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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geographic location and subgrouping</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geographic_location_and_subgrouping-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geographic location and subgrouping subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geographic_location_and_subgrouping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coastal_Min" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coastal_Min"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Coastal Min</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coastal_Min-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inland_Min" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inland_Min"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Inland Min</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inland_Min-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Writing system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Min Chinese</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min" title="Min – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Min" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغات مين الصينية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغات مين الصينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%AB%DC%A2%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%A1%DC%9D%DC%A2" title="ܠܫܢܐ ܕܡܝܢ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܫܢܐ ܕܡܝܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinu_min" title="Chinu min – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Chinu min" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="मिन भाषा – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="मिन भाषा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A2n-g%C3%AD" title="Bân-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bân-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B4%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Минь телдәре – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Минь телдәре" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD_(%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Мин (език) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мин (език)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineg" title="Mineg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mineg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_(llengua)" title="Min (llengua) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Min (llengua)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_(jazyk)" title="Min (jazyk) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Min (jazyk)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_(Sprache)" title="Min (Sprache) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Min (Sprache)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chino_min" title="Chino min – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chino min" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_txinera" title="Min txinera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Min txinera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="چینی مین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چینی مین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Min Chinese" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_(langue)" title="Min (langue) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Min (langue)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87hengaghyn_Min" title="Çhengaghyn Min – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Çhengaghyn Min" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_min" title="Linguas min – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas min" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%96%A9%E8%AA%9E" title="閩語 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="閩語" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9n-ng%C3%AE" title="Mén-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mén-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%BC%EC%96%B4_(%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4)" title="민어 (언어) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="민어 (언어)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%81" title="मीन भाषाएँ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मीन भाषाएँ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minski_kineski_jezici" title="Minski kineski jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Minski kineski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Min" title="Rumpun bahasa Min – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Min" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_min" title="Lingua min – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua min" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9F" title="שפת מין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפת מין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Ban" title="Basa Ban – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Ban" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Min" title="Lingua Min – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Min" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min%C5%B3_tarm%C4%97s" title="Minų tarmės – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Minų tarmės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ACng-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Mìng-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Mìng-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_(taal)" title="Min (taal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Min (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="मिन भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मिन भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%96%A9%E8%AA%9E" title="閩語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="閩語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_spriaken" title="Min spriaken – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Min spriaken" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_(spr%C3%A5k)" title="Min (språk) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Min (språk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82" title="ਮੀਨ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੀਨ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="من چینی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="من چینی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_min" title="Języki min – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki min" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_min" title="Línguas min – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas min" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Миньские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Миньские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minski_kineski_jezici" title="Minski kineski jezici – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Minski kineski jezici" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min-kiina" title="Min-kiina – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Min-kiina" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_(spr%C3%A5k)" title="Min (språk) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Min (språk)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Min" title="Wikang Min – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Min" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Primary branch of Sinitic spoken in southern China and Taiwan</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: salmon;">Min</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: salmon;">Miin<br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">閩語</span></span> / <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">闽语</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> (around <a href="/wiki/Chaozhou" title="Chaozhou">Chaozhou</a>-<a href="/wiki/Shantou" title="Shantou">Shantou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanwei" title="Shanwei">Shanwei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhongshan" title="Zhongshan">Zhongshan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leizhou_Peninsula" title="Leizhou Peninsula">Leizhou Peninsula</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shengsi_County" title="Shengsi County">Shengsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Putuo_District,_Zhoushan" class="mw-redirect" title="Putuo District, Zhoushan">Putuo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cangnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cangnan">Cangnan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>; overseas communities in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data"><b><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese_speakers" title="Min Chinese speakers">Min Chinese</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_people" title="Fuzhou people">Fuzhou people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Putian_people" title="Putian people">Putian people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoklo_people" title="Hoklo people">Minnan people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teochew_people" title="Teochew people">Teochew people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hainan_people" title="Hainan people">Hainan people</a>, etc.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a><sup id="cite_ref-minClassification_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minClassification-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Min</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proto-language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Min" title="Proto-Min">Proto-Min</a></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><b><a href="#Coastal_Min">Coastal Min</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainan Min</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leizhou_Min" title="Leizhou Min">Leizhou Min</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pu-Xian_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu-Xian Min">Pu-Xian Min</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></li> <li><b><a href="#Inland_Min">Inland Min</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Central_Min" title="Central Min">Central Min</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Min" title="Northern Min">Northern Min</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shao-Jiang_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Shao-Jiang Min">Shao-Jiang Min</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: salmon;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-6" title="ISO 639-6">ISO 639-6</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code>mclr</code></samp></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code>79-AAA-h to 79-AAA-l</code></samp></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/minn1248">minn1248</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Idioma_min.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Idioma_min.png/300px-Idioma_min.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Idioma_min.png 1.5x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="342" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Distribution of Min languages in mainland China and Taiwan<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This image needs references to reliable sources (November 2022)">image reference needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: salmon;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">闽语</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">閩語</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Bân-gú / Bân-gír / Bân-gí / Mân-ú</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Mǐn Yǔ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Bân-gú / Bân-gír / Bân-gí / Mân-ú</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a> <a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization#Teochew" title="Guangdong Romanization">Peng'im</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Mang7 ghe2</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a> <a href="/wiki/Foochow_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Foochow Romanized">BUC</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Dong Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="cdo-Latn">Mìng ngṳ̄</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Pu-Xian_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu-Xian Min">Pu-Xian Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pu-Xian_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu-Xian Min">Hinghwa</a> <a href="/wiki/Hinghwa_Romanized" title="Hinghwa Romanized">BUC</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Pu-Xian Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="cpx-Latn">Máng-gṳ̂</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Min" title="Northern Min">Northern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jian%27ou_dialect" title="Jian'ou dialect">Jian'ou</a> <a href="/wiki/Kienning_Colloquial_Romanized" title="Kienning Colloquial Romanized">Romanized</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Bei Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="mnp-Latn">Mâing-ngṳ̌</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Min</b> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">闽语</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%96%A9" class="extiw" title="wikt:閩">閩</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E" class="extiw" title="wikt:語">語</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Mǐnyǔ</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a>: <i><span lang="nan-Latn">Bân-gú / Bân-gír / Bân-gí / Mân-ú</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A0ng-u%C3%A2-c%C3%AA" title="Bàng-uâ-cê">BUC</a>: <i>Mìng-ngṳ̄</i>) is a broad group of <a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic languages</a> with about 70 million native speakers. These languages are spoken in <a href="/wiki/Fujian_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Fujian province">Fujian province</a> as well as by the descendants of Min-speaking colonists on the <a href="/wiki/Leizhou_Peninsula" title="Leizhou Peninsula">Leizhou Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a> and by the assimilated natives of <a href="/wiki/Chaoshan" title="Chaoshan">Chaoshan</a>, parts of <a href="/wiki/Zhongshan" title="Zhongshan">Zhongshan</a>, three counties in southern <a href="/wiki/Wenzhou" title="Wenzhou">Wenzhou</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Zhoushan_archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhoushan archipelago">Zhoushan archipelago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and scattered in pockets or sporadically across <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>, and several countries in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>. The name is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Min_River_(Fujian)" title="Min River (Fujian)">Min River</a> in Fujian, which is also the abbreviated name of Fujian Province. Min varieties are not <a href="/wiki/Mutually_intelligible" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutually intelligible">mutually intelligible</a> with one another nor with any other variety of Chinese (such as <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gan_Chinese" title="Gan Chinese">Gan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a>). </p><p>There are many Min speakers among <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">overseas Chinese</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. The most widely spoken variety of Min outside of mainland China is <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>, a variety of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a> which has its origin in southern Fujian. <a href="/wiki/Amoy_dialect" title="Amoy dialect">Amoy Hokkien</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Prestige_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Prestige dialect">prestige dialect</a> of Hokkien in Fujian, while a majority of Taiwanese speak a dialect called <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese Hokkien</a> or simply Taiwanese. The majority of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Singaporeans" title="Chinese Singaporeans">Chinese Singaporeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">Chinese Malaysians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Filipino">Chinese Filipinos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians" title="Chinese Indonesians">Chinese Indonesians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thai_Chinese" title="Thai Chinese">Chinese Thais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cambodians" title="Chinese Cambodians">Chinese Cambodians</a> are of Southern Min-speaking background (particularly <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Teochew_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew language">Teochew</a>), although the rise of Mandarin has led to a decline in the use of Min Chinese. Communities speaking <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pu-Xian_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu-Xian Min">Pu-Xian Min</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haklau_Min" title="Haklau Min">Haklau Min</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leizhou_Min" title="Leizhou Min">Leizhou Min</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a> can also be found in parts of the Chinese diaspora, such as in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia. </p><p>Many Min languages have retained notable features of <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">the Old Chinese language</a>, and there is linguistic evidence that not all Min varieties are directly descended from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> dynasties. Min languages are believed to have a significant <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_substrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic substrate">linguistic substrate</a> from the languages of the inhabitants of the region before its <a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">sinicization</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Min_Chinese&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Min homeland of Fujian was opened to Han Chinese settlement by the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Minyue" title="Minyue">Minyue</a> state by the armies of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Emperor Wu of Han</a> in 110 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1991328_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1991328-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area features rugged mountainous terrain, with short rivers that flow into the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a>. Most subsequent migration from north to south China passed through the valleys of the <a href="/wiki/Xiang_River" title="Xiang River">Xiang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gan_River" title="Gan River">Gan</a> rivers to the west, so that Min varieties have experienced less northern influence than other southern groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988210,_228_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988210,_228-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, whereas most <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">varieties of Chinese</a> can be treated as derived from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a>—the language described by <a href="/wiki/Rhyme_dictionary" title="Rhyme dictionary">rhyme dictionaries</a> such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Qieyun" title="Qieyun">Qieyun</a></i> (601 AD)—Min varieties contain traces of older distinctions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988228–229_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988228–229-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linguists estimate that the oldest layers of Min dialects diverged from the rest of Chinese around the time of the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETing19839–10_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETing19839–10-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxterSagart201433,_79_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxterSagart201433,_79-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, significant waves of migration from the <a href="/wiki/North_China_Plain" title="North China Plain">North China Plain</a> occurred:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYan2006120_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYan2006120-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Upheaval_of_the_Five_Barbarians" title="Upheaval of the Five Barbarians">Upheaval of the Five Barbarians</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin dynasty</a>, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Disaster_of_Yongjia" title="Disaster of Yongjia">Disaster of Yongjia</a> in 311 AD, caused a tide of immigration to the south.