (also called <b>lowercase</b> or <b>small letters</b>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>a</td> <td>ā</td> <td>b</td> <td>c</td> <td>č</td> <td>d</td> <td>e</td> <td>ē </td> <td>f</td> <td>g</td> <td>ģ</td> <td>h</td> <td>i</td> <td>ī</td> <td>j</td> <td>k</td> <td>ķ </td> <td>l</td> <td>ļ</td> <td>m</td> <td>n</td> <td>ņ</td> <td>o</td> <td>p</td> <td>r </td> <td>s</td> <td>š</td> <td>t</td> <td>u</td> <td>ū</td> <td>v</td> <td>z</td> <td>ž </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The modern standard Latvian alphabet uses 22 unmodified letters of the Latin alphabet (all except <span class="nowrap">⟨q, w, x, y⟩</span>, which are usually replaced by <span class="nowrap">⟨k(v)⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨v⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ks⟩</span>, and <span class="nowrap">⟨i/j⟩</span> respectively in loanwords and even in foreign names, though they may appear in certain specialized terms such as <i>status quo</i>; "W" can be found in older texts, "Y" can be found in the Latgalian language/dialect). It adds a further eleven characters by modification. The vowel letters <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/A" title="A">a</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a>⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/U" title="U">u</a>⟩</span> can take a <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a> to show length, unmodified letters being short; these letters are not differentiated while sorting (e.g. in dictionaries). The letters <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/C" title="C">c</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a>⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">z</a>⟩</span> are pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ts]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[z]</span> respectively, while when marked with a <a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">caron</a>, <span class="nowrap">⟨č, š, ž⟩</span>, they are pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʒ]</span> respectively. The letters <span class="nowrap">⟨ģ, ķ, ļ, ņ⟩</span>, written with a comma placed underneath (or above them for lowercase <i>g</i>), which indicate <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalized</a> versions of <span class="nowrap">⟨g, k, l, n⟩</span> representing the sounds <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɟ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[c]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʎ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɲ]</span>. Latvian orthography also contains nine digraphs, which are written <span class="nowrap">⟨ai, au, ei, ie, iu, ui, oi, dz, dž⟩</span>. Non-standard varieties of Latvian add extra letters to this standard set. </p><p>Latvian spelling has almost one-to-one correspondence between graphemes and phonemes. Every <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> corresponds to a letter so that the reader can almost always pronounce words by putting the letters together. There are only two exceptions to this consistency in the orthography: the letters <span class="nowrap">⟨e, ē⟩</span> represent two different sounds: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ<span class="wrap"> </span>æ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛː<span class="wrap"> </span>æː/</span>. The second mismatch is that letter <span class="nowrap">⟨o⟩</span> indicates both the short and long <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span>, and the <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[uɔ]</span>. These three sounds are written as <span class="nowrap">⟨o⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ō⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨uo⟩</span> in Standard <a href="/wiki/Latgalian_language" title="Latgalian language">Latgalian</a>, and some Latvians campaign for the adoption of this system in standard Latvian. However, Latvian grammarians argue that <span class="nowrap">⟨o⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨ō⟩</span> are found only in loanwords, with the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uɔ/</span> sound being the only native Latvian phoneme. The digraph <span class="nowrap">⟨uo⟩</span> was discarded in 1914, and the letters <span class="nowrap">⟨ō⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨ŗ⟩</span> have not been used in the official Latvian language since 1946. Likewise, the digraph <span class="nowrap">⟨ch⟩</span> was discarded in 1957, although <span class="nowrap">⟨ō⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ŗ⟩</span>, and <span class="nowrap">⟨ch⟩</span> are still used in some varieties and by many Latvians living beyond the borders of Latvia. The letter <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span> is used only in Standard Latgalian, where it represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>/</span>, a sound not present in other dialects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_orthography">Old orthography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Old orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_latvian_bible.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Old_latvian_bible.jpg/220px-Old_latvian_bible.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Old_latvian_bible.jpg/330px-Old_latvian_bible.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Old_latvian_bible.jpg/440px-Old_latvian_bible.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3906" data-file-height="2602" /></a><figcaption>Latvian <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> <a href="/wiki/Hymnbook" class="mw-redirect" title="Hymnbook">hymnbook</a> in old orthography.</figcaption></figure> <p>The old <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> was based on German and did not represent the Latvian language phonemically. Initially, it was used to write religious texts for German priests to help them in their work with Latvians. The first writings in Latvian were chaotic: twelve variations for writing <i>Š</i> existed, for example. In 1631 the German priest <a href="/wiki/Georg_Mancelius" title="Georg Mancelius">Georg Mancelius</a> tried to systematize the writing. He wrote long vowels according to their position in the word – a short vowel followed by <i>h</i> for a radical vowel, a short vowel in the suffix, and vowel with a <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritic</a> mark in the ending indicating two accents. Consonants were written using multiple letters following the example of German. The old orthography was used until the 20th century when modern orthography slowly replaced it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latvian_on_computers">Latvian on computers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Latvian on computers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Latvian_Ergonomic_Keyboard_Layout.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Latvian_Ergonomic_Keyboard_Layout.png/330px-Latvian_Ergonomic_Keyboard_Layout.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Latvian_Ergonomic_Keyboard_Layout.png/495px-Latvian_Ergonomic_Keyboard_Layout.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Latvian_Ergonomic_Keyboard_Layout.png 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="294" /></a><figcaption>The rarely used Latvian ergonomic keyboard layout</figcaption></figure> <p>In late 1992, the official Latvian computing standard LVS 8-92 took effect. It was followed by LVS 24-93 (Latvian language support for computers) that also specified the way Latvian language (alphabet, numbers, currency, punctuation marks, date and time) should be represented on computers. A Latvian ergonomic keyboard standard LVS 23-93 was also announced several months later, but it did not gain popularity due to its need for a custom-built keyboard.