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id="toc-Linguistic_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins_and_developments_during_medieval_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_and_developments_during_medieval_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Origins and developments during medieval times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_developments_during_medieval_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Developments_under_Poland_and_Lithuania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developments_under_Poland_and_Lithuania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Developments under Poland and Lithuania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Developments_under_Poland_and_Lithuania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Chronology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_the_spoken_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_the_spoken_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History of the spoken language</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_the_spoken_language-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of the spoken language subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_spoken_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rus'_and_Kingdom_of_Ruthenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rus'_and_Kingdom_of_Ruthenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Rus' and Kingdom of Ruthenia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rus'_and_Kingdom_of_Ruthenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_Lithuania/Poland,_Muscovy/Russia_and_Austria-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_Lithuania/Poland,_Muscovy/Russia_and_Austria-Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Under Lithuania/Poland, Muscovy/Russia and Austria-Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_Lithuania/Poland,_Muscovy/Russia_and_Austria-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Speakers_in_the_Russian_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speakers_in_the_Russian_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Speakers in the Russian Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speakers_in_the_Russian_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Soviet era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stalin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stalin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Stalin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stalin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Khrushchev_thaw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khrushchev_thaw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Khrushchev thaw</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khrushchev_thaw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shelest_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shelest_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Shelest period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shelest_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shcherbytsky_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shcherbytsky_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Shcherbytsky period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shcherbytsky_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gorbachev_and_perebudova" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gorbachev_and_perebudova"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.5</span> <span>Gorbachev and perebudova</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gorbachev_and_perebudova-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_in_the_modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_in_the_modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Independence in the modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_in_the_modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature_and_literary_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_and_literary_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Literature and literary language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_and_literary_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Current usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Current_usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Current usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Current_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Cinema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Argots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neighbouring_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neighbouring_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Neighbouring countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neighbouring_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukrainian_diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukrainian_diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Ukrainian diaspora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukrainian_diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Language structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Language_structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Language structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Language_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transliteration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transliteration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Transliteration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transliteration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-False_cognates_with_Russian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#False_cognates_with_Russian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>False cognates with Russian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-False_cognates_with_Russian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Differences_with_other_Slavic_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences_with_other_Slavic_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Differences with other Slavic languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differences_with_other_Slavic_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sample text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ukrainian language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 179 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-179" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">179 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFens" title="Oekraïens – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oekraïens" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainische_Sprache" title="Ukrainische Sprache – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ukrainische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A9%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%AC%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%9B" title="ዩክሬንኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዩክሬንኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainakiel%C3%A2" title="Ukrainakielâ – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Ukrainakielâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="युक्रेनी भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="युक्रेनी भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucr%C3%A6gnisc_spr%C7%A3c" title="Ucrægnisc sprǣc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ucrægnisc sprǣc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Аукраин бызшәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аукраин бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الأوكرانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الأوكرانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_ucrain%C3%A9s" title="Idioma ucrainés – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma ucrainés" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D6%84%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A7%D5%B6" title="Ուքրաներէն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ուքրաներէն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_ucrainean%C3%A3" title="Limba ucraineanã – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Limba ucraineanã" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucr%C3%A8nien" title="Ucrènien – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ucrènien" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_ucra%C3%ADn" title="Idioma ucraín – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma ucraín" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukya%C3%B1a%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Ukyañañe'ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ukyañañe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80" title="Украин мацӀ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Украин мацӀ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraniya_aru" title="Ukraniya aru – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Ukraniya aru" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrain_dili" title="Ukrain dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ukrain dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="اوکراین دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوکراین دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="ইউক্রেনীয় ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইউক্রেনীয় ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina-g%C3%AD" title="Ukraina-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ukraina-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Украин теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Украин теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Украінская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Украінская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Украінская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Украінская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="यूक्रेनियाई भाषा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="यूक्रेनियाई भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toktok_Yukren" title="Toktok Yukren – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Toktok Yukren" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Украински език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Украински език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainische_Sproch" title="Ukrainische Sproch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Ukrainische Sproch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%80%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨུཀ་རཡི་ནི་སྐད། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨུཀ་རཡི་ནི་སྐད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrajinski_jezik" title="Ukrajinski jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ukrajinski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraineg" title="Ukraineg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ukraineg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Украин хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Украин хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucra%C3%AFn%C3%A8s" title="Ucraïnès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ucraïnès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Украин чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Украин чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinulongang_Ukranyano" title="Pinulongang Ukranyano – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pinulongang Ukranyano" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrajin%C5%A1tina" title="Ukrajinština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ukrajinština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_ucraina" title="Lingua ucraina – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lingua ucraina" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wcreineg" title="Wcreineg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Wcreineg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainsk_(sprog)" title="Ukrainsk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ukrainsk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لأوكرانية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لأوكرانية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainagiella" title="Ukrainagiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Ukrainagiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainische_Sprache" title="Ukrainische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ukrainische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainska_r%C4%9Bc" title="Ukrainska rěc – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Ukrainska rěc" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina_keel" title="Ukraina keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ukraina keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Ουκρανική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουκρανική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Украинань кель – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Украинань кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_ucraniano" title="Idioma ucraniano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma ucraniano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina_lingvo" title="Ukraina lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ukraina lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainera" title="Ukrainera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ukrainera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زبان اوکراینی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان اوکراینی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_bhasa" title="Ukrainian bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Ukrainian bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainien" title="Ukrainien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ukrainien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oekraynsk" title="Oekraynsk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Oekraynsk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_%C3%9Acr%C3%A1inis" title="An Úcráinis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Úcráinis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ookraanish" title="Ookraanish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ookraanish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrain_dili" title="Ukrain dili – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Ukrain dili" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucr%C3%A0inis" title="Ucràinis – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ucràinis" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_ucra%C3%ADna" title="Lingua ucraína – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua ucraína" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina-ng%C3%AE" title="Ukraina-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ukraina-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%ED%81%AC%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EB%82%98%EC%96%B4" title="우크라이나어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우크라이나어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshan_Ukraniya" title="Harshan Ukraniya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Harshan Ukraniya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C5%8Clelo_%CA%BBUkelana" title="ʻŌlelo ʻUkelana – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻŌlelo ʻUkelana" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Ուկրաիներեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուկրաիներեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="यूक्रेनी भाषा एवं साहित्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यूक्रेनी भाषा एवं साहित्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrain%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Ukrainšćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Ukrainšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrajinski_jezik" title="Ukrajinski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ukrajinski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainana_linguo" title="Ukrainana linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ukrainana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_nga_Ukraniano" title="Pagsasao nga Ukraniano – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao nga Ukraniano" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Ukraina" title="Bahasa Ukraina – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Украинаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Украинаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Akra%C3%ADnska" title="Úkraínska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Úkraínska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_ucraina" title="Lingua ucraina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua ucraina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אוקראינית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוקראינית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Украин тил – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Украин тил" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="უკრაინული ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უკრაინული ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%99kraji%C5%84sczi_j%C3%A3z%C3%ABk" title="Ùkrajińsczi jãzëk – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Ùkrajińsczi jãzëk" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Украин тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Украин тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraynek" title="Ukraynek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ukraynek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiukraini" title="Kiukraini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiukraini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Украин кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Украин кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainava" title="Ukrainava – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Ukrainava" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_%C3%BBkrayn%C3%AE" title="Zimanê ûkraynî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê ûkraynî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrain%C4%AB%C5%A1u_vol%C5%ABda" title="Ukrainīšu volūda – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Ukrainīšu volūda" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Ucrainica" title="Lingua Ucrainica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Ucrainica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrai%C5%86u_valoda" title="Ukraiņu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ukraiņu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainesch" title="Ukrainesch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ukrainesch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba" title="Ukrainiečių kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ukrainiečių kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_ucrainn-a" title="Lengua ucrainn-a – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua ucrainn-a" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFens" title="Oekraïens – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Oekraïens" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucrainsce_(lingua)" title="Ucrainsce (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Ucrainsce (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainan_kieli" title="Ukrainan kieli – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Ukrainan kieli" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_ucraina" title="Lengua ucraina – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua ucraina" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukr%C3%A1n_nyelv" title="Ukrán nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ukrán nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Украински јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Украински јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_okrainiana" title="Fiteny okrainiana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny okrainiana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="ഉക്രൈനിയൻ ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉക്രൈനിയൻ ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwa_Ukrena" title="Lingwa Ukrena – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwa Ukrena" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_%C5%AAkareinga" title="Reo Ūkareinga – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Ūkareinga" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="युक्रेनियन भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="युक्रेनियन भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="უკრაინული ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="უკრაინული ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="اوكرانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوكرانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="اوکراینی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اوکراینی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Ukraine" title="Bahasa Ukraine – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯌꯨꯀ꯭ꯔꯦꯅꯤꯌꯥꯟ ꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯌꯨꯀ꯭ꯔꯦꯅꯤꯌꯥꯟ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_Ukraina" title="Bahaso Ukraina – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Ukraine-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ukraine-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Украинонь кяль – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Украинонь кяль" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Украин хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Украин хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFens" title="Oekraïens – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oekraïens" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="युक्रेनी भाषा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="युक्रेनी भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="युक्रेनियन भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="युक्रेनियन भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%8A%E8%AA%9E" title="ウクライナ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウクライナ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Украинийн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Украинийн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainisk_spriak" title="Ukrainisk spriak – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ukrainisk spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainsk" title="Ukrainsk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ukrainsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainsk" title="Ukrainsk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ukrainsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucra%C3%AFnian" title="Ucraïnian – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ucraïnian" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Украин йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Украин йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrain_tili" title="Ukrain tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ukrain tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਯੂਕਰੇਨੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯੂਕਰੇਨੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="یوکرینی بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یوکرینی بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraniano" title="Ukraniano – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Ukraniano" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="اوکرايني ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اوکرايني ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%93" title="ភាសាអ៊ុយក្រែន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាអ៊ុយក្រែន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_ucrain-a" title="Lenga ucrain-a – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga ucrain-a" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/kai_nua_ukelan" title="kai nua ukelan – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="kai nua ukelan" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pinayuanan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainsche_Spraak" title="Ukrainsche Spraak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ukrainsche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_ukrai%C5%84ski" title="Język ukraiński – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język ukraiński" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_ucraniana" title="Língua ucraniana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua ucraniana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrain_tili" title="Ukrain tili – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ukrain tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrain_tili" title="Ukrain tili – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Ukrain tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_ucrainean%C4%83" title="Limba ucraineană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba ucraineană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukranya_simi" title="Ukranya simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ukranya simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Україньскый язык – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Україньскый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Украинский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Украинский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Украин тыла – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Украин тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%CA%BBa_Ukaraina" title="Faʻa Ukaraina – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Faʻa Ukaraina" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_ucraina" title="Limba ucraina – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba ucraina" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_leid" title="Ukrainian leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ukrainian leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_ukrainase" title="Gjuha ukrainase – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha ukrainase" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ukrainian language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrajin%C4%8Dina" title="Ukrajinčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ukrajinčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrajin%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Ukrajinščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ukrajinščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D1%A9%EA%99%81%EA%99%91%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Оукраиньскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Оукраиньскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraji%C5%84sko_godka" title="Ukrajińsko godka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ukrajińsko godka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زمانی ئوکراینی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی ئوکراینی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Украјински језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Украјински језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrajinski_jezik" title="Ukrajinski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ukrajinski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainan_kieli" title="Ukrainan kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ukrainan kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainska" title="Ukrainska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ukrainska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Ukranyo" title="Wikang Ukranyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Ukranyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="உக்குரேனிய மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உக்குரேனிய மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayt_tuk%E1%B9%9Baniyt" title="Tutlayt tukṛaniyt – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tutlayt tukṛaniyt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Украин теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Украин теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99" title="ภาษายูเครน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษายูเครน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Забони украинӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони украинӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lea_faka-%CA%BB%C5%AAkala%CA%BBine" title="Lea faka-ʻŪkalaʻine – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Lea faka-ʻŪkalaʻine" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraynaca" title="Ukraynaca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ukraynaca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrain_dili" title="Ukrain dili – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ukrain dili" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian" title="Ukrainian – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Ukrainian" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Украин кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Украин кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Українська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Українська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="یوکرینی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یوکرینی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%87%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="ئۇكرائىن تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئۇكرائىن تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainan_kel%27" title="Ukrainan kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Ukrainan kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Ukraina" title="Tiếng Ukraina – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukray%C3%A4nap%C3%BCk" title="Lukrayänapük – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lukrayänapük" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina_kiil" title="Ukraina kiil – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Ukraina kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oucrinnw%C3%A8s" title="Oucrinnwès – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Oucrinnwès" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukranyano" title="Ukranyano – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ukranyano" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="乌克兰语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="乌克兰语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A9" title="אוקראיניש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אוקראיניש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_Ukran%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Èdè Ukraníà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Ukraníà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E5%85%8B%E8%98%AD%E6%96%87" title="烏克蘭文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="烏克蘭文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraynki" title="Ukraynki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Ukraynki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ukrainian+language%22">"Ukrainian language"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ukrainian+language%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ukrainian+language%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ukrainian+language%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ukrainian+language%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ukrainian+language%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Ukrainian</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">українська мова</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="uk-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Ukrainian" title="Help:IPA/Ukrainian">[ʊkrɐˈjinʲsʲkɐ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈmɔʋɐ]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">L1</a>: 33 million (2016)<sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a>: 6.0 million (2016)<sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Ukrainian</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old East Slavic language">Old East Slavic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian</a> (Old Ukrainian) </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balachka" title="Balachka">Balachka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Ukrainian" title="Canadian Ukrainian">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokuttia-Bukovina_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Pokuttia-Bukovina dialect">Pokuttia-Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutsuls#Language" title="Hutsuls">Hutsul</a></li> <li>Among others, see: <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_dialects" title="Ukrainian dialects">Ukrainian dialects</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_alphabet" title="Ukrainian alphabet">Ukrainian alphabet</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian Braille</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority<br />language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a><sup id="cite_ref-treaty_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-treaty-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a><sup id="cite_ref-treaty_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-treaty-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a><sup id="cite_ref-languages_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-languages-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a><sup id="cite_ref-Rusojuz_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rusojuz-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a><sup id="cite_ref-treaty_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-treaty-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a><sup id="cite_ref-treaty_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-treaty-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a><sup id="cite_ref-treaty_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-treaty-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a><sup id="cite_ref-treaty_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-treaty-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_Ukraine" title="National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine">National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine</a>: <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Ukrainian_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute for the Ukrainian Language">Institute for the Ukrainian Language</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110926095038/http://www.ulif.com.ua/UMIF/">Ukrainian language-information fund</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inmo.org.ua/">Potebnya Institute of Language Studies</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=uk">uk</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=472">ukr</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ukr" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ukr">ukr</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ukra1253">ukra1253</a></code>  Ukrainian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">53-AAA-ed < <a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">53-AAA-e</a><br />(varieties: 53-AAA-eda to 53-AAA-edq)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/WIKITONGUES-_Vira_speaking_Ukrainian.