</li> <li>In 669, <a href="/wiki/Chen_Zheng_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Chen Zheng (Tang dynasty)">Chen Zheng</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Tan_Goan-kong" title="Tan Goan-kong">Chen Yuanguang</a> from <a href="/wiki/Gushi_County" title="Gushi County">Gushi County</a> in <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> set up a regional administration in <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> to suppress an insurrection by the <a href="/wiki/She_people" title="She people">She people</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Chao_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Wang Chao (Tang dynasty)">Wang Chao</a> was appointed governor of Fujian in 893, near the end of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, and brought tens of thousands of troops from <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>. In 909, following the fall of the Tang dynasty, his son <a href="/wiki/Wang_Shenzhi" title="Wang Shenzhi">Wang Shenzhi</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Min_(Ten_Kingdoms)" title="Min (Ten Kingdoms)">Min Kingdom</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten Kingdoms">Ten Kingdoms</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period</a>.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Norman_(sinologist)" title="Jerry Norman (sinologist)">Jerry Norman</a> identifies four main layers in the vocabulary of modern Min varieties: </p> <ol><li>A non-Chinese substratum from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Yue_language" title="Old Yue language">original languages of Minyue</a>, which Norman and <a href="/wiki/Mei_Tsu-lin" title="Mei Tsu-lin">Mei Tsu-lin</a> believe were <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Austroasiatic">Austroasiatic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENormanMei1976_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENormanMei1976-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1991331–332_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1991331–332-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The earliest Chinese layer, brought to Fujian by settlers from <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> to the north during the Han dynasty<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1991334–336_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1991334–336-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (compare <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han_Chinese" title="Eastern Han Chinese">Eastern Han Chinese</a>).</li> <li>A layer from the <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and Southern dynasties</a> period, which is largely consistent with the phonology of the <i>Qieyun</i> dictionary<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1991336_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1991336-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Early Middle Chinese</a>).</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Literary_and_colloquial_readings_of_Chinese_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters">literary layer</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/Koin%C3%A9_language" title="Koiné language">koiné</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a>, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1991337_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1991337-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Late Middle Chinese).</li></ol> <p>Laurent Sagart (2008) disagrees with Norman and Mei Tsu-lin's analysis of an Austroasiatic substratum in Min.<sup id="cite_ref-Sagart_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sagart-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hypothesis proposed by Jerry Norman and Mei Tsu-lin arguing for an Austroasiatic homeland along the middle Yangtze has been largely abandoned in most circles and left unsupported by the majority of Austroasiatic specialists.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather, recent movements of analyzing archeological evidence, posit an <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> layer, rather than an <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Austroasiatic">Austroasiatic</a> one.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_location_and_subgrouping">Geographic location and subgrouping</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Min_Chinese&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geographic location and subgrouping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Min_dialect_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Min_dialect_map.svg/390px-Min_dialect_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="390" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Min_dialect_map.svg/585px-Min_dialect_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Min_dialect_map.svg/780px-Min_dialect_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1505" data-file-height="1225" /></a><figcaption>Min dialect groups according to the <i><a href="/wiki/Language_Atlas_of_China" title="Language Atlas of China">Language Atlas of China</a></i>:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#af8f4f; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Shao-Jiang_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Shao-Jiang Min">Shao-Jiang</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#df5f5f; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Min" title="Northern Min">Northern</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffb200; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Central_Min" title="Central Min">Central</a></div> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#96c83c; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#3fdebf; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Pu-Xian_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu-Xian Min">Pu-Xian</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7fbfff; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern</a></div> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#6060e0; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Leizhou_Min" title="Leizhou Min">Leizhou</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#9f60e0; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainan</a></div>   </td></tr></tbody></table></div></figcaption></figure> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:DeepSkyBlue; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 5304.5364363156px; border-left-color:#ffb200"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#ffb200"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#ffb200"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1323.7769652808px; border-left-color:#af8f4f"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#af8f4f"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#af8f4f"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 658.11141132766px; border-left-color:#df5f5f"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#df5f5f"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#df5f5f"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 257.28249782392px; border-left-color:#3fdebf"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#3fdebf"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#3fdebf"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 149.15285830502px; border-left-color:#6060e0"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#6060e0"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#6060e0"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 67.045312531323px; border-left-color:#9f60e0"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#9f60e0"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#9f60e0"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 3.2162452993533E-14px; border-left-color:#96c83c"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#96c83c"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#96c83c"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:64.225265317658px 76.649300680935px 0 0; border-top-color:RoyalBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:RoyalBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 171.54162365571px 100px 0; border-right-color:#7fbfff"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#7fbfff"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Min languages by number of native speakers (as of 2004)<sup id="cite_ref-langatlas2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langatlas2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7fbfff; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> (41.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:RoyalBlue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Chaoshan_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaoshan Min">Teochew</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Haklau_Min" title="Haklau Min">Haklau</a>) (19.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#96c83c; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a> (13.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#9f60e0; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a> (9.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#6060e0; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Leizhou_Min" title="Leizhou Min">Leizhou Min</a> (6.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#3fdebf; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Pu-Xian_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu-Xian Min">Pu-Xian Min</a> (3.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#df5f5f; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Min" title="Northern Min">Northern Min</a> (3.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#af8f4f; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Shao-Jiang_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Shao-Jiang Min">Shao-Jiang Min</a> (1.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffb200; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Central_Min" title="Central Min">Central Min</a> (0.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DeepSkyBlue; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Datian_Min" title="Datian Min">Datian Min</a> (0.3%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>Min is usually described as one of seven or ten groups of <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">varieties of Chinese</a> but has greater dialectal diversity than any of the other groups. The varieties used in neighbouring counties, and in the mountains of western Fujian even in adjacent villages, are often mutually unintelligible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988188_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988188-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early classifications, such as those of <a href="/wiki/Li_Fang-Kuei" title="Li Fang-Kuei">Li Fang-Kuei</a> in 1937 and <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Jiahua" title="Yuan Jiahua">Yuan Jiahua</a> in 1960, divided Min into Northern and Southern subgroups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurpaska201049_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurpaska201049-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988233_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988233-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in a 1963 report on a survey of Fujian, Pan Maoding and colleagues argued that the primary split was between inland and coastal groups. A key discriminator between the two groups is a group of words that have a <a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral</a> initial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> in coastal varieties, and a voiceless fricative <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span> in inland varieties, contrasting with another group having <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> in both areas. Norman reconstructs these initials in <a href="/wiki/Proto-Min" title="Proto-Min">Proto-Min</a> as voiceless and voiced laterals that merged in coastal varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988233_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988233-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranner200098–100_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranner200098–100-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coastal_Min">Coastal Min</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Min_Chinese&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Coastal Min"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The coastal varieties have the vast majority of speakers, and have spread from their homeland in Fujian and eastern Guangdong to the islands of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a>, to other coastal areas of southern China, and to Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988232–233_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988232–233-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pan and colleagues divided them into three groups:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurpaska201052_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurpaska201052-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a> (Min Dong), centered around the city of <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou" title="Fuzhou">Fuzhou</a>, the capital of Fujian province, with <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou dialect</a> as the prestige form, also including the <a href="/wiki/Fuqing_dialect" title="Fuqing dialect">Fuqing dialect</a>, etc. <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Longdu_dialect" title="Longdu dialect">Longdu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nanlang_dialect" title="Nanlang dialect">Nanlang dialect</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan Min</a> in Guangdong province<sup id="cite_ref-Minnan_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minnan-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu-Xian_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu-Xian Min">Pu-Xian Min</a> is spoken in the city of <a href="/wiki/Putian" title="Putian">Putian</a> and the county of <a href="/wiki/Xianyou_County" title="Xianyou County">Xianyou County</a>. Li Rulong and Chen Zhangtai examined 214 words, finding 62% shared with <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Quanzhou dialect">Quanzhou dialect</a> (Southern Min) and 39% shared with Fuzhou dialect (Eastern Min), and concluded that Pu-Xian was more closely related to Southern Min.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiChen1991_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiChen1991-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a> (Min Nan) originates from the south of Fujian and the eastern corner of Guangdong. <ul><li>In popular usage, Southern Min usually refers to dialects of the <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Quanzhang</a> type, which originated in southern Fujian (around <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Quanzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou" title="Zhangzhou">Zhangzhou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a>) and spread to <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Vietnam" title="Southern Vietnam">Southern Vietnam</a>, where they are known as Hokkien, and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, where they are known as <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988232–233_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988232–233-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The dialects of the <a href="/wiki/Chaoshan" title="Chaoshan">Teoswa / Chaoshan</a> region of eastern Guangdong, including <a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swatow_dialect" title="Swatow dialect">Swatow dialects</a>, have difficult mutual intelligibility with the <a href="/wiki/Amoy_dialect" title="Amoy dialect">Amoy dialect</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimonsFennig2017Chinese,_Min_Nan_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimonsFennig2017Chinese,_Min_Nan-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teochew varieties are the most often spoken by <a href="/wiki/Thai_Chinese" title="Thai Chinese">Thai Chinese</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988233_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988233-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cambodians" title="Chinese Cambodians">Chinese Cambodians</a>, and second most common among <a href="/wiki/Hoa_people" title="Hoa people">Hoa</a> <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhenan_Min" title="Zhenan Min">Zhenan Min</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cangnan_County" title="Cangnan County">Cangnan County</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> is also of this type.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang1987_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang1987-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haklau_Min" title="Haklau Min">Haklau Min (Hai Lok Hong / Hailufeng)</a> spoken in eastern Guangdong to the west of Teoswa (<a href="/wiki/Chaoshan_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaoshan Min">Chaoshan Min</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datian_Min" title="Datian Min">Datian Min</a> of <a href="/wiki/Datian_County" title="Datian County">Datian County</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sanming" title="Sanming">Sanming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a></li> <li>Potentially, also the <a href="/wiki/Sanxiang_dialect" title="Sanxiang dialect">Sanxiang dialect</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan Min</a> in Guangdong province<sup id="cite_ref-Minnan_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minnan-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul></li></ul> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Language_Atlas_of_China" title="Language Atlas of China">Language Atlas of China</a></i> (1987) distinguished two further groups, which had previously been included in Southern Min:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurpaska201071_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurpaska201071-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leizhou_Min" title="Leizhou Min">Leizhou Min</a>, spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Leizhou_Peninsula" title="Leizhou Peninsula">Leizhou Peninsula</a> in southwestern Guangdong.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a>, spoken on the island of Hainan. These dialects feature drastic changes to initial consonants, including a series of <a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">implosive consonants</a>, that have been attributed to contact with the <a href="/wiki/Tai%E2%80%93Kadai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai–Kadai languages">Tai–Kadai languages</a> spoken on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELien2015169_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELien2015169-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Coastal varieties feature some uniquely Min vocabulary, including pronouns and negatives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988233–234_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988233–234-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All but the Hainan dialects have complex <a href="/wiki/Tone_sandhi" title="Tone sandhi">tone sandhi</a> systems.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988239_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988239-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inland_Min">Inland Min</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Min_Chinese&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Inland Min"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although they have far fewer speakers, the inland varieties show much greater variation than the coastal ones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988234–235_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988234–235-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pan and colleagues divided the inland varieties into two groups:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurpaska201052_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurpaska201052-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Min" title="Northern Min">Northern Min</a> (Min Bei) is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Nanping" title="Nanping">Nanping</a> prefecture in Fujian, with <a href="/wiki/Jian%27ou_dialect" title="Jian'ou dialect">Jian'ou dialect</a> taken as typical.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Min" title="Central Min">Central Min</a> (Min Zhong), spoken in <a href="/wiki/Sanming" title="Sanming">Sanming</a> prefecture.