<sup id="cite_ref-Gross_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gross-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nowadays standard <a href="/wiki/QWERTY" title="QWERTY">QWERTY</a> or the US keyboards are used for writing in Latvian; diacritics are entered by using a <a href="/wiki/Dead_key" title="Dead key">dead key</a> (usually ', occasionally ~).<sup id="cite_ref-Gross_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gross-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some keyboard layouts use the <a href="/wiki/Modifier_key" title="Modifier key">modifier key</a> <a href="/wiki/AltGr_key" title="AltGr key">AltGr</a> (most notably the Windows 2000 and XP built-in layout (Latvian QWERTY), it is also default modifier in X11R6, thus a default in most Linux distributions). </p><p>In the 1990s, lack of software support of diacritics caused an unofficial style of orthography, often called <i><a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">translits</a></i>, to emerge for use in situations when the user is unable to access Latvian diacritic marks (e-mail, newsgroups, web user forums, chat, <a href="/wiki/SMS" title="SMS">SMS</a> etc.). It uses the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Latin letters">basic Modern Latin alphabet</a> only, and letters that are not used in standard orthography are usually omitted. In this style, diacritics are replaced by digraphs – a doubled letter indicates a long vowel (as in Finnish and Estonian); a following <i>j</i> indicates palatalisation of consonants, i.e., a cedilla; and the postalveolars <i>Š</i>, <i>Č</i> and <i>Ž</i> are written with <i>h</i> replacing the <a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">háček</a>, as in English. Sometimes the second letter, the one used instead of a diacritic, is changed to one of two other diacritic letters (e.g. š is written as ss or sj, not sh), and since many people may find it difficult to use these unusual methods, they write without any indication of missing diacritic marks, or they use digraphing only if the diacritic mark in question would make a semantic difference.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes an apostrophe is used before or after the character that would properly need to be diacriticised. Also, digraph diacritics are often used and sometimes even mixed with diacritical letters of standard orthography. Although today there is software support available, diacritic-less writing is still sometimes used for financial and social reasons. As <i>š</i> and <i>ž</i> are part of the <a href="/wiki/Windows-1252" title="Windows-1252">Windows-1252</a> coding, it is possible to input those two letters using a <a href="/wiki/Numerical_keypad" class="mw-redirect" title="Numerical keypad">numerical keypad</a>. Latvian language code for cmd and .bat files - <a href="/wiki/Windows-1257" title="Windows-1257">Windows-1257</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparative_orthography">Comparative orthography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Comparative orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For example, the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a> in Latvian written in different styles: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>First orthography<br />(Cosmographia Universalis, 1544) </th> <th>Old orthography, 1739<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Modern orthography </th> <th>Internet-style </th></tr> <tr> <td>Muuſze Thews exkan tho Debbes </td> <td>Muhſu Tehvs debbeſîs </td> <td><b>Mūsu tēvs debesīs</b> </td> <td><i>Muusu teevs debesiis</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sweetyttz thope totws waerdtcz </td> <td>Swehtits lai top taws wahrds </td> <td><b>Svētīts lai top tavs vārds</b> </td> <td><i>Sveetiits lai top tavs vaards</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Enaka mums touwe walſtibe </td> <td>Lai nahk tawa walſtiba </td> <td><b>Lai nāk tava valstība</b> </td> <td><i>Lai naak tava valstiiba</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tows praetcz noteſe </td> <td>Taws prahts lai noteek </td> <td><b>Tavs prāts lai notiek</b> </td> <td><i>Tavs praats lai notiek</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ka exkan Debbes tha arridtczan wuerſſon ſemmes </td> <td>kà debbeſîs tà arirdſan zemes wirsû </td> <td><b>Kā debesīs, tā arī virs zemes</b> </td> <td><i>Kaa debesiis taa arii virs zemes</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Muſze beniſke mayſe bobe mums ſdjoben </td> <td>Muhsu deeniſchtu maizi dod mums ſchodeen </td> <td><b>Mūsu dienišķo maizi dod mums šodien</b> </td> <td><i>Muusu dienishkjo maizi dod mums shodien</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vnbe pammet mums muſſe parrabe </td> <td>Un pametti mums muhſu parradus <small>[later parahdus]</small> </td> <td><b>Un piedod mums mūsu parādus</b> </td> <td><i>Un piedod mums muusu paraadus</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ka mehs pammettam muſſims parabenekims </td> <td>kà arri mehs pamettam ſaweem parrahdneekeem </td> <td><b>Kā arī mēs piedodam saviem parādniekiem</b> </td> <td><i>Kaa arii mees piedodam saviem paraadniekiem</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vnbe nhe wedde mums exkan kaerbenaſchenne </td> <td>Un ne eeweddi muhs eekſch kahrdinaſchanas </td> <td><b>Un neieved mūs kārdināšanā</b> </td> <td><i>Un neieved muus kaardinaashanaa</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Seth atpeſthmums no to loune </td> <td>bet atpeſti muhs no ta launa <small>[later łauna]</small> </td> <td><b>Bet atpestī mūs no ļauna</b> </td> <td><i>Bet atpestii muus no ljauna</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aefto thouwa gir ta walſtibe </td> <td>Jo tew peederr ta walſtiba </td> <td><b>Jo tev pieder valstība</b> </td> <td><i>Jo tev pieder valstiiba</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vnbe tas ſpeez vnb tas Goobtcz tur muſſige. </td> <td>Un tas ſpehks un tas gods muhſchigi <small>[later muhzigi]</small>. </td> <td><b>Spēks un gods mūžīgi. </b> </td> <td><i>Speeks un gods muuzhiigi.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Amen. </td> <td>Amen. </td> <td><b>Āmen.</b> </td> <td><i>Aamen.