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Vira_speaking_Ukrainian.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="464" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Vira_speaking_Ukrainian.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Vira_speaking_Ukrainian.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/20/WIKITONGUES-_Vira_speaking_Ukrainian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Vira_speaking_Ukrainian.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/20/WIKITONGUES-_Vira_speaking_Ukrainian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Vira_speaking_Ukrainian.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/20/WIKITONGUES-_Vira_speaking_Ukrainian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Vira_speaking_Ukrainian.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/WIKITONGUES-_Vira_speaking_Ukrainian.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/20/WIKITONGUES-_Vira_speaking_Ukrainian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Vira_speaking_Ukrainian.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/20/WIKITONGUES-_Vira_speaking_Ukrainian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Vira_speaking_Ukrainian.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/20/WIKITONGUES-_Vira_speaking_Ukrainian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Vira_speaking_Ukrainian.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Vira_speaking_Ukrainian.webm&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Vira_speaking_Ukrainian.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Vira_speaking_Ukrainian.webm&lang=uk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="uk" label="українська ‪(uk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>A speaker of Ukrainian, recorded at <a href="/wiki/Wikimania" title="Wikimania">Wikimania</a> 2019 in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ukrainian</b> (<span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">українська мова</span></span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">ukrainska mova</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="uk-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Ukrainian" title="Help:IPA/Ukrainian">[ʊkrɐˈjinʲsʲkɐ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈmɔʋɐ]</a></span>) is one of the <a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic languages</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> family, and it is spoken primarily in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. It is the <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first (native) language</a> of a large majority of <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>. </p><p>Written Ukrainian uses the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_alphabet" title="Ukrainian alphabet">Ukrainian alphabet</a>, a variant of the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard language</a> is studied by the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_Ukraine" title="National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine">National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potebnia_Institute_of_Linguistics" title="Potebnia Institute of Linguistics">Potebnia Institute of Linguistics</a>. Comparisons are often made between Ukrainian and <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, another East Slavic language, yet there is more <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a> with <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-classification145_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-classification145-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a closer <a href="/wiki/Lexical_similarity" title="Lexical similarity">lexical distance</a> to <a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a> <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a> <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ukrainian is a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic">Old East Slavic</a>, a language spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> state of <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a>, the language developed into <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian</a>, where it became an official language,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before a process of <a href="/wiki/Polonization" title="Polonization">Polonization</a> began in the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>. By the 18th century, Ruthenian diverged into regional variants, and the modern Ukrainian language developed in the territory of present-day Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-pugh_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pugh-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-shevelov_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shevelov-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bunčić_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bunčić-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a> saw the Ukrainian language banned as a subject from schools and as a language of instruction in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, and continued in various ways in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-schools_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schools-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even so, the language continued to see use throughout the country, and remained particularly strong in <a href="/wiki/Western_Ukraine" title="Western Ukraine">Western Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WUkraineL_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WUkraineL-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UkrGrammar30_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UkrGrammar30-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linguistic_development">Linguistic development</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slavic_languages_tree_and_map_from_Kushniarevich_article.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Slavic_languages_tree_and_map_from_Kushniarevich_article.png/280px-Slavic_languages_tree_and_map_from_Kushniarevich_article.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="370" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Slavic_languages_tree_and_map_from_Kushniarevich_article.png/420px-Slavic_languages_tree_and_map_from_Kushniarevich_article.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Slavic_languages_tree_and_map_from_Kushniarevich_article.png/560px-Slavic_languages_tree_and_map_from_Kushniarevich_article.png 2x" data-file-width="966" data-file-height="1275" /></a><figcaption>A schematic depiction according to genetic studies by Alena Kushniarevich</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theories">Theories</h3></div> <p>Specific developments that led to a gradual change of the Old East Slavic vowel system into the system found in modern Ukrainian began approximately in the 12th/13th century (that is, still at the time of the Kievan Rus') with a lengthening and raising of the Old East Slavic mid vowels <i>e</i> and <i>o</i> when followed by a consonant and a <a href="/wiki/Havl%C3%ADk%27s_law" title="Havlík's law">weak yer</a> vowel that would eventually disappear completely, for example Old East Slavic котъ /kɔtə/ > Ukrainian кіт /kit/ 'cat' (via transitional stages such as /koˑtə̆/, /kuˑt(ə̆)/, /kyˑt/ or similar) or Old East Slavic печь /pʲɛtʃʲə/ > Ukrainian піч /pitʃ/ 'oven' (via transitional stages such as /pʲeˑtʃʲə̆/, /pʲiˑtʃʲ/ or similar).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This raising and other phonological developments of the time, such as the merger of the Old East Slavic vowel phonemes и /i/ and ы /ɨ/ into the specifically Ukrainian phoneme /ɪ ~ e/, spelled with и (in the 13th/14th centuries), and the fricativisation of the Old East Slavic consonant г /g/, probably first to /ɣ/ (in the 13th century), with /ɦ/ as a reflex in Modern Ukrainian, did not happen in Russian. Only the fricativisation of Old East Slavic г /g/ occurred in Belarusian, where the present-day reflex is /ɣ/.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ahatanhel_Krymsky" title="Ahatanhel Krymsky">Ahatanhel Krymsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Shakhmatov" title="Aleksey Shakhmatov">Aleksey Shakhmatov</a> assumed the existence of the common spoken language of Eastern Slavs only in prehistoric times.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to their point of view, the diversification of the Old East Slavic language took place in the 8th or early 9th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Russian linguist <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Zaliznyak" title="Andrey Zaliznyak">Andrey Zaliznyak</a> stated that the <a href="/wiki/Old_Novgorod_dialect" title="Old Novgorod dialect">Old Novgorod dialect</a> differed significantly from that of other dialects of Kievan Rus' during the 11th–12th century, but started becoming more similar to them around the 13th–15th centuries. The modern Russian language hence developed from the fusion of this Novgorod dialect and the common dialect spoken by the other Kievan Rus', whereas the modern Ukrainian and Belarusian languages developed from dialects which did not differ from each other in a significant way.<sup id="cite_ref-About_Russian_Language_History_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_Russian_Language_History-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ukrainian linguist <a href="/wiki/Stepan_Smal-Stotsky" title="Stepan Smal-Stotsky">Stepan Smal-Stotsky</a> denies the existence of a common Old East Slavic language at any time in the past.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar points of view were shared by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yevhen_Tymchenko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yevhen Tymchenko (page does not exist)">Yevhen Tymchenko</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vsevolod_Hantsov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vsevolod Hantsov (page does not exist)">Vsevolod Hantsov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olena_Kurylo" title="Olena Kurylo">Olena Kurylo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ohienko" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Ohienko">Ivan Ohienko</a> and others. According to this theory, the dialects of East Slavic tribes evolved gradually from the common Proto-Slavic language without any intermediate stages during the 6th through 9th centuries. The Ukrainian language was formed by convergence of tribal dialects, mostly due to an intensive migration of the population within the territory of today's Ukraine in later historical periods. This point of view was also supported by <a href="/wiki/George_Shevelov" title="George Shevelov">George Shevelov</a>'s phonological studies,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which argue that specific features<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (September 2016)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> were already recognizable in the southern dialects of Old East Slavic (seen as ancestors to Ukrainian) as far back as these varieties can be documented.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_and_developments_during_medieval_times">Origins and developments during medieval times</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CR1fdjz9VHU">The Ukrainian language in the graffiti of St. Sophia of Kiev</a><br /><a href="/wiki/National_Sanctuary_%22Sophia_of_Kiev%22" class="mw-redirect" title="National Sanctuary "Sophia of Kiev"">National Sanctuary "Sophia of Kiev"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As a result of close Slavic contacts with the remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatian</a> population north of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, lasting into the early <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the appearance of the voiced fricative γ/г (romanized "h"), in modern Ukrainian and some southern Russian dialects is explained by the assumption that it initially emerged in <a href="/wiki/Scythian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian language">Scythian</a> and related eastern Iranian dialects, from earlier common <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <i>*g</i> and <i>*gʰ</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 13th century, when German settlers were invited to Ukraine by the princes of the Kingdom of Ruthenia, German words began to appear in the language spoken in Ukraine. Their influence would continue under <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> not only through German colonists but also through the <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish-speaking</a> Jews. Often such words involve trade or handicrafts. Examples of words of German or Yiddish origin spoken in Ukraine include <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><i lang="uk">dakh</i></span> ("roof"), <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><i lang="uk">rura</i></span> ("pipe"), <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><i lang="uk">rynok</i></span> ("market"), <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><i lang="uk">kushnir</i></span> ("furrier"), and <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><i lang="uk">majster</i></span> ("master" or "craftsman").<sup id="cite_ref-Concise_Middle_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Concise_Middle-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Developments_under_Poland_and_Lithuania">Developments under Poland and Lithuania</h3></div> <p>In the 13th century, eastern parts of Rus (including Moscow) came under <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Tatar rule</a> until their unification under the Tsardom of <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Muscovy</a>, whereas the south-western areas (including <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>) were incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a>. For the following four centuries, the languages of the two regions evolved in relative isolation from each other. Direct written evidence of the existence of the Ukrainian language dates to the late 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 16th century, a peculiar official language formed: a mixture of the liturgical standardised language of <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>. The influence of the latter gradually increased relative to the former two, as the nobility and rural large-landowning class, known as the <a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">szlachta</a>, was largely Polish-speaking. Documents soon took on many Polish characteristics superimposed on Ruthenian phonetics.<sup id="cite_ref-KostOstr_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KostOstr-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a> rule and education also involved significant exposure to the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> language. Much of the influence of Poland on the development of the Ukrainian language has been attributed to this period and is reflected in multiple words and constructions used in everyday Ukrainian speech that were taken from Polish or Latin. Examples of Polish words adopted from this period include <i>zavzhdy</i> (always; taken from old Polish word <i>zawżdy</i>) and <i>obitsiaty</i> (to promise; taken from Polish <i>obiecać</i>) and from Latin (via Polish) <i>raptom</i> (suddenly) and <i>meta</i> (aim or goal).<sup id="cite_ref-Concise_Middle_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Concise_Middle-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Significant contact with <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turks</a> resulted in many <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> words, particularly those involving military matters and steppe industry, being adopted into the Ukrainian language. Examples include <i>torba</i> (bag) and <i>tyutyun</i> (tobacco).<sup id="cite_ref-Concise_Middle_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Concise_Middle-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of the substantial number of loanwords from Polish, German, Czech and Latin, early modern vernacular Ukrainian (<i>prosta mova</i>, "<a href="/wiki/Simple_speech" title="Simple speech">simple speech</a>") had more lexical similarity with <a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic languages</a> than with Russian or Church Slavonic.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the mid-17th century, the linguistic divergence between the Ukrainian and Russian languages had become so significant that there was a need for translators during negotiations for the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Pereyaslav" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Pereyaslav">Treaty of Pereyaslav</a>, between <a href="/wiki/Bohdan_Khmelnytsky" title="Bohdan Khmelnytsky">Bohdan Khmelnytsky</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Host" title="Zaporozhian Host">Zaporozhian Host</a>, and the Russian state.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 18th century, Ruthenian had diverged into regional variants, developing into the modern <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a>, and Ukrainian languages.<sup id="cite_ref-pugh_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pugh-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-shevelov_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shevelov-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bunčić_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bunčić-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chronology">Chronology</h3></div> <p>The accepted chronology of Ukrainian divides the language into Old Ukrainian, Middle Ukrainian, and Modern Ukrainian.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shevelov explains that much of this is based on the character of contemporary written sources, ultimately reflecting socio-historical developments, and he further subdivides the Middle period into three phases:<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Proto-Ukrainian (abbreviated PU, Ukrainian: <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><i lang="uk-Latn">protoukrajinsʼkyj period</i></span>, until the mid-11th century), with no extant written sources by speakers in Ukraine. Corresponding to aspects of <a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic">Old East Slavic</a>.</li> <li>Old Ukrainian (OU, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><i lang="uk-Latn">davnʼoukrajinsʼkyj period</i></span> or <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><i lang="uk-Latn">davnʼoukrajinsʼka mova</i></span>, mid-11th to 14th c., conventional end date 1387), elements of phonology are deduced from written texts mainly in Church Slavic. Part of broader Old East Slavic.</li> <li>Middle Ukrainian (<span title="Ukrainian-language text"><i lang="uk-Latn">serednʼoukrajinsʼkyj period</i></span> or <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><i lang="uk-Latn">staroukrajinsʼka mova</i></span>, 15th to 18th c.), historically called <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian</a>. <ul><li>Early Middle Ukrainian (EMU, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><i lang="uk-Latn">rannʼoserednʼoukrajinsʼkyj period</i></span>, 15th to mid-16th c., 1387–1575), analysis focuses on distinguishing Ukrainian and Belarusian texts.</li> <li>Middle Ukrainian (MU, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><i lang="uk-Latn">serednʼoukrajinsʼkyj period</i></span>, mid-16th to early 18th c., 1575–1720), represented by several vernacular language varieties as well as a version of Church Slavonic.</li> <li>Late Middle Ukrainian (LMU, <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><i lang="uk-Latn">piznoserednʼoukrajinsʼkyj period</i></span>, rest of the 18th c., 1720–1818), found in many mixed Ukrainian–Russian and Russian–Ukrainian texts.</li></ul></li> <li>Modern Ukrainian (MoU, from the very end of the 18th c., <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><i lang="uk-Latn">sučasnyj period</i></span> or <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><i lang="uk-Latn">sučasna ukrajinsʼka mova</i></span>, from 1818), the vernacular recognized first in literature, and subsequently all other written genres.</li></ul> <p>Ukraine annually marks the Day of Ukrainian Writing and Language on 9 November, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Feast_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast day">feast day</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nestor_the_Chronicler" title="Nestor the Chronicler">Nestor the Chronicler</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_the_spoken_language">History of the spoken language</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">History of Ukraine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8B_1646_new.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8B_1646_new.jpg/220px-%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8B_1646_new.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8B_1646_new.jpg/330px-%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8B_1646_new.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8B_1646_new.jpg/440px-%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8B_1646_new.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption>"Lenten Triodion" of Kiev Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Petro_Mohyla" title="Petro Mohyla">Petro Mohyla</a>, 1646 </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ukraine_census_2001_Ukrainian.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ukraine_census_2001_Ukrainian.svg/300px-Ukraine_census_2001_Ukrainian.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ukraine_census_2001_Ukrainian.svg/450px-Ukraine_census_2001_Ukrainian.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ukraine_census_2001_Ukrainian.svg/600px-Ukraine_census_2001_Ukrainian.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>Percentage of people with Ukrainian as their native language according to 2001 census (by region)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rus'_and_Kingdom_of_Ruthenia"><span id="Rus.27_and_Kingdom_of_Ruthenia"></span>Rus' and Kingdom of Ruthenia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian language</a></div> <p>The era of <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 880–1240) is the subject of some linguistic controversy, as the language of much of the literature was purely or heavily <a href="/wiki/Old_Slavonic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Slavonic language">Old Church Slavonic</a>. Some theorists<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2024)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> see an early Ukrainian stage in language development here, calling it Old Ruthenian; others<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2024)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> term this era <a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic">Old East Slavic</a>. Russian theorists tend to amalgamate Rus' to the modern nation of Russia, and call this linguistic era Old Russian. However, according to Russian linguist Andrey Zaliznyak (2012), people from the <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod Republic</a> did not call themselves <i>Rus<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span></i> until the 14th century; earlier Novgorodians reserved the term <i>Rus<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span></i> for the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Kiev" title="Principality of Kiev">Kiev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Pereyaslavl" title="Principality of Pereyaslavl">Pereyaslavl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Chernigov" title="Principality of Chernigov">Chernigov</a> principalities.<sup id="cite_ref-About_Russian_Language_History_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_Russian_Language_History-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time as evidenced by contemporary chronicles, the ruling princes and kings of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Galicia–Volhynia</a> and Kiev called themselves "people of Rus<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>" (in foreign sources called "<a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenians</a>"),<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and Galicia–Volhynia has alternately been called the Principality or Kingdom of Ruthenia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakubowskiMiszczukKawałkoKomornicki20166_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakubowskiMiszczukKawałkoKomornicki20166-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also according to Andrey Zaliznyak, the Novgorodian dialect differed significantly from that of other dialects of Kievan Rus during the 11th–12th century, but started becoming more similar to them around 13th–15th centuries. The modern Russian language hence developed from the fusion of this Novgorodian dialect and the common dialect spoken by the other Kievan Rus, whereas the modern Ukrainian and Belarusian languages developed from the dialects which did not differ from each other in a significant way.<sup id="cite_ref-About_Russian_Language_History_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_Russian_Language_History-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_Lithuania/Poland,_Muscovy/Russia_and_Austria-Hungary"><span id="Under_Lithuania.2FPoland.2C_Muscovy.2FRussia_and_Austria-Hungary"></span>Under Lithuania/Poland, Muscovy/Russia and Austria-Hungary</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peresopnytske_Gospel_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Peresopnytske_Gospel_04.jpg/170px-Peresopnytske_Gospel_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Peresopnytske_Gospel_04.jpg/255px-Peresopnytske_Gospel_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Peresopnytske_Gospel_04.jpg/340px-Peresopnytske_Gospel_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="948" /></a><figcaption>Miniature of <a href="/wiki/St_Luke" class="mw-redirect" title="St Luke">St Luke</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Peresopnytsia_Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Peresopnytsia Gospels">Peresopnytsia Gospels</a> (1561)</figcaption></figure> <p>After the fall of the Kingdom of Ruthenia, Ukrainians mainly fell under the rule of Lithuania and then <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Polish_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of the Polish Kingdom">Poland</a>. Local autonomy of both rule and language was a marked feature of Lithuanian rule. In the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Old East Slavic became the language of the chancellery and gradually evolved into the Ruthenian language. Polish rule, which came later, was accompanied by a more assimilationist policy. By the 1569 <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Lublin" title="Union of Lublin">Union of Lublin</a> that formed the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, a significant part of Ukrainian territory was moved from Lithuanian rule to Polish administration, resulting in cultural <a href="/wiki/Polonization" title="Polonization">Polonization</a> and visible attempts to <a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">colonize</a> Ukraine by the Polish nobility.<sup id="cite_ref-Mywebpages.comcast.net_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mywebpages.comcast.net-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Ukrainian nobles learned the Polish language and converted to Catholicism during that period in order to maintain their lofty aristocratic position.<sup id="cite_ref-Mywebpages.comcast.net_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mywebpages.comcast.net-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lower classes were less affected because literacy was common only in the upper class and clergy. The latter were also under significant Polish pressure after the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Brest" title="Union of Brest">Union with the Catholic Church</a>. Most of the educational system was gradually Polonized. In Ruthenia, the language of administrative documents gradually shifted towards Polish.