</li></ul> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Language_Atlas_of_China" title="Language Atlas of China">Language Atlas of China</a></i> (1987) included a further group:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurpaska201071_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurpaska201071-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shao-Jiang_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Shao-Jiang Min">Shao-Jiang Min</a>, spoken in the northwestern Fujian counties of <a href="/wiki/Shaowu" title="Shaowu">Shaowu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jiangle_County" title="Jiangle County">Jiangle</a>, were classified as <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a> by Pan and his associates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988233_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988233-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Norman_(sinologist)" title="Jerry Norman (sinologist)">Jerry Norman</a> suggested that they were inland varieties of Min that had been subject to heavy <a href="/wiki/Gan_Chinese" title="Gan Chinese">Gan</a> or Hakka influence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988235,_241_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988235,_241-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Although coastal varieties can be derived from a <a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">proto-language</a> with four series of stops or affricates at each point of articulation (e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʰ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʱ/</span>), inland varieties contain traces of two further series, which Norman termed "softened stops" due to their reflexes in some varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1973_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1973-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988228–230_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988228–230-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranner2000100–104_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranner2000100–104-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inland varieties use pronouns and negatives cognate with those in Hakka and <a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988233–234_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988233–234-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inland varieties have little or no tone sandhi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988239_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988239-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Min_Chinese&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most Min vocabulary corresponds directly to cognates in other Chinese varieties, but there are also a significant number of distinctively Min words that may be traced back to proto-Min. In some cases a semantic shift has occurred in Min or the rest of Chinese: </p> <ul><li>*tiaŋ<sup>B</sup> 鼎 "wok". The Min form preserves the original meaning "cooking pot", but in other Chinese varieties this word (MC <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">tengX</i></span> > <i>dǐng</i>) has become specialized to refer to <a href="/wiki/Ding_(vessel)" title="Ding (vessel)">ancient ceremonial tripods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988231_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988231-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>*dzhən<sup>A</sup> "rice field". In Min, this form has displaced the common Chinese term <i>tián</i> 田.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman198158_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman198158-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988231–232_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988231–232-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many scholars identify the Min word with <i>chéng</i> 塍 (MC <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">zying</i></span>) "raised path between fields", but Norman argues that it is cognate with <i>céng</i> 層 (MC <i>dzong</i>) "additional layer or floor", reflecting the <a href="/wiki/Terrace_(agriculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrace (agriculture)">terraced</a> fields commonly found in Fujian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxterSagart201459–60_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxterSagart201459–60-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>*tšhio<sup>C</sup> 厝 "house".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman198147_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman198147-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norman argues that the Min word is cognate with <i>shù</i> 戍 (MC syuH) "to guard".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988232_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988232-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxterSagart201433_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxterSagart201433-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>*tshyi<sup>C</sup> 喙 "mouth". In Min this form has displaced the common Chinese term <i>kǒu</i> 口.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman198141_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman198141-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed to be cognate with <i>huì</i> 喙 (MC <i>xjwojH</i>) "beak, bill, snout; to pant".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxterSagart201433_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxterSagart201433-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Norman and Mei Tsu-lin have suggested an Austroasiatic origin for some Min words: </p> <ul><li>*-dəŋ<sup>A</sup> "shaman" may be compared with <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> <i>đồng</i> (/ɗoŋ<sup>2</sup>/) "to shamanize, to communicate with spirits" and <a href="/wiki/Mon_language" title="Mon language">Mon</a> doŋ "to dance (as if) under demonic possession".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman198818–19_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman198818–19-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENormanMei1976296–297_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENormanMei1976296–297-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>*kiɑn<sup>B</sup> 囝 "son" appears to be related to Vietnamese <i>con</i> (/kɔn/) and Mon kon "child".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman198163_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman198163-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENormanMei1976297–298_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENormanMei1976297–298-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>However, Norman and Mei Tsu-lin's suggestion is rejected by Laurent Sagart (2008),<sup id="cite_ref-Sagart_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sagart-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with some linguists arguing that the Austroasiatic predecessor of the modern Vietnamese language originated in the mountainous region in Central Laos and Vietnam, rather than in the region north of the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Red River delta">Red River delta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chamberlain_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chamberlain-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In other cases, the origin of the Min word is obscure. Such words include: </p> <ul><li>*khau<sup>A</sup> 骹 "foot"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman198144_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman198144-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>*-tsiɑm<sup>B</sup> 䭕 "insipid"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman198156_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman198156-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>*dzyŋ<sup>C</sup> 𧚔 "to wear"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988232_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988232-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Min_Chinese&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A0ng-u%C3%A2-c%C3%AA" title="Bàng-uâ-cê">Bàng-uâ-cê</a>, <a href="/wiki/Written_Hokkien" title="Written Hokkien">Written Hokkien</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peng%27im" title="Peng'im">Peng'im</a></div> <p>When using <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> to write a non-Mandarin form, a common practice is to use characters that correspond etymologically to the words being represented, and for words with no evident etymology, to either invent new characters or borrow characters for their sound or meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-kloeter_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kloeter-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Written_Cantonese" title="Written Cantonese">Written Cantonese</a> has carried this process out to the farthest extent of any non-Mandarin variety, to the extent that pure Cantonese vernacular can be unambiguously written using Chinese characters. Contrary to popular belief, a vernacular written in this fashion is not in general comprehensible to a Mandarin speaker, due to significant changes in grammar and vocabulary and the necessary use of a large number of non-Mandarin characters. </p><p>For most Min varieties, a similar process has not taken place. For Hokkien, competing systems exist.<sup id="cite_ref-kloeter_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kloeter-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given that Min combines the Chinese of several different periods and contains some non-Chinese substrate vocabulary, an author literate in Mandarin (or even Classical Chinese) may have trouble finding the appropriate Chinese characters for some Min vocabulary. In the case of <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese</a>, there are also indigenous words borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan languages</a> (particularly for place names), as well as a substantial number of loan words from <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>. The Min (<a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaoshan_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaoshan Min">Teochew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luichow_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Luichow Chinese">Luichow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pu%E2%80%93Xian_Min" title="Pu–Xian Min">Hinghwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Hokchew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuqing_dialect" title="Fuqing dialect">Hokchia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haklau_Min" title="Haklau Min">Haklau / Hai Lok Hong</a>) spoken in Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia has borrowed heavily from <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> for Indonesia) and, to a lesser extent, from <a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">Singaporean</a> or <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">Malaysian</a> <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and other languages. Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Hokkien" title="Philippine Hokkien">Hokkien</a> spoken in the Philippines has also borrowed a few terms from <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> (<a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">English</a> over the recent centuries. In <a href="/wiki/Kelantan_Peranakan_Hokkien" title="Kelantan Peranakan Hokkien">Kelantan Peranakan Hokkien</a>, spoken in <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a> state of Malaysia to <a href="/wiki/Pattani_province" title="Pattani province">Pattani province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, a mix of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Thai_language" title="Southern Thai language">Southern Thai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kelantan-Pattani_Malay" title="Kelantan-Pattani Malay">Kelantan Malay</a> is also used with the local Kelantan Hokkien of <a href="/wiki/Peranakans" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakans">Peranakans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">Chinese Malaysians</a> in Northern <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Malaya</a>. The result is that adapting Chinese characters to write Min requires a substantial effort to choose characters for a significant portion of the vocabulary. </p><p>Other approaches to writing Min rely on <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanization</a> or phonetic systems such as <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Phonetic_Symbols" title="Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols">Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols</a> or historically during <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Japanese rule over Taiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_kana" title="Taiwanese kana">Taiwanese kana</a> was also used for Taiwanese Hokkien in some Taiwanese-Japanese dictionaries made during that time. Since 1987, <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hangul" title="Taiwanese Hangul">Taiwanese Hangul</a> also exists for Taiwanese Hokkien. Some Min speakers use the Church Romanization (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">教会罗马字</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">教會羅馬字</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Jiàohuì Luómǎzì</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a>: <i><span lang="nan-Latn">Kàu-hoē Lô-má-jī</span></i>). For <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> the romanization is called <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a> (POJ), for <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhounese</a> it is called <a href="/wiki/Foochow_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Foochow Romanized">Foochow Romanized</a> (<i>Bàng-uâ-cê</i>, BUC), for <a href="/wiki/Putian_dialect" title="Putian dialect">Putian dialect</a> it is called <a href="/wiki/Hinghwa_Romanized" title="Hinghwa Romanized">Hinghwa Romanized</a> (<i>Hing-hua̍ Báⁿ-uā-ci̍</i>), for <a href="/wiki/Jian%27ou_dialect" title="Jian'ou dialect">Jian'ou dialect</a> it is called <a href="/wiki/Kienning_Colloquial_Romanized" title="Kienning Colloquial Romanized">Kienning Colloquial Romanized</a> <i>(Gṳ̿ing-nǎing Lô̤-mǎ-cī</i>), for <a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a> it is called <a href="/wiki/B%C7%BDh-oe-tu" title="Bǽh-oe-tu">Bǽh-oe-tu</a> (BOT). These systems were developed by <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1801%E2%80%931923)" title="History of Ireland (1801–1923)">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">Danish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionaries</a> over the course of the 19th century. In 2006, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2i-u%C3%A2n_L%C3%B4-m%C3%A1-j%C4%AB_Phing-im_Hong-%C3%A0n" title="Tâi-uân Lô-má-jī Phing-im Hong-àn">Tâi-lô</a> (<i>Tâi-uân Lô-má-jī Phing-im Hong-àn</i>) which was derived from <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a> (POJ) was officially promoted by <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Taiwan)" title="Ministry of Education (Taiwan)">Ministry of Education</a> (MOE). Some publications use mixed writing, with mostly Chinese characters but using the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> to represent words that cannot easily be represented by Chinese characters. In Taiwan, a mix of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin letters</a> written in <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a> (POJ) or <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2i-u%C3%A2n_L%C3%B4-m%C3%A1-j%C4%AB_Phing-im_Hong-%C3%A0n" title="Tâi-uân Lô-má-jī Phing-im Hong-àn">Tâi-lô</a> has recently been practised. In Singapore, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Indonesia, some also occasionally write Hokkien and/or Teochew using <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin letters</a> via <a href="/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc">ad-hoc</a> means using the writer's knowledge of the local mainstream <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> they grew up being literate in, such as <a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">Singaporean</a> or <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">Malaysian</a> <a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English orthography</a> (descended from <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>), <a href="/wiki/Malay_orthography" title="Malay orthography">Malay orthography</a> / <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_orthography" title="Indonesian orthography">Indonesian orthography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Mandarin Pinyin</a> for those in Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia, then <a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippine</a> <a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English orthography</a> (descended from <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>), <a href="/wiki/Filipino_orthography" title="Filipino orthography">Filipino orthography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Mandarin Pinyin</a>, and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography" title="Spanish orthography">Spanish orthography</a> (for older writings), for those in the Philippines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Min_Chinese&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese in New York City">Chinese in New York City</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Min_Chinese&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-minClassification-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-minClassification_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMei1970?_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMei1970?-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank19843_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank19843-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-glottoMin_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glottoMin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Min_Chinese&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Min_Chinese&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMei1970?-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMei1970?_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMei1970">Mei (1970)</a>, p. ?.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank19843-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank19843_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPulleyblank1984">Pulleyblank (1984)</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-glottoMin-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-glottoMin_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHammarströmForkelHaspelmathBank2023" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harald_Hammarstr%C3%B6m" title="Harald Hammarström">Hammarström, Harald</a>; Forkel, Robert; <a href="/wiki/Martin_Haspelmath" title="Martin Haspelmath">Haspelmath, Martin</a>; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/minn1248">"Glottolog 4.8 - Min"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Anthropology" title="Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.7398962">10.5281/zenodo.7398962</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231013171747/glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/minn1248">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-10-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Glottolog&rft.atitle=Glottolog+4.8+-+Min&rft.date=2023-07-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5281%2Fzenodo.7398962&rft.aulast=Hammarstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft.au=Forkel%2C+Robert&rft.au=Haspelmath%2C+Martin&rft.au=Bank%2C+Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fminn1248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMin+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChinese_Academy_of_Social_Sciences2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (2012). <bdi lang="zh">中国语言地图集(第2版):汉语方言卷</bdi> [<i>Language Atlas of China (2nd edition): Chinese dialect volume</i>]. Beijing: The Commercial Press. p. 110.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%BE%E9%9B%86%28%E7%AC%AC2%E7%89%88%29%3A%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E5%8D%B7&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=The+Commercial+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Chinese+Academy+of+Social+Sciences&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMin+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1991328-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1991328_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman1991">Norman (1991)</a>, pp. 328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988210,_228-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988210,_228_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman1988">Norman (1988)</a>, pp. 210, 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988228–229-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988228–229_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman1988">Norman (1988)</a>, pp. 228–229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETing19839–10-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETing19839–10_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTing1983">Ting (1983)</a>, pp. 