</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Latvian_phonology" title="Latvian phonology">Latvian phonology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Latvian consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-alveolar</a>/<a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">m</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">n</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɲ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">p</span>  <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">b</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t</span>  <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">d</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">c</span>  <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɟ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">k</span>  <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɡ</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <td>  </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t͡s</span>  <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">d͡z</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t͡ʃ</span>  <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">d͡ʒ</span> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td>(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">f</span>)  <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">v</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">s</span>  <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">z</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʃ</span>  <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʒ</span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">x</span>) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant#Central_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Central approximant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td>  </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">r</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">j</span> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant#Lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Lateral approximant</a> </th> <td>  </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">l</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʎ</span> </td> <td>  </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Consonants in consonant sequences <a href="/wiki/Consonant_voicing_and_devoicing#Voicing_assimilation" title="Consonant voicing and devoicing">assimilate to the voicing of the subsequent consonant</a>, e.g. a<b>p</b>gabals <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈa<b>b</b>ɡabals]</span> or la<b>b</b>s <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈla<b>p</b>s]</span>. Latvian does not feature <a href="/wiki/Final-obstruent_devoicing" title="Final-obstruent devoicing">final-obstruent devoicing</a>. </p><p>Consonants can be long (written as double consonants) <span title="Latvian-language text"><i lang="lv">mamma</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈmamːa]</span>, or short. Plosives and fricatives occurring between two short vowels are lengthened: <span title="Latvian-language text"><i lang="lv">upe</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈupːe]</span>. Same with 'zs' that is pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sː/</span>, šs and žs as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃː/</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Latvian has six vowels, with <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">length</a> as distinctive feature: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Latvian vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">  </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr class="small"> <th>short</th> <th>long </th> <th>short</th> <th>long </th> <th>short</th> <th>long </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">i</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iː</span> </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">u</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">uː</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">e</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">eː</span> </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td>(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ</span>)</td> <td>(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔː</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">æ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">æː</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aː</span> </td> <td colspan="2">  </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔː/</span>, and the diphthongs involving it other than <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uɔ/</span>, are confined to loanwords. </p><p>Latvian also has 10 <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a>, four of which are only found in loanwords (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ai<span class="wrap"> </span>ui<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛi<span class="wrap"> </span>au<span class="wrap"> </span>iɛ<span class="wrap"> </span>uɔ<span class="wrap"> </span>iu<span class="wrap"> </span>(ɔi)<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛu<span class="wrap"> </span>(ɔu)/</span>), although some diphthongs are mostly limited to proper names and interjections. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syllable_accent">Syllable accent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Syllable accent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Standard Latvian and, with some exceptions in derivation and inflection, all of the Latvian dialects have fixed initial stress. Long vowels and diphthongs have a tone,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> regardless of their position in the word. This includes the so-called "mixed diphthongs" composed of a short vowel followed by a <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorant</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Loanwords">Loanwords</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Loanwords"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the period of <a href="/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia">Livonia</a>, many <a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a> words such as <i>amats</i> (profession), <i>dambis</i> (dam), <i>būvēt</i> (to build) and <i>bikses</i> (trousers) were borrowed into Latvian, while the period of <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Livonia" title="Swedish Livonia">Swedish Livonia</a> brought loanwords like <i>skurstenis</i> (chimney) from <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Veips_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veips-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also has loanwords from the <a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic languages</a>, mainly from <a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are about 500 to 600 borrowings from Finnic languages in Latvian, for example: <i>māja</i> ‘house’ (Liv. <i>mōj</i>), <i>puika</i> ‘boy’ (Liv. <i>pūoga</i>), <i>pīlādzis</i> ‘mountain ash’ (Liv. <i>pī’lõg</i>), <i>sēne</i> ‘mushroom’ (Liv. <i>sēņ</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Loanwords from other Baltic language include <i>ķermenis</i> (body) from <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussian_language" title="Old Prussian language">Old Prussian</a>, as well as <i>veikals</i> (store) and <i>paģiras</i> (hangover) from <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Veips_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veips-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_the_study">History of the study</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: History of the study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first Latvian dictionary <i>Lettus</i> compiled by <a href="/wiki/Georg_Mancelius" title="Georg Mancelius">Georg Mancelius</a> was published in 1638.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first grammar of the Latvian language is a short “Manual on the Latvian language” (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Manuductio ad linguam lettonicam</i>) by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johans_Georgs_Reheh%C5%ABzens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johans Georgs Rehehūzens (page does not exist)">Johans Georgs Rehehūzens</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johans_Georgs_Reheh%C5%ABzens" class="extiw" title="lv:Johans Georgs Rehehūzens">lv</a>]</span>, published in 1644 in Riga.