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Polish has had heavy influences on Ukrainian (particularly in <a href="/wiki/Western_Ukraine" title="Western Ukraine">Western Ukraine</a>). The southwestern Ukrainian dialects are <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">transitional</a> to Polish.<sup id="cite_ref-Hull_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hull-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Ukrainian language developed further, some borrowings from <a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> occurred. Ukrainian culture and language flourished in the sixteenth and first half of the 17th century, when Ukraine was part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, albeit in spite of being part of the PLC, not as a result. Among many schools established in that time, the Kyiv-Mohyla Collegium (the predecessor of the modern <a href="/wiki/Kyiv-Mohyla_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyiv-Mohyla Academy">Kyiv-Mohyla Academy</a>), founded by the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mogila" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Mogila">Peter Mogila</a>, was the most important. At that time languages were associated more with religions: Catholics spoke Polish, and members of the Orthodox church spoke Ruthenian.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The 1654 <a href="/wiki/Pereiaslav_Agreement" title="Pereiaslav Agreement">Pereiaslav Agreement</a> between <a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexis_of_Russia" title="Alexis of Russia">Alexis of Russia</a> divided Ukraine between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia. During the following century, both monarchies became increasingly intolerant of Ukrainian own cultural and political aspirations.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ukrainians found themselves in a colonial situation.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian centre adopted the name <i>Little Russia</i> for Ukraine and <i>Little Russian</i> for the language,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an expression that originated in Byzantine Greek and may originally have meant "old, original, fundamental Russia", and had been in use since the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ukrainian high culture went into a long period of steady decline. The Kyiv-Mohyla Academy was taken over by the Russian Empire. Most of the remaining Ukrainian schools also switched to Polish or Russian in the territories controlled by these respective countries, which was followed by a new wave of Polonization and <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a> of the native nobility. Gradually the official language of Ukrainian provinces under Poland was changed to Polish, while the upper classes in the Russian part of Ukraine used Russian.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the 19th century, a revival of Ukrainian self-identification manifested in the literary classes of both Russian-Empire <a href="/wiki/Dnieper_Ukraine" title="Dnieper Ukraine">Dnieper Ukraine</a> and Austrian <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Sts_Cyril_and_Methodius" class="mw-redirect" title="Brotherhood of Sts Cyril and Methodius">Brotherhood of Sts Cyril and Methodius</a> in Kyiv applied an old word for the Cossack motherland, <i>Ukrajina</i>, as a self-appellation for the nation of Ukrainians, and <i>Ukrajins'ka mova</i> for the language. Many writers published works in the Romantic tradition of Europe demonstrating that Ukrainian was not merely a language of the village but suitable for literary pursuits.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>However, in the Russian Empire expressions of Ukrainian culture and especially language were repeatedly persecuted for fear that a self-aware Ukrainian nation would threaten the unity of the empire. In 1804 Ukrainian as a subject and language of instruction was banned from schools.<sup id="cite_ref-schools_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schools-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1811, by order of the Russian government, the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy was closed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1847 the Brotherhood of St Cyril and Methodius was terminated. The same year <a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko" title="Taras Shevchenko">Taras Shevchenko</a> was arrested, exiled for ten years, and banned for political reasons from writing and painting. In 1862 <a href="/wiki/Pavlo_Chubynsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavlo Chubynsky">Pavlo Chubynsky</a> was exiled for seven years to <a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a>. The Ukrainian magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Osnova" title="Osnova">Osnova</a></i> was discontinued. In 1863, the tsarist interior minister <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Valuyev" title="Pyotr Valuyev">Pyotr Valuyev</a> proclaimed in <a href="/wiki/Valuyevsky_Ukaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Valuyevsky Ukaz">his decree</a> that "there never has been, is not, and never can be a separate Little Russian language".<sup id="cite_ref-Valuyev_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valuyev-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Ukraine" title="Name of Ukraine">name of Ukraine</a> is known since 1187, it was not applied to the language until the mid-19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Flier,Graziosi_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flier,Graziosi-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Linguonym" title="Linguonym">linguonym</a> <i>Ukrainian language</i> appears in <a href="/wiki/Yakub_Holovatsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakub Holovatsky">Yakub Holovatsky</a>'s book from 1849,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> listed there as a variant name of the <i>Little Russian language</i>. In a private letter from 1854, Taras Shevchenko lauds "our splendid Ukrainian language".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Valuyev's decree from 1863 derides the "Little Russian" language throughout, but also mentions "the so-called Ukrainian language" once.<sup id="cite_ref-Valuyev_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valuyev-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Galicia, the earliest applications of the term <i>Ukrainian</i> to the language were in the hyphenated names <i>Ukrainian-Ruthenian</i> (1866, by <a href="/wiki/Paulin_%C5%9Awi%C4%99cicki" title="Paulin Święcicki">Paulin Święcicki</a>) or <i>Ruthenian-Ukrainian</i> (1871, by <a href="/wiki/Panteleimon_Kulish" title="Panteleimon Kulish">Panteleimon Kulish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Puluj" title="Ivan Puluj">Ivan Puluj</a>), with non-hyphenated <i>Ukrainian language</i> appearing shortly thereafter (in 1878, by <a href="/wiki/Mykhailo_Drahomanov" title="Mykhailo Drahomanov">Mykhailo Drahomanov</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A following ban on Ukrainian books led to <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a>'s secret <a href="/wiki/Ems_Ukaz" title="Ems Ukaz">Ems Ukaz</a>, which prohibited publication and importation of most Ukrainian-language books, public performances and lectures, and even banned the printing of Ukrainian texts accompanying musical scores.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A period of leniency after 1905 was followed by another strict ban in 1914, which also affected Russian-occupied Galicia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuckyj199024–25_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuckyj199024–25-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For much of the 19th century the Austrian authorities demonstrated some preference for Polish culture, but the Ukrainians were relatively free to partake in their own cultural pursuits in <a href="/wiki/Halychyna" class="mw-redirect" title="Halychyna">Halychyna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a>, where Ukrainian was widely used in education and official documents.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The suppression by Russia hampered the literary development of the Ukrainian language in Dnipro Ukraine, but there was a constant exchange with Halychyna, and many works were published under Austria and smuggled to the east.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By the time of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> of 1917 and the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungary#Dissolution_of_the_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungary">collapse of Austro-Hungary</a> in 1918, Ukrainians were ready to openly develop a body of national literature, institute a Ukrainian-language educational system, and form an independent state (the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a>, shortly joined by the <a href="/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic">West Ukrainian People's Republic</a>). During this brief independent statehood the stature and use of Ukrainian greatly improved.<sup id="cite_ref-UkrGrammar30_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UkrGrammar30-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Speakers_in_the_Russian_Empire">Speakers in the Russian Empire</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ukrainian_in_Russian_Empire_1897.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ukrainian_in_Russian_Empire_1897.png/300px-Ukrainian_in_Russian_Empire_1897.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ukrainian_in_Russian_Empire_1897.png/450px-Ukrainian_in_Russian_Empire_1897.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ukrainian_in_Russian_Empire_1897.png/600px-Ukrainian_in_Russian_Empire_1897.png 2x" data-file-width="2656" data-file-height="1542" /></a><figcaption>Ukrainian speakers in the Russian Empire (1897)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Empire Census">Russian Empire Census</a> of 1897 the following picture emerged, with Ukrainian being the second most spoken language of the Russian Empire. According to the Imperial census's terminology, the Russian language (<i>Русскій</i>) was subdivided into Ukrainian (Малорусскій, '<a href="/wiki/Little_Russian" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Russian">Little Russian</a>'), what is known as Russian today (Великорусскій, '<a href="/wiki/Great_Russian" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Russian">Great Russian</a>'), and Belarusian (Бѣлорусскій, 'White Russian').<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The following table shows the distribution of settlement by native language (<i>"по родному языку"</i>) in 1897 in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> governorates (<i><a href="/wiki/Guberniya" class="mw-redirect" title="Guberniya">guberniyas</a></i>) that had more than 100,000 Ukrainian speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table border="1" cellpadding="2" style="text-align:right; white-space:wrap; border:0 none transparent; border-collapse:collapse;" summary="Speakers of Ukrainian, Russian, and Polish languages in the entire Russian Empire, by rural/urban split, and broken down by 23 guberniyas."> <tbody><tr style="border-bottom:3px double #999; vertical-align:bottom;"> <th> </th> <th style="width:20%;">Total population </th> <th style="width:20%;">Ukrainian speakers </th> <th style="width:20%;">Russian speakers </th> <th style="width:20%;">Polish speakers </th></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td><em><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Entire Russian Empire</a></em> </td> <td>125,640,021 </td> <td>22,380,551 </td> <td>55,667,469 </td> <td>7,931,307 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a> </td> <td>16,828,395 </td> <td>1,256,387 </td> <td>8,825,733 </td> <td>1,455,527 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rural" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural">Rural</a> </td> <td>108,811,626 </td> <td>21,124,164 </td> <td>46,841,736 </td> <td>6,475,780 </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:1px solid #999; background:#eee;"> <td><em>Regions</em> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:bottom;"> <td>"<a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a>" <br />incl. Ukraine & Belarus </td> <td>93,442,864 </td> <td>20,414,866 </td> <td>48,558,721 </td> <td>1,109,934 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vistula_Land" title="Vistula Land">Vistulan guberniyas</a> </td> <td>9,402,253 </td> <td>335,337 </td> <td>267,160 </td> <td>6,755,503 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> </td> <td>9,289,364 </td> <td>1,305,463 </td> <td>1,829,793 </td> <td>25,117 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> </td> <td>5,758,822 </td> <td>223,274 </td> <td>4,423,803 </td> <td>29,177 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> </td> <td>7,746,718 </td> <td>101,611 </td> <td>587,992 </td> <td>11,576 </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:1px solid #999; background:#eee;"> <td><em>Subdivisions</em> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a> </td> <td>1,935,412 </td> <td>379,698 </td> <td>155,774 </td> <td>11,696 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Volhynia" title="Volhynia">Volyn</a> </td> <td>2,989,482 </td> <td>2,095,579 </td> <td>104,889 </td> <td>184,161 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Voronezh_Oblast" title="Voronezh Oblast">Voronezh</a> </td> <td>2,531,253 </td> <td>915,883 </td> <td>1,602,948 </td> <td>1,778 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Don_Host_Oblast" title="Don Host Oblast">Don Host Oblast</a> </td> <td>2,564,238 </td> <td>719,655 </td> <td>1,712,898 </td> <td>3,316 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yekaterinoslav_Governorate" title="Yekaterinoslav Governorate">Yekaterinoslav</a> </td> <td>2,113,674 </td> <td>1,456,369 </td> <td>364,974 </td> <td>12,365 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyiv Governorate">Kyiv</a> </td> <td>3,559,229 </td> <td>2,819,145 </td> <td>209,427 </td> <td>68,791 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kursk_Oblast" title="Kursk Oblast">Kursk</a> </td> <td>2,371,012 </td> <td>527,778 </td> <td>1,832,498 </td> <td>2,862 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Podolia" title="Podolia">Podolia</a> </td> <td>3,018,299 </td> <td>2,442,819 </td> <td>98,984 </td> <td>69,156 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Poltava_Governorate" title="Poltava Governorate">Poltava</a> </td> <td>2,778,151 </td> <td>2,583,133 </td> <td>72,941 </td> <td>3,891 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taurida_Governorate" title="Taurida Governorate">Taurida</a> </td> <td>1,447,790 </td> <td>611,121 </td> <td>404,463 </td> <td>10,112 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kharkiv_Oblast" title="Kharkiv Oblast">Kharkiv</a> </td> <td>2,492,316 </td> <td>2,009,411 </td> <td>440,936 </td> <td>5,910 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kherson_Governorate" title="Kherson Governorate">Kherson</a> </td> <td>2,733,612 </td> <td>1,462,039 </td> <td>575,375 </td> <td>30,894 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">City of Odesa</a> </td> <td>403,815 </td> <td>37,925 </td> <td>198,233 </td> <td>17,395 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chernigov_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Chernigov Governorate">Chernihiv</a> </td> <td>2,297,854 </td> <td>1,526,072 </td> <td>495,963 </td> <td>3,302 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Voivodeship" title="Lublin Voivodeship">Lublin</a> </td> <td>1,160,662 </td> <td>196,476 </td> <td>47,912 </td> <td>729,529 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Siedlce_Voivodeship" title="Siedlce Voivodeship">Sedletsk</a> </td> <td>772,146 </td> <td>107,785 </td> <td>19,613 </td> <td>510,621 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuban" title="Kuban">Kuban Province</a> </td> <td>1,918,881 </td> <td>908,818 </td> <td>816,734 </td> <td>2,719 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stavropol_Krai" title="Stavropol Krai">Stavropol</a> </td> <td>873,301 </td> <td>319,817 </td> <td>482,495 </td> <td>961 </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom:3px double #999;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Brest_Voblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Brest Voblast">Brest-Litovsk district</a> </td> <td>218,432 </td> <td>140,561 </td> <td>17,759 </td> <td>8,515 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Although in the rural regions of the Ukrainian provinces, 80% of the inhabitants said that Ukrainian was their native language in the Census of 1897 (for which the results are given above), in the urban regions only 32.5% of the population claimed Ukrainian as their native language. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a> (then part of the Russian Empire), at the time the largest city in the territory of current Ukraine, only 5.6% of the population said Ukrainian was their native language.<sup id="cite_ref-George_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-George-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the 1920s the urban population in Ukraine grew faster than the number of Ukrainian speakers. This implies that there was a (relative) decline in the use of Ukrainian language. For example, in Kyiv, the number of people stating that Ukrainian was their native language declined from 30.3% in 1874 to 16.6% in 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-George_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-George-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_era">Soviet era</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_UA_class_union.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Soviet_UA_class_union.gif/220px-Soviet_UA_class_union.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Soviet_UA_class_union.gif/330px-Soviet_UA_class_union.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Soviet_UA_class_union.gif/440px-Soviet_UA_class_union.gif 2x" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A Ukrainian-language poster reading "The social foundation of the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> is an unbreakable union of the workers, peasants and <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a>"</figcaption></figure> <p>During the seven-decade-long <a href="/wiki/Soviet_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet era">Soviet era</a>, the Ukrainian language held the formal position of the principal local language in the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-life_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-life-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, practice was often a different story:<sup id="cite_ref-life_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-life-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ukrainian always had to compete with Russian, and the attitudes of the Soviet leadership towards Ukrainian varied from encouragement and tolerance to de facto banishment.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Officially, there was no <a href="/wiki/State_language" class="mw-redirect" title="State language">state language</a> in the Soviet Union until the very end when it was proclaimed in 1990 that Russian language was the all-Union state language and that the constituent <a href="/wiki/Soviet_republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet republics">republics</a> had rights to declare additional state languages within their jurisdictions.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still it was implicitly understood in the hopes of minority nations that Ukrainian would be used in the Ukrainian SSR, <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a> would be used in the <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbek SSR">Uzbek SSR</a>, and so on.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, Russian was used as the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> in all parts of the Soviet Union and a special term, "a language of inter-ethnic communication", was coined to denote its status.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stalin">Stalin</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ukrainianization" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainianization">Ukrainianization</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <span class="extendedconfirmed-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_language&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a></span><span class="nonextendedconfirmed-show"><span class="sysop-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_language&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> or </span><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AUkrainian_language&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+extended-protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Extended-confirmed-protected+edit+request+on+23+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+extended-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Ukrainian+language">making an edit request</a></span></span>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Khrushchev_thaw">Khrushchev thaw</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rouble-1961-Paper-1-Reverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rouble-1961-Paper-1-Reverse.jpg/250px-Rouble-1961-Paper-1-Reverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rouble-1961-Paper-1-Reverse.jpg/375px-Rouble-1961-Paper-1-Reverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rouble-1961-Paper-1-Reverse.jpg/500px-Rouble-1961-Paper-1-Reverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4930" data-file-height="2463" /></a><figcaption>While Russian was a de facto official language of the Soviet Union in all but formal name, all national languages were proclaimed equal. The name and denomination of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_rouble" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet rouble">Soviet banknotes</a> were listed in the languages of all fifteen <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Soviet republics</a>. On this 1961 1 Rbl note, the Ukrainian for "one rouble", один карбованець (<i>odyn karbovanets`</i>), directly follows the Russian один рубль (<i>odin rubl`</i>).</figcaption></figure> <p>After the death of Stalin (1953), a general policy of relaxing the language policies of the past was implemented (1958 to 1963). The <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Khrushchev</a> era which followed saw a policy of relatively lenient concessions to development of the languages at the local and republic level, though its results in Ukraine did not go nearly as far as those of the Soviet policy of Ukrainianization in the 1920s. Journals and encyclopedic publications advanced in the Ukrainian language during the Khrushchev era, as well as <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of Crimea">transfer of Crimea</a> under Ukrainian SSR jurisdiction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Yet, the 1958 school reform that allowed parents to choose the language of primary instruction for their children, unpopular among the circles of the national intelligentsia in parts of the USSR, meant that non-Russian languages would slowly give way to Russian in light of the pressures of survival and advancement. The gains of the past, already largely reversed by the Stalin era, were offset by the liberal attitude towards the requirement to study the local languages (the requirement to study Russian remained).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Parents were usually free to choose the language of study of their children (except in few areas where attending the Ukrainian school might have required a long daily commute) and they often chose Russian, which reinforced the resulting Russification. In this sense, some analysts argue that it was not the "oppression" or "persecution", but rather the <i>lack of <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_protectionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic protectionism">protection</a></i> against the expansion of Russian language that contributed to the relative decline of Ukrainian in the 1970s and 1980s. According to this view, it was inevitable that successful careers required a good command of Russian, while knowledge of Ukrainian was not vital, so it was common for Ukrainian parents to send their children to Russian-language schools, even though Ukrainian-language schools were usually available.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The number of students in Russian-language in Ukraine schools was constantly increasing, from 14 percent in 1939 to more than 30 percent in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shelest_period">Shelest period</h4></div> <p>The Communist Party leader from 1963 to 1972, <a href="/wiki/Petro_Shelest" title="Petro Shelest">Petro Shelest</a>, pursued a policy of defending Ukraine's interests within the Soviet Union. He proudly promoted the beauty of the Ukrainian language and developed plans to expand the role of Ukrainian in higher education. He was removed, however, after only a brief tenure, for being too lenient on Ukrainian nationalism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shcherbytsky_period">Shcherbytsky period</h4></div> <p>The new party boss from 1972 to 1989, <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Shcherbytsky" title="Volodymyr Shcherbytsky">Volodymyr Shcherbytsky</a>, purged the local party, was fierce in suppressing dissent, and insisted Russian be spoken at all official functions, even at local levels. His policy of Russification was lessened only slightly after 1985.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gorbachev_and_perebudova">Gorbachev and perebudova</h4></div> <p>The management of dissent by the local <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_(Bolshevik)_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party (Bolshevik) of Ukraine">Ukrainian Communist Party</a> was more fierce and thorough than in other parts of the Soviet Union. As a result, at the start of the <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> reforms <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perebudova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">hlasnist’</a> (Ukrainian for <i>perestroika</i> and <i>glasnost</i>), Ukraine under Shcherbytsky was slower to liberalize than Russia itself.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although Ukrainian still remained the native language for the majority in the nation on the eve of Ukrainian independence, a significant share of ethnic Ukrainians were russified. In <a href="/wiki/Donetsk" title="Donetsk">Donetsk</a> there were no Ukrainian language schools and in Kyiv only a quarter of children went to Ukrainian language schools.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Russian language was the dominant vehicle, not just of government function, but of the media, commerce, and modernity itself. This was substantially less the case for western Ukraine, which escaped the <a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">artificial famine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a>, and most of <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a>. And this region became the center of a hearty, if only partial, renaissance of the Ukrainian language during independence.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_in_the_modern_era">Independence in the modern era</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map12_b.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Map12_b.png/220px-Map12_b.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Map12_b.png/330px-Map12_b.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Map12_b.png/440px-Map12_b.png 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="737" /></a><figcaption>Fluency in Ukrainian (purple column) and Russian (blue column) in 1989 and 2001</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inf_board_metro.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Inf_board_metro.JPG/300px-Inf_board_metro.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Inf_board_metro.JPG/450px-Inf_board_metro.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Inf_board_metro.JPG/600px-Inf_board_metro.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1406" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Modern signs in the <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Metro" title="Kyiv Metro">Kyiv Metro</a> are in Ukrainian. The evolution in their language followed the changes in the language policies in post-war Ukraine. Originally, all signs and voice announcements in the metro were in Ukrainian, but their language was changed to Russian in the early 1980s, at the height of Shcherbytsky's gradual Russification. In the <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a> liberalization of the late 1980s, the signs were changed to bilingual. This was accompanied by bilingual voice announcements in the trains. In the early 1990s, both signs and voice announcements were changed again from bilingual to Ukrainian-only during the <a href="/wiki/De-Russification" class="mw-redirect" title="De-Russification">de-russification</a> campaign that followed Ukraine's independence.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Since 2012 the signs have been in both Ukrainian and English.</figcaption></figure> <p>Since 1991, Ukrainian has been the official state language in Ukraine, and the state administration implemented government policies to broaden the use of Ukrainian. The educational system in Ukraine has been transformed over the first decade of independence from a system that is partly Ukrainian to one that is overwhelmingly so. The government has also mandated a progressively increased role for Ukrainian in the media and commerce.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Census_(2001)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Census (2001)">2001 census</a>, 67.5% of the country's population named Ukrainian as their native language (a 2.8% increase from 1989), while 29.6% named Russian (a 3.2% decrease).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For many Ukrainians (of various ethnic origins), the term <i><a href="/wiki/Native_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Native language">native language</a></i> may not necessarily associate with the language they use more frequently. The overwhelming majority of ethnic Ukrainians consider the Ukrainian language <i>native</i>, including those who often speak Russian.<sup id="cite_ref-2001ukrcensusKievLang_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2001ukrcensusKievLang-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the official 2001 census data, 92.3% of Kyiv region population responded "Ukrainian" to the <i>native language</i> (<i>ridna mova</i>) census question, compared with 88.4% in 1989, and 7.2% responded "Russian".<sup id="cite_ref-2001ukrcensusKievLang_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2001ukrcensusKievLang-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Ukraine_%22On_protecting_the_functioning_of_the_Ukrainian_language_as_the_state_language%22" title="Law of Ukraine "On protecting the functioning of the Ukrainian language as the state language"">law of Ukraine "On protecting the functioning of the Ukrainian language as the state language"</a> was approved by the parliament, formalizing rules governing the usage of the language and introducing penalties for violations.