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Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portaal:Chemie" title="Portaal:Chemie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Portaal:Chemie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17580674 badge-featuredportal mw-list-item" title="featured portal badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9:%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="بوابة:الكيمياء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوابة:الكيمياء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Портал:Химия – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Портал:Химия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Kimya" title="Portal:Kimya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Portal:Kimya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0:%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8" title="প্রবেশদ্বার:রসায়ন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রবেশদ্বার:রসায়ন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Партал:Хімія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Партал:Хімія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Портал:Химия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Портал:Химия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Hemija" title="Portal:Hemija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Portal:Hemija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Qu%C3%ADmica" title="Portal:Química – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Portal:Química" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:Chemie" title="Portál:Chemie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Portál:Chemie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9:%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A" title="قيسارية:شيمي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="قيسارية:شيمي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17580674 badge-featuredportal mw-list-item" title="featured portal badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Chemie" title="Portal:Chemie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Portal:Chemie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portaal:Keemia" title="Portaal:Keemia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Portaal:Keemia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B7:%CE%A7%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Πύλη:Χημεία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πύλη:Χημεία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Qu%C3%ADmica" title="Portal:Química – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Portal:Química" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portalo:Kemio" title="Portalo:Kemio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Portalo:Kemio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17580674 badge-featuredportal mw-list-item" title="featured portal badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87:%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C" title="درگاه:شیمی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درگاه:شیمی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portail:Chimie" title="Portail:Chimie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Portail:Chimie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="Portal:化學 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="Portal:化學" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%ED%84%B8:%ED%99%94%ED%95%99" title="포털:화학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포털:화학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0:%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="प्रवेशद्वार:रासायनिकी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रवेशद्वार:रासायनिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Kemija" title="Portal:Kemija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Portal:Kemija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Kimia" title="Portal:Kimia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Portal:Kimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portale:Chimica" title="Portale:Chimica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Portale:Chimica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9C:%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94" title="פורטל:כימיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פורטל:כימיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98:%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პორტალი:ქიმია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პორტალი:ქიმია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2tay:chimi" title="Pòtay:chimi – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pòtay:chimi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:K%C3%A9mia" title="Portál:Kémia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Portál:Kémia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Портал:Хемија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Портал:Хемија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="കവാടം:രസതന്ത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കവാടം:രസതന്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Kimika" title="Portal:Kimika – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Portal:Kimika" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Kimia" title="Portal:Kimia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Portal:Kimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portaal:Scheikunde" title="Portaal:Scheikunde – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Portaal:Scheikunde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82:%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="दबू:रसायनशास्त्र – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="दबू:रसायनशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:化学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Portal:化学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Quimia" title="Portal:Quimia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Portal:Quimia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Kimyo" title="Portal:Kimyo – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Portal:Kimyo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%95:%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A3_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਫਾਟਕ:ਰਸਾਇਣ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫਾਟਕ:ਰਸਾਇਣ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:K%C3%A9mie" title="Portal:Kémie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Portal:Kémie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Chemie" title="Portal:Chemie – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Portal:Chemie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Chemia" title="Portal:Chemia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Portal:Chemia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Qu%C3%ADmica" title="Portal:Química – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Portal:Química" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Chimie" title="Portal:Chimie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Portal:Chimie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punku_p%27anqa:_Chaqllisinchi" title="Punku p'anqa: Chaqllisinchi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Punku p'anqa: Chaqllisinchi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Портал:Химия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Портал:Химия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purtali:Chimica" title="Purtali:Chimica – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Purtali:Chimica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA:%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ද්වාරය:රසායන විද්‍යාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ද්වාරය:රසායන විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8:%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="باب:ڪيميا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="باب:ڪيميا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:Ch%C3%A9mia" title="Portál:Chémia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Portál:Chémia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Kemija" title="Portal:Kemija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Portal:Kemija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Kimistari" title="Portal:Kimistari – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Portal:Kimistari" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%95:%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="دەروازە:کیمیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەروازە:کیمیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Портал:Хемија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Портал:Хемија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teemasivu:Kemia" title="Teemasivu:Kemia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Teemasivu:Kemia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv 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<dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Human_activities" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Activities</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Culture_and_the_arts" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Geography_and_places" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Geography</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Health_and_fitness" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Health</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#History_and_events" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">History</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Mathematics_and_logic" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Mathematics</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Natural_and_physical_sciences" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Nature</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#People_and_self" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">People</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Philosophy_and_thinking" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Philosophy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Religion_and_belief_systems" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Religion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Society_and_social_sciences" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Society</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Technology_and_applied_sciences" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Technology</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Special:RandomInCategory/All_portals" title="Special:RandomInCategory/All portals">Random portal</a></dd></dl> </div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #A2B8BF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#82C3D8;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Introduction" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Introduction</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #A2B8BF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#F4FCFF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">Chemistry</a></b> is the scientific study of the properties and behavior of <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Physical_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical science">physical science</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Natural_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural sciences">natural sciences</a> that studies the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a> that make up matter and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">compounds</a> made of <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a>: their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">reactions</a> with other <a href="/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">substances</a>. Chemistry also addresses the nature of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">chemical bonds</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">chemical compounds</a>. </p><p>In the scope of its subject, chemistry occupies an intermediate position between <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>. It is sometimes called <a href="/wiki/The_central_science" title="The central science">the central science</a> because it provides a foundation for understanding both <a href="/wiki/Basic_research" title="Basic research">basic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Applied_science" title="Applied science">applied</a> scientific disciplines at a fundamental level. For example, chemistry explains aspects of plant growth (<a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a>), the formation of igneous rocks (<a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a>), how atmospheric ozone is formed and how environmental pollutants are degraded (<a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a>), the properties of the soil on the Moon (<a href="/wiki/Cosmochemistry" title="Cosmochemistry">cosmochemistry</a>), how medications work (<a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">pharmacology</a>), and how to collect <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> evidence at a crime scene (<a href="/wiki/Forensic" class="mw-redirect" title="Forensic">forensics</a>). </p><p>Chemistry has existed under various names since ancient times. It has evolved, and now chemistry encompasses various areas of specialisation, or subdisciplines, that continue to increase in number and interrelate to create further interdisciplinary fields of study. The applications of various fields of chemistry are used frequently for economic purposes in the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry" title="Chemical industry">chemical industry</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">Full article...