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxterSagart201433,_79-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxterSagart201433,_79_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaxterSagart2014">Baxter & Sagart (2014)</a>, pp. 33, 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYan2006120-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYan2006120_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYan2006">Yan (2006)</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENormanMei1976-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENormanMei1976_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNormanMei1976">Norman & Mei (1976)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1991331–332-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1991331–332_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman1991">Norman (1991)</a>, pp. 331–332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1991334–336-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1991334–336_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman1991">Norman (1991)</a>, pp. 334–336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1991336-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1991336_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman1991">Norman (1991)</a>, p. 336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1991337-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1991337_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman1991">Norman (1991)</a>, p. 337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sagart-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sagart_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sagart_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSagart2008" class="citation book cs1">Sagart, Larent (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3077307">"The expansion of <i>Setaria</i> farmers in East Asia: a linguistic and archeological model"</a>. In Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia; Blench, Roger; Ross, Malcolm D.; Peiros, Ilia; Lin, Marie (eds.). <i>Past human migrations in East Asia: matching archaeology, linguistics and genetics</i>. Routledge. pp. 141–143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-39923-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-39923-4"><bdi>978-0-415-39923-4</bdi></a>. <q>In conclusion, there is no convincing evidence, linguistic or other, of an early Austroasiatic presence on the south‑east China coast.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+expansion+of+Setaria+farmers+in+East+Asia%3A+a+linguistic+and+archeological+model&rft.btitle=Past+human+migrations+in+East+Asia%3A+matching+archaeology%2C+linguistics+and+genetics&rft.pages=141-143&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-39923-4&rft.aulast=Sagart&rft.aufirst=Larent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3077307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMin+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chamberlain, James R. (2016). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/26296118/Kra-Dai_and_the_Proto-History_of_South_China_and_Vietnam">Kra-Dai and the Proto-History of South China and Vietnam</a>", p. 30. In <i>Journal of the Siam Society</i>, Vol. 104, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2008" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, Jonas Chung-yu (24 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.lib.washington.edu/index.php/BIPPA/article/view/11805/10433">"[ARCHAEOLOGY IN CHINA AND TAIWAN] Sea nomads in prehistory on the southeast coast of China"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association</i>. <b>22</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7152%2Fbippa.v22i0.11805">10.7152/bippa.v22i0.11805</a> (inactive 1 November 2024).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Indo-Pacific+Prehistory+Association&rft.atitle=%5BARCHAEOLOGY+IN+CHINA+AND+TAIWAN%5D+Sea+nomads+in+prehistory+on+the+southeast+coast+of+China&rft.volume=22&rft.date=2008-01-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7152%2Fbippa.v22i0.11805&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Jonas+Chung-yu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lib.washington.edu%2Findex.php%2FBIPPA%2Farticle%2Fview%2F11805%2F10433&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMin+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-langatlas2-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-langatlas2_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Language atlas of China (2nd edition)</i>, <a href="/wiki/City_University_of_Hong_Kong" title="City University of Hong Kong">City University of Hong Kong</a>, 2012, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-10-007054-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-10-007054-6"><bdi>978-7-10-007054-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+atlas+of+China+%282nd+edition%29&rft.pub=City+University+of+Hong+Kong&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-7-10-007054-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMin+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988188-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988188_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman1988">Norman (1988)</a>, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurpaska201049-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurpaska201049_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKurpaska2010">Kurpaska (2010)</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988233-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988233_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988233_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988233_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988233_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman1988">Norman (1988)</a>, p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranner200098–100-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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href="#cite_ref-Minnan_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210919021444/https://raw.githubusercontent.com/KIRINPUTRA/reclassifying-ISO-639-3-nan/main/Reclassifying_ISO_639-3_%5Bnan%5D__An_Empirical_Approach_to_Mutual_Intelligibility_and_Ethnolinguistic_Distinctions.pdf">"Reclassifying ISO 639-3 [nan]: An Empirical Approach to Mutual Intelligibility and Ethnolinguistic Distinctions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiChen1991_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiChen1991">Li & Chen (1991)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimonsFennig2017Chinese,_Min_Nan-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimonsFennig2017Chinese,_Min_Nan_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimonsFennig2017">Simons & Fennig (2017)</a>, Chinese, Min Nan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang1987-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang1987_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhang1987">Zhang (1987)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurpaska201071-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurpaska201071_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurpaska201071_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKurpaska2010">Kurpaska (2010)</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELien2015169-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELien2015169_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLien2015">Lien (2015)</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988233–234-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988233–234_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988233–234_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman1988">Norman (1988)</a>, pp. 233–234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988239-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988239_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988239_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman1988">Norman (1988)</a>, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988234–235-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988234–235_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman1988">Norman (1988)</a>, pp. 234–235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988235,_241-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988235,_241_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman1988">Norman (1988)</a>, pp. 235, 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1973-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1973_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman1973">Norman (1973)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988228–230-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988228–230_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman1988">Norman (1988)</a>, pp. 228–230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranner2000100–104-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranner2000100–104_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBranner2000">Branner (2000)</a>, pp. 100–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988231-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988231_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman1988">Norman (1988)</a>, p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman198158-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman198158_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman1981">Norman (1981)</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988231–232-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988231–232_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman1988">Norman (1988)</a>, pp. 231–232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxterSagart201459–60-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxterSagart201459–60_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaxterSagart2014">Baxter & Sagart (2014)</a>, pp. 59–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman198147-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman198147_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman1981">Norman (1981)</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988232-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988232_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988232_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman1988">Norman (1988)</a>, p. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxterSagart201433-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxterSagart201433_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a 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S. Burusphat, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 97-128. Institute of Language and Culture for Rural Development, Mahidol University.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman198144-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman198144_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman1981">Norman (1981)</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman198156-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman198156_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman1981">Norman (1981)</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kloeter-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kloeter_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kloeter_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlöter2005" class="citation book cs1">Klöter, Henning (2005). <i>Written Taiwanese</i>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05093-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05093-7"><bdi>978-3-447-05093-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Written+Taiwanese&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-447-05093-7&rft.aulast=Kl%C3%B6ter&rft.aufirst=Henning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMin+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Min_Chinese&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMei1970" class="citation cs2">Mei, Tsu-lin (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", <i>Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies</i>, <b>30</b>: 86–110, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2718766">10.2307/2718766</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2718766">2718766</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Journal+of+Asiatic+Studies&rft.atitle=Tones+and+prosody+in+Middle+Chinese+and+the+origin+of+the+rising+tone&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=86-110&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2718766&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2718766%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mei&rft.aufirst=Tsu-lin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMin+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPulleyblank1984" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Pulleyblank" title="Edwin G. Pulleyblank">Pulleyblank, Edwin G.</a> (1984), <i>Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology</i>, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0192-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0192-8"><bdi>978-0-7748-0192-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+Chinese%3A+A+study+in+Historical+Phonology&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pub=University+of+British+Columbia+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-0192-8&rft.aulast=Pulleyblank&rft.aufirst=Edwin+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMin+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaxterSagart2014" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/William_H._Baxter" title="William H. Baxter">Baxter, William H.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Sagart" title="Laurent Sagart">Sagart, Laurent</a> (2014), <i>Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-994537-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-994537-5"><bdi>978-0-19-994537-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Chinese%3A+A+New+Reconstruction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-994537-5&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft.au=Sagart%2C+Laurent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMin+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodman1985" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Bodman" title="Nicholas Bodman">Bodman, Nicholas C.</a> (1985), "The Reflexes of Initial Nasals in Proto-Southern Min-Hingua", in Acson, Veneeta; Leed, Richard L. (eds.), <i>For Gordon H. Fairbanks</i>, Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications, vol. 20, University of Hawaii Press, pp. 2–20, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0992-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0992-8"><bdi>978-0-8248-0992-8</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20006706">20006706</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Reflexes+of+Initial+Nasals+in+Proto-Southern+Min-Hingua&rft.btitle=For+Gordon+H.+Fairbanks&rft.series=Oceanic+Linguistics+Special+Publications&rft.pages=2-20&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20006706%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-0992-8&rft.aulast=Bodman&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMin+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranner2000" class="citation cs2">Branner, David Prager (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brannerchinese.com/publications/Branner_Classification_book_1_TextOnly.pdf"><i>Problems in Comparative Chinese Dialectology—the Classification of Miin and Hakka</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Trends in Linguistics series, vol. 123, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-015831-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-015831-1"><bdi>978-3-11-015831-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Problems+in+Comparative+Chinese+Dialectology%E2%80%94the+Classification+of+Miin+and+Hakka&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Trends+in+Linguistics+series&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-3-11-015831-1&rft.aulast=Branner&rft.aufirst=David+Prager&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrannerchinese.com%2Fpublications%2FBranner_Classification_book_1_TextOnly.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMin+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang1986" class="citation cs2">Chang, Kuang-yu (1986), <i>Comparative Min phonology</i> (Ph.D.), University of California, Berkeley.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Min+phonology&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Berkeley&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Kuang-yu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMin+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurpaska2010" class="citation cs2">Kurpaska, Maria (2010), <i>Chinese Language(s): A Look Through the Prism of "The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects"</i>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-021914-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-021914-2"><bdi>978-3-11-021914-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Language%28s%29%3A+A+Look+Through+the+Prism+of+%22The+Great+Dictionary+of+Modern+Chinese+Dialects%22&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-11-021914-2&rft.aulast=Kurpaska&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMin+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiChen1991" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script">Li, Rulong 李如龙; Chen, Zhangtai 陈章太 (1991), "Lùn Mǐn fāngyán nèibù de zhǔyào chāyì" <bdi lang="zh">论闽方言内部的主要差异</bdi> [On the main differences between Min dialects], in Chen, Zhangtai; Li, Rulong (eds.), <i>Mǐnyǔ yánjiū</i> <bdi lang="zh">闽语硏究</bdi> [<i>Studies on the Min dialects</i>], Beijing: Yuwen Chubanshe, pp. 58–138, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-80006-309-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-80006-309-1"><bdi>978-7-80006-309-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=L%C3%B9n+M%C7%90n+f%C4%81ngy%C3%A1n+n%C3%A8ib%C3%B9+de+zh%C7%94y%C3%A0o+ch%C4%81y%C3%AC+%E8%AE%BA%E9%97%BD%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E5%86%85%E9%83%A8%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E5%B7%AE%E5%BC%82&rft.btitle=M%C7%90ny%C7%94+y%C3%A1nji%C5%AB+%E9%97%BD%E8%AF%AD%E7%A1%8F%E7%A9%B6&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pages=58-138&rft.pub=Yuwen+Chubanshe&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-7-80006-309-1&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Rulong+%E6%9D%8E%E5%A6%82%E9%BE%99&rft.au=Chen%2C+Zhangtai+%E9%99%88%E7%AB%A0%E5%A4%AA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMin+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLien2015" class="citation cs2">Lien, Chinfa (2015), "Min languages", in Wang, William S.-Y.; Sun, Chaofen (eds.), <i>The Oxford Handbook of Chinese Linguistics</i>, Oxford University Press, pp. 160–172, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-985633-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-985633-6"><bdi>978-0-19-985633-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Min+languages&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Chinese+Linguistics&rft.pages=160-172&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-985633-6&rft.aulast=Lien&rft.aufirst=Chinfa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMin+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman1973" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Norman_(sinologist)" title="Jerry Norman (sinologist)">Norman, Jerry</a> (1973), "Tonal development in Min", <i>Journal of Chinese Linguistics</i>, <b>1</b> (2): 222–238, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23749795">23749795</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chinese+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Tonal+development+in+Min&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=222-238&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23749795%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMin+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman1981" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script">——— (1981), "The Proto-Min finals", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/item/zh-tw?act=publish_book&code=view&bookID=131"><i>Dì yī jiè guójì hànxué huìyì lùnwén jí: Yǔyán yǔ wénzì zǔ</i> <bdi lang="zh">第一屆國際漢學會議論文集：語言與文字組</bdi></a> [<i>Proceedings of the First International Conference on Sinology (Section on Linguistics and Paleography)</i>], Taipei: Academia Sinica, pp. 35–73, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9522150">9522150</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Proto-Min+finals&rft.btitle=D%C3%AC+y%C4%AB+ji%C3%A8+gu%C3%B3j%C3%AC+h%C3%A0nxu%C3%A9+hu%C3%ACy%C3%AC+l%C3%B9nw%C3%A9n+j%C3%AD%3A+Y%C7%94y%C3%A1n+y%C7%94+w%C3%A9nz%C3%AC+z%C7%94+%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%B1%86%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87%E9%9B%86%EF%BC%9A%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%88%87%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E7%B5%84&rft.place=Taipei&rft.pages=35-73&rft.pub=Academia+Sinica&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9522150&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ling.sinica.edu.tw%2Fitem%2Fzh-tw%3Fact%3Dpublish_book%26code%3Dview%26bookID%3D131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMin+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman1988" class="citation cs2">——— (1988), <i>Chinese</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29653-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29653-3"><bdi>978-0-521-29653-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29653-3&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMin+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman1991" class="citation cs2">——— (1991), "The Mǐn dialects in historical perspective", in Wang, William S.