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bielenstein, <i>Die lettische Sprache</i> (Berlin, 1863–64)</li> <li>Bielenstein, <i>Lettische Grammatik</i> (Mitau, 1863)</li> <li>Bielenstein, <i>Die Elemente der lettischen Sprache</i> (Mitau, 1866), popular in treatment</li> <li>Ulmann and Brasche, <i>Lettisches Wörterbuch</i> (Riga, 1872–80)</li> <li>Bielenstein, <i>Tausend lettische Räthsel, übersetzt und erklärt</i> (Mitau, 1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adalbert_Bezzenberger" title="Adalbert Bezzenberger">Bezzenberger</a>, <i>Lettische Dialekt-Studien</i> (Göttingen, 1885)</li> <li>Bezzenberger, <i>Ueber die Sprach der preussischen Letten;; (Göttingen, 1888)</i></li> <li>Thomsen, <i>Beröringer melem de Finske og de Baltiske Sprog</i> (Copenhagen, 1890)</li> <li>Bielenstein, <i>Grenzen des lettischen Volksstammes und der lettischen Sprache</i> (St. Petersburg, 1892)</li> <li>Baron and Wissendorff, <i>Latwju dainas</i> (Latvian Folksongs, Mitau, 1894)</li> <li>Andreianov, <i>Lettische Volkslieder und Mythen</i> (Halle, 1896 )</li> <li>Bielenstein, <i>Ein glückliches Leben</i> (Riga, 1904)</li> <li>Brentano, <i>Lehrbuch der lettischen Sprache</i> (Vienna, c. 1907)</li> <li>Holst, <i>Lettische Grammatik</i> (Hamburg, 2001)</li> <li>Wolter, "Die lettische Literatur," in <i>Die ost-europäische Literaturen</i> (Berlin, 1908)</li> <li>Kalning, <i>Kurzer Lettischer Sprachführer</i> (Riga, 1910)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_histories_in_Latvian">Literary histories in Latvian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Literary histories in Latvian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Klaushush, <i>Latweeschu rakstneezibas wehsture</i> (Riga, 1907)</li> <li>Pludons, <i>Latwiju literaturas vēsture</i> (Jelgava, 1908–09)</li> <li>Lehgolnis, <i>Latweeschu literaturas wehsture</i> (Riga, 1908)</li> <li>Prande, <i>Latviešu Rakstniecība Portrejās</i> (Rīga, 1923)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latvian_words_borrowed_from_Old_East_Slavic" title="List of Latvian words borrowed from Old East Slavic">List of Latvian words borrowed from Old East Slavic</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Lettish-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lettish_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Lettish">"Lettish"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TheFreeDictionary.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TheFreeDictionary.com">TheFreeDictionary.com</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheFreeDictionary.com&rft.atitle=Lettish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2FLettish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://valoda.lv/valsts-valoda/">Valsts valoda</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://valoda.lv/valsts-valoda/dialekti/">"Dialekti"</a>. <i>valoda.lv</i> (in Latvian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=valoda.lv&rft.atitle=Dialekti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvaloda.lv%2Fvalsts-valoda%2Fdialekti%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrauliņš2012">Prauliņš (2012)</a>, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrauliņš2012">Prauliņš (2012)</a>, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/languages_en">"EU official languages"</a>. <i>European-union.europa.eu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European-union.europa.eu&rft.atitle=EU+official+languages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuropean-union.europa.eu%2Fprinciples-countries-history%2Flanguages_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vvk.lv/index.php?sadala=129&id=389">"Dažādu tautu valodu prasme"</a>. <i>vvk.lv</i> (in Latvian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vvk.lv&rft.atitle=Da%C5%BE%C4%81du+tautu+valodu+prasme&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vvk.lv%2Findex.php%3Fsadala%3D129%26id%3D389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CSB_2013-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CSB_2013_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CSB_2013_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csb.gov.lv/en/statistics/statistics-by-theme/population/census/search-in-theme/1442-home-latvian-spoken-62-latvian-population">"At Home Latvian Is Spoken by 62% of Latvian Population; the Majority – in Vidzeme and Lubāna County"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Statistical_Bureau_of_Latvia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia (page does not exist)">Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia</a>. 26 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=At+Home+Latvian+Is+Spoken+by+62%25+of+Latvian+Population%3B+the+Majority+%E2%80%93+in+Vidzeme+and+Lub%C4%81na+County&rft.pub=Central+Statistical+Bureau+of+Latvia&rft.date=2013-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csb.gov.lv%2Fen%2Fstatistics%2Fstatistics-by-theme%2Fpopulation%2Fcensus%2Fsearch-in-theme%2F1442-home-latvian-spoken-62-latvian-population&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62%-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-62%_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-62%_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bnn-news.com/latvian-language-spoken-62-population-103604">"Latvian Language Is Spoken by 62% of the Population"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Baltic_News_Network" title="Baltic News Network">Baltic News Network</a>. 26 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Latvian+Language+Is+Spoken+by+62%25+of+the+Population&rft.pub=Baltic+News+Network&rft.date=2013-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbnn-news.com%2Flatvian-language-spoken-62-population-103604&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LanguagesOnLatvia-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LanguagesOnLatvia_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LanguagesOnLatvia_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LanguagesOnLatvia_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŽemaitis" class="citation web cs1">Žemaitis, Augustinas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.onlatvia.com/languages-718">"Languages"</a>. <i>OnLatvia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OnLatvia.com&rft.atitle=Languages&rft.aulast=%C5%BDemaitis&rft.aufirst=Augustinas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.onlatvia.com%2Flanguages-718&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dahl_and_Koptjevskaja-Tamm_2001-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dahl_and_Koptjevskaja-Tamm_2001_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dahl_and_Koptjevskaja-Tamm_2001_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahlKoptjevskaja-Tamm2001" class="citation book cs1">Dahl, Östen; Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria, eds. (2001). <i>The Circum-Baltic Languages</i>. John Benjamins Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9027230579" title="Special:BookSources/9027230579"><bdi>9027230579</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/872451315">872451315</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Circum-Baltic+Languages&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F872451315&rft.isbn=9027230579&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eng.lsm.lv/article/culture/history/how-latgale-chose-to-join-latvia.a234437/">"How Latgale chose to join Latvia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_of_Latvia" title="Public Broadcasting of Latvia">Public Broadcasting of Latvia</a>. 