</a></b>) </p> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_chemistry" title="Outline of chemistry">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_chemistry_articles" title="Index of chemistry articles">Index</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></li></ul></div></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> </div> <div style="text-align:center; margin:0.25em auto 0.75em"><span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Chemistry&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><b>Refresh with new selections below (purge)</b></span></a></span></div> <div class="portal-column-left"> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #A2B8BF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#82C3D8;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Selected_article" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Selected article</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #A2B8BF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#F4FCFF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div style="float:left;margin-right:1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brillanten.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A scattering of round-brilliant cut diamonds shows off the many reflecting facets."><img alt="A scattering of round-brilliant cut diamonds shows off the many reflecting facets." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Brillanten.jpg/180px-Brillanten.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Brillanten.jpg/270px-Brillanten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Brillanten.jpg/360px-Brillanten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="399" /></a></span> </div><b><a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">Diamond</a></b> is the hardest known natural material (third-hardest known material after <a href="/wiki/Aggregated_diamond_nanorods" class="mw-redirect" title="Aggregated diamond nanorods">aggregated diamond nanorods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fullerite#Ultrahard_fullerite" class="mw-redirect" title="Fullerite">ultrahard fullerite</a>), and is an <a href="/wiki/Allotropy" title="Allotropy">allotrope</a> of <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>. A diamond is a transparent <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystal</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tetrahedral-octahedral_honeycomb" title="Tetrahedral-octahedral honeycomb">tetrahedrally</a> bonded carbon <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a>. Diamonds have been adapted for many uses because of the material's exceptional physical characteristics. Most notable are its extreme <a href="/wiki/Hardness" title="Hardness">hardness</a> of diamond, its high <a href="/wiki/Dispersion_(optics)" title="Dispersion (optics)">dispersion</a> index, and high thermal conductivity. <table class="noprint" width="100%" border="0" style="padding: 0; margin: 0; background-color:transparent"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry/Featured_article" title="Portal:Chemistry/Featured article">More selected articles...</a></b></div></td> <td> <div style="text-align:right;margin-right:10px;margin-bottom:4px;"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">Read more...</a></b> </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #A2B8BF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#82C3D8;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Subcategories" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Subcategories</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #A2B8BF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#F4FCFF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemistry" title="Category:Chemistry">Fields of Chemistry</a></b> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Science-symbol-2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Science-symbol-2.svg/90px-Science-symbol-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Science-symbol-2.svg/135px-Science-symbol-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Science-symbol-2.svg/180px-Science-symbol-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="87" data-file-height="87" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Analytical_chemistry" title="Category:Analytical chemistry">Analytical chemistry</a>: <a href="/wiki/Category:Chromatography" title="Category:Chromatography">Chromatography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Spectroscopy" title="Category:Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biochemistry" title="Category:Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a>: <a href="/wiki/Category:Molecular_biology" title="Category:Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal Chemistry">Crystal Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_chemistry" title="Category:Environmental chemistry">Environmental chemistry</a>: <a href="/wiki/Category:Geochemistry" title="Category:Geochemistry">Geochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Inorganic_chemistry" title="Category:Inorganic chemistry">Inorganic chemistry</a>: <a href="/wiki/Category:Inorganic_reactions" title="Category:Inorganic reactions">Inorganic reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Materials_science" title="Category:Materials science">Materials science</a>: <a href="/wiki/Category:Nanotechnology" title="Category:Nanotechnology">Nanotechnology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Glass" title="Category:Glass">Glass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Ceramics" title="Category:Ceramics">Ceramics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medicinal_chemistry" title="Category:Medicinal chemistry">Medicinal chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Metallurgy" title="Category:Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nuclear_chemistry" title="Category:Nuclear chemistry">Nuclear chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Organic_chemistry" title="Category:Organic chemistry">Organic chemistry</a>: <a href="/wiki/Category:Functional_groups" title="Category:Functional groups">Functional groups</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Organic_compounds" title="Category:Organic compounds">Organic compounds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Organic_reactions" title="Category:Organic