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature_and_literary_language">Literature and literary language</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_literature" title="Ukrainian literature">Ukrainian literature</a></div> <p>The literary Ukrainian language, which was preceded by Old East Slavic literature, may be subdivided into two stages: during the 12th to 18th centuries what in Ukraine is referred to as "Old Ukrainian", but elsewhere, and in contemporary sources, is known as the Ruthenian language, and from the end of the 18th century to the present what in Ukraine is known as "Modern Ukrainian", but elsewhere is known as just Ukrainian.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Influential literary figures in the development of modern Ukrainian literature include the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Hryhorii_Skovoroda" title="Hryhorii Skovoroda">Hryhorii Skovoroda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Kotlyarevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Kotlyarevsky">Ivan Kotlyarevsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mykola_Kostomarov" title="Mykola Kostomarov">Mykola Kostomarov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mykhailo_Kotsiubynsky" title="Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky">Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky</a>, Shevchenko, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Franko" title="Ivan Franko">Ivan Franko</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lesia_Ukrainka" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesia Ukrainka">Lesia Ukrainka</a>. The earliest literary work in the Ukrainian language was recorded in 1798 when Kotlyarevsky, a playwright from <a href="/wiki/Poltava" title="Poltava">Poltava</a> in southeastern Ukraine, published his <a href="/wiki/Epic_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic poem">epic poem</a>, <i>Eneyida</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Burlesque_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burlesque (literature)">burlesque</a> in Ukrainian, based on <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i>. His book was published in vernacular Ukrainian in a satirical way to avoid being censored, and is the earliest known Ukrainian published book to survive through Imperial and, later, Soviet policies on the Ukrainian language.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Kotlyarevsky's work and that of another early writer using the Ukrainian vernacular language, Petro Artemovsky, used the southeastern dialect spoken in the Poltava, Kharkiv and southern Kyiven regions of the Russian Empire. This dialect would serve as the basis of the Ukrainian literary language when it was developed by Shevchenko and Kulish in the mid 19th century. In order to raise its status from that of a dialect to that of a language, various elements from folklore and traditional styles were added to it.<sup id="cite_ref-Shevelov_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shevelov-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ukrainian literary language developed further when the Russian state banned the use of the Ukrainian language, prompting many of its writers to move to the western Ukrainian region of Galicia which was under more liberal Austrian rule; after the 1860s the majority of Ukrainian literary works were published in Austrian Galicia. During this period Galician influences were adopted in the Ukrainian literary language, particularly with respect to vocabulary involving law, government, technology, science, and administration.<sup id="cite_ref-Shevelov_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shevelov-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_usage">Current usage</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Ukraine_%22On_supporting_the_functioning_of_the_Ukrainian_language_as_the_State_language%22" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of Ukraine "On supporting the functioning of the Ukrainian language as the State language"">Law of Ukraine "On supporting the functioning of the Ukrainian language as the State language"</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivan_Franko_Museum_in_Krivorivnia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ivan_Franko_Museum_in_Krivorivnia.jpg/220px-Ivan_Franko_Museum_in_Krivorivnia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ivan_Franko_Museum_in_Krivorivnia.jpg/330px-Ivan_Franko_Museum_in_Krivorivnia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ivan_Franko_Museum_in_Krivorivnia.jpg/440px-Ivan_Franko_Museum_in_Krivorivnia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="1144" /></a><figcaption>Ukrainian language traffic sign for the Ivan Franko Museum in Kryvorivnia</figcaption></figure> <p>The use of the Ukrainian language is increasing after a long period of decline. Although there are almost fifty million ethnic <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> worldwide, including 37.5 million in Ukraine in 2001 (77.8% of the total population at the time), the Ukrainian language is prevalent mainly in western and central Ukraine. In Kyiv, both Ukrainian and Russian are spoken, a notable shift from the recent past when the city was primarily Russian-speaking.<sup id="cite_ref-d-m.com.ua_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d-m.com.ua-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The shift is believed to be caused mainly by an influx of migrants from western regions of Ukraine but also by some Kyivans opting to use the language they speak at home more widely in public settings. Public signs and announcements in Kyiv are displayed in Ukrainian. In southern and eastern Ukraine, Russian is the prevalent language in most large and some small cities. According to the Ukrainian Census of 2001, 87.8% of people living in Ukraine were fluent in Ukrainian.<sup id="cite_ref-d-m.com.ua_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d-m.com.ua-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2022, a survey in Ukraine by Rating Group found that 85% said they speak Ukrainian or Ukrainian and Russian at home, 51% only Ukrainian, an increase from 61% and 44% in February 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same survey, 76% considered Ukrainian their native language (<span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">ridna mova</i></span>), up from 57% in July 2012, including 30% of Russian speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ukraine" title="Music of Ukraine">Music of Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ukraine" title="Cinema of Ukraine">Cinema of Ukraine</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Music">Music</h4></div> <p>Ukrainian has become popular in other countries through movies and songs performed in the Ukrainian language. The most popular <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian rock">Ukrainian rock</a> bands, such as <a href="/wiki/Okean_Elzy" title="Okean Elzy">Okean Elzy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vopli_Vidopliassova" title="Vopli Vidopliassova">Vopli Vidopliassova</a>, and <a href="/wiki/BoomBox_(Ukrainian_band)" title="BoomBox (Ukrainian band)">BoomBox</a> perform regularly in tours across Europe, Israel, North America and especially Russia. In countries with significant Ukrainian populations, bands singing in the Ukrainian language sometimes reach top places on the charts, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enej&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enej (page does not exist)">Enej</a> (a band from Poland). Other notable Ukrainian-language bands are <a href="/wiki/The_Ukrainians" title="The Ukrainians">The Ukrainians</a> from the United Kingdom, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klooch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klooch (page does not exist)">Klooch</a> from Canada, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Village_Band&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ukrainian Village Band (page does not exist)">Ukrainian Village Band</a> from the United States, and the <a href="/wiki/Kuban_Cossack_Choir" title="Kuban Cossack Choir">Kuban Cossack Choir</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Kuban" title="Kuban">Kuban</a> region in Russia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cinema">Cinema</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. <br /><small>Last update: 17 November 2013</small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The 2010s saw a revival of Ukrainian cinema.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The top Ukrainian-language films (by IMDb rating) are:<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (February 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Year</th> <th>Rating</th> <th>Link </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Іван Сила (page does not exist)">Іван Сила</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC)" class="extiw" title="uk:Іван Сила (фільм)">uk</a>]</span></td> <td>2013</td> <td>8.6</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2401213/">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Тіні незабутих предків (page does not exist)">Тіні незабутих предків</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2" class="extiw" title="uk:Тіні незабутих предків">uk</a>]</span></td> <td>2013</td> <td>8.5</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2245906/">[2]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%97%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Звичайна справа (page does not exist)">Звичайна справа</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="uk:Звичайна справа">uk</a>]</span></td> <td>2012</td> <td>8.1</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2381127/">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shadows_of_Forgotten_Ancestors" title="Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors">Тіні забутих предків</a></td> <td>1965</td> <td>7.9</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0058642/">[4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pawnshop_(film)" title="Pawnshop (film)">Ломбард</a></td> <td>2013</td> <td>7.9</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2195804/">[5]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Delirium_(2013_film)" title="Delirium (2013 film)">Деліріум</a></td> <td>2013</td> <td>7.8</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2040319/">[6]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Фучжоу (page does not exist)">Фучжоу</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%83_(%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC)" class="extiw" title="uk:Фучжоу (фільм)">uk</a>]</span></td> <td>1993</td> <td>7.7</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0179186/">[7]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Argots">Argots</h4></div> <p>Oleksa Horbach's 1951 study of argots analyzed historical primary sources (argots of professionals, thugs, prisoners, homeless, school children, etc.) paying special attention to etymological features of argots, word formation and borrowing patterns depending on the source-language (Church Slavonic, Russian, Czech, Polish, Romani, Greek, Romanian, Hungarian, German).<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialects">Dialects</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_dialects" title="Ukrainian dialects">Ukrainian dialects</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Ukrainian_dialects_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Map_of_Ukrainian_dialects_en.png/220px-Map_of_Ukrainian_dialects_en.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Map_of_Ukrainian_dialects_en.png/330px-Map_of_Ukrainian_dialects_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Map_of_Ukrainian_dialects_en.png/440px-Map_of_Ukrainian_dialects_en.png 2x" data-file-width="1582" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A map of Ukrainian dialects and subdialects (2005) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#5987FF; color:black;"> </span> Northern group</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFD326; color:black;"> </span> South-eastern group</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF4E44; color:black;"> </span> South-western group</div> </figcaption></figure> <p>Several modern <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a> of Ukrainian exist.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><em>Northern (Polissian)</em> dialects:<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><em>(3) Eastern Polissian</em> is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Chernihiv_oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Chernihiv oblast">Chernihiv</a> (excluding the southeastern districts), in the northern part of <a href="/wiki/Sumy_Oblast" title="Sumy Oblast">Sumy</a>, and in the southeastern portion of the <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Oblast" title="Kyiv Oblast">Kyiv Oblast</a> as well as in the adjacent areas of Russia, which include the southwestern part of the <a href="/wiki/Bryansk_Oblast" title="Bryansk Oblast">Bryansk Oblast</a> (the area around <a href="/wiki/Starodub" title="Starodub">Starodub</a>), as well as in some places in the <a href="/wiki/Kursk_Oblast" title="Kursk Oblast">Kursk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voronezh_Oblast" title="Voronezh Oblast">Voronezh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belgorod_Oblast" title="Belgorod Oblast">Belgorod</a> Oblasts.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No linguistic border can be defined. The vocabulary approaches Russian as the language approaches the Russian Federation. Both Ukrainian and Russian grammar sets can be applied to this dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><em>(2) Central Polissian</em> is spoken in the northwestern part of the <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Oblast" title="Kyiv Oblast">Kyiv Oblast</a>, in the northern part of <a href="/wiki/Zhytomyr_Oblast" title="Zhytomyr Oblast">Zhytomyr</a> and the northeastern part of the <a href="/wiki/Rivne_Oblast" title="Rivne Oblast">Rivne Oblast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><em>(1) West Polissian</em> is spoken in the northern part of the <a href="/wiki/Volyn_Oblast" title="Volyn Oblast">Volyn Oblast</a>, the northwestern part of the <a href="/wiki/Rivne_Oblast" title="Rivne Oblast">Rivne Oblast</a>, and in the adjacent districts of the <a href="/wiki/Brest_Region" title="Brest Region">Brest Region</a> in Belarus. The dialect spoken in Belarus uses Belarusian grammar and thus is considered by some to be a dialect of Belarusian.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><em>Southeastern</em> dialects:<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><em>(4) Middle Dnieprian</em> is the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">Standard</a> Literary Ukrainian. It is spoken in the central part of Ukraine, primarily in the southern and eastern part of the <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Oblast" title="Kyiv Oblast">Kyiv Oblast</a>. In addition, the dialects spoken in <a href="/wiki/Cherkasy_Oblast" title="Cherkasy Oblast">Cherkasy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poltava_Oblast" title="Poltava Oblast">Poltava</a>, and Kyiv regions are considered to be close to "standard" Ukrainian.</li> <li><em>(5) Slobodan</em> is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv_Oblast" title="Kharkiv Oblast">Kharkiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumy_Oblast" title="Sumy Oblast">Sumy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luhansk_Oblast" title="Luhansk Oblast">Luhansk</a>, and the northern part of <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_Oblast" title="Donetsk Oblast">Donetsk</a>, as well as in the <a href="/wiki/Voronezh_Oblast" title="Voronezh Oblast">Voronezh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belgorod_Oblast" title="Belgorod Oblast">Belgorod</a> regions of Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This dialect is formed from a gradual mixture of Russian and Ukrainian, with progressively more Russian in the northern and eastern parts of the region. Thus, there is no linguistic border between Russian and Ukrainian, and, thus, both grammar sets can be applied.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A <em>(6) Steppe</em> dialect is spoken in southern and southeastern Ukraine. This dialect was originally the main language of the <a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Zaporozhian Cossacks">Zaporozhian Cossacks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A <em>Kuban</em> dialect related to or based on the Steppe dialect is often referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Balachka" title="Balachka">Balachka</a></i> and is spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Kuban_Cossacks" title="Kuban Cossacks">Kuban Cossacks</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kuban" title="Kuban">Kuban</a> region in Russia by the descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Zaporozhian Cossacks">Zaporozhian Cossacks</a>, who settled in that area in the late 18th century. It was formed from a gradual mixture of Russian into Ukrainian. This dialect features the use of some Russian vocabulary along with some Russian grammar.<sup id="cite_ref-Zakharchenko_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zakharchenko-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are three main variants, which have been grouped together according to location.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><em>Southwestern</em> dialects:<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><em>(13) Boyko</em> is spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Boyko" class="mw-redirect" title="Boyko">Boyko people</a> on the northern side of the Carpathian Mountains in the <a href="/wiki/Lviv_Oblast" title="Lviv Oblast">Lviv</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivano-Frankivsk_Oblast" title="Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast">Ivano-Frankivsk</a> Oblasts. It can also be heard across the border in the <a href="/wiki/Subcarpathian_Voivodeship" title="Subcarpathian Voivodeship">Subcarpathian Voivodeship</a> of Poland.</li> <li><em>(12) Hutsul</em> is spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Hutsuls" title="Hutsuls">Hutsul people</a> on the northern slopes of the Carpathian Mountains, in the extreme southern parts of the <a href="/wiki/Ivano-Frankivsk_Oblast" title="Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast">Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast</a>, and in parts of the <a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi_Oblast" title="Chernivtsi Oblast">Chernivtsi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transcarpathian_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcarpathian Oblast">Transcarpathian</a> Oblasts.</li> <li><em>Lemko</em> is spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Lemkos" title="Lemkos">Lemko people</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Lemkivshchyna" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemkivshchyna">homeland</a> rests outside the borders of Ukraine in the <a href="/wiki/Pre%C5%A1ov_Region" title="Prešov Region">Prešov Region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> along the southern side of the Carpathian Mountains, and in the southeast of modern Poland, along the northern sides of the Carpathians.</li> <li><em>(8) Podillian</em> is spoken in the southern parts of the <a href="/wiki/Vinnytsia_Oblast" title="Vinnytsia Oblast">Vinnytsia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khmelnytskyi_Oblast" title="Khmelnytskyi Oblast">Khmelnytskyi</a> Oblasts, in the northern part of the <a href="/wiki/Odesa_Oblast" title="Odesa Oblast">Odesa Oblast</a>, and in the adjacent districts of the <a href="/wiki/Cherkasy_Oblast" title="Cherkasy Oblast">Cherkasy Oblast</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kirovohrad_Oblast" title="Kirovohrad Oblast">Kirovohrad Oblast</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mykolaiv_Oblast" title="Mykolaiv Oblast">Mykolaiv Oblast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><em>(7) Volynian</em> is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Rivne_Oblast" title="Rivne Oblast">Rivne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volyn_Oblast" title="Volyn Oblast">Volyn</a>, as well as in parts of <a href="/wiki/Zhytomyr_Oblast" title="Zhytomyr Oblast">Zhytomyr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ternopil_Oblast" title="Ternopil Oblast">Ternopil</a>. It is also used in <a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82m" title="Chełm">Chełm</a>, Poland.</li> <li><em>(11) Pokuttia (Bukovinian)</em> is spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi_Oblast" title="Chernivtsi Oblast">Chernivtsi Oblast</a> of Ukraine. This dialect has some distinct vocabulary borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>.</li> <li><em>(9) Upper Dniestrian</em> (Kresy) is considered to be the main Galician dialect, spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Lviv_Oblast" title="Lviv Oblast">Lviv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ternopil_Oblast" title="Ternopil Oblast">Ternopil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ivano-Frankivsk_Oblast" title="Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast">Ivano-Frankivsk</a> Oblasts. Its distinguishing characteristics are the influence of Polish and the German vocabulary, which is reminiscent of the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian">Austro-Hungarian</a> rule. Some of the distinct words used in this dialect can be found here.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><em>(10) Upper Sannian</em> is spoken in the border area between Ukraine and Poland in the San river valley.</li></ul></li> <li>The <em><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn language</a></em> is considered by Ukrainian linguists to be a dialect of Ukrainian as well:<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><em>Dolinian Rusyn or Subcarpathian Rusyn</em> is spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Transcarpathian_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcarpathian Oblast">Transcarpathian Oblast</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><em><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonian Rusyn language">Pannonian or Bačka Rusyn</a></em> is spoken in northwestern <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rusin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rusin language">Rusin language</a> of the Bačka dialect is one of the official languages of the Serbian Autonomous Province of <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><em>Pryashiv Rusyn</em> is the Rusyn spoken in the Prešov (in Ukrainian: <a href="/wiki/Pryashiv" class="mw-redirect" title="Pryashiv">Pryashiv</a>) region of Slovakia, as well as by some émigré communities, primarily in the United States of America.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neighbouring_countries">Neighbouring countries</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Romania#Ukrainian" title="Languages of Romania">Languages of Romania § Ukrainian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Moldova#Ukrainian" title="Languages of Moldova">Languages of Moldova § Ukrainian</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vviseului4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Vviseului4.jpg/220px-Vviseului4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Vviseului4.jpg/330px-Vviseului4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Vviseului4.jpg/440px-Vviseului4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Sign in both Ukrainian and <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> languages in the village of Valea Vișeului (Vyshivska Dolyna), <a href="/wiki/Bistra,_Maramure%C8%99" title="Bistra, Maramureș">Bistra</a> commune, Romania</figcaption></figure> <p>All the countries neighbouring Ukraine (except for Hungary) historically have regions with a sizable Ukrainian population and therefore Ukrainian language speakers. Ukrainian is an official minority language in Belarus, Romania, and Moldova.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukrainian_diaspora">Ukrainian diaspora</h3></div> <p>Ukrainian is also spoken by a large <a href="/wiki/%C3%89migr%C3%A9" title="Émigré">émigrée</a> population, particularly <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Ukrainian" title="Canadian Ukrainian">in Canada</a>, the United States, and several countries of South America like Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The founders of this population primarily emigrated from <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Central_Europe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Galicia (Central Europe)">Galicia</a>, which used to be part of <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungary">Austro-Hungary</a> before World War I, and belonged to Poland between the World Wars. The language spoken by most of them is the Galician dialect of Ukrainian from the first half of the 20th century. Compared with modern Ukrainian, the vocabulary of Ukrainians outside Ukraine reflects less influence of Russian, but often contains many <a href="/wiki/Loanwords" class="mw-redirect" title="Loanwords">loanwords</a> from the local language.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Most of the countries where it is spoken are <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">ex-USSR</a>, where many Ukrainians have migrated. Canada and the United States are also home to a large Ukrainian population. Broken up by country (to the nearest thousand):<sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Russia 1,129,838 (according to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Census_(2010)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Census (2010)">2010 census</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-rus_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rus-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Canada 200,525<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (67,665 spoken at home<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 2001, 148,000 spoken as "mother tongue" in 2001)<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Ukrainian is declaratively proclaimed as one of three official languages of the breakaway Moldovan region of <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ukrainian is widely spoken within the 400,000-strong (in 1994) <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Brazilian">Ukrainian community in Brazil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Boruszenko_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boruszenko-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the official language in <a href="/wiki/Prudent%C3%B3polis" title="Prudentópolis">Prudentópolis</a> alongside <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_structure">Language structure</h2></div> <dl><dd><i>Cyrillic letters in this article are <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a> using <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian#Scientific_transliteration" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">scientific transliteration</a>.</i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammar">Grammar</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_grammar" title="Ukrainian grammar">Ukrainian grammar</a></div> <p>Ukrainian is a <a href="/wiki/Fusional_language" title="Fusional language">fusional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nominative%E2%80%93accusative_alignment" title="Nominative–accusative alignment">nominative–accusative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verb_framing" title="Verb framing">satellite-framed</a> language. It exhibits <a href="/wiki/T%E2%80%93V_distinction" title="T–V distinction">T–V distinction</a>, and is <a href="/wiki/Null-subject_language" title="Null-subject language">null-subject</a>. The canonical word order of Ukrainian is <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">SVO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other <a href="/wiki/Word_order" title="Word order">word orders</a> are common due to the free word order enabled by Ukrainian's <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflectional</a> system.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Nouns have one of 3 <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">genders</a>: masculine, feminine, neuter; nouns <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">decline</a> for:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>7 <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_cases" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical cases">cases</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nominative" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative">nominative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accusative" class="mw-redirect" title="Accusative">accusative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dative" class="mw-redirect" title="Dative">dative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instrumental</a>, <a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">locative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vocative" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocative">vocative</a>;</li> <li>2 <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">numbers</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number#singular_vs_plural" title="Grammatical number">singular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a>.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">Adjectives</a> <a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">agree</a> with nouns in gender, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Verbs <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugate</a> for:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>4 <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tenses</a>: <a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">past</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pluperfect" title="Pluperfect">pluperfect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present</a>, <a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">future</a>;</li> <li>2 <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical voice">voices</a>: <a href="/wiki/Active_voice" title="Active voice">active</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mediopassive_voice" title="Mediopassive voice">mediopassive</a>;</li> <li>3 <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">persons</a>: first, second, third;</li> <li>2 <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">numbers</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number#singular_vs_plural" title="Grammatical number">singular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a>.</li></ul> <p>Ukrainian verbs come in <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect_in_Slavic_languages" title="Grammatical aspect in Slavic languages">aspect pairs</a>: <a href="/wiki/Perfective_aspect" title="Perfective aspect">perfective</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Imperfective_aspect" title="Imperfective aspect">imperfective</a>. Pairs are usually formed by a <a href="/wiki/Prepositional" class="mw-redirect" title="Prepositional">prepositional</a> prefix and occasionally a <a href="/wiki/Apophony" title="Apophony">root change</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">past tense</a> agrees with its <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a> in number and gender (but <i>not</i> <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a>), having developed from the <a href="/wiki/Perfect_(grammar)" title="Perfect (grammar)">perfect</a> <a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">participle</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Old East Slavic and Russian <i>o</i> in syllables ending in a consonant, often correspond to a Ukrainian <i>i</i>, as in <i>pod</i> → <i>pid</i> (під, 'under'). Thus, in the declension of nouns, the <i>o</i> can re-appear when it is no longer located in a closed syllable, such as <i>rik</i> (рік, 'year') (<a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nom</a>): <i>rotsi</i> (<a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">loc</a>) (році). Similarly, some words can have <i>і</i> in some cases when most of the cases have <i>o</i>, for example <i>слово</i> (nominative singular), <i>слова</i> (nominative plural) but <i>слiв</i> (genitive plural).