-Y. (ed.), <i>Languages and Dialects of China</i>, <i>Journal of Chinese Linguistics</i> Monograph Series, vol. 3, Chinese University Press, pp. 325–360, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23827042">23827042</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/600555701">600555701</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+M%C7%90n+dialects+in+historical+perspective&rft.btitle=Languages+and+Dialects+of+China&rft.series=%27%27Journal+of+Chinese+Linguistics%27%27+Monograph+Series&rft.pages=325-360&rft.pub=Chinese+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F600555701&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23827042%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMin+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman2003" class="citation cs2">——— (2003), "The Chinese dialects: phonology", in Thurgood, Graham; LaPolla, Randy J. (eds.), <i>The Sino-Tibetan languages</i>, Routledge, pp. 72–83, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1129-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1129-1"><bdi>978-0-7007-1129-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Chinese+dialects%3A+phonology&rft.btitle=The+Sino-Tibetan+languages&rft.pages=72-83&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1129-1&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMin+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNormanMei1976" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Norman_(sinologist)" title="Jerry Norman (sinologist)">Norman, Jerry</a>; Mei, Tsu-lin (1976), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tlmei.com/tm17web/1976a_austroasiatics.pdf">"The Austroasiatics in Ancient South China: Some Lexical Evidence"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Monumenta Serica</i>, <b>32</b>: 274–301, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02549948.1976.11731121">10.1080/02549948.1976.11731121</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40726203">40726203</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monumenta+Serica&rft.atitle=The+Austroasiatics+in+Ancient+South+China%3A+Some+Lexical+Evidence&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=274-301&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02549948.1976.11731121&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40726203%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft.au=Mei%2C+Tsu-lin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftlmei.com%2Ftm17web%2F1976a_austroasiatics.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMin+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimonsFennig2017" class="citation cs2">Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2017), <i>Ethnologue: Languages of the World</i> (20th ed.), Dallas, Texas: SIL International.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnologue%3A+Languages+of+the+World&rft.place=Dallas%2C+Texas&rft.edition=20th&rft.pub=SIL+International&rft.date=2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMin+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTing1983" class="citation cs2">Ting, Pang-Hsin (1983), "Derivation time of colloquial Min from Archaic Chinese", <i>Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology</i>, <b>54</b> (4): 1–14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Institute+of+History+and+Philology&rft.atitle=Derivation+time+of+colloquial+Min+from+Archaic+Chinese&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1-14&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Ting&rft.aufirst=Pang-Hsin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMin+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYan2006" class="citation cs2">Yan, Margaret Mian (2006), <i>Introduction to Chinese Dialectology</i>, LINCOM Europa, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89586-629-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89586-629-6"><bdi>978-3-89586-629-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Chinese+Dialectology&rft.pub=LINCOM+Europa&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-89586-629-6&rft.aulast=Yan&rft.aufirst=Margaret+Mian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMin+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYue2003" class="citation cs2">Yue, Anne O. (2003), "Chinese dialects: grammar", in Thurgood, Graham; LaPolla, Randy J. (eds.), <i>The Sino-Tibetan languages</i>, Routledge, pp. 84–125, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1129-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1129-1"><bdi>978-0-7007-1129-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chinese+dialects%3A+grammar&rft.btitle=The+Sino-Tibetan+languages&rft.pages=84-125&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1129-1&rft.aulast=Yue&rft.aufirst=Anne+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMin+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhang1987" class="citation cs2">Zhang, Zhenxing (1987), "Min Supergroup", in <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Wurm" title="Stephen Wurm">Wurm, Stephen Adolphe</a>; <a href="/wiki/Li_Rong_(linguist)" title="Li Rong (linguist)">Li, Rong</a>; Baumann, Theo; Lee, Mei W. (eds.), <i><a href="/wiki/Language_Atlas_of_China" title="Language Atlas of China">Language Atlas of China</a></i>, translated by Lee, Mei W., Longman, B-12, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-359-085-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-359-085-3"><bdi>978-962-359-085-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Min+Supergroup&rft.btitle=Language+Atlas+of+China&rft.pages=B-12&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-962-359-085-3&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Zhenxing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMin+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Min_Chinese&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="nan:"> Minnan edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="cdo:"> Mindong edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Miyake" title="Marc Miyake">Miyake, Marc</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amritas.com/120721.htm">Jerry Norman's "Three Min etymologies" (1984) revisited</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sino-Tibetan_branches" title="Template:Sino-Tibetan branches"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sino-Tibetan_branches" title="Template talk:Sino-Tibetan branches"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sino-Tibetan_branches" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sino-Tibetan branches"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sino-Tibetan_branches" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> branches</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/West_Himalayish_languages" title="West Himalayish languages">West Himalayish</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tamangic_languages" title="Tamangic languages">Tamangic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newaric_languages" title="Newaric languages">Newaric</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baram%E2%80%93Thangmi_languages" title="Baram–Thangmi languages">Baram–Thangmi</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kiranti_languages" title="Kiranti languages">Kiranti</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimalish_languages" title="Dhimalish languages">Dhimalish</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimal_language" title="Dhimal language">Dhimal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toto_language" title="Toto language">Toto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lhokpu_language" title="Lhokpu language">Lhokpu</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Greater_Magaric" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Magaric_languages" title="Greater Magaric languages">Greater Magaric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magaric_languages" title="Magaric languages">Magaric</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Magar_language" title="Magar language">Magar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kham_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kham language">Kham</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chepangic_languages" title="Chepangic languages">Chepangic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chepang_language" title="Chepang language">Chepang</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhujel_language" title="Bhujel language">Bhujel</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raji%E2%80%93Raute_languages" title="Raji–Raute languages">Raji–Raute</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dura_language" title="Dura language">Dura</a></i>–<i><a href="/wiki/Tandrange_language" title="Tandrange language">Tandrange</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Sino-Tibetan languages"><img alt="Map of Sino-Tibetan languages" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/200px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/300px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/400px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="2115" data-file-height="2792" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bodish_languages" title="Bodish languages">Bodish</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bodish_languages" title="East Bodish languages">East Bodish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tshangla_language" title="Tshangla language">Tshangla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Basum_language" title="Basum language">Basum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nam_language" title="Nam language">Nam</a></i>?</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gongduk_language" title="Gongduk language">Gongduk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCOle_language" title="ʼOle language">ʼOle</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tani_languages" title="Tani languages">Tani</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamdo_languages" title="Chamdo languages">Chamdo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> and Indo-<br />Burmese border</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Karbi_language" title="Karbi language">Karbi</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin_languages" title="Kuki-Chin languages">Kuki-Chin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mruic_languages" title="Mruic languages">Mruic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mru_language" title="Mru language">Mru</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anu-Hkongso_language" title="Anu-Hkongso language">Hkongso</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyu_language_(Sino-Tibetan)" title="Pyu language (Sino-Tibetan)">Pyu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taman_language_(Myanmar)" title="Taman language (Myanmar)">Taman</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Naga_languages" title="Naga languages">Naga</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ao_languages" title="Ao languages">Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angami%E2%80%93Pochuri_languages" title="Angami–Pochuri languages">Angami–Pochuri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkhulic_languages" title="Tangkhulic languages">Tangkhulic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemeic_languages" title="Zemeic languages">Zeme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sal_languages" title="Sal languages">Sal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boro%E2%80%93Garo_languages" title="Boro–Garo languages">Boro–Garo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konyak_languages" title="Konyak languages">Konyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingpho%E2%80%93Luish_languages" title="Jingpho–Luish languages">Jingpho–Luish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tujia_language" title="Tujia language">Tujia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nungish_languages" title="Nungish languages">Nungish</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Karenic_languages" title="Karenic languages">Karenic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gong_language" title="Gong language">Gong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kathu_language" title="Kathu language">Kathu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai%E2%80%93Long_languages" title="Cai–Long languages">Cai–Long</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caijia_language" title="Caijia language">Caijia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Longjia_language" title="Longjia language">Longjia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luren_language" title="Luren language">Luren</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Burmo-Qiangic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burmo-Qiangic_languages" title="Burmo-Qiangic languages">Burmo-Qiangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiangic</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyalrongic_languages" title="Gyalrongic languages">Gyalrongic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersuic_languages" title="Ersuic languages">Ersuic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naic_languages" title="Naic languages">Naic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lolo-Burmese_languages" title="Lolo-Burmese languages">Lolo-Burmese</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mondzish_languages" title="Mondzish languages">Mondzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmish_languages" title="Burmish languages">Burmish</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Loloish_languages" title="Loloish languages">Loloish</a></b></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_isolates_and_independent_language_families_in_Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal">Dubious</a> (possible<br /><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">isolates</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Language_isolates_and_independent_language_families_in_Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal">Arunachal</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hruso_language" title="Hruso language">Hruso</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Puroik_language" title="Puroik language">Puroik</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju–Meyor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Songlin_language" title="Songlin language">Songlin</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Greater_Siangic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Siangic_languages" title="Greater Siangic languages">Greater Siangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Koro_language_(India)" title="Koro language (India)">Koro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milang_language" title="Milang language">Milang</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Idu–Taraon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Central Tibeto-Burman languages">Central Tibeto-Burman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin%E2%80%93Naga_languages" title="Kuki-Chin–Naga languages">Kuki-Chin–Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Bai_languages" title="Macro-Bai languages">Macro-Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakiranti_languages" title="Mahakiranti languages">Mahakiranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rung_languages" title="Rung languages">Rung</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Kanauri_languages" title="Tibeto-Kanauri languages">Tibeto-Kanauri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sino-Tibetan_language" title="Proto-Sino-Tibetan language">Proto-Sino-Tibetan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Tibeto-Burman_language" title="Proto-Tibeto-Burman language">Proto-Tibeto-Burman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Loloish_language" title="Proto-Loloish language">Proto-Loloish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Karenic_language" title="Proto-Karenic language">Proto-Karenic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Min" title="Proto-Min">Proto-Min</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Hakka" title="Proto-Hakka">Proto-Hakka</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Italics</i> indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinese_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_language" title="Template:Chinese language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_language" title="Template talk:Chinese language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinese_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese language</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic languages</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Major groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Mandarin" title="Northeastern Mandarin">Northeastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changchun_dialect" title="Changchun dialect">Changchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbin_dialect" title="Harbin dialect">Harbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenyang_Mandarin" title="Shenyang Mandarin">Shenyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taz_dialect" title="Taz dialect">Taz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Mandarin_(division_of_Mandarin)" title="Beijing Mandarin (division of Mandarin)">Beijing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_dialect" title="Beijing dialect">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jilu_Mandarin" title="Jilu Mandarin">Jilu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_dialect" title="Tianjin dialect">Tianjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinan_dialect" title="Jinan dialect">Jinan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jiaoliao_Mandarin" title="Jiaoliao Mandarin">Jiaoliao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalian_dialect" title="Dalian dialect">Dalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingdao_dialect" title="Qingdao dialect">Qingdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihai_dialect" title="Weihai dialect">Weihai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Plains_Mandarin" title="Central Plains Mandarin">Central Plains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dongping_dialect" title="Dongping dialect">Dongping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangou_language" title="Gangou language">Gangou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanzhong_dialect" title="Guanzhong dialect">Guanzhong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi'an dialect">Xi'an</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luoyang_dialect" title="Luoyang dialect">Luoyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuzhou_dialect" title="Xuzhou dialect">Xuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_language" title="Dungan language">Dungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Mandarin" title="Xinjiang Mandarin">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Mandarin" title="Southwestern Mandarin">Southwestern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_dialects" title="Sichuanese dialects">Sichuanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu-Chongqing_dialect" title="Chengdu-Chongqing dialect">Chengdu–Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minjiang_dialect" title="Minjiang dialect">Minjiang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leshan_dialect" title="Leshan dialect">Leshan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renshou%E2%80%93Fushun_Mandarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renshou–Fushun Mandarin (page does not exist)">Renshou–Fushun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zigong_dialect" title="Zigong dialect">Zigong</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunming_dialect" title="Kunming dialect">Kunming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanping_dialect" title="Nanping dialect">Nanping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan_dialect" title="Wuhan dialect">Wuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gui%E2%80%93Liu_Mandarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gui–Liu Mandarin (page does not exist)">Gui–Liu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wuming_Mandarin" title="Wuming Mandarin">Wuming</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Yangtze_Mandarin" title="Lower Yangtze Mandarin">Jianghuai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_dialect" title="Nanjing dialect">Nanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantong_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nantong dialect">Nantong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanping_dialect" title="Nanping dialect">Nanping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lanyin_Mandarin" title="Lanyin Mandarin">Lanyin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanzhou_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanzhou dialect (page does not exist)">Lanzhou dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B0%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" class="extiw" title="zh:兰州话">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urumqi_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urumqi dialect (page does not exist)">Urumqi dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E9%B2%81%E6%9C%A8%E9%BD%90%E8%AF%9D" class="extiw" title="zh:乌鲁木齐话">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Mandarin" title="Xinjiang