reactions">Organic reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Organometallic_chemistry" title="Category:Organometallic chemistry">Organometallic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pharmacy" title="Category:Pharmacy">Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Physical_chemistry" title="Category:Physical chemistry">Physical chemistry</a>: <a href="/wiki/Category:Electrochemistry" title="Category:Electrochemistry">Electrochemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Quantum_chemistry" title="Category:Quantum chemistry">Quantum chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polymer_chemistry" title="Category:Polymer chemistry">Polymer chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Supramolecular_chemistry" title="Category:Supramolecular chemistry">Supramolecular chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Theoretical_chemistry" title="Category:Theoretical chemistry">Theoretical chemistry</a>: <a href="/wiki/Category:Computational_chemistry" title="Category:Computational chemistry">Computational chemistry</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #A2B8BF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#82C3D8;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="History_and_Philosophy_of_Chemistry" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">History and Philosophy of Chemistry</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #A2B8BF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#F4FCFF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoine_lavoisier.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Antoine Lavoisier"><img alt="Antoine Lavoisier" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Antoine_lavoisier.jpg/80px-Antoine_lavoisier.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Antoine_lavoisier.jpg/120px-Antoine_lavoisier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Antoine_lavoisier.jpg/160px-Antoine_lavoisier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption>Antoine Lavoisier</figcaption></figure> <p>Many chemists have an interest in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_chemistry" title="History of chemistry">history of chemistry</a>. Those with philosophical interests will be interested that the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_chemistry" title="Philosophy of chemistry">philosophy of chemistry</a> has quite recently developed along a path somewhat different from the general <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">philosophy of science</a>. </p><p>Other articles that might interest you are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superseded_scientific_theory#Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Superseded scientific theory">Superseded chemistry theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_central_science" title="The central science">The central science</a></li></ul> <p>There is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_History_of_Science" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject History of Science">Wikipedia Project on the History of Science</a>. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #A2B8BF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#82C3D8;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Chemistry_Resources" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Chemistry Resources</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #A2B8BF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#F4FCFF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Info_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Info_icon.png/32px-Info_icon.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Info_icon.png 1.5x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Data" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Data">Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Data</a></b> is a collection of links and references that are useful for chemistry-related works. This includes free online <a href="/wiki/Chemical_database" title="Chemical database">chemical databases</a>, publications, <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer programs</a>, and various tools. </p><p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unit-conversion.info/">unit-conversion.info</a> A good place to figure out what equals what. </p><p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/index.shtml">General Chemistry Online</a> Clear text and comprehensive coverage of general chemistry topics by Fred Senese, Dept. of Chemistry Frostburg State University </p><p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/demos/">General Chemistry Demonstration at Purdue</a> Video clips (and descriptions) of lecture demonstrations. </p><p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://murov.info/webercises.htm">Chemistry Webercises Directory</a> A large listing of chemistry resources maintained by Steven Murov, Emeritus Chemistry Professor Modesto Junior College. </p><p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyu.edu/pages/mathmol/">MathMol</a> MathMol (Mathematics and Molecules) is a good starting point for those interested in the field of molecular modeling. </p><p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abc-chemistry.org">ABC-Chemistry</a> A directory of free full-text journals in chemistry, biochemistry and related subjects. </p><p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.privatehand.com/flash/elements.html">The Element Song</a> A goofy little song about all of the elements. </p> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry/Resources" title="Portal:Chemistry/Resources">Show chemistry resources...</a></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> </div> <div class="portal-column-right"> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #A2B8BF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#82C3D8;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Selected_image" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Selected image</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #A2B8BF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#F4FCFF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div style="text-align: center;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler_Stich.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Friedrich Wöhler"><img alt="Friedrich Wöhler" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler_Stich.jpg/500px-Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler_Stich.