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Ukrainian case endings are somewhat different from Old East Slavic, and the vocabulary includes a large overlay of Polish terminology. Russian <i>na pervom etaže</i> 'on the first floor' is in the locative (prepositional) case. The Ukrainian corresponding expression is <i>na peršomu poversi</i> (на першому поверсі). <i>-omu</i> is the standard locative (prepositional) ending, but variants in <i>-im</i> are common in dialect and poetry, and allowed by the standards bodies. The <i>kh</i> of Ukrainian <i>poverkh</i> (поверх) has mutated into <i>s</i> under the influence of the soft vowel <i>i</i> (<i>k</i> is similarly mutable into <i>c</i> in final positions).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonology">Phonology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_phonology" title="Ukrainian phonology">Ukrainian phonology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="86" data-mwtitle="Emma_Andijewska,_Vidsvity_hrozy.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Emma_Andijewska,_Vidsvity_hrozy.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8f/Emma_Andijewska%2C_Vidsvity_hrozy.ogg/Emma_Andijewska%2C_Vidsvity_hrozy.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Emma_Andijewska%2C_Vidsvity_hrozy.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>The poem "Gleams of Thunderstorm" by Emma Andijewska being read in Ukrainian</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ukrainian language has six vowels, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A number of the consonants come in three forms: hard, soft (<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalized</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Geminate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Geminate consonant">long</a>, for example, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lʲ/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lː/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nʲ/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nː/</span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The letter <span class="nowrap">⟨г⟩</span> represents the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">voiced glottal fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɦ/</span>, often transliterated as Latin <i>h</i>. It is the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced consonant">voiced</a> equivalent of English <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span>. Russian speakers from Ukraine often use the soft Ukrainian <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɦ/</span> in place of Russian <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span>, which comes from northern dialects of Old East Slavic. The Ukrainian alphabet has the additional letter <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%D2%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Ґ">ґ</a>⟩</span> for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span>, which appears in a few native words such as <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">ґринджоли</span></span> <i>gryndžoly</i> 'sleigh' and <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">ґудзик</span></span> <i>gudzyk</i> 'button'. However, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> appears almost exclusively in <a href="/wiki/Loan_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Loan words">loan words</a>, and is usually simply written <span class="nowrap">⟨г⟩</span>. For example, loanwords from English on public signs usually use <span class="nowrap">⟨г⟩</span> for both English <i>g</i> and <i>h</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another phonetic divergence between the Ukrainian and Russian languages is the pronunciation of Cyrillic <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%D0%92" class="mw-redirect" title="В">в</a>⟩</span> <i>v/w</i>. While in standard Russian it represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v/</span>, in many Ukrainian dialects it denotes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> (following a vowel and preceding a consonant (cluster), either within a word or at a word boundary, it denotes the allophone <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u̯]</span>, and like the off-glide in the English words "flow" and "cow", it forms a <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a> with the preceding vowel). Native Russian speakers will pronounce the Ukrainian <span class="nowrap">⟨в⟩</span> as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[v]</span>, which is one way to tell the two groups apart. As with <span class="nowrap">⟨г⟩</span> above, Ukrainians use <span class="nowrap">⟨в⟩</span> to render both English <i>v</i> and <i>w</i>; Russians occasionally use <span class="nowrap">⟨у⟩</span> for <i>w</i> instead.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Unlike Russian and most other modern Slavic languages, Ukrainian does not have <a href="/wiki/Final_devoicing" class="mw-redirect" title="Final devoicing">final devoicing</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alphabet">Alphabet</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_alphabet" title="Ukrainian alphabet">Ukrainian alphabet</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; font-family:serif; text-align: center; font-size: 120%"> <caption>The Ukrainian alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:2.5em;">А а </td> <td style="width:2.5em;">Б б </td> <td style="width:2.5em;">В в </td> <td style="width:2.5em;">Г г </td> <td style="width:2.5em;">Ґ ґ </td> <td style="width:2.5em;">Д д </td> <td style="width:2.5em;">Е е </td> <td style="width:2.5em;">Є є </td> <td style="width:2.5em;">Ж ж </td> <td style="width:2.5em;">З з </td> <td style="width:2.5em;">И и </td></tr> <tr> <td>І і</td> <td>Ї ї</td> <td>Й й</td> <td>К к</td> <td>Л л</td> <td>М м</td> <td>Н н</td> <td>О о</td> <td>П п</td> <td>Р р</td> <td>С с </td></tr> <tr> <td>Т т</td> <td>У у</td> <td>Ф ф</td> <td>Х х</td> <td>Ц ц</td> <td>Ч ч</td> <td>Ш ш</td> <td>Щ щ</td> <td>Ь ь</td> <td>Ю ю</td> <td>Я я </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Ukrainian is written in a version of <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a>, consisting of 33 letters, representing 38 <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a>; an apostrophe is also used. Ukrainian orthography is based on the phonemic principle, with one letter generally corresponding to one phoneme, although there are a number of exceptions. The orthography also has cases where the semantic, historical, and morphological principles are applied.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The modern Ukrainian alphabet is the result of a number of proposed alphabetic reforms from the 19th and early 20th centuries, in Ukraine under the Russian Empire, in Austrian Galicia, and later in Soviet Ukraine. A unified Ukrainian alphabet (the <i><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_orthography_of_1928" title="Ukrainian orthography of 1928">Skrypnykivka</a></i>, after <a href="/wiki/Mykola_Skrypnyk" title="Mykola Skrypnyk">Mykola Skrypnyk</a>) was officially established at a 1927 international Orthographic Conference in <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a>, during the period of <a href="/wiki/Ukrainization" title="Ukrainization">Ukrainization</a> in Soviet Ukraine. But the policy was reversed in the 1930s, and the Soviet Ukrainian orthography diverged from that used by the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_diaspora" title="Ukrainian diaspora">diaspora</a>. The Ukrainian letter <a href="/wiki/Ghe_with_upturn" title="Ghe with upturn">ge</a> <i>ґ</i> was banned in the Soviet Union from 1933 until the period of Glasnost in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The letter щ represents two consonants <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃt͡ʃ]</span>. The combination of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span> with some of the vowels is also represented by a single letter (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ja]</span> = я, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[je]</span> = є, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ji]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jı̽]</span> = ї, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ju]</span> = ю), while <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jɔ]</span> = йо and the rare regional <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jɨ]</span> = йи are written using two letters. These <a href="/wiki/Iotated" class="mw-redirect" title="Iotated">iotated</a> vowel letters and a special <a href="/wiki/Soft_sign" title="Soft sign">soft sign</a> change a preceding consonant from hard to soft. An <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a> is used to indicate the hardness of the sound in the cases when normally the vowel would change the consonant to soft; in other words, it functions like the <a href="/wiki/Yer" title="Yer">yer</a> in the Russian alphabet.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A consonant letter is doubled to indicate that the sound is doubled, or long.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The phonemes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d͡z]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d͡ʒ]</span> do not have dedicated letters in the alphabet and are rendered with the <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> дз and дж, respectively. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d͡z]</span> is equivalent to English <i>ds</i> in <i>pods</i>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d͡ʒ]</span> is equivalent to <i>j</i> in <i>jump</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As in Russian, the <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a> may be used to denote vowel stress.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transliteration">Transliteration</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">Romanization of Ukrainian</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Drahomanivka" title="Drahomanivka">Drahomanivka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Latin_alphabet" title="Ukrainian Latin alphabet">Ukrainian Latin alphabet</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orthography">Orthography</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_orthography" title="Ukrainian orthography">Ukrainian orthography</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_orthography_of_2019" title="Ukrainian orthography of 2019">Ukrainian orthography of 2019</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KB_Ukrainian.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/KB_Ukrainian.svg/220px-KB_Ukrainian.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/KB_Ukrainian.svg/330px-KB_Ukrainian.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/KB_Ukrainian.svg/440px-KB_Ukrainian.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>A Ukrainian keyboard layout</figcaption></figure> <p>Spelling search,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> which began in the late 18th century with the emergence of modern literary language, led to the emergence of several spelling options. In particular, there was the spelling system of Oleksii Pavlovskyi, the <a href="/wiki/Shashkevychivka" title="Shashkevychivka">spelling version of "Mermaid of the Dniester"</a> (1837), Kulishivka (P. Kulish's spelling system), <a href="/wiki/Drahomanivka" title="Drahomanivka">Drahomanivka</a> (produced in Kyiv in the 1870s by a group of cultural figures led by linguist P. Zhytetskyi, which included and M. Drahomanov), <a href="/wiki/Zhelekhivka" title="Zhelekhivka">Zhelekhivka</a> (system of Yevhen Zhelekhovskyi (1886), enshrined in the <i>Russian Grammar</i> by Smal-Stotskyi and <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Gartner" title="Theodor Gartner">Theodore Gartner</a> 1893).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Borys_Grinchenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Borys Grinchenko">Borys Hrinchenko</a> used some corrections in the fundamental four-volume <i>Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language</i> (1907–1909). Most of the spelling rules (practically based on phonetics – "write as you hear") used in Hrinchenko's dictionary are still valid. Hrinchenko's work became an informal spelling and model for Ukrainian writers and publications from 1907 until the creation of the first official Ukrainian spelling in 1918.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 17 January 1918, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Council_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Council of Ukraine">Central Rada of Ukraine</a> issued the "Main Rules of Ukrainian orthography", which, however, did not cover the entire scope of the language. On 17 May 1919, the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences approved the "Main Rules of Ukrainian Orthography", which became the basis for all subsequent revisions and amendments.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 23 July 1925, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR decided to organize a State Commission for the Organization of Ukrainian Spelling (State Spelling Commission). It included more than 20 academics from the USSR, who also expressed a desire to invite representatives of Western Ukraine: Smal-Stotskyi, <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Hnatiuk" title="Volodymyr Hnatiuk">Volodymyr Hnatiuk</a> and Vasyl Simovych.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After almost a year of work in April 1926, the "Project of Ukrainian Spelling" was published to acquaint the general public with the new system. After several months of discussion and consideration of the project at the All-Ukrainian Spelling Conference (26 May – 6 June 1927), the Ukrainian orthography of 1928 was adopted in accordance with the RNC resolution of 6 September 1928. It went down in history as "Kharkiv" or "Skrypnik orthography" – from the place of creation, or from the surname of Skrypnyk.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1929, Hryhorii Holoskevych published the <i>Ukrainian Spelling Dictionary</i> (about 40,000 words), agreed with the full spelling produced by the State Spelling Commission and approved by the People's Commissar for Education (6 September 1928).<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1933, a spelling commission headed by Andrii Khvylia branded the Ukrainian orthography of 1928 as "nationalist", immediately stopped publishing any dictionaries, and without any discussion, in a very short time (five months), created a <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_orthography_of_1933" title="Ukrainian orthography of 1933">new spelling</a> that unified as never before the Ukrainian and Russian languages. The letter ґ was removed from the alphabet, and Ukrainian scientific terminology was revised and harmonized with Russian-Ukrainian dictionaries (the Institute of Ukrainian Scientific Language was abolished in 1930). This version of the spelling was approved by the resolution of the People's Commissar of Education of the USSR of 5 September 1933.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some minor changes were made in the spelling of 1946 and 1959 (published the following year). It was connected with the document "The rules of Russian spelling and punctuation", published in 1956. From 1960 until 1990, the 1960 edition was the official standard.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After the beginning of "perestroika", the issue of improving Ukrainian spelling became relevant again: the editing of the spelling code was started by the Orthographic Commission at the LMM of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The project was also discussed in the newly established Ukrainian Language Society. T. Shevchenko (headed by <a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Pavlychko" title="Dmytro Pavlychko">Dmytro Pavlychko</a>). The new version was approved on 14 November 1989, and published in 1990. The main achievements were the restoration of the letter ґ and the <a href="/wiki/Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">accusative case</a> (in Soviet times it was optional and was called the <i>accusative form</i>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Today, despite the existence of the official spelling of the Ukrainian language, it is not the only spelling standard in use. Even in Ukraine itself, many publishers and publications use other versions of the spelling, which either tend to "skrypnykivka", or else differ from the official rules of transmission of words of foreign origin.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 22 May 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ukraine" title="Government of Ukraine">Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine</a> approved a <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_orthography_of_2019" title="Ukrainian orthography of 2019">new version of the orthography</a> prepared by the Ukrainian National Commission on Spelling. The new edition brought to life some features of orthography in 1928, which were part of the Ukrainian orthographic tradition. At the same time, the commission was guided by the understanding that the language practice of Ukrainians in the second half of the 20th to the beginning of the 21st century has already become part of the Ukrainian orthographic tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h3></div> <p><i>The Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language</i>, in 11 volumes, contains 253,000 entries.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lexical card catalog of the Ukrainian Institute of Language Studies has six million cards.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As mentioned at the top of the article, Ukrainian is most closely related lexically to Belarusian, and is also closer to Polish than to Russian (for example, можливість, <i>mozhlyvist<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span></i>, "possibility", and Polish <i>możliwość</i>, but Russian возможность, <i>vozmozhnostʹ</i>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="False_cognates_with_Russian">False cognates with Russian</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Surzhyk" title="Surzhyk">Surzhyk</a></div> <p>The standard Ukrainian language which is based on the Kyiv–Poltava dialect has a plethora of <a href="/wiki/False_friend" title="False friend">false friends</a> with the standard Russian language which is based on the dialect of Moscow. Many people intentionally do or do not use them, causing their language shift into what is known as <a href="/wiki/Surzhyk" title="Surzhyk">Surzhyk</a>, where the meaning of some words mimicking Russian could be understood out of context rather than their literal meaning in Ukrainian.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>False friend samples </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th>Ukrainian </th> <th>Surzhyk </th> <th>Russian </th></tr> <tr> <td>to cancel </td> <td>скасовувати<br /><i>skasovuvaty</i> </td> <td style="background:#FDF5E6">відміняти<br /><i>vidminiaty</i> </td> <td style="background:#E6EAFF">отменять<br /><i>otmenyat<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>to conjugate </td> <td style="background:#D4F7D4">відміняти<br /><i>vidminiaty</i> </td> <td>спрягати<br /><i>spriahaty</i> </td> <td>спрягать<br /><i>spryagat<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>gentle </td> <td>лагідний<br /><i>lahidnyi</i> </td> <td style="background:#FDF5E6">ласкавий<br /><i>laskavyi</i> </td> <td style="background:#E6EAFF">ласковый<br /><i>laskovyy</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>kind </td> <td style="background:#D4F7D4">ласкавий<br /><i>laskavyi</i> </td> <td>добродушний<br /><i>dobrodushnyi</i> </td> <td>добродушный<br /><i>dobrodushnyy</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geographical_distribution_of_extant_Slavic_and_East_Baltic_languages_2015.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Geographical_distribution_of_extant_Slavic_and_East_Baltic_languages_2015.png/220px-Geographical_distribution_of_extant_Slavic_and_East_Baltic_languages_2015.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Geographical_distribution_of_extant_Slavic_and_East_Baltic_languages_2015.png/330px-Geographical_distribution_of_extant_Slavic_and_East_Baltic_languages_2015.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Geographical_distribution_of_extant_Slavic_and_East_Baltic_languages_2015.png/440px-Geographical_distribution_of_extant_Slavic_and_East_Baltic_languages_2015.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="868" /></a><figcaption>Ethnographic Map of Slavic and Baltic Languages</figcaption></figure> <p>Ukrainian has varying degrees of <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a> with other <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a>. It is closely related to other <a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic languages</a> with high levels of mutual intelligibility.<sup id="cite_ref-classification145_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-classification145-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ukrainian is considered to be most closely related to Belarusian.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The separation of the East Slavic languages is considered to be relatively recent.<sup id="cite_ref-classification145_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-classification145-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 19th century, the question of whether the Ukrainian, <a href="/wiki/Belorusian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Belorusian language">Belarusian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> languages are dialects of a single language or three separate languages was actively discussed, with the debate affected by linguistic and political factors.<sup id="cite_ref-classification145_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-classification145-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The political situation (Ukraine and Belarus being mainly part of the Russian Empire at the time) and the historical existence of the medieval state of Kievan Rus', which occupied large parts of these three nations, led to the creation of the common classification known later as the East Slavic languages. The underlying theory of the grouping is their descent from a common ancestor. In modern times, Ukrainian, Russian, and Belarusian are usually listed by linguists as separate languages.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ukrainians were predominantly peasants and <a href="/wiki/Petit_bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Petit bourgeois">petits bourgeois</a>. In 1897, 93% of Ukrainians were classified as peasants.<sup id="cite_ref-WUkraineL_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WUkraineL-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the Ukrainian language was mostly vernacular and few earlier literary works from the period can be found. In the cities, Ukrainian coexisted with <a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Slavonic language">Church Slavonic</a>—a literary language of <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> that evolved from Old Church Slavonic—and later Polish and Russian, both languages which were more often used in formal writing and communication during that time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differences_with_other_Slavic_languages">Differences with other Slavic languages</h3></div> <p>The Ukrainian language has the following similarities and differences with other Slavic languages: </p> <ul><li>Like all Slavic languages with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, Belarusian, standard written Slovak<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>, the Ukrainian language has preserved the Common Slavic <a href="/wiki/Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">vocative case</a>. When addressing one's sister (<i>sestra</i>) she is referred to as <i>sestro.</i> In the Russian language the vocative case has been almost entirely replaced by the nominative (except for a handful of vestigial forms, e.g. <i>Bozhe</i> "God!" and <i>Gospodi</i> "Lord!").<sup id="cite_ref-comparison_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comparison-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Ukrainian language, in common with all Slavic languages other than Russian, Slovak and Slovene, has retained the Common <a href="/wiki/Slavic_second_palatalization" title="Slavic second palatalization">Slavic second palatalization</a> of the velars *k, *g and *x in front of the secondary vowel *ě of the dative and locative ending in the female <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">declension</a>, resulting in the final sequences -cě, -zě, and -sě. For example, <i>ruka</i> (hand) becomes <i>ruci</i> in Ukrainian. In Russian, the dative and locative of <i>ruka</i> is <i>ruke.</i></li> <li>The Ukrainian language, in common with Serbo-Croatian and Slovene, has developed the ending -<i>mo</i> for first-person plurals in verbs (<i>khodymo</i> for "we walk").<sup id="cite_ref-comparison_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comparison-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In all cases, it resulted from lengthening of the Common Slavic -<i>mŭ</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (April 2014)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Ukrainian_language#Dubious" title="Talk:Ukrainian language">discuss</a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The Ukrainian language, along with Russian and Belarusian, has changed the Common Slavic word-initial <i>ye</i>- into <i>o</i>, such as in the words <i>ozero</i> (lake) and <i>odyn</i> (one).<sup id="cite_ref-comparison_102-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comparison-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Ukrainian language, in common with Czech, Slovak, Upper Sorbian, Belarusian and southern Russian dialects, has changed the Common Slavic "g" into an "h" sound (for example, <i>noha</i> – leg).<sup id="cite_ref-comparison_102-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comparison-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Ukrainian language, in common with some northern Russian and Croatian dialects, has transformed the Common Slavic <i>yě</i> into <i>i</i> (for example, <i>lis</i> – forest).<sup id="cite_ref-comparison_102-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comparison-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Ukrainian language, in common with Russian, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian, Macedonian, and Slovene, has simplified the Common Slavic <i>tl</i> and <i>dl</i> into <i>l</i> (for example, <i>mela</i> – she swept").<sup id="cite_ref-comparison_102-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comparison-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Ukrainian language, in common with the most of Slavic ones, is a <a href="/wiki/Isochrony" title="Isochrony">stress-timed language</a>, in which syllables may last different amounts of time, but there is perceived to be a fairly constant amount of time (on average) between consecutive stressed syllables.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Ukrainian language, in common with all modern Slavic languages other than Bulgarian and Macedonian, does not use <a href="/wiki/Article_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Article (linguistics)">articles</a>.</li> <li>Other Slavic <i>o</i> in closed syllables, i.e., syllables ending in a consonant, in many cases corresponds to a Ukrainian <i>i</i>, as in <i>pod</i> → <i>pid</i> (під, 'under'). This also includes place names such as Lviv (Львів in Ukrainian), Lwów in Polish, and Львов (Lvov) in Russian.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>Unlike all other Slavic languages, Ukrainian has a synthetic future (also termed inflectional future) tense which developed through the erosion and cliticization of the verb "to have" (or possibly "to take"): <i>pysat-ymu</i> (infinitive-future-1st sg.) <i>I will write</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Languages_of_Europe_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Languages_of_Europe-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the inflectional future (based on the verb 'to have') is characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, Ukrainian linguist A. Danylenko argues that Ukrainian differs from Romance in the choice of auxiliary, which should be interpreted as 'to take' and not 'to have.' He states that Late Common Slavic (LCS) had three verbs with the same Proto-Indo-European root <span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*h₁em-</span></span>: </p> <ul><li>a determined imperfective LCS *jęti: *jĭmǫ 'to take' (later superseded by numerous prefixed perfectives)</li> <li>an indetermined imperfective LCS *jĭmati: jemljǫ 'to take' (which would not take any prefixes)</li> <li>an imperfective LCS *jĭměti: *jĭmamĭ 'to hold, own, have'</li></ul> <p>The three verbs became conflated in East Slavic due to morphological overlap, in particular of *iměti "to have" and *jati "to take" as exemplified in the Middle Ukrainian homonymic imut’ from both iměti (< *jĭměti) and jati (< *jęti). Analogous grammaticalization of the type take ("to take", "to seize") > future is found in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Danylenko_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danylenko-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_text">Sample text</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="13" data-mwtitle="Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_-_ukr_-_r90_-_Art1.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_-_ukr_-_r90_-_Art1.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_-_ukr_-_r90_-_Art1.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_-_ukr_-_r90_-_Art1.ogg/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_-_ukr_-_r90_-_Art1.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Ukrainian pronunciation</figcaption></figure><p> Article 1 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a></i> in Ukrainian:</p><blockquote><p><i><b>Всі люди народжуються вільними і рівними у своїй гідності та правах. Вони наділені розумом і совістю і повинні діяти у відношенні один до одного в дусі братерства.</b></i><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>The <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanization</a> of the text into <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>:</p><blockquote><p><i>Vsi lyudy narodzhuyut'sya vil'nymy i rivnymy u svoyiy hidnosti ta pravakh. Vony nadileni rozumom i sovistyu i povynni diyaty u vidnoshenni odyn do odnoho v dusi braterstva.</i></p></blockquote><p>Article 1 of the <i>Universal Declaration of Human Rights</i> in English:<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/32px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/48px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/64px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ukraine" title="Portal:Ukraine">Ukraine portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Language" title="Portal:Language">Language portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noun-linguistics.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Noun-linguistics.svg/25px-Noun-linguistics.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Noun-linguistics.svg/38px-Noun-linguistics.