Mandarin">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Junjiahua" title="Junjiahua">Junjiahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinjiang_Mandarin" title="Qinjiang Mandarin">Qinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyami language">Gyami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jin_Chinese" title="Jin Chinese">Jin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhangjiakou%E2%80%93Hohhot_dialect" title="Zhangjiakou–Hohhot dialect">Zhangjiakou–Hohhot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhi-Yan_dialect" title="Zhi-Yan dialect">Zhi–Yan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taihu_Wu" title="Taihu Wu">Taihu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghainese" title="Shanghainese">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzhou_dialect" title="Suzhou dialect">Suzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxi_dialect" title="Wuxi dialect">Wuxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changzhou_dialect" title="Changzhou dialect">Changzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou_dialect" title="Hangzhou dialect">Hangzhou</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoxing_dialect" title="Shaoxing dialect">Shaoxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningbo_dialect" title="Ningbo dialect">Ningbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinxiang_dialect" title="Jinxiang dialect">Jinxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangyin_dialect" title="Jiangyin dialect">Jiangyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadi_dialect" title="Shadi dialect">Shadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taizhou_Wu" title="Taizhou Wu">Taizhou Wu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taizhou_dialect" title="Taizhou dialect">Taizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai_dialect" title="Tiantai dialect">Tiantai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Oujiang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rui%27an_dialect" title="Rui'an dialect">Rui'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wencheng_dialect" title="Wencheng dialect">Wencheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wuzhou_Wu" title="Wuzhou Wu">Wuzhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinhua_dialect" title="Jinhua dialect">Jinhua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chu%E2%80%93Qu_Wu" title="Chu–Qu Wu">Chu–Qu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quzhou_dialect" title="Quzhou dialect">Quzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangshan_dialect" title="Jiangshan dialect">Jiangshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingtian_dialect" title="Qingtian dialect">Qingtian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Xuanzhou_Wu_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuanzhou Wu dialects">Xuanzhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xuancheng_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuancheng dialect">Xuancheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_Chinese" title="Huizhou Chinese">Hui</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ji-She&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ji-She (page does not exist)">Ji-She</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%A9%E6%AD%99%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:绩歙片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiu-Yi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiu-Yi (page does not exist)">Xiu-Yi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%91%E9%BB%9F%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:休黟片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qi-De&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qi-De (page does not exist)">Qi-De</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%81%E5%A9%BA%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:祁婺片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yanzhou_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yanzhou dialect (page does not exist)">Yanzhou</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%8C%E5%8D%A0%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:旌占片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jing-Zhan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jing-Zhan (page does not exist)">Jing-Zhan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%A5%E5%B7%9E%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:严州片">zh</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gan_Chinese" title="Gan Chinese">Gan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%E2%80%93Du_Gan" title="Chang–Du Gan">Chang–Du</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanchang_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanchang dialect">Nanchang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi%E2%80%93Liu_Gan" title="Yi–Liu Gan">Yi–Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ying%E2%80%93Yi_Gan" title="Ying–Yi Gan">Ying–Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da%E2%80%93Tong_Gan" title="Da–Tong Gan">Da–Tong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Xiang" title="New Xiang">Changyi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changsha_dialect" title="Changsha dialect">Changsha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Xiang" title="Old Xiang">Loushao</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuangfeng_dialect" title="Shuangfeng dialect">Shuangfeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangxiang_dialect" title="Xiangxiang dialect">Xiangxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wugang_dialect" title="Wugang dialect">Wugang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji%E2%80%93Xu_Xiang" title="Ji–Xu Xiang">Ji–Xu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong%E2%80%93Quan_Xiang" title="Yong–Quan Xiang">Yong–Quan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qiyang_dialect" title="Qiyang dialect">Qiyang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houguan_language_group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Houguan language group (page does not exist)">Houguan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuqing_dialect" title="Fuqing dialect">Fuqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changle_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Changle dialect">Changle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_dialect" title="Gutian dialect">Gutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsu_dialect" title="Matsu dialect">Matsu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fu%E2%80%93Ning_language_group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fu–Ning language group (page does not exist)">Fu–Ning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ningde_dialect" title="Ningde dialect">Ningde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu%27an_dialect" title="Fu'an dialect">Fu'an</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manjiang_dialect" title="Manjiang dialect">Manjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longdu_dialect" title="Longdu dialect">Longdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanlang_dialect" title="Nanlang dialect">Nanlang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quanzhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Quanzhou dialect">Quanzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhangzhou dialect">Zhangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoy_dialect" title="Amoy dialect">Amoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chawan_dialect" title="Chawan dialect">Chawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Hokkien" title="Philippine Hokkien">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medan_Hokkien" title="Medan Hokkien">Pedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Hokkien" title="Penang Hokkien">Penang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Hokkien" title="Singaporean Hokkien">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Peninsular_Malaysian_Hokkien" title="Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien">Malaysian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Teochew_Min" title="Teochew Min">Teochew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swatow_dialect" title="Swatow dialect">Swatow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haklau_Min" title="Haklau Min">Haklau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanxiang_dialect" title="Sanxiang dialect">Sanxiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhenan_Min" title="Zhenan Min">Zhenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longyan_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Longyan Min">Longyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Min" title="Northern Min">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jian%27ou_dialect" title="Jian'ou dialect">Jian'ou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianyang_dialect" title="Jianyang dialect">Jianyang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Min" title="Central Min">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E2%80%93Xian_Min" title="Pu–Xian Min">Pu–Xian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao%E2%80%93Jiang_Min" title="Shao–Jiang Min">Shao–Jiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leizhou_Min" title="Leizhou Min">Leizhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhanjiang_dialect" title="Zhanjiang dialect">Zhanjiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wenchang_dialect" title="Wenchang dialect">Wenchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haikou_dialect" title="Haikou dialect">Haikou</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banqiao_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banqiao dialect (page does not exist)">Banqiao</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meixian_dialect" title="Meixian dialect">Meixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhua_dialect" title="Wuhua dialect">Wuhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_dialect" title="Huizhou dialect">Huizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tingzhou_dialect" title="Tingzhou dialect">Tingzhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changting_dialect" title="Changting dialect">Changting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hakka" title="Taiwanese Hakka">Taiwanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixian_dialect" title="Sixian dialect">Sixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailu_dialect" title="Hailu dialect">Hailu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoping_Hakka" title="Raoping Hakka">Raoping</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yuehai_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuehai dialects">Yuehai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Guangzhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cantonese" title="Hong Kong Cantonese">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Cantonese" title="Malaysian Cantonese">Malaysia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiguan_dialect" title="Xiguan dialect">Xiguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiujiang_dialect" title="Jiujiang dialect">Jiujiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiqi_dialect" title="Shiqi dialect">Shiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weitou_dialect" title="Weitou dialect">Weitou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapeng_dialect" title="Dapeng dialect">Dapeng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Siyi_Yue" title="Siyi Yue">Siyi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taishanese" title="Taishanese">Taishan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xinhui_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xinhui dialect (page does not exist)">Xinhui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gao%E2%80%93Yang_Yue" title="Gao–Yang Yue">Gao–Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulou_Yue" title="Goulou Yue">Goulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu%E2%80%93Hua_Yue" title="Wu–Hua Yue">Wu–Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong%E2%80%93Xun_Yue" title="Yong–Xun Yue">Yong–Xun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo%E2%80%93Guang_Yue" title="Luo–Guang Yue">Luo–Guang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin%E2%80%93Lian_Yue" title="Qin–Lian Yue">Qin–Lian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pinghua" title="Pinghua">Pinghua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinghua#Dialects" title="Pinghua">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tongdao_Pinghua" title="Tongdao Pinghua">Tongdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younian_dialect" title="Younian dialect">Younian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinghua#Dialects" title="Pinghua">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongjiang_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yongjiang dialect (page does not exist)">Yongjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guandao_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guandao dialect (page does not exist)">Guandao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rongjiang_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rongjiang dialect (page does not exist)">Rongjiang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaozhou_Tuhua" title="Shaozhou Tuhua">Shaozhou Tuhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangnan_Tuhua" title="Xiangnan Tuhua">Xiangnan Tuhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badong_Yao_language" title="Badong Yao language">Badong Yao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danzhou_dialect" title="Danzhou dialect">Danzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mai_Chinese" title="Mai Chinese">Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/She_Chinese" title="She Chinese">Shehua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxiang_Chinese" title="Waxiang Chinese">Waxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeheni_language" title="Yeheni language">Yeheni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_dialect" title="Huizhou dialect">Huizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai%E2%80%93Long_languages" title="Cai–Long languages">Cai-Long</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caijia_language" title="Caijia language">Caijia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjia_language" title="Longjia language">Longjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luren_language" title="Luren language">Luren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuanqing_people#Language" title="Chuanqing people">Laobeizi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg/350px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="785" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg/525px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg/700px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="920" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_national_standards_of_Chinese" title="Comparison of national standards of Chinese">Standard<br />forms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_Standard_Chinese" title="Sichuanese Standard Chinese">Sichuanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Mandarin">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Mandarin" title="Malaysian Mandarin">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Singaporean Mandarin">Singaporean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Standard Singaporean Mandarin">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singdarin" title="Singdarin">Singdarin</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka">Hakka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Phonology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Chinese_phonology" title="Historical Chinese phonology">Historical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese_phonology" title="Old Chinese phonology">Old</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_National_Pronunciation" title="Old National Pronunciation">Old National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_phonology" title="Cantonese phonology">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_phonology" title="Hokkien phonology">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wu_phonology" title="Northern Wu phonology">Northern Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese_phonology" title="Standard Chinese phonology">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_and_colloquial_readings_of_Chinese_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters">Literary and colloquial readings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_grammar" title="Chinese grammar">Grammar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_numerals" title="Chinese numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_classifier" title="Chinese classifier">Classifiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_honorifics" title="Chinese honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_grammar" title="Cantonese grammar">Cantonese grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese_grammar" title="Classical Chinese grammar">Classical grammar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Idioms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chengyu" title="Chengyu">Chengyu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xiehouyu" title="Xiehouyu">Xiehouyu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_input_methods_for_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese input methods for computers">Input</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biaoxingma_method" title="Biaoxingma method">Biaoxingma</a></li> <li>Boshiamy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cangjie_input_method" title="Cangjie input method">Cangjie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Cangjie" title="Simplified Cangjie">Simplified</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CKC_Chinese_Input_System" title="CKC Chinese Input System">CKC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayi_method" title="Dayi method">Dayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin method">Pinyin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Pinyin" title="Google Pinyin">Google</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Pinyin_IME" title="Microsoft Pinyin IME">Microsoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogou_Pinyin" title="Sogou Pinyin">Sogou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke_count_method" title="Stroke count method">Stroke count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wubi_method" title="Wubi method">Wubi (Wang Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengma_method" title="Zhengma method">ZhengMa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_language" title="History of the Chinese language">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han_Chinese" title="Eastern Han Chinese">Eastern Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Mandarin" title="Old Mandarin">Old Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(late_imperial_lingua_franca)" title="Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)">Middle Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Min" title="Proto-Min">Proto-Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Hakka" title="Proto-Hakka">Proto-Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%E2%80%93Shu_Chinese" title="Ba–Shu Chinese">Ba–Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gan_Chinese" title="History of Gan Chinese">Gan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Literary<br /> forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Official" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_Chinese_literary_culture" title="Adoption of Chinese literary culture">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanbun" title="Kanbun">in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_Chinese_in_Vietnam" title="Literary Chinese in Vietnam">in Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_vernacular_Chinese" title="Written vernacular Chinese">Vernacular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Written_Cantonese" title="Written Cantonese">Written Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_alphabets" title="Dungan alphabets">Written Dungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_Hokkien" title="Written Hokkien">Written Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_characters" title="Sichuanese characters">Written Sichuanese</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Logographic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Logographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Logographic">Logographic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Script_styles" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Script_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="Script styles">Script styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_script" title="Clerical script">Clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-cursive_script" title="Semi-cursive script">Semi-cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_script_(East_Asia)" title="Cursive script (East Asia)">Cursive</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_punctuation" title="Chinese punctuation">Punctuation</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Phonetic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Chinese" title="Cyrillization of Chinese">Cyrillization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_language#Writing_system" title="Dungan language">Dungan Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">Romanization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Phonetic_Symbols_II" title="Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II">MPS II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_postal_romanization" title="Chinese postal romanization">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFEO_Chinese_transcription" title="EFEO Chinese transcription">EFEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessing-Othmer" title="Lessing-Othmer">Lessing-Othmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Bopomofo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese Bopomofo">Cantonese Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Phonetic_Symbols" title="Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols">Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_kana" title="Taiwanese kana">Taiwanese kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hangul" title="Taiwanese Hangul">Taiwanese Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_varieties_of_Chinese" title="List of varieties of Chinese">List of varieties of Chinese</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Min_Chinese" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Min_Chinese" title="Template:Min Chinese"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Min_Chinese" title="Template talk:Min Chinese"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Min_Chinese" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Min Chinese"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Min_Chinese" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Min Chinese</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Languages</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Houguan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuqing_dialect" title="Fuqing dialect">Fuqing dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changle_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Changle dialect">Changle dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_dialect" title="Gutian dialect">Gutian dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsu_dialect" title="Matsu dialect">Matsu dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Funing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiapu_dialect" title="Xiapu dialect">Xiapu dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu%27an_dialect" title="Fu'an dialect">Fu'an dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningde_dialect" title="Ningde dialect">Ningde dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manjiang_dialect" title="Manjiang dialect">Manjiang dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longdu_dialect" title="Longdu dialect">Longdu dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanlang_dialect" title="Nanlang dialect">Nanlang dialect</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Min_Languages.