2 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2017</span>. <q>The Latgalian language falls within the High Latvian dialect and is of course mutually intelligible with the other dialects.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+Latgale+chose+to+join+Latvia&rft.date=2017-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feng.lsm.lv%2Farticle%2Fculture%2Fhistory%2Fhow-latgale-chose-to-join-latvia.a234437%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icelds.org/2018/03/30/latgalian-language-in-latvia-between-politics-linguistics-and-law/">"Latgalian Language in Latvia: Between Politics, Linguistics and Law"</a>. International Centre for Ethnic and Linguistic Diversity. 30 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Latgalian+Language+in+Latvia%3A+Between+Politics%2C+Linguistics+and+Law&rft.date=2018-03-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icelds.org%2F2018%2F03%2F30%2Flatgalian-language-in-latvia-between-politics-linguistics-and-law%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example the Latvian debitive verb form (man ir jāmācās “I must study” or “it is necessary for me to study”) and the Lithuanian frequentative past (jie eidavo “they used to go”).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Baltic-languages/Comparison-of-Lithuanian-and-Latvian">Baltic languages - Comparison of Lithuanian and Latvian</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211025220812/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Baltic-languages/Comparison-of-Lithuanian-and-Latvian">Archived</a> 2021-10-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Encyclopedia Britannica</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livones.net/en/valoda/mutual-influence-between-livonian-and-latvian">"Livones.net - Mutual influence between Livonian and Latvian"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Livones.net+-+Mutual+influence+between+Livonian+and+Latvian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livones.net%2Fen%2Fvaloda%2Fmutual-influence-between-livonian-and-latvian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Business_Publications,_Usa.2008" class="citation book cs1">International Business Publications, Usa. (2008). <i>Lithuania taxation laws and regulations handbook</i>. Intl Business Pubns Usa. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1433080289" title="Special:BookSources/978-1433080289"><bdi>978-1433080289</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/946497138">946497138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lithuania+taxation+laws+and+regulations+handbook.&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Intl+Business+Pubns+Usa&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F946497138&rft.isbn=978-1433080289&rft.au=International+Business+Publications%2C+Usa.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvian+language" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamatRamat1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Giacalone_Ramat" title="Anna Giacalone Ramat">Ramat, Anna Giacalone</a>; Ramat, Paolo (1998). "The Baltic Languages". <i>The Indo-European Languages</i>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">454–</span>479. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134921867" title="Special:BookSources/9781134921867"><bdi>9781134921867</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/908192063">908192063</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Baltic+Languages&rft.btitle=The+Indo-European+Languages&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E454-%3C%2Fspan%3E479&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F908192063&rft.isbn=9781134921867&rft.aulast=Ramat&rft.aufirst=Anna+Giacalone&rft.au=Ramat%2C+Paolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lnvm.lv-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lnvm.lv_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lnvm.lv/en/?page_id=942">"Livonia. 13th-16th Century"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171027130544/http://lnvm.lv/en/?page_id=942">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Livonia.+13th-16th+Century&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flnvm.lv%2Fen%2F%3Fpage_id%3D942&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVīksniņš1973" class="citation journal cs1">Vīksniņš, Nicholas (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120424153605/http://www.lituanus.org/1973/73_3_02.htm#Ref">"The Early History of Latvian Books"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lituanus" title="Lituanus">Lituanus</a></i>. <b>19</b> (3). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lituanus.org/1973/73_3_02.htm#Ref">the original</a> on 24 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lituanus&rft.atitle=The+Early+History+of+Latvian+Books&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=V%C4%ABksni%C5%86%C5%A1&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lituanus.org%2F1973%2F73_3_02.htm%23Ref&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eng.lsm.lv/article/society/society/national-treasure-the-oldest-latvian-language-book-in-riga.a197919/">"National treasure: The oldest Latvian-language book in Rīga"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_of_Latvia" title="Public Broadcasting of Latvia">Public Broadcasting of Latvia</a>. 25 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from the original on 24 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=politika.lv&rft.atitle=Latvie%C5%A1u+valodas+izmai%C5%86as+un+funkcijas+interneta+vid%C4%93&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Veinberga&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpolitika.lv%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvian+language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><u>BIBLIA</u>, published Riga, 1848 (reprint), original edition 1739; "modern" old orthographies published into the 20th century do not double consonants</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Veips-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Veips_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Veips_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeips2017" class="citation web cs1">Veips, Lauris (13 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eng.lsm.lv/article/features/features/from-the-language-of-serfs-to-official-eu-communication-the-journey-of-latvian.a236321/">"From the Language of Serfs to Official EU Communication – the Journey of Latvian"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_of_Latvia" title="Public Broadcasting of Latvia">LSM.lv</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LSM.lv&rft.atitle=From+the+Language+of+Serfs+to+Official+EU+Communication+%E2%80%93+the+Journey+of+Latvian&rft.date=2017-05-13&rft.aulast=Veips&rft.aufirst=Lauris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feng.lsm.lv%2Farticle%2Ffeatures%2Ffeatures%2Ffrom-the-language-of-serfs-to-official-eu-communication-the-journey-of-latvian.a236321%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Baltic-languages/Loanwords-in-Baltic">"Baltic languages – Loanwords in Baltic"</a>. <i>britannica.