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Noun-linguistics.svg/51px-Noun-linguistics.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="29" data-file-height="32" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Linguistics" title="Portal:Linguistics">Linguistics portal</a></span></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Ukrainian_history" title="Bibliography of Ukrainian history">Bibliography of Ukrainian history</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Ukrainian_language_suppression" title="Chronology of Ukrainian language suppression">Chronology of Ukrainian language suppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ukraine" title="Languages of Ukraine">Languages of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_policy_in_Ukraine" title="Language policy in Ukraine">Language policy in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Sign_Language" title="Ukrainian Sign Language">Ukrainian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In standard written Slovak, the vocative case is still retained in some common words, like <i>mami</i> — vocative (English mum) vs <i>mama</i> — nominative, <i>oci</i> or <i>tati</i> – vocative, (English dad) vs <i>oco</i>, <i>tato</i> — nominative, <i>Bože</i> (God in English) vs <i>Boh</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e27-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ukr">Ukrainian</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (27th ed., 2024) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-treaty-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-treaty_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-treaty_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-treaty_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-treaty_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-treaty_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-treaty_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118142916/http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?NT=148&CM=8&DF=23/01/05&CL=ENG&VL=1">"List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+declarations+made+with+respect+to+treaty+No.+148+%28Status+as+of%3A+21%2F9%2F2011%29&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconventions.coe.int%2FTreaty%2FCommun%2FListeDeclarations.asp%3FNT%3D148%26CM%3D8%26DF%3D23%2F01%2F05%26CL%3DENG%26VL%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-languages-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-languages_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vlada.cz/en/pracovni-a-poradni-organy-vlady/rnm/historie-a-soucasnost-rady-en-16666/">"National Minorities Policy of the Government of the Czech Republic"</a>. <i>Vlada.cz</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120607051111/http://www.vlada.cz/en/pracovni-a-poradni-organy-vlady/rnm/historie-a-soucasnost-rady-en-16666/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Public Foundation for European Comparative Minority Research. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://languagecharter.eokik.hu/sites/StatesParties/Hungary.htm">the original</a> on 27 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Database+for+the+European+Charter+for+Regional+or+Minority+Languages&rft.atitle=Implementation+of+the+Charter+in+Hungary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flanguagecharter.eokik.hu%2Fsites%2FStatesParties%2FHungary.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rusojuz-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rusojuz_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170818173702/http://www.rusojuz.lv/ru/ourevents/26083-russkij-sojuz-latvii-budet-sotrudnichat-s-partiej-socialistov--moldovi/">"Русский союз Латвии будет сотрудничать с партией Социалистов Молдовы"</a>. <i>Rusojuz.lv</i>. <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Russian_Union" title="Latvian Russian Union">Latvian Russian Union</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rusojuz.lv/ru/ourevents/26083-russkij-sojuz-latvii-budet-sotrudnichat-s-partiej-socialistov--moldovi/">the original</a> on 18 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rusojuz.lv&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7+%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C+%D1%81+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rusojuz.lv%2Fru%2Fourevents%2F26083-russkij-sojuz-latvii-budet-sotrudnichat-s-partiej-socialistov--moldovi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-classification145-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-classification145_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-classification145_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-classification145_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-classification145_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander M. Schenker. 1993. "Proto-Slavonic", <i>The Slavonic Languages</i>. (Routledge). pp. 60–121. p. 60: "[The] distinction between dialect and language being blurred, there can be no unanimity on this issue in all instances..."<br />C.F. Voegelin and F.M. Voegelin. 1977. <i>Classification and Index of the World's Languages</i> (Elsevier). p. 311, "In terms of immediate mutual intelligibility, the East Slavic zone is a single language."<br />Bernard Comrie. 1981. <i>The Languages of the Soviet Union</i> (Cambridge). pp. 145–146: "The three East Slavonic languages are very close to one another, with very high rates of mutual intelligibility...The separation of Russian, Ukrainian, and Belorussian as distinct languages is relatively recent...Many Ukrainians in fact speak a mixture of Ukrainian and Russian, finding it difficult to keep the two languages apart..."<br />The Swedish linguist <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jensen_(slavist)" title="Alfred Jensen (slavist)">Alfred Jensen</a> wrote in 1916 that the difference between the <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> and Ukrainian languages was significant and that it could be compared to the difference between <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>. Jensen, Alfred. <i>Slaverna och världskriget. Reseminnen och intryck från Karpaterna till Balkan 1915–16.</i>. Albert Bonniers förlag, Stockholm, 1916, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kostiantyn_Tyshchenko" title="Kostiantyn Tyshchenko">K. Tyshchenko</a> (1999), <i>Metatheory of Linguistics</i> (published in Ukrainian), cited in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElms2008" class="citation web cs1">Elms, Teresa (4 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20170404185709/https://elms.wordpress.com/2008/03/04/lexical-distance-among-languages-of-europe/#selection-289.0-289.46">"Lexical Distance Among the Languages of Europe"</a>. <i>Etymologikon</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elms.wordpress.com/2008/03/04/lexical-distance-among-languages-of-europe/">the original</a> on 4 April 2017. <q>[graph] lexical distance Ukrainian-Polish: 26–35, Ukrainian-Bulgarian: 26–35, (...) 36–50</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Etymologikon&rft.atitle=Lexical+Distance+Among+the+Languages+of+Europe&rft.date=2008-03-04&rft.aulast=Elms&rft.aufirst=Teresa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felms.wordpress.com%2F2008%2F03%2F04%2Flexical-distance-among-languages-of-europe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ukrainian-language">"Ukrainian language"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. 23 August 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150715033910/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ukrainian-language">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Ukrainian+language&rft.date=2023-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FUkrainian-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pugh-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pugh_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pugh_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPugh1985" class="citation journal cs1">Pugh, Stefan M. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41036132">"The Ruthenian Language of Meletij Smotryc'kyj: Phonology"</a>. <i>Harvard Ukrainian Studies</i>. <b>9</b> (1/2): 53–60. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41036132">41036132</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230211154812/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41036132">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Ukrainian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Ruthenian+Language+of+Meletij+Smotryc%27kyj%3A+Phonology&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=53-60&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41036132%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Pugh&rft.aufirst=Stefan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41036132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shevelov-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shevelov_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shevelov_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShevelov1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Shevelov" title="George Shevelov">Shevelov, George Y.</a> (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AIVgAAAAMAAJ"><i>A Historical Phonology of the Ukrainian Language</i></a>. Heidelberg: Carl Winter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783533027867" title="Special:BookSources/9783533027867"><bdi>9783533027867</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230922165717/https://books.google.com/books?id=AIVgAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+Phonology+of+the+Ukrainian+Language&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pub=Carl+Winter&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9783533027867&rft.aulast=Shevelov&rft.aufirst=George+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAIVgAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bunčić-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bunčić_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bunčić_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunčić2006" class="citation book cs1">Bunčić, Daniel (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4678996"><i>Die ruthenische Schriftsprache bei Ivan Uževyč unter besonderer Berücksichtigung seines Gesprächsbuchs Rozmova/Besěda: Mit Wörterverzeichnis und Indizes zu seinem ruthenischen und kirchenslavischen Gesamtwerk</i></a>. München: Verlag Otto Sagner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031533/https://www.academia.edu/4678996">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+ruthenische+Schriftsprache+bei+Ivan+U%C5%BEevy%C4%8D+unter+besonderer+Ber%C3%BCcksichtigung+seines+Gespr%C3%A4chsbuchs+Rozmova%2FBes%C4%9Bda%3A+Mit+W%C3%B6rterverzeichnis+und+Indizes+zu+seinem+ruthenischen+und+kirchenslavischen+Gesamtwerk&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pub=Verlag+Otto+Sagner&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Bun%C4%8Di%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4678996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schools-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schools_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schools_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eternalrussiayel00stee/page/216">Eternal Russia: Yeltsin, Gorbachev, and the Mirage of Democracy</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Steele_(journalist)" title="Jonathan Steele (journalist)">Jonathan Steele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1988, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-26837-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-26837-1">978-0-674-26837-1</a> (p. 217)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WUkraineL-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WUkraineL_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WUkraineL_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AP2Hh3LVGaUC&pg=PA309">Purism and Language: A Study in Modem Ukrainian and Belorussian Nationalism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230922165713/https://books.google.com/books?id=AP2Hh3LVGaUC&pg=PA309">Archived</a> 22 September 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Wexler_(linguist)" title="Paul Wexler (linguist)">Paul Wexler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/087750-175-0" title="Special:BookSources/087750-175-0">087750-175-0</a> (page 309)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UkrGrammar30-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UkrGrammar30_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UkrGrammar30_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="//archive.org/details/contestedtongues00bila/page/76" class="extiw" title="iarchive:contestedtongues00bila/page/76">Contested Tongues: Language Politics and Cultural Correction in Ukraine</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laada_Bilaniuk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laada Bilaniuk (page does not exist)">Laada Bilaniuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornell_Univ._Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornell Univ. Press">Cornell Univ. Press</a>, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7279-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7279-4">978-0-8014-7279-4</a> (page 78)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchweier2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Schweier, Ulrich (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eeo.uni-klu.ac.at/wwwg.uni-klu.ac.at/eeo/Ukrainisch.pdf">"Ukrainisch"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Okuka, Miloš; Krenn, Gerald (eds.). <i>Lexikon der Sprachen des europäischen Ostens (Wieser-Enzyklopädie des europäischen Ostens, vol. 10)</i>. Klagenfurt/Celovec: Wieser Verlag. pp. 535–549. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-85129-510-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-85129-510-2"><bdi>3-85129-510-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221023175332/https://eeo.uni-klu.ac.at/wwwg.uni-klu.ac.at/eeo/Ukrainisch.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ukrainisch&rft.btitle=Lexikon+der+Sprachen+des+europ%C3%A4ischen+Ostens+%28Wieser-Enzyklop%C3%A4die+des+europ%C3%A4ischen+Ostens%2C+vol.+10%29&rft.place=Klagenfurt%2FCelovec&rft.pages=535-549&rft.pub=Wieser+Verlag&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=3-85129-510-2&rft.aulast=Schweier&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feeo.uni-klu.ac.at%2Fwwwg.uni-klu.ac.at%2Feeo%2FUkrainisch.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://litopys.org.ua/pivtorak/pivt.htm">"Григорій Півторак. Походження українців, росіян, білорусів та їхніх мов"</a>. Litopys.org.ua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120201064220/http://litopys.org.ua/pivtorak/pivt.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9+%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA.+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B2%2C+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD%2C+%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B2+%D1%82%D0%B0+%D1%97%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%85+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.pub=Litopys.org.ua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flitopys.org.ua%2Fpivtorak%2Fpivt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-About_Russian_Language_History-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-About_Russian_Language_History_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-About_Russian_Language_History_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-About_Russian_Language_History_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaliznyak" class="citation web cs1">Zaliznyak, Andrey Anatolyevich. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elementy.ru/nauchno-populyarnaya_biblioteka/431649/Ob_istorii_russkogo_yazyka">"About Russian Language History"</a>. <i>elementy.ru</i>. Mumi-Trol School. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200418153113/https://elementy.ru/nauchno-populyarnaya_biblioteka/431649/Ob_istorii_russkogo_yazyka">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=elementy.ru&rft.atitle=About+Russian+Language+History&rft.aulast=Zaliznyak&rft.aufirst=Andrey+Anatolyevich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felementy.ru%2Fnauchno-populyarnaya_biblioteka%2F431649%2FOb_istorii_russkogo_yazyka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://litopys.org.ua/istkult/ikult01.htm">"Мова (В.В.Німчук). 1. Історія української культури"</a>. Litopys.org.ua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610194227/http://litopys.org.ua/istkult/ikult01.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%28%D0%92.%D0%92.%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA%29.+1.+%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F+%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8&rft.pub=Litopys.org.ua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flitopys.org.ua%2Fistkult%2Fikult01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.litopys.org.ua/shevelov/shev.htm">"Юрій Шевельов. Історична фонологія української мови"</a>. Litopys.org.ua. 1979. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221120105749/http://litopys.org.ua/shevelov/shev.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%AE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9+%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B2.+%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F+%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8&rft.pub=Litopys.org.ua&rft.date=1979&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.litopys.org.ua%2Fshevelov%2Fshev.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShevelov,_George_Y.1979" class="citation book cs1">Shevelov, George Y. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/historical-phonology-of-the-ukrainian-language/oclc/5038718?page=citation"><i>A historical phonology of the Ukrainian language</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5038718">5038718</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220629170540/https://www.worldcat.org/title/historical-phonology-of-the-ukrainian-language/oclc/5038718?page=citation">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2020</span> – via www.worldcat.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+historical+phonology+of+the+Ukrainian+language&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5038718&rft.au=Shevelov%2C+George+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2Fhistorical-phonology-of-the-ukrainian-language%2Foclc%2F5038718%3Fpage%3Dcitation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Абаев В. И. О происхождении фонемы <i>g (h)</i> в славянском языке // Проблемы индоевропейского языкознания. М., 1964. С. 115—121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Майоров А.В. Великая Хорватия: Этногенез и ранняя история славян Прикарпатского региона. СПб.: Изд-во С.-Петерб. ун-та, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-288-03948-8" title="Special:BookSources/5-288-03948-8">5-288-03948-8</a>. С. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Эдельман Д. И. К происхождению ирано-славянских диахронических паралелей // Славянская языковая и этноязыковая системы в контакте с неславянским окружением. М., 2002. С. 76—77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Concise_Middle-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Concise_Middle_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Concise_Middle_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Concise_Middle_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">History of the Ukrainian Language. R. Smal-Stocky. In <i>Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopedia.</i>(1963). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 490–500</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://litopys.org.ua/zyzlex/zyz.htm">"Лаврентій Зизаній. "Лексис". Синоніма славеноросская"</a>. Litopys.org.ua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090830170514/http://litopys.org.ua/zyzlex/zyz.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B9+%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9.+%22%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%22.+%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F&rft.pub=Litopys.org.ua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flitopys.org.ua%2Fzyzlex%2Fzyz.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KostOstr-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KostOstr_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a href="/wiki/Mykola_Kostomarov" title="Mykola Kostomarov">Mykola Kostomarov</a>, <i>Russian History in Biographies of its main figures</i>, Chapter <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kulichki.com/inkwell/text/special/history/kostom/kostom22.htm">Knyaz Kostantin Konstantinovich Ostrozhsky</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803145944/http://www.kulichki.com/inkwell/text/special/history/kostom/kostom22.htm">Archived</a> 3 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Konstanty_Wasyl_Ostrogski" title="Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski">Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yaroslav Hrytsak. "On Sails and Gales, and Ships Driving in Various Directions: Post-Soviet Ukraine as a Test Case for the Meso-Area Concept". In: Kimitaka Matsuzato ed. <i>Emerging meso-areas in the former socialist countries: histories revived or improvised?</i>. Slavic Research Center, <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido_University" title="Hokkaido University">Hokkaido University</a>. 2005. p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholas Chirovsky. (1973). <i>On the Historical Beginnings of Eastern Slavic Europe: Readings</i> New York: Shevchenko Scientific Society, pg. 184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Bunčić2015" class="citation journal cs1">Daniel Bunčić (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/7496/">"On the dialectal basis of the Ruthenian literary language"</a>. <i>Welt der Slaven</i>. <b>60</b> (2): 277. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-2520">0043-2520</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106315708" class="extiw" title="d:Q106315708">Q106315708</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Welt+der+Slaven&rft.atitle=On+the+dialectal+basis+of+the+Ruthenian+literary+language&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=277&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=0043-2520&rft.au=Daniel+Bun%C4%8Di%C4%87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkups.ub.uni-koeln.de%2F7496%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Shevelov1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Shevelov" title="George Shevelov">George Shevelov</a> (1979). <i>A Historical Phonology of the Ukrainian Language</i>. Historical Phonology of the Slavic Languages. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag C. 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Mywebpages.comcast.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mywebpages.comcast.net/mdemkowicz1/dobra/poloniz.html">the original</a> on 2 June 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Polonization+of+the+Ukrainian+Nobility&rft.pub=Mywebpages.comcast.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmywebpages.comcast.net%2Fmdemkowicz1%2Fdobra%2Fpoloniz.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hull-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hull_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geoffrey Hull, Halyna Koscharsky. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://miskinhill.com.au/journals/asees/20:1-2/lexical-divide-ukrainian.pdf">Contours and Consequences of the Lexical Divide in Ukrainian</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130516033533/http://miskinhill.com.au/journals/asees/20:1-2/lexical-divide-ukrainian.pdf">Archived</a> 16 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <i>Australian Slavonic and East European Studies</i>. Vol. 20, no. 1-2. 2006. pp. 140–147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi1996" class="citation book cs1">Magocsi, Paul Robert (1996). <i>A History of Ukraine</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. p. 293.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ukraine&rft.pages=293&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyderWestad" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Snyder, Timothy; Westad, Arne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IWRXLrJhqA0"><i>The Making of Modern Ukraine. Class 21. Comparative Russian Imperialism</i></a>. 5 minutes in. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230702085119/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IWRXLrJhqA0">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2023</span>. <q>Even though these areas, these countries are close to the imperial centers, Ireland and Algeria, their evolution has been an evolution driven in the 20th century by decolonization. And what I'm indicating here, of course, is that the relationship between Russia and Ukraine is in many ways similar – in character, not in every context of those relationships.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Modern+Ukraine.+Class+21.+Comparative+Russian+Imperialism&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft.au=Westad%2C+Arne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DIWRXLrJhqA0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlierGraziosi2017–2018" class="citation journal cs1">Flier, Michael S.; Graziosi, Andrea (2017–2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.husj.harvard.edu/articles/the-battle-for-ukrainian-an-introduction">"The Battle for Ukrainian: An Introduction"</a>. <i>Harvard Ukrainian Studies</i>. <b>35</b>: 11–30. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230905073704/https://www.husj.harvard.edu/articles/the-battle-for-ukrainian-an-introduction">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Ukrainian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Battle+for+Ukrainian%3A+An+Introduction&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=11-30&rft.date=2017%2F2018&rft.aulast=Flier&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rft.au=Graziosi%2C+Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.husj.harvard.edu%2Farticles%2Fthe-battle-for-ukrainian-an-introduction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohut1986" class="citation journal cs1">Kohut, Zenon Eugene (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41036271">"The Development of a Little Russian Identity and Ukrainian Nationbuilding"</a>. <i>Harvard Ukrainian Studies</i>. <b>10</b> (3/4): 559–576. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41036271">41036271</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230527193501/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41036271">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2023</span>. <q>The reasons for choosing the terms remain obscure. They might simply have reflected that the Galician metropolitan had fewer eparchies than the Suzdal one, or they might have come about due to an ancient Greek practice of denoting the homeland as "minor" while the colonies were labelled as "major" (e.g., Megalê Hellas, or Magna Graecia in Latin, for the Greek colonies in Italy). Whatever the conceptual underpinnings, the terms gained acceptance in ecclesiastical circles and entered the political sphere by the 1330s. <...> As a political designation "Little Rus"" faded with the demise of the Galician Principality (1340), but it continued to be important in the expanded battles over the Rus' metropolitanate.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Ukrainian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+a+Little+Russian+Identity+and+Ukrainian+Nationbuilding&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=559-576&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41036271%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kohut&rft.aufirst=Zenon+Eugene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41036271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Valuyev-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Valuyev_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valuyev_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/ru:%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80" class="extiw" title="s:ru:Валуевский циркуляр">Валуевский циркуляр</a>, full text of the Valuyev circular on <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Snyder, Timothy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yz6MSiGZQCU"><i>The Making of Modern Ukraine. Class 22. Ukrainian Ideas in the 21st Century</i></a>. 4 minutes in. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230821123224/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yz6MSiGZQCU">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Modern+Ukraine.+Class+22.+Ukrainian+Ideas+in+the+21st+Century&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dyz6MSiGZQCU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flier,Graziosi-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Flier,Graziosi_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.husj.harvard.edu/articles/the-battle-for-ukrainian-an-introduction">https://www.husj.harvard.edu/articles/the-battle-for-ukrainian-an-introduction</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230905073704/https://www.husj.harvard.edu/articles/the-battle-for-ukrainian-an-introduction">Archived</a> 5 September 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "It was during this period that elites on both sides of the border began to apply the term Ukrainian to the varieties formerly called Ruthenian and Little Russian."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/golovatsky1849/page/n33/mode/2up">"Розправа о язиці южноруськім і його наріччях"</a>. 5 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%BE+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96+%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BC+%D1%96+%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%87%D1%87%D1%8F%D1%85&rft.date=2024-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgolovatsky1849%2Fpage%2Fn33%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230904201454/https://books.google.com/books?id=PpcjAAAAMAAJ&dq="><i>Istorii͡a ukraïnsʹkoï literatury</i></a>. 1954. p. 269. 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СКОРПІОНИ НА УКРАЇНСЬКЕ СЛОВО. Іван Огієнко. Історія української літературної мови"</a>. Litopys.org.ua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120305214746/http://litopys.org.ua/ohukr/ohu14.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Demoscope.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204034344/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97.php">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF+Weekly+%E2%80%93+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.+%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9&rft.pub=Demoscope.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2Fssp%2Frus_lan_97.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-George-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-George_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-George_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2oqThmrFCfwC&dq=Nikolayev+Ukrainian+language&pg=PA12"><i>Soviet Nationality Policy, Urban Growth, and Identity Change in the Ukrainian SSR 1923–1934</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406080213/https://books.google.com/books?id=2oqThmrFCfwC&dq=Nikolayev+Ukrainian+language&pg=PA12">Archived</a> 6 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by George O. Liber, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1992, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41391-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41391-6">978-0-521-41391-6</a> (page 12/13)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-life-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-life_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-life_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iU0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA120">The Ukraine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230211062252/https://books.google.com/books?id=iU0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA120">Archived</a> 11 February 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)"><i>Life</i></a>, 26 October 1946</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160508201331/http://legal-ussr.narod.ru/data01/tex10935.htm">"Law on Languages of Nations of USSR"</a>. Legal-ussr.narod.ru. 24 April 1990. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legal-ussr.narod.ru/data01/tex10935.htm">the original</a> on 8 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Law+on+Languages+of+Nations+of+USSR&rft.pub=Legal-ussr.narod.ru&rft.date=1990-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegal-ussr.narod.ru%2Fdata01%2Ftex10935.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlokhy2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Serhii_Plokhy" title="Serhii Plokhy">Plokhy, Serhii</a> (2015). <i>The Gates of Europe: A History of Ukraine</i>. Penguin Books. p. 304. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-141-98061-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-141-98061-4"><bdi>978-0-141-98061-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gates+of+Europe%3A+A+History+of+Ukraine&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-141-98061-4&rft.aulast=Plokhy&rft.aufirst=Serhii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eternalrussiayel00stee/page/216">Eternal Russia:Yeltsin, Gorbachev, and the Mirage of Democracy</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Steele_(journalist)" title="Jonathan Steele (journalist)">Jonathan Steele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1988, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-26837-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-26837-1">978-0-674-26837-1</a> (page 218)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/">"About number and composition population of UKRAINE by All-Ukrainian population census 2001 data"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140924081100/http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+number+and+composition+population+of+UKRAINE+by+All-Ukrainian+population+census+2001+data&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua%2Feng%2Fresults%2Fgeneral%2Flanguage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2001ukrcensusKievLang-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2001ukrcensusKievLang_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2001ukrcensusKievLang_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/Kiev/">"About number and composition population of Kiev Region by data All-Ukrainian census of the population 2001"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411075657/http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/Kiev/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+number+and+composition+population+of+Kiev+Region+by+data+All-Ukrainian+census+of+the+population+2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua%2Feng%2Fresults%2Fgeneral%2Flanguage%2FKiev%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOleg_Sukhov2019" class="citation news cs1">Oleg Sukhov (25 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.Kievpost.com/ukraine-politics/parliament-passes-ukrainian-language-bill.html?cn-reloaded=1">"Parliament passes Ukrainian language bill"</a>. <i>Kiev Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308204648/https://www.Kievpost.com/ukraine-politics/parliament-passes-ukrainian-language-bill.html?cn-reloaded=1">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kiev+Post&rft.atitle=Parliament+passes+Ukrainian+language+bill&rft.date=2019-04-25&rft.au=Oleg+Sukhov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.Kievpost.com%2Fukraine-politics%2Fparliament-passes-ukrainian-language-bill.html%3Fcn-reloaded%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shevelov-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shevelov_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shevelov_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShevelov1981" class="citation book cs1">Shevelov, George (1981). "Evolution of the Ukrainian Literary Language". In <a href="/wiki/Ivan_L._Rudnytsky" title="Ivan L. Rudnytsky">Rudnytsky, Ivan L.</a>; Himka, John-Paul (eds.). <i>Rethinking Ukrainian History</i>. Edmonton, Alberta: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Institute_of_Ukrainian_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies">Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies</a> (CIUS) Press (University of Alberta). pp. 221–225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0920862124" title="Special:BookSources/978-0920862124"><bdi>978-0920862124</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+the+Ukrainian+Literary+Language&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Ukrainian+History&rft.place=Edmonton%2C+Alberta&rft.pages=221-225&rft.pub=Canadian+Institute+of+Ukrainian+Studies+%28CIUS%29+Press+%28University+of+Alberta%29&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0920862124&rft.aulast=Shevelov&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-d-m.com.ua-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-d-m.com.ua_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-d-m.com.ua_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090302201528/http://www.d-m.com.ua/05_03.htm">"D-M.com.ua"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.d-m.com.ua/05_03.htm">the original</a> on 2 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=D-M.com.ua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.d-m.com.ua%2F05_03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ratinggroup.ua/en/research/ukraine/s_mnadcyate_zagalnonac_onalne_opituvannya_dentichn_st_patr_otizm_c_nnost_17-18_serpnya_2022.html">"Seventeenth National Survey: Identity. Patriotism. Values (17–18 August 2022)"</a>. <i>Rating Group</i>. 23 August 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221022194351/https://ratinggroup.ua/en/research/ukraine/s_mnadcyate_zagalnonac_onalne_opituvannya_dentichn_st_patr_otizm_c_nnost_17-18_serpnya_2022.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rating+Group&rft.atitle=Seventeenth+National+Survey%3A+Identity.+Patriotism.+Values+%2817%E2%80%9318+August+2022%29&rft.date=2022-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fratinggroup.ua%2Fen%2Fresearch%2Fukraine%2Fs_mnadcyate_zagalnonac_onalne_opituvannya_dentichn_st_patr_otizm_c_nnost_17-18_serpnya_2022.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ratinggroup.ua/files/ratinggroup/reg_files/rg_ua_1000_independence_082022_xvii_press.pdf"><bdi lang="uk">Сімнадцяте загальнонаціональне опитування: Ідентичність. Патріотизм. Цінності (17–18 серпня 2022)</bdi></a> [Seventeenth National Survey: Identity. Patriotism. Values (17–18 August 2022)] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Rating Group</i>. 23 August 2022. pp. 29–38. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220826043944/https://ratinggroup.ua/files/ratinggroup/reg_files/rg_ua_1000_independence_082022_xvii_press.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%80.+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.+%D0%95%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F&rft.pub=Litopys.org.ua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flitopys.org.ua%2Fukrmova%2Fum169.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://litopys.org.ua/ukrmova/um171.htm">"Степовий говір. Українська мова. Енциклопедія"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%80.+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.+%D0%95%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F&rft.pub=Litopys.org.ua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flitopys.org.ua%2Fukrmova%2Fum171.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zakharchenko-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zakharchenko_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Viktor Zakharchenko, Folk songs of the Kuban, 1997 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050226230010/http://geocities.com/terek_kaz/pesni/peskub.htm">"Oocities.com"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geocities.com/terek_kaz/pesni/peskub.htm">the original</a> on 26 February 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oocities.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeocities.com%2Fterek_kaz%2Fpesni%2Fpeskub.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+language" class="Z3988"></span>, Retrieved 7 November 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050404085334/http://harazd.net/~nadbuhom/mapy-historia/mapy_8.htm">"Mapa ukrajinskich howoriv"</a>. Harazd.net. Archived from the original on 4 April 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mapa+ukrajinskich+howoriv&rft.pub=Harazd.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fharazd.net%2F~nadbuhom%2Fmapy-historia%2Fmapy_8.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://litopys.org.ua/ukrmova/um159.htm">"Південно-західне наріччя. Українська мова. Енциклопедія"</a>. Litopys.org.ua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120207143836/http://litopys.org.ua/ukrmova/um159.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%87%D1%87%D1%8F.+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.+%D0%95%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F&rft.pub=Litopys.org.ua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flitopys.org.ua%2Fukrmova%2Fum159.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://litopys.org.ua/ukrmova/um180.htm">"Подільський говір. Українська мова. Енциклопедія"</a>. Litopys.org.ua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101111012/http://litopys.org.ua/ukrmova/um180.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%80.+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.+%D0%95%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F&rft.pub=Litopys.org.ua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flitopys.org.ua%2Fukrmova%2Fum180.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ji.lviv.ua/n36-1texts/gwara.htm">"Короткий словник львівської ґвари"</a>. Ji.lviv.ua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110123112532/http://www.ji.lviv.ua/n36-1texts/gwara.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97+%D2%91%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8&rft.pub=Ji.lviv.ua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ji.lviv.ua%2Fn36-1texts%2Fgwara.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKokaislŠtolfováFajfrlíkováNěmcová2023" class="citation book cs1">Kokaisl, Petr; Štolfová, Andrea; Fajfrlíková, Pavla; Němcová, Veronika; Zychová, Jana; Cejpová, Irena; et al. (11 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2bSvEAAAQBAJ&dq=Officially,+state+officials+consider+Rusyn+to+be+just+one+of+many+dialects+of+Ukrainian,+the+so-called+Transcarpathian+dialect.&pg=PA57"><i>In the footsteps of the Rusyns in Europe: Ukraine, Slovakia, Serbia, Poland and Hungary</i></a>. NOSTALGIE Praha. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-908883-0-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-908883-0-2"><bdi>978-80-908883-0-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+footsteps+of+the+Rusyns+in+Europe%3A+Ukraine%2C+Slovakia%2C+Serbia%2C+Poland+and+Hungary&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=NOSTALGIE+Praha&rft.date=2023-01-11&rft.isbn=978-80-908883-0-2&rft.aulast=Kokaisl&rft.aufirst=Petr&rft.au=%C5%A0tolfov%C3%A1%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Fajfrl%C3%ADkov%C3%A1%2C+Pavla&rft.au=N%C4%9Bmcov%C3%A1%2C+Veronika&rft.au=Zychov%C3%A1%2C+Jana&rft.au=Cejpov%C3%A1%2C+Irena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2bSvEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DOfficially%2C%2Bstate%2Bofficials%2Bconsider%2BRusyn%2Bto%2Bbe%2Bjust%2Bone%2Bof%2Bmany%2Bdialects%2Bof%2BUkrainian%2C%2Bthe%2Bso-called%2BTranscarpathian%2Bdialect.%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rus-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rus_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120530221314/http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab6.xls"><bdi lang="ru">Население Российской Федерации по владению языками</bdi></a> (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab6.xls">the original</a> on 30 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perepis-2010.ru%2Fresults_of_the_census%2Ftab6.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160524015103/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/standard/themes/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?Temporal=2001&PID=55539&APATH=11&GID=431515&METH=1&PTYPE=55440&THEME=41&FOCUS=0&AID=0&PLACENAME=0&PROVINCE=0&SEARCH=0&GC=99&GK=NA&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&FL=0&RL=4&FREE=0">"Various Languages Spoken"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>. 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/standard/themes/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?Temporal=2001&PID=55539&APATH=11&GID=431515&METH=1&PTYPE=55440&THEME=41&FOCUS=0&AID=0&PLACENAME=0&PROVINCE=0&SEARCH=0&GC=99&GK=NA&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&FL=0&RL=4&FREE=0">the original</a> on 24 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Various+Languages+Spoken&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.ca%2Fenglish%2Fcensus01%2Fproducts%2Fstandard%2Fthemes%2FRetrieveProductTable.cfm%3FTemporal%3D2001%26PID%3D55539%26APATH%3D11%26GID%3D431515%26METH%3D1%26PTYPE%3D55440%26THEME%3D41%26FOCUS%3D0%26AID%3D0%26PLACENAME%3D0%26PROVINCE%3D0%26SEARCH%3D0%26GC%3D99%26GK%3DNA%26VID%3D0%26VNAMEE%3D%26VNAMEF%3D%26FL%3D0%26RL%3D4%26FREE%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202180854/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/standard/themes/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?Temporal=2001&PID=55536&APATH=11&GID=431515&METH=1&PTYPE=55440&THEME=41&FOCUS=0&AID=0&PLACENAME=0&PROVINCE=0&SEARCH=0&GC=99&GK=NA&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&FL=0&RL=4&FREE=0">"Detailed Language Spoken at Home"</a>. Statistics Canada. 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/standard/themes/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?Temporal=2001&PID=55536&APATH=11&GID=431515&METH=1&PTYPE=55440&THEME=41&FOCUS=0&AID=0&PLACENAME=0&PROVINCE=0&SEARCH=0&GC=99&GK=NA&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&FL=0&RL=4&FREE=0">the original</a> on 2 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Detailed+Language+Spoken+at+Home&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.ca%2Fenglish%2Fcensus01%2Fproducts%2Fstandard%2Fthemes%2FRetrieveProductTable.cfm%3FTemporal%3D2001%26PID%3D55536%26APATH%3D11%26GID%3D431515%26METH%3D1%26PTYPE%3D55440%26THEME%3D41%26FOCUS%3D0%26AID%3D0%26PLACENAME%3D0%26PROVINCE%3D0%26SEARCH%3D0%26GC%3D99%26GK%3DNA%26VID%3D0%26VNAMEE%3D%26VNAMEF%3D%26FL%3D0%26RL%3D4%26FREE%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mother tongue "refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the individual at the time of the census." More detailed language figures are to be reported in December 2007. Statistics Canada (2007). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.gc.ca/Collection/Statcan/12-581-X/12-581-XIE2006001.pdf">Canada at a Glance 2007</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141205052736/http://publications.gc.ca/Collection/Statcan/12-581-X/12-581-XIE2006001.pdf">Archived</a> 5 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFНеофициальный_сайт_Президента_ПМР" class="citation web cs1">Неофициальный сайт Президента ПМР. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://president-pmr.org/">"The Constitution of Transnistria, Article 12"</a>. President-pmr.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220205193950/http://president-pmr.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+Transnistria%2C+Article+12&rft.pub=President-pmr.org&rft.au=%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%9F%D0%9C%D0%A0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpresident-pmr.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boruszenko-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boruszenko_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oksana Boruszenko and Rev. 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Vinnytsia: Nova Knyha Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/966-7890-27-9" title="Special:BookSources/966-7890-27-9"><bdi>966-7890-27-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contrastive+Topology+of+the+English+and+Ukrainian+Languages&rft.place=Vinnytsia&rft.pub=Nova+Knyha+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=966-7890-27-9&rft.aulast=Korunets%27&rft.aufirst=Ilko+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lesyuk, Mykola <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060630054103/http://www.mesogaia.il.if.ua/lesjuk.htm">"Різнотрактування історії української мови"</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJakubowskiMiszczukKawałkoKomornicki2016" class="citation book cs1">Jakubowski, A.; Miszczuk, A.; Kawałko, B.; Komornicki, T.; Szul, R. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gAoxDQAAQBAJ"><i>The EU's New Borderland: Cross-border relations and regional development</i></a>. ISSN. Taylor & Francis. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-22431-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-22431-0"><bdi>978-1-317-22431-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+EU%27s+New+Borderland%3A+Cross-border+relations+and+regional+development&rft.series=ISSN&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-22431-0&rft.aulast=Jakubowski&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Miszczuk%2C+A.&rft.au=Kawa%C5%82ko%2C+B.&rft.au=Komornicki%2C+T.&rft.au=Szul%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgAoxDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuckyj1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_S._N._Luckyj" title="George S. N. Luckyj">Luckyj, George S. N.</a> (1990) [1956]. <i>Literary Politics in the Soviet Ukraine, 1917–1934</i>. Durham and London: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-1099-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-1099-6"><bdi>0-8223-1099-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literary+Politics+in+the+Soviet+Ukraine%2C+1917%E2%80%931934&rft.place=Durham+and+London&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-8223-1099-6&rft.aulast=Luckyj&rft.aufirst=George+S.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+language" class="Z3988"></span> (revised and updated edition)</li> <li>Nimchuk, Vasyl'. Періодизація як напрямок дослідження генези та історії української мови. Мовознавство. 1997.- Ч.6.-С.3–14; 1998.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magocsi,_Paul_Robert" class="mw-redirect" title="Magocsi, Paul Robert">Magocsi, Paul Robert</a> (1996). <i>A History of Ukraine.</i> Toronto: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-0830-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-0830-5">0-8020-0830-5</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPivtorak1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pivtorak, Hryhoriy Petrovych (1998). <i>Походження українців, росіян, білорусів та їхніх мов</i> [<i>The origin of Ukrainians, Belarusians, Russians and their languages</i>] (in Ukrainian). Kyiv: Akademia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/966-580-082-5" title="Special:BookSources/966-580-082-5"><bdi>966-580-082-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B2%2C+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD%2C+%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B2+%D1%82%D0%B0+%D1%97%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%85+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.place=Kyiv&rft.pub=Akademia&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=966-580-082-5&rft.aulast=Pivtorak&rft.aufirst=Hryhoriy+Petrovych&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+language" class="Z3988"></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://izbornyk.org.ua/pivtorak/pivt.htm">Litopys.kiev.ua</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110522143121/http://izbornyk.org.ua/pivtorak/pivt.htm">Archived</a> 22 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShevelov1979" class="citation book cs1">Shevelov, George Y. (1979). <i>A Historical Phonology of the Ukrainian Language</i>. <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>: Carl Winter Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-533-02787-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-533-02787-2"><bdi>3-533-02787-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+Phonology+of+the+Ukrainian+Language.&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pub=Carl+Winter+Verlag&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=3-533-02787-2&rft.aulast=Shevelov&rft.aufirst=George+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+language" class="Z3988"></span>. Ukrainian translation is partially available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.litopys.org.ua/shevelov/shev.htm">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221120105749/http://litopys.org.ua/shevelov/shev.htm">Archived</a> 20 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubtelny1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Orest_Subtelny" title="Orest Subtelny">Subtelny, Orest</a> (1988). <i>Ukraine: A History</i>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-5808-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-5808-6"><bdi>0-8020-5808-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ukraine%3A+A+History&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-8020-5808-6&rft.aulast=Subtelny&rft.aufirst=Orest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wumag.kiev.ua/index2.php?param=pgs20032/72">"What language is spoken in Ukraine"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011112630/http://www.wumag.kiev.ua/index2.php?param=pgs20032%2F72">Archived</a> 11 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in <i>Welcome to Ukraine</i>, 2003, 1., wumag.kiev.ua</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng">All-Ukrainian population census 2001</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140311072116/http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/">Archived</a> 11 March 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, ukrcensus.gov.ua</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071005105502/http://www.rada.kiev.ua/const/const1.htm">Конституція України (Constitution of Ukraine)</a>, 1996, rada.kiev.ua <span class="languageicon">(in Ukrainian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970415063610/http://rada.kiev.ua/const/conengl.htm">English translation (excerpts)</a>, rada.kiev.ua.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demoscope.ru/weekly/pril.php">1897 census</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514001827/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/pril.php">Archived</a> 14 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, demoscope.ru</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right mw-collapsible mw-collapsed sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow" style="clear: both"> <b>Ukrainian language</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:About_Ukrainian" class="extiw" title="wikt:Wiktionary:About Ukrainian">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ukrainian_language" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Ukrainian language">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Ukrainian" class="extiw" title="b:Ukrainian">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ukrainian_phrasebook" class="extiw" title="voy:Ukrainian phrasebook">Phrasebook</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="uk:">Ukrainian edition</a> of Wikipedia</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8798" class="extiw" title="d:Q8798">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg/27px-Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg/41px-Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg/54px-Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ukrainian_language" class="extiw" title="m:Special:Search/Ukrainian language">Discussions</a> from Meta-Wiki</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irekw.internetdsl.pl/mapy/rozne/mapy_kuraszkiew.jpg">Dialects of Ukrainian Language / Narzecza Języka Ukraińskiego by Wł. Kuraszkiewicz</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100214134402/http://www.irekw.internetdsl.pl/mapy/rozne/mapy_kuraszkiew.jpg">Archived</a> 14 February 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080303112904/http://cla.calpoly.edu/~mriedlsp/History315/Maps/map2.html">Ethnographic map of Europe 1914</a>, cla.calpoly.edu (archived 3 March 2008)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainianlanguage.htm">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine: Ukrainian language</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://izbornyk.org.ua/pravopys/pravopys2012.htm">The official Ukrainian Orthography (2012), published by the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.101languages.net/ukrainian/history.html">101languages.net – Ukrainian 101</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Slavic_languages" title="Template:Slavic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Slavic_languages" title="Template talk:Slavic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Slavic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Slavic_languages" title="History of the Slavic languages">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Proto-Slavic" title="History of Proto-Slavic">Up to Proto-Slavic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_accent" title="Proto-Slavic accent">Accent</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic script</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Slavic_languages" title="History of the Slavic languages">Modern languages</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simple_speech" title="Simple speech">Simple speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic">Old East Slavic</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Novgorod_dialect" title="Old Novgorod dialect">Old Novgorodian</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_dialects" title="Russian dialects">dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Russian" title="Alaskan Russian">Alaskan Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobor_Russian" title="Doukhobor Russian">Doukhobor Russian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ukrainian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_dialects" title="Ukrainian dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Ukrainian" title="Canadian Ukrainian">Canadian Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_speech" title="Simple speech">Simple speech</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_South_Slavic" title="Eastern South Slavic">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages#Transitional_South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">Transitional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torlakian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Torlakian dialect">Torlakian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_South_Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Western South Slavic">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carantanians#Language" title="Carantanians">Alpine Slavic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavomolisano_dialect" title="Slavomolisano dialect">Slavomolisano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Czech%E2%80%93Slovak_languages" title="Czech–Slovak languages">Czech-Slovak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Czech_language" title="Biblical Czech language">Biblical Czech</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_language" title="Czechoslovak language">Czechoslovak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_dialects" title="Moravian dialects">Moravian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">White Croatian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Camaldolese_Slovak" title="Camaldolese Slovak">Camaldolese Slovak</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slovak_dialects" title="Eastern Slovak dialects">Eastern Slovak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn" title="Pannonian Rusyn">Pannonian Rusyn</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lechitic_languages" title="Lechitic languages">Lechitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>East Lechitic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masurian_dialects" title="Masurian dialects">Masurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Polish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Polish language">Old Polish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Polish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Polish language">Middle Polish</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language">Silesian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lach_dialects" title="Lach dialects">Lach</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_language" title="Pomeranian language">Pomeranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovincian_language" title="Slovincian language">Slovincian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Lechitic_dialects" title="West Lechitic dialects">West Lechitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcho-Magdeburgian_dialect" title="Marcho-Magdeburgian dialect">Marcho-Magdeburgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polabian_language" title="Polabian language">Polabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_dialect" title="Rani dialect">Rani</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sorbian_languages" title="Sorbian languages">Sorbian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian_language" title="Upper Sorbian language">Upper Sorbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sorbian_language" title="Lower Sorbian language">Lower Sorbian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schleifer_dialect" title="Schleifer dialect">Schleifer</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_microlanguages" title="Slavic microlanguages">Microlanguages</a> <br />and dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Carpathian Rusyn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lemkos#Language" title="Lemkos">Lemko</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podlachian_language" title="Podlachian language">Podlachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Polesian" title="West Polesian">West Polesian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Bulgarian_dialect" title="Banat Bulgarian dialect">Banat Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakavian" title="Chakavian">Chakavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burgenland_Croatian" title="Burgenland Croatian">Burgenland Croatian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajkavian" title="Kajkavian">Kajkavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomak_language" title="Pomak language">Pomak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prekmurje_Slovene" title="Prekmurje Slovene">Prekmurje Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resian_dialect" title="Resian dialect">Resian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shtokavian" title="Shtokavian">Shtokavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavomolisano_dialect" title="Slavomolisano dialect">Slavomolisano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunjevac_dialect" title="Bunjevac