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A map showing the geographical distribution of the primary varieties of Min Chinese."><img alt="A map showing the geographical distribution of the primary varieties of Min Chinese." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Min_Languages.svg/150px-Min_Languages.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Min_Languages.svg/225px-Min_Languages.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Min_Languages.svg/300px-Min_Languages.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Teochew_Min" title="Teochew Min">Teochew Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swatow_dialect" title="Swatow dialect">Swatow dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amoy_dialect" title="Amoy dialect">Amoy dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quanzhou_dialects" title="Quanzhou dialects">Quanzhou dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hui%27an_dialect" title="Hui'an dialect">Hui'an dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongchun_dialect" title="Yongchun dialect">Yongchun dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou_dialects" title="Zhangzhou dialects">Zhangzhou dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chawan_dialect" title="Chawan dialect">Chawan dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longyan_dialect" title="Longyan dialect">Longyan dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana_colloquial_speech" title="Banana colloquial speech">Banana colloquial speech</a></li></ul></li> <li>Northern <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacca Straits">Malacca Straits</a> Hokkien <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Hokkien" title="Penang Hokkien">Penang Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medan_Hokkien" title="Medan Hokkien">Medan Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan_Peranakan_Hokkien" title="Kelantan Peranakan Hokkien">Kelantan Peranakan Hokkien</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Hokkien" title="Philippine Hokkien">Philippine Hokkien</a></li> <li>Southern <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacca Straits">Malacca Straits</a> Hokkien <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Peninsular_Malaysian_Hokkien" title="Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien">Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Hokkien" title="Singaporean Hokkien">Singaporean Hokkien</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Datian_Min" title="Datian Min">Datian Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houlu_dialect" title="Houlu dialect">Houlu dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haklau_Min" title="Haklau Min">Haklau Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhenan_Min" title="Zhenan Min">Zhenan Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanxiang_dialect" title="Sanxiang dialect">Sanxiang dialect</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pu%E2%80%93Xian_Min" title="Pu–Xian Min">Pu–Xian Min</a><br />(Hinghwa)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Putian_dialect" title="Putian dialect">Putian dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianyou_dialect" title="Xianyou dialect">Xianyou dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Min" title="Northern Min">Northern Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jian%27ou_dialect" title="Jian'ou dialect">Jian'ou dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianyang_dialect" title="Jianyang dialect">Jianyang dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shao%E2%80%93Jiang_Min" title="Shao–Jiang Min">Shao–Jiang Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaowu_dialect" title="Shaowu dialect">Shaowu dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangle_dialect" title="Jiangle dialect">Jiangle dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Min" title="Central Min">Central Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanming_dialect" title="Sanming dialect">Sanming dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaxian_dialect" title="Shaxian dialect">Shaxian dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong%27an_dialect" title="Yong'an dialect">Yong'an dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leizhou_Min" title="Leizhou Min">Leizhou Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhanjiang_dialect" title="Zhanjiang dialect">Zhanjiang dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haikou_dialect" title="Haikou dialect">Haikou dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenchang_dialect" title="Wenchang dialect">Wenchang dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Writing_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logographic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_Romanization" title="Teochew Romanization">Pe̍h-ūe-jī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Hainan Romanized">Hainan Romanized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foochow_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Foochow Romanized">Foochow Romanized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinghwa_Romanized" title="Hinghwa Romanized">Hinghwa Romanized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kienning_Colloquial_Romanized" title="Kienning Colloquial Romanized">Kienning Colloquial Romanized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Taiwanese Romanization System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Language_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet">Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daighi_tongiong_pingim" class="mw-redirect" title="Daighi tongiong pingim">Daighi tongiong pingim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bb%C3%A1nl%C3%A1m_p%C3%ACngy%C4%ABm" title="Bbánlám pìngyīm">Bbánlám pìngyīm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng%27im" title="Peng'im">Peng'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_Transliteration_Scheme" title="Fuzhou Transliteration Scheme">Fuzhou Transliteration Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese_Transliteration_Scheme" title="Hainanese Transliteration Scheme">Hainanese Transliteration Scheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0n-l%C3%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Hàn-lô">Hàn-lô</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Research" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Research</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proto-languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Min_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Min language">Proto-Min</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rime dictionaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qi_Lin_Bayin" title="Qi Lin Bayin">Qi Lin Bayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianzhou_Ba_Yin" title="Jianzhou Ba Yin">Jianzhou Ba Yin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_China" title="Template:Languages of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_China" title="Template talk:Languages of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_China" title="Languages of China">Languages of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_China" title="Autonomous regions of China">ARs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">SARs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a><sup><b><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cantonese" title="Hong Kong Cantonese">HK</a>/MC</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_English" title="Hong Kong English">English</a><sup><b>HK</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language_in_Inner_Mongolia" title="Mongolian language in Inner Mongolia">Mongolian</a><sup><b>NM</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_Portuguese" title="Macanese Portuguese">Portuguese</a><sup><b>MC</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a><sup><b>XZ</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a><sup><b>XJ</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Zhuang" title="Standard Zhuang">Zhuang</a><sup><b>GX</b></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_prefectures_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous prefectures of China">Prefecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kam_language" title="Kam language">Kam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouyei_language" title="Bouyei language">Bouyei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tujia_language" title="Tujia language">Tujia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language_in_China" title="Korean language in China">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_people#Language" title="Yi people">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Nuea_language" title="Tai Nuea language">Tai Nüa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Lue_language" title="Tai Lue language">Tai Lü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaiwa_language" title="Zaiwa language">Zaiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hani_language" title="Hani language">Hani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Zhuang" title="Standard Zhuang">Zhuang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_counties_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous counties of China">Counties</a>/<a href="/wiki/Banners_of_Inner_Mongolia#Autonomous_banner" title="Banners of Inner Mongolia">Banners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">numerous</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sino-Tibetan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lolo-Burmese_languages" title="Lolo-Burmese languages">Lolo-<br />Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mondzish_languages" title="Mondzish languages">Mondzish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kathu_language" title="Kathu language">Kathu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maang_language" title="Maang language">Maang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga_language_(China)" title="Manga language (China)">Manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_language_(China)" title="Mango language (China)">Mango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maza_language" title="Maza language">Maza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantsi_language" title="Mantsi language">Mondzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muangphe_language" title="Muangphe language">Muangphe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burmish_languages" title="Burmish languages">Burmish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achang_language" title="Achang language">Achang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiandao_dialect" title="Xiandao dialect">Xiandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pela_language" title="Pela language">Pela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashi_language" title="Lashi language">Lashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chashan_language" title="Chashan language">Chashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhao_Vo_language" title="Lhao Vo language">Lhao Vo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaiwa_language" title="Zaiwa language">Zaiwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Loloish_languages" title="Loloish languages">Loloish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Loloish_languages" title="Southern Loloish languages">Hanoish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akeu_language" title="Akeu language">Akeu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akha_language" title="Akha language">Akha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amu_language" title="Amu language">Amu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angluo_language" title="Angluo language">Angluo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asuo_language" title="Asuo language">Asuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baihong_language" title="Baihong language">Baihong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisu_language" title="Bisu language">Bisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budu_language_(China)" title="Budu language (China)">Budu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukong_language" title="Bukong language">Bukong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosao_language" title="Cosao language">Cosao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duoni_language" title="Duoni language">Duoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duota_language" title="Duota language">Duota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enu_language" title="Enu language">Enu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habei_language" title="Habei language">Habei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hani_language" title="Hani language">Hani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honi_language" title="Honi language">Honi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jino_language" title="Jino language">Jino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khabi_language" title="Khabi language">Kabie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaduo_language" title="Kaduo language">Kaduo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lami_language" title="Lami language">Lami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laomian_language" title="Laomian language">Laomian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laopin_language" title="Laopin language">Laopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpi_language" title="Mpi language">Mpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muda_language" title="Muda language">Muda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuobi_language" title="Nuobi language">Nuobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuomei_language" title="Nuomei language">Nuomei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phana%CA%BC_language" title="Phanaʼ language">Phana’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyo_language" title="Piyo language">Piyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qidi_language" title="Qidi language">Qidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadu_language" title="Sadu language">Sadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangkong_language" title="Sangkong language">Sangkong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suobi_language" title="Suobi language">Suobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsukong_language" title="Tsukong language">Tsukong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woni_language" title="Woni language">Woni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiche_language" title="Yiche language">Yiche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lisoish_languages" title="Lisoish languages">Lisoish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eka_language" title="Eka language">Eka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlersu_language" title="Hlersu language">Hlersu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kua-nsi_language" title="Kua-nsi language">Kua-nsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuamasi_language" title="Kuamasi language">Kuamasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laizisi_language" title="Laizisi language">Laizisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalo_language" title="Lalo language">Lalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamu_language" title="Lamu language">Lamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavu_language" title="Lavu language">Lavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawu_language" title="Lawu language">Lawu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limi_language" title="Limi language">Limi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipo_language" title="Lipo language">Lipo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolopo_language" title="Lolopo language">Lolopo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangdi_language" title="Mangdi language">Mangdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha_language" title="Micha language">Micha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mili_language" title="Mili language">Mili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonaga_language" title="Sonaga language">Sonaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholo_language" title="Tholo language">Toloza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuzhang_language" title="Xuzhang language">Xuzhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangliu_language" title="Yangliu language">Yangliu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zibusi_language" title="Zibusi language">Zibusi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nisoish_languages" title="Nisoish languages">Nisoish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alingpo_language" title="Alingpo language">Alingpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phupha_language" title="Phupha language">Alugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluo_language" title="Aluo language">Aluo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axi_language" title="Axi language">Axi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azha_language" title="Azha language">Azha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azhe_language" title="Azhe language">Azhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muji_language" title="Muji language">Bokha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepo_language" title="Gepo language">Gepo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khlula_language" title="Khlula language">Khlula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lope_language" title="Lope language">Lope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moji_language" title="Moji language">Moji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muji_language" title="Muji language">Muji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzi_language" title="Muzi language">Muzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasu_language" title="Nasu language">Nasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisu_language" title="Nisu