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=britannica.com&rft.atitle=Baltic+languages+%E2%80%93+Loanwords+in+Baltic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FBaltic-languages%2FLoanwords-in-Baltic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStafecka2014" class="citation journal cs1">Stafecka, Anna (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290838706">"Baltic and Finnic linguistic relations reflected in geolinguistic studies of the Baltic languages"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Baltic+and+Finnic+linguistic+relations+reflected+in+geolinguistic+studies+of+the+Baltic+languages&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Stafecka&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F290838706&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvian+language" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViiding2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Viiding, Kristi (2004). "Das Porträt eines liv- und kurländischen orthodoxen Theologen (Georg Mancelius), anhand der ihm gewidmeten Geleit und Begrüßungsgedichte". In Sträter, Udo (ed.). <i>Orthodoxie und Poesie</i> (in German). Leipzig: <a href="/wiki/Evangelische_Verlagsanstalt" title="Evangelische Verlagsanstalt">Evangelische Verlagsanstalt</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-374-01997-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-374-01997-8"><bdi>3-374-01997-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Das+Portr%C3%A4t+eines+liv-+und+kurl%C3%A4ndischen+orthodoxen+Theologen+%28Georg+Mancelius%29%2C+anhand+der+ihm+gewidmeten+Geleit+und+Begr%C3%BC%C3%9Fungsgedichte&rft.btitle=Orthodoxie+und+Poesie&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Evangelische+Verlagsanstalt&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3-374-01997-8&rft.aulast=Viiding&rft.aufirst=Kristi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Kabelka" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kabelka, J. (1982). <i>Baltų filologijos įvadas: Vadovėlis respublikos aukštųjų mokyklų filologijos specialybės studentams</i> [<i>Introduction to Baltic Philology: A Textbook for Philology Students of Higher Education in the Republic</i>] (in Latvian). Vilnius: Mokslas. p. 101.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balt%C5%B3+filologijos+%C4%AFvadas%3A+Vadov%C4%97lis+respublikos+auk%C5%A1t%C5%B3j%C5%B3+mokykl%C5%B3+filologijos+specialyb%C4%97s+studentams&rft.place=Vilnius&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Mokslas&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Kabelka&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerksen1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rick_Derksen" title="Rick Derksen">Derksen, Rick</a> (1996). <i>Metatony in Baltic</i>. Amsterdam: Rodopi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metatony+in+Baltic&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Derksen&rft.aufirst=Rick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalnačaLokmane2021" class="citation book cs1">Kalnača, Andra; Lokmane, Ilze (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dspace.lu.lv/dspace/handle/7/54312"><i>Latvian Grammar</i></a>. Rīga: University of Latvia Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22364%2Flatgram.2021">10.22364/latgram.2021</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9934-18-635-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-9934-18-635-6"><bdi>978-9934-18-635-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latvian+Grammar&rft.place=R%C4%ABga&rft.pub=University+of+Latvia+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22364%2Flatgram.2021&rft.isbn=978-9934-18-635-6&rft.aulast=Kalna%C4%8Da&rft.aufirst=Andra&rft.au=Lokmane%2C+Ilze&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdspace.lu.lv%2Fdspace%2Fhandle%2F7%2F54312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrauliņš2012" class="citation book cs1">Prauliņš, Dace (2012). <i>Latvian: An Essential Grammar</i>. London: Routeledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415576925" title="Special:BookSources/9780415576925"><bdi>9780415576925</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latvian%3A+An+Essential+Grammar&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routeledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780415576925&rft.aulast=Prauli%C5%86%C5%A1&rft.aufirst=Dace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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/></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="lv:"> Latvian edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Latvian_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Latvian language">Latvian language</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">For a list of words relating to Latvian language, see the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Latvian_language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Latvian language"><i><b>Latvian language</b></i> category of words</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Latvian_phrasebook#Q9078" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Latvian phrasebook">Latvian</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latvijasradio.lv/lapas/lv_tiesraide.htm">Live Latvian-language radio streams online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://likumi.lv/ta/en/en/id/14740-official-language-law">Official Language Law in English</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927004152/http://www.latvianstuff.com/Language.html">Overview of the Latvian Language (en)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vvk.lv/">State (Official) Language Commission (linguistic articles, applicable laws, etc.)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060410080305/http://www.letonika.lv/dictionary/">English–Latvian / Latvian–English dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acl.lv/en/">English-Latvian and Latvian–English online translation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070916092434/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Latvian-english/">Latvian–English Dictionary</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120223164907/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/">Webster's Online Dictionary</a> – <a href="/wiki/The_Rosetta_Edition" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rosetta Edition">The Rosetta Edition</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lvavp.lv/">National Agency for Latvian Language Training</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.languagehelpers.com">Examples of Latvian words and phrases (with sound)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nvtc.gov/lotw/months/december/Latvian.html#stru">Languages of the World:Latvian</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dicts.info/dictlist1.php?l=Latvian">Latvian bilingual dictionaries</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Latvian_Swadesh_list">Latvian Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words</a> (from Wiktionary's <a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists">Swadesh-list appendix</a>)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Latvia" title="Template:Languages of Latvia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Latvia" title="Template talk:Languages of Latvia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Latvia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Latvia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Latvia135" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Latvia">Languages of Latvia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Latvian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latgalian_language" title="Latgalian language">Latgalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language_in_Latvia" title="Russian language in Latvia">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Sign_Language" title="Latvian Sign Language">Latvian Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>See Also:</b> <a