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="651" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler_Stich.jpg/750px-Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler_Stich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler_Stich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="1158" /></a><figcaption>Friedrich Wöhler</figcaption></figure><div style="margin: 0.5em 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler" title="Friedrich Wöhler">Friedrich Wöhler</a></span></div><small>Credit: <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a></small></div></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler" title="Friedrich Wöhler">Friedrich Wöhler</a></b> (July 31, 1800 - September 23, 1882) was a <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a>, -known for his synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a>, but also the first to isolate several of the elements. In <a href="/wiki/1828" title="1828">1828</a> Wöhler proved by his preparation of urea from inorganic materials that organic substances do not have to come from biological sources, disproving the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">vitalism</a>.</div><div class="noprint" style="text-align:right; margin-top:0.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Chemistry/Selected picture">More selected pictures</a></b></li></ul></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #A2B8BF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#82C3D8;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Selected_biography" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Selected biography</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #A2B8BF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#F4FCFF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Tseh_Lee" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuan Tseh Lee">Yuan Tseh Lee</a></b> (born 1936) is a Taiwanese chemist, and the first Taiwanese-born <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureate. Along with <a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Polanyi" class="mw-redirect" title="John Charles Polanyi">John Charles Polanyi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dudley_R._Herschbach" title="Dudley R. Herschbach">Dudley R. Herschbach</a>, he received the 1986 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> "for their contributions to the dynamics of chemical elementary processes." Lee's particular work was on crossed molecular beams, to further its use in general <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">reactions</a>, a method for the study of important reactions for relatively large molecules. Since 1994, Lee has been the President of the <a href="/wiki/Academia_Sinica" title="Academia Sinica">Academia Sinica</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a>. </p> <table class="noprint" width="100%" border="0" style="padding: 0; margin: 0; background-color:transparent"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry/Selected_biography" title="Portal:Chemistry/Selected biography">More selected biographies...</a></b></div></td> <td> <div style="text-align:right;margin-right:10px;margin-bottom:4px;"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Yuan_T._Lee" title="Yuan T. Lee">Read more...</a></b> </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #A2B8BF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#82C3D8;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Techniques_used_by_chemists" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Techniques used by chemists</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #A2B8BF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#F4FCFF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Distillation"><img alt="Distillation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg/60px-Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg/90px-Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg/120px-Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Distillation</figcaption></figure><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">Catalysis</a> - <a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">Chromatography</a> - <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a> - <a href="/wiki/Crystallization" title="Crystallization">Crystallization</a> - <a href="/wiki/Decantation" title="Decantation">Decantation</a> - <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">Distillation</a> - <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">Electrolysis</a> - <a href="/wiki/Liquid-liquid_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid-liquid extraction">Extraction</a> - <a href="/wiki/Filtration" title="Filtration">Filtration</a> - <a href="/wiki/Fractionation" title="Fractionation">Fractionation</a> - <a href="/wiki/Reflux" title="Reflux">Reflux</a> - <a href="/wiki/Spectrometry_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Spectrometry (disambiguation)">Spectrometry</a> - <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublimation (chemistry)">Sublimation</a> - <a href="/wiki/Titration" title="Titration">Titration</a> - <a href="/wiki/Standard_addition" title="Standard addition">Standard addition</a> - <a href="/wiki/Isotope_dilution" title="Isotope dilution">Isotope dilution</a></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #A2B8BF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#82C3D8;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Equipment_used_by_chemists" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Equipment used by chemists</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #A2B8BF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#F4FCFF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beaker.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beaker"><img alt="Beaker" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Beaker.svg/50px-Beaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Beaker.svg/75px-Beaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Beaker.svg/100px-Beaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Beaker</figcaption></figure><div class="center"><a href="/wiki/Aspirator_(pump)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspirator (pump)">Aspirator</a> - <a href="/wiki/Beaker_(glassware)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaker (glassware)">Beaker</a> - <a href="/wiki/Boiling_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Boiling tube">Boiling tube</a> - <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCchner_funnel" title="Büchner funnel">Büchner funnel</a> - <a href="/wiki/Bunsen_burner" title="Bunsen burner">Bunsen burner</a> - <a href="/wiki/Burette" title="Burette">Burette</a> - <a href="/wiki/Calorimeter" title="Calorimeter">Calorimeter</a> - <a href="/wiki/Colorimeter_(chemistry)" title="Colorimeter (chemistry)">Colorimeter</a> - <a href="/wiki/Conical_measure" title="Conical measure">Conical measure</a> - <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Magnetic