dialect">Bunjevac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_dialects_of_Greece" title="Slavic dialects of Greece">Slavic dialects of Greece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slovak_dialects" title="Eastern Slovak dialects">Eastern Slovak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn" title="Pannonian Rusyn">Pannonian Rusyn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goral_ethnolect" title="Goral ethnolect">Goral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language">Silesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cieszyn_Silesian_dialect" title="Cieszyn Silesian dialect">Cieszyn Silesian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balachka" title="Balachka">Balachka</a></li> <li><i>20th century <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Romani" title="Bohemian Romani">Bohemian Romani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kyakhta_Russian%E2%80%93Chinese_Pidgin" title="Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin">Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mednyj_Aleut_language" title="Mednyj Aleut language">Mednyj Aleut</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponaschemu" title="Ponaschemu">Ponaschemu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German-Russian_macaronic_language" title="German-Russian macaronic language">Quelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Serbian_language" title="Romano-Serbian language">Romano-Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runglish" title="Runglish">Runglish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russenorsk" title="Russenorsk">Russenorsk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solombala_English" title="Solombala English">Solombala English</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surzhyk" title="Surzhyk">Surzhyk</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taimyr_Pidgin_Russian" title="Taimyr Pidgin Russian">Taimyr Pidgin Russian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasianka" title="Trasianka">Trasianka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavic_language" title="Pan-Slavic language">Pan-Slavic language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interslavic" title="Interslavic">Interslavic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydnevi" title="Lydnevi">Lydnevi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Army_Slavic" title="Army Slavic">Army Slavic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iazychie" title="Iazychie">Iazychie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slavonic-Serbian" title="Slavonic-Serbian">Slavonic-Serbian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical<br />phonology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_first_palatalization" title="Slavic first palatalization">Slavic first palatalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_second_palatalization" title="Slavic second palatalization">Slavic second palatalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_liquid_metathesis_and_pleophony" title="Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony">Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophthongization_of_diphthongs_in_Proto-Slavic" title="Monophthongization of diphthongs in Proto-Slavic">Monophthongization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dybo%27s_law" title="Dybo's law">Dybo's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havl%C3%ADk%27s_law" title="Havlík's law">Havlík's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirt%27s_law" title="Hirt's law">Hirt's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illi%C4%8D-Svity%C4%8D%27s_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Illič-Svityč's law">Illič-Svityč's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iv%C5%A1i%C4%87%27s_law" title="Ivšić's law">Ivšić's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meillet%27s_law" title="Meillet's law">Meillet's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedersen%27s_law" title="Pedersen's law">Pedersen's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruki_sound_law" title="Ruki sound law">Ruki sound law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Wijk%27s_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Wijk's law">Van Wijk's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter%27s_law" title="Winter's law">Winter's law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ukraine_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ukraine_topics" title="Template:Ukraine topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ukraine_topics" title="Template talk:Ukraine topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ukraine_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ukraine topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ukraine_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuyaba" title="Kuyaba">Kuyaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Kiev" title="Principality of Kiev">Principality of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Galicia–Volhynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiev_Voivodeship" title="Kiev Voivodeship">Kiev Voivodeship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Zaporozhian Cossacks">Zaporozhian Cossacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Sich" title="Zaporozhian Sich">Sich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Hetmanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pereiaslav_Agreement" title="Pereiaslav Agreement">Pereiaslav Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_War_of_Independence" title="Ukrainian War of Independence">Revolution and War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_State" title="Ukrainian State">Ukrainian State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic">West Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine" title="Reichskommissariat Ukraine">Reichskommissariat Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_National_Committee" title="Ukrainian National Committee">Ukrainian National Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front (World War II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia" title="Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia">Volhynia massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_Ukraine" title="Declaration of Independence of Ukraine">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_Dignity" title="Revolution of Dignity">Revolution of Dignity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine" title="2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine">2014 pro-Russian unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Annexation of Crimea by Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas" title="War in Donbas">War in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Ukraine" title="History of Christianity in Ukraine">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ukraine" title="Economy of Ukraine">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine" title="Armed Forces of Ukraine">Military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ukraine" title="Geography of Ukraine">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Ukraine" title="National parks of Ukraine">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves_in_Europe_and_North_America#Ukraine" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Europe and North America">Biosphere reserves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Natural Wonders of Ukraine">Seven Natural Wonders of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nature_reserves_of_Ukraine" title="List of nature reserves of Ukraine">Nature reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populated_places_in_Ukraine" title="Populated places in Ukraine">Populated places</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ukraine" title="List of cities in Ukraine">Cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_rivers_of_Ukraine" title="List of longest rivers of Ukraine">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Ukraine" title="List of mountains in Ukraine">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_in_Ukraine" title="List of waterfalls in Ukraine">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ukraine" title="List of islands of Ukraine">Islands and sandbars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Ukraine" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Ukraine">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Ukraine" title="Wildlife of Ukraine">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ukraine" title="Politics of Ukraine">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Ukraine" title="Administrative divisions of Ukraine">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ukraine" title="Constitution of Ukraine">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ukraine" title="Flag of Ukraine">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ukraine" title="President of Ukraine">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ukraine" title="Government of Ukraine">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign relations of Ukraine">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine" title="Armed Forces of Ukraine">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Ukraine" title="Political parties in Ukraine">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Ukraine" title="Elections in Ukraine">Elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Ukraine" title="Judiciary of Ukraine">Judiciary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Ukraine" title="Law of Ukraine">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Ukraine)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Ukraine)">Law enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Ukraine–European Union relations">Ukraine–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Ukraine–NATO relations">Ukraine–NATO relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ukraine" title="Economy of Ukraine">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_hryvnia" title="Ukrainian hryvnia"><i>Hryvnia</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Ukraine" title="Banking in Ukraine">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_exchanges_in_Ukraine" title="Stock exchanges in Ukraine">Stock exchanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Ukraine" title="Energy in Ukraine">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_in_Ukraine" title="Electricity in Ukraine">Electricity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Ukraine" title="Science and technology in Ukraine">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ukraine" title="Telecommunications in Ukraine">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Ukraine" title="Tourism in Ukraine">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ukraine" title="Transport in Ukraine">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Ukraine" title="Category:Society of Ukraine">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ukraine" title="Education in Ukraine">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Ukraine" title="Corruption in Ukraine">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Ukraine" title="Gender inequality in Ukraine">Gender inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Ukraine" title="Health in Ukraine">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Ukraine" title="Abortion in Ukraine">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Ukraine" title="HIV/AIDS in Ukraine">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic" title="2009 swine flu pandemic">Swine flu pandemic</a> (2009-10)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Ukraine" title="Crime in Ukraine">Crime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Ukraine" title="Suicide in Ukraine">suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Ukraine" title="Human rights in Ukraine">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Ukraine" title="Freedom of the press in Ukraine">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Ukraine">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Ukraine" title="Human trafficking in Ukraine">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ukraine" title="Languages of Ukraine">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Ukraine" title="Minorities in Ukraine">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Ukraine" title="Prostitution in Ukraine">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ukraine" title="Culture of Ukraine">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukrainian_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ukrainian animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_architecture" title="Ukrainian architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Architecture of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian baroque">Baroque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_Ukraine" title="Arts of Ukraine">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ukraine" title="Cinema of Ukraine">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cuisine" title="Ukrainian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_wine" title="Ukrainian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cultural icons <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandura" title="Bandura">Bandura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borscht" title="Borscht">Borscht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_fairy_tale" title="Ukrainian fairy tale">Kazka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobzar" title="Kobzar">Kobzar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pysanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Pysanka">Pysanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushnyk" title="Rushnyk">Rushnyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyshyvanka" title="Vyshyvanka">Vyshyvanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_dance" title="Ukrainian dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_folklore" title="Ukrainian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Ukraine" title="Public holidays in Ukraine">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Ukraine" title="Intangible Cultural Heritage of Ukraine">Intangible Cultural Heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_literature" title="Ukrainian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Ukraine" title="Mass media in Ukraine">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ukraine" title="Music of Ukraine">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_in_Ukraine" title="Opera in Ukraine">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ukraine" title="Sport in Ukraine">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ukraine" title="Demographics of Ukraine">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainian people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people">Rus' people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_diaspora" title="Ukrainian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_refugee_crisis_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian refugee crisis (2022–present)">Refugees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration to Ukraine">Immigration to Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censuses_in_Ukraine" title="Censuses in Ukraine">Censuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ukraine" title="Women in Ukraine">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Ukraine" title="Outline of Ukraine">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ukraine" title="Category:Ukraine">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ukraine" title="Portal:Ukraine">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ukrainian_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ukrainian_language" title="Template:Ukrainian language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ukrainian_language" title="Template talk:Ukrainian language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ukrainian_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ukrainian language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ukrainian_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ukrainian language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_alphabet" title="Ukrainian alphabet">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Braille</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_grammar" title="Ukrainian grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_phonology" title="Ukrainian phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_dialects" title="Ukrainian dialects">Dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">Romanization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulatory institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASU_Institute_of_Ukrainian_Language" title="NASU Institute of Ukrainian Language">Institute of Ukrainian Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potebnia_Institute_of_Linguistics" title="Potebnia Institute of Linguistics">Potebnia Institute of Linguistics</a></li> <li>Ukrainian Language and Information Fund</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Ukraine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Ukraine" title="Template:Languages of Ukraine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Ukraine" title="Template talk:Languages of Ukraine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Ukraine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Ukraine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Ukraine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ukraine" title="Languages of Ukraine">Languages of Ukraine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ukrainian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_dialects" title="Ukrainian dialects">dialects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_dialects" title="Crimean Tatar dialects">dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language_in_Ukraine" title="Belarusian language in Ukraine">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zipser_German" title="Zipser German">Zipser</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mariupol_Greek" title="Mariupol Greek">Ruméika</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_subdialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Lwów subdialect">Lviv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Borderlands_dialect" title="Southern Borderlands dialect">Southern Kresy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian language in Ukraine">Romanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_language" title="Moldovan language">Moldovan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language_in_Ukraine" title="Russian language in Ukraine">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unrecognized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Romani" title="Carpathian Romani">Carpathian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlax_Romani" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlax Romani">Vlax</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gammalsvenska" title="Gammalsvenska">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urum_language" title="Urum language">Urum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Sign_Language" title="Ukrainian Sign Language">Ukrainian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_policy_in_Ukraine" title="Language policy in Ukraine">Language policy in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balachka" title="Balachka">Balachka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surzhyk" title="Surzhyk">Surzhyk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Ukraine" title="Category:Languages of Ukraine">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239009302"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Belarus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Belarus" title="Template:Languages of Belarus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Belarus" title="Template talk:Languages of Belarus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Belarus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Belarus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Belarus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Belarus" title="Languages of Belarus">Languages of Belarus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/32px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/48px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/64px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Belarus" title="Portal:Belarus">Belarus portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_speech" title="Simple speech">Simple speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasianka" title="Trasianka">Trasianka</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Polesian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="West Polesian dialect">West Polesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Romani" title="Baltic Romani">Baltic Romani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Moldova" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Moldova" title="Template:Languages of Moldova"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Moldova" title="Template talk:Languages of Moldova"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Moldova" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Moldova"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Moldova" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Moldova" title="Languages of Moldova">Languages of Moldova</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Russia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Russia" title="Template:Languages of Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Russia" title="Template talk:Languages of Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Languages of Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State languages<br />of federal subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaza_language" title="Abaza language">Abaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghul_language" title="Aghul language">Aghul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_languages" title="Altai languages">Altai</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Northern_Altai_language" title="Northern Altai language">Northern Altai</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Southern_Altai_language" title="Southern Altai language">Southern Altai</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avar_language" title="Avar language">Avar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryat_language" title="Buryat language">Buryat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargwa_language" title="Dargwa language">Dargwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Oirat" title="Kalmyk Oirat">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas_language" title="Khakas language">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_language" title="Komi language">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lak_language" title="Lak language">Lak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_language" title="Mari language">Mari</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hill_Mari_language" title="Hill Mari language">Hill</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Meadow_Mari_language" title="Meadow Mari language">Meadow</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordvinic_languages" title="Mordvinic languages">Mordvin</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutul_language" title="Rutul language">Rutul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Yakut/Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_language" title="Tabasaran language">Tabasaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_language" title="Tsakhur language">Tsakhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages with official status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_language" title="Chukchi language">Chukchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgan_language" title="Dolgan language">Dolgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Even_language" title="Even language">Even</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_language" title="Evenki language">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanty_languages" title="Khanty languages">Khanty</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Khanty_language" title="Northern Khanty language">Northern Khanty</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Khanty_language" title="Southern Khanty language">Southern Khanty</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Khanty_language" title="Eastern Khanty language">Eastern Khanty</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi-Permyak_language" title="Komi-Permyak language">Komi-Permyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansi language">Mansi</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Mansi language">Northern Mansi</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Mansi_language" title="Western Mansi language">Western Mansi</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Mansi language">Eastern Mansi</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Mansi_language" title="Southern Mansi language">Southern Mansi</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenets_languages" title="Nenets languages">Nenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkup_language" title="Selkup language">Selkup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veps_language" title="Veps language">Veps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Tundra_Yukaghir_language" title="Tundra Yukaghir language">Northern Yukaghir</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Yukaghir_language" title="Southern Yukaghir language">Southern Yukaghir</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic Braille">Cyrillic Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian script</a> (<small><a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Buryat script</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Kalmyk script</a></small>)<sup>2</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><sup>1</sup> In Russia, the Cyrillic alphabet is officially supported. <sup>2</sup> For other, non-Cyrillic alphabets, separate federal laws are required. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Russia" title="Category:Languages of Russia">Languages of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_in_languages_of_Russia" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia in languages of Russia">Wikipedia in languages of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_by_language_of_Russia" title="Category:Mass media by language of Russia">Mass media by language of Russia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8798#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4120373-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85139389">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119636087">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119636087">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573984">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="ukrajinština"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph126868&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007560842305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=68157">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\U\K\Ukrainianlanguage">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a 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Template:Infobox"," 10.54% 308.090 50 Template:Cite_web"," 7.89% 230.614 5 Template:Cite_Q"," 7.75% 226.506 1 Template:Navboxes"," 6.33% 185.073 72 Template:Delink"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.669","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22953647,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBunčić2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElms2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlierGraziosi2017–2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorbach1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJakubowskiMiszczukKawałkoKomornicki2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKohut1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKokaislŠtolfováFajfrlíkováNěmcová2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorunets\u0026#039;2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuckyj1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagocsi1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaier2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_A._Moser2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOleg_Sukhov2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOleksandr2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPivtorak1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlokhy2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPugh1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchweier2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShevelov\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFShevelov,_George_Y.1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShevelov1979\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFShevelov1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnyder\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnyderWestad\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubtelny1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTecnologia2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZaliznyak\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFНеофициальный_сайт_Президента_ПМР\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"'\"] = 6,\n [\"Angle bracket\"] = 9,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite Q\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite act\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 50,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Cn\"] = 52,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Ukrainian Language\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Dubious\"] = 1,\n [\"Em\"] = 25,\n [\"Expand section\"] = 1,\n [\"External media\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 5,\n [\"IPA\"] = 37,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 7,\n [\"Ill\"] = 2,\n [\"In lang\"] = 4,\n [\"Infobox language\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlanguage link\"] = 2,\n [\"Lang\"] = 18,\n [\"Languages of Belarus\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of Moldova\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of Russia\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of Ukraine\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 5,\n [\"Main\"] = 5,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteFoot\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteTag\"] = 1,\n [\"PIE\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 7,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sigfig\"] = 2,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Slavic languages\"] = 1,\n [\"Softsign\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 1,\n [\"Ukraine topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Ukrainian language\"] = 1,\n [\"Update\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 15,\n [\"Which\"] = 1,\n [\"Which?\"] = 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18 Roman Andrushkiw\n19 19 Paul Dzul\n20 20 Petro Sodol\n21 21 Bohdan Harasymiw\n22 22 Myroslav Romaniuk\n23 23 Anna Pawliczko\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","400","21.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","12.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","160","8.6"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","160","8.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","140","7.5"],["dataWrapper 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