href="/wiki/Language_policy_in_Latvia" title="Language policy in Latvia">Language policy in Latvia</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Latvia_articles405" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latvia_topics" title="Template:Latvia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latvia_topics" title="Template talk:Latvia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latvia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latvia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Latvia_articles405" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia" title="History of Latvia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Ancient Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunda_culture" title="Kunda culture">Kunda culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narva_culture" title="Narva culture">Narva culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana" title="Terra Mariana">Terra Mariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Livonia" title="Kingdom of Livonia">Kingdom of Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Livonia" title="Swedish Livonia">Swedish Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflanty_Voivodeship" title="Inflanty Voivodeship">Polish Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Livonia" title="Governorate of Livonia">Russian Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_Latvian_National_Awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="The First Latvian National Awakening">The First Latvian National Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Current" title="New Current">New Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Riflemen" title="Latvian Riflemen">Latvian Riflemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Latvia_in_1940" title="Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940">Occupation by the Soviet Union (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Latvia_by_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany">by Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_Latvia_in_1944" title="Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944">by the Soviet Union (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Latvia" title="The Holocaust in Latvia">Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_from_Latvia" title="Soviet deportations from Latvia">Soviet deportations from Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_partisans" title="Latvian partisans">Latvian partisans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic 1944–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Restoration_of_Independence_of_the_Republic_of_Latvia" title="On the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia#Modern_history" title="History of Latvia">Post independence</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Coat_of_arms_of_Latvia_%282%29.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Latvia_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Coat_of_arms_of_Latvia_%282%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Latvia_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Coat_of_arms_of_Latvia_%282%29.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Latvia_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="205" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Latvia" title="Geography of Latvia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Latvia#Climate" title="Geography of Latvia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_regions_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural regions of Latvia">Cultural regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Latvia" title="Category:Lakes of Latvia">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Latvia" title="List of protected areas of Latvia">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Latvia" title="List of rivers of Latvia">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Latvia" title="Politics of Latvia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Latvia" title="Administrative divisions of Latvia">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Latvia" title="Constitution of Latvia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Latvia" title="Elections in Latvia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Latvia" title="Foreign relations of Latvia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Latvia" title="Government of Latvia">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_institutions_in_Latvia" title="Government institutions in Latvia">Government institutions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Latvia" title="Human rights in Latvia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Latvia">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_policy_in_Latvia" title="Language policy in Latvia">Language policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Latvia" title="Law enforcement in Latvia">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Latvia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Latvia" title="List of political parties in Latvia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Latvia" title="President of Latvia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Latvia" title="Prime Minister of Latvia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeima" title="Saeima"><i>Saeima</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(parliament)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_regions_of_Latvia" title="Statistical regions of Latvia">Statistical regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Latvia" title="Economy of Latvia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Latvia" title="Agriculture in Latvia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Latvia" title="Bank of Latvia">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Latvia" title="Energy in Latvia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_euro_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian euro coins">Latvian euro coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Riga Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Latvia" title="Tourism in Latvia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Latvia" title="Telecommunications in Latvia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Latvia" title="Transport in Latvia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Latvian_financial_crisis" title="2008 Latvian financial crisis">2008 financial crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Latvia" title="Category:Society of Latvia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Latvia" title="Demographics of Latvia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Latvia" title="Health in Latvia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Latvia" title="Education in Latvia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Latvia" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Latvia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Latvia" title="Crime in Latvia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Latvia#Immigration" title="Demographics of Latvia">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Latvia" title="Public holidays in Latvia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Latvia" title="Culture of Latvia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievs,_sv%C4%93t%C4%AB_Latviju!" title="Dievs, svētī Latviju!">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Latvia" title="Cinema of Latvia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Latvia" title="Coat of arms of