language">Nisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuosu_language" title="Nuosu language">Nuosu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phola_language" title="Phola language">Phala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phola_language" title="Phola language">Phola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phowa_language" title="Phowa language">Phowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muji_language" title="Muji language">Phukha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phuma_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Phuma language">Phuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phupha_language" title="Phupha language">Phupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phupha_language" title="Phupha language">Phupha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phupha_language" title="Phupha language">Phuza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samei_language" title="Samei language">Samei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sani_language" title="Sani language">Sani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thopho_language" title="Thopho language">Thopho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zokhuo_language" title="Zokhuo language">Zokhuo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gokhy_language" title="Gokhy language">Gokhy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katso_language" title="Katso language">Katso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucong_language" title="Kucong language">Kucong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahu_language" title="Lahu language">Lahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naruo_language" title="Naruo language">Naruo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namuyi_language" title="Namuyi language">Namuyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxi_language" title="Naxi language">Naxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusu_language" title="Nusu language">Nusu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samu_language" title="Samu language">Samu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanie_language" title="Sanie language">Sanie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zauzou_language" title="Zauzou language">Zauzou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baima_language" title="Baima language">Baima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choyo_language" title="Choyo language">Choyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersu_language" title="Ersu language">Ersu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiqiong_language" title="Guiqiong language">Guiqiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horpa_language" title="Horpa language">Horpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japhug_language" title="Japhug language">Japhug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khroskyabs_language" title="Khroskyabs language">Khroskyabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laze_language" title="Laze language">Laze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizu_language" title="Lizu language">Lizu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na_language" title="Na language">Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muya_language" title="Muya language">Muya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namuyi_language" title="Namuyi language">Namuyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxi_language" title="Naxi language">Naxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumi_language" title="Pumi language">Pumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Qiang_language" title="Northern Qiang language">Northern Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Qiang_language" title="Southern Qiang language">Southern Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shixing_language" title="Shixing language">Shixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situ_language" title="Situ language">Situ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tshobdun_language" title="Tshobdun language">Tshobdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zbu_language" title="Zbu language">Zbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaba_language" title="Zhaba language">Zhaba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amdo_Tibetan" title="Amdo Tibetan">Amdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baima_language" title="Baima language">Baima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basum_language" title="Basum language">Basum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan" title="Central Tibetan">Central Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choni_language" title="Choni language">Choni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dao_language_(China)" title="Dao language (China)">Dao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongwang_Tibetan_language" title="Dongwang Tibetan language">Dongwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drugchu_language" title="Drugchu language">Drugchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groma_language" title="Groma language">Groma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gserpa_language" title="Gserpa language">Gserpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalong_Tibetan_language" title="Khalong Tibetan language">Khalong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khams_Tibetan" title="Khams Tibetan">Khams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyirong_language" title="Kyirong language">Kyirong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_language" title="Ladakhi language">Ladakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tseku_language" title="Tseku language">Tseku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongu_Tibetan_language" title="Zhongu Tibetan language">Zhongu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zitsadegu_language" title="Zitsadegu language">Zitsadegu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caijia_language" title="Caijia language">Caijia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derung_language" title="Derung language">Derung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingpo_language" title="Jingpo language">Jingpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjia_language" title="Longjia language">Longjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nung_language_(Sino-Tibetan)" title="Nung language (Sino-Tibetan)">Nung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tujia_language" title="Tujia language">Tujia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxiang_Chinese" title="Waxiang Chinese">Waxianghua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other languages</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit_language" title="Bit language">Bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blang_language" title="Blang language">Blang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolyu_language" title="Bolyu language">Bolyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugan_language" title="Bugan language">Bugan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumang_language" title="Bumang language">Bumang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_language" title="Hu language">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuan_language" title="Kuan language">Kuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A3ng_language" title="Mảng language">Mang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Met_language" title="Man Met language">Man Met</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muak_language" title="Muak language">Muak Sa-aak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaung_language" title="Palaung language">Palaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riang_language" title="Riang language">Riang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_language" title="U language">U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va_language" title="Va language">Va</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa_language" title="Wa language">Wa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hmong-Mien_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong-Mien languages">Hmong-Mien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hmongic_languages" title="Hmongic languages">Hmongic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-Hmao_language" title="A-Hmao language">A-Hmao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu-Nao_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Bu-Nao languages">Bu-Nao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gejia_language" title="Gejia language">Gejia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiyang_Miao_language" title="Guiyang Miao language">Guiyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hm_Nai_language" title="Hm Nai language">Hm Nai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmu_language" title="Hmu language">Hmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huishui_Miao_language" title="Huishui Miao language">Huishui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiong_Nai_language" title="Kiong Nai language">Kiong Nai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luobohe_Miao_language" title="Luobohe Miao language">Luobohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashan_Miao_language" title="Mashan Miao language">Mashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa-Hng_language" title="Pa-Hng language">Pa-Hng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa_Na_language" title="Pa Na language">Pa Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingtang_Miao_language" title="Pingtang Miao language">Pingtang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xong_language" title="Xong language">Qo Xiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raojia_language" title="Raojia language">Raojia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/She_language" title="She language">She</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gha-Mu_language" title="Gha-Mu language">Small Flowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xixiu_Miao_language" title="Xixiu Miao language">Xixiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younuo_language" title="Younuo language">Younuo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mienic_languages" title="Mienic languages">Mienic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biao_Min_language" title="Biao Min language">Biao Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzao_Min_language" title="Dzao Min language">Dzao Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iu_Mien_language" title="Iu Mien language">Iu Mien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Mun_language" title="Kim Mun language">Kim Mun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonan_language" title="Bonan language">Bonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryat_language" title="Buryat language">Buryat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagur_language" title="Dagur language">Daur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yugur_language" title="Eastern Yugur language">Eastern Yugur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangjia_language" title="Kangjia language">Kangjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamnigan_Mongol" title="Khamnigan Mongol">Khamnigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monguor_language" title="Monguor language">Monguor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_language" title="Oirat language">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_Mongolian" title="Ordos Mongolian">Ordos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_language" title="Santa language">Santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torgut_Oirat" title="Torgut Oirat">Torgut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kra-Dai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kra-Dai languages">Kra-Dai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_languages" title="Zhuang languages">Zhuang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouyei_language" title="Bouyei language">Bouyei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Zhuang_language" title="Dai Zhuang language">Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Zhuang_language" title="Min Zhuang language">Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_languages" title="Zhuang languages">Ningming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nong_Zhuang_language" title="Nong Zhuang language">Nong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Dam_language" title="Tai Dam language">Tai Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_D%C3%B3n_language" title="Tai Dón language">Tai Dón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Ya_language" title="Tai Ya language">Tai Hongjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Lue_language" title="Tai Lue language">Tai Lü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Nuea_language" title="Tai Nuea language">Tai Nüa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Ya_language" title="Tai Ya language">Tai Ya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Zhuang_language" title="Yang Zhuang language">Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yei_Zhuang_language" title="Yei Zhuang language">Yei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Cham_language" title="Ai-Cham language">Ai-Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biao_language" title="Biao language">Biao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyang_language" title="Buyang language">Buyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Miao_language" title="Cao Miao language">Cao Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadong_language" title="Chadong language">Chadong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cun_language" title="Cun language">Cun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelao_languages" title="Gelao languages">Gelao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlai_languages" title="Hlai languages">Hlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiamao_language" title="Jiamao language">Jiamao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kam_language" title="Kam language">Kam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakkia_language" title="Lakkia language">Lakkja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mak_language" title="Mak language">Mak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maonan_language" title="Maonan language">Maonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulam_language" title="Mulam language">Mulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuoxi_language" title="Nuoxi language">Naxi Yao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be_languages" title="Be languages">Ong Be</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paha_language" title="Paha language">Paha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qabiao_language" title="Qabiao language">Qabiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_language" title="Sui language">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Then_language" title="Then language">Then</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_language" title="Evenki language">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanai_language" title="Nanai language">Nanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroqen_language" title="Oroqen language">Oroqen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xibe_language" title="Xibe language">Xibe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ynu_language" title="Äynu language">Äynu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_language" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz language">Fuyu Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turki_language" title="Ili Turki language">Ili Turki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lop_dialect" title="Lop dialect">Lop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_language" title="Salar language">Salar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yugur_language" title="Western Yugur language">Western Yugur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarikoli_language" title="Sarikoli language">Sarikoli</a> <small>(Indo-European)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsat_language" title="Tsat language">Tsat</a> <small>(Austronesian)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan languages</a> <small>(Austronesian)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_in_China" title="Esperanto in China">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> (Kinh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Varieties of<br />Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Mandarin" title="Northeastern Mandarin">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Mandarin_(division_of_Mandarin)" title="Beijing Mandarin (division of Mandarin)">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilu_Mandarin" title="Jilu Mandarin">Ji-Lu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaoliao_Mandarin" title="Jiaoliao Mandarin">Jiao-Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Plains_Mandarin" title="Central Plains Mandarin">Zhongyuan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanyin_Mandarin" title="Lanyin Mandarin">Lan-Yin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Chinese" title="Jin Chinese">Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Mandarin" title="Southwestern Mandarin">Southwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_dialects" title="Sichuanese dialects">Sichuanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Yangtze_Mandarin" title="Lower Yangtze Mandarin">Southeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Chinese" title="Gan Chinese">Gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_Chinese" title="Huizhou Chinese">Hui</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_Min" title="Teochew Min">Teoswa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E2%80%93Xian_Min" title="Pu–Xian Min">Puxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Min" title="Central Min">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Min" title="Northern Min">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao%E2%80%93Jiang_Min" title="Shao–Jiang Min">Shaojiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taihu_Wu" title="Taihu Wu">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Auish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Xiang" title="New Xiang">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Xiang" title="Old Xiang">Old</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinghua" title="Pinghua">Ping</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Creole/Mixed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E_language" title="E language">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezhou_language" title="Hezhou language">Hezhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linglinghua" title="Linglinghua">Lingling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_Patois" title="Macanese Patois">Macanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maojia_dialect" title="Maojia dialect">Maojia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qoqmon%C4%8Daq_language" title="Qoqmončaq language">Qoqmončaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanqiao_language" title="Sanqiao language">Sanqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangwang_language" title="Tangwang language">Tangwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wutun_language" title="Wutun language">Wutun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extinct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%E2%80%93Shu_Chinese" title="Ba–Shu Chinese">Ba–Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jie_language" title="Jie language">Jie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_language" title="Khitan language">Khitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yue_language" title="Old Yue language">Old Yue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_language" title="Rouran language">Rouran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka_language" title="Saka language">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_language" title="Tangut language">Tangut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_language" title="Tuoba language">Tuoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuyuhun_language" title="Tuyuhun language">Tuyuhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei#Language" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang-Zhung_language" title="Zhang-Zhung language">Zhangzhung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese Sign</a> <ul><li>Northern (Beijing) Sign</li> <li>Southern (Shanghai) Sign <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Sign_Language" title="Hong Kong Sign Language">Hong Kong Sign</a><b><sup>HK/MC</sup></b></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Sign_Language" title="Tibetan Sign Language">Tibetan Sign</a><b><sup>XZ</sup></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li>GX = Guangxi</li> <li>HK = Hong Kong</li> <li>MC = Macau</li> <li>NM = Inner Mongolia</li> <li>XJ = Xinjiang</li> <li>XZ = Tibet</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output 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