Latvia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_cuisine" title="Latvian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Latvia" title="Flag of Latvia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_name" title="Latvian name">Latvian names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_literature" title="Latvian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Latvia" title="Music of Latvia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_pottery" title="Latvian pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Latvia" title="Sport in Latvia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Latvia" title="Television in Latvia">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Latvia" title="Outline of Latvia">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Latvia" title="Category:Latvia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Latvia" title="Portal:Latvia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Baltic_languages611" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Baltic_languages" title="Template:Baltic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Baltic_languages" title="Template talk:Baltic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Baltic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Baltic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Baltic_languages611" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/West_Baltic_languages" title="West Baltic languages">West Baltic</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Galindian_language" title="Galindian language">Galindian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Prussian_language" title="Old Prussian language">Old Prussian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomeranian_Baltic_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomeranian Baltic language (page does not exist)">Pomeranian Baltic</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Поморско-балтийский язык">ru</a>]</span></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sudovian_language" title="Sudovian language">Sudovian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skalvians#Language" title="Skalvians">Skalvian</a></i> (possibly separate West Baltic)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Baltic_languages" title="East Baltic languages">East Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Curonian_language" title="Curonian language">Curonian</a></i>?</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Latvian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kursenieki_language" title="Kursenieki language">Kursenieki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latgalian_language" title="Latgalian language">Latgalian</a>*</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auk%C5%A1taitian_dialect" title="Aukštaitian dialect">Aukštaitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samogitian_language" title="Samogitian language">Samogitian</a>*</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Selonian_language" title="Selonian language">Selonian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Semigallian_language" title="Semigallian language">Semigallian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dnieper-Oka_Baltic_languages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dnieper-Oka Baltic languages (page does not exist)">Dnieper-Oka</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Днепровско-окский язык">ru</a>]</span></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Golyad_language" title="Golyad language">Golyad</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic_language" title="Proto-Baltic language">Proto-Baltic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a> <b>·</b> Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left <b>·</b> Asterisk (*) indicates <a href="/wiki/Dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects">dialects</a> occasionally classified as languages <b>·</b> Question mark (?) indicates disputed classification.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9078#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1554" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9078#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1554" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9078#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/993456/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4114406-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85075013">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933927q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933927q">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569429">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="lotyština"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph166081&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000048523&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/nl021tg63w18923">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007558167805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=53406">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> 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mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b9576b97f-d49n2","wgBackendResponseTime":147,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.101","walltime":"1.299","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9386,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":202085,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":16770,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":37,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":171449,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1137.793 1 -total"," 27.00% 307.227 1 Template:Reflist"," 21.88% 248.898 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1,\n [\"CITEREFViiding2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVīksniņš1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŽemaitis\"] = 1,\n [\"Kabelka\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Angbr\"] = 31,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Baltic languages\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 17,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Latvian Language\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 2,\n [\"IPA\"] = 65,\n [\"IPAslink\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 2,\n [\"Illm\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox language\"] = 1,\n [\"Interwiki\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 21,\n [\"Languages of Latvia\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Latvia topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 5,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"What\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikivoyage\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary category\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6758457cd4-gzlxb","timestamp":"20250219204644","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Latvian language","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Latvian_language","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9078","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9078","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-03-08T10:57:39Z","dateModified":"2025-02-16T16:36:58Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/5f\/Latvian_as_primary_language_at_home_by_municipalities_and_cities_%282011%29.svg","headline":"Baltic language, official in Latvia and the European Union"}</script> 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