Resonance">Nuclear Magnetic Resonance</a> - <a href="/wiki/Mass_Spectrometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass Spectrometer">Mass Spectrometer</a> - <a href="/wiki/Liquid_Chromatography" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid Chromatography">Liquid Chromatography</a> - <a href="/wiki/Gas_Chromatography" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas Chromatography">Gas Chromatography</a> - <a href="/wiki/Crucible" title="Crucible">Crucible</a> - <a href="/wiki/Cuvette" title="Cuvette">Cuvette</a> - <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_flask" title="Laboratory flask">Laboratory flasks</a> (<a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCchner_flask" title="Büchner flask">Büchner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erlenmeyer_flask" title="Erlenmeyer flask">Erlenmeyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florence_flask" title="Florence flask">Florence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retort" title="Retort">Retort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Round-bottom_flask" title="Round-bottom flask">Round-bottom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volumetric_flask" title="Volumetric flask">Volumetric</a>) - <a href="/wiki/Fume_hood" title="Fume hood">Fume hood</a> - <a href="/wiki/Gas_syringe" title="Gas syringe">Gas syringe</a> - <a href="/wiki/Graduated_cylinder" title="Graduated cylinder">Graduated cylinder</a> - <a href="/wiki/Perkin_triangle" title="Perkin triangle">Perkin triangle</a> - <a href="/wiki/Pipette" title="Pipette">Pipette</a> - <a href="/wiki/Reagent" title="Reagent">Reagent</a> - <a href="/wiki/Separating_funnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Separating funnel">Separating funnel</a> - <a href="/wiki/Spectrophotometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectrophotometer">Spectrophotometer</a> - <a href="/wiki/Schlenk_flask" title="Schlenk flask">Schlenk flask</a> - <a href="/wiki/PH_indicator" title="PH indicator">pH indicator</a> - <a href="/wiki/Litmus_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Litmus paper">Litmus papers</a> - <a href="/wiki/Tongs" title="Tongs">Tongs</a> - <a href="/wiki/Soxhlet_extractor" title="Soxhlet extractor">Soxhlet extractor</a> - <a href="/wiki/Stir_bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Stir bar">Stir bar</a> - <a href="/wiki/Static_mixer" title="Static mixer">Static mixer</a> - <a href="/wiki/Test_tube" title="Test tube">Test tube</a> - <a href="/wiki/Thistle_tube" title="Thistle tube">Thistle tube</a> - <a href="/wiki/Viscometer" title="Viscometer">Viscometer</a></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #A2B8BF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#82C3D8;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Chemistry_in_society" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Chemistry in society</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #A2B8BF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#F4FCFF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sciences_exactes.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A model of a helium atom"><img alt="A model of a helium atom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Sciences_exactes.svg/85px-Sciences_exactes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Sciences_exactes.svg/128px-Sciences_exactes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Sciences_exactes.svg/170px-Sciences_exactes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>A model of a helium atom</figcaption></figure><div class="center"><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a> - <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air pollution</a> - <a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroids</a> - <a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">Asbestos</a> - <a href="/wiki/Aspartame" title="Aspartame">Aspartame</a> - <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">Aspirin</a> - <a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">CFCs</a> - <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">Cholesterol</a> - <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a> - <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a> - <a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a> - <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzymes</a> - <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a> - <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">Fatty acid</a> - <a href="/wiki/Radical_(chemistry)" title="Radical (chemistry)">Free radicals</a> - <a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">Fuel cell</a> - <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">Gasoline</a> - <a href="/wiki/Green_chemistry" title="Green chemistry">Green chemistry</a> - <a href="/wiki/Hormonal_contraception" title="Hormonal contraception">Hormonal contraception</a> - <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">Insulin</a> - <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel" title="Nuclear fuel">Nuclear fuel</a> - <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">Nuclear fusion</a> - <a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">Nylon</a> - <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a> - <a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">Paracetamol</a> - <a href="/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin">Penicillin</a> - <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">Plastic</a> - <a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">Psychoactive drugs</a> - <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Radioactive waste</a> - <a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">Smog</a> - <a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">Soil contamination</a> - <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a> - <a href="/wiki/Oseltamivir" title="Oseltamivir">Tamiflu</a> - <a href="/wiki/Viagra" class="mw-redirect" title="Viagra">Viagra</a> - <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #A2B8BF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#82C3D8;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Chemistry_in_industry" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Chemistry in industry</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #A2B8BF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#F4FCFF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich_Witte_Fabrik.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Friedrich_Witte_Fabrik.jpg/200px-Friedrich_Witte_Fabrik.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Friedrich_Witte_Fabrik.jpg/300px-Friedrich_Witte_Fabrik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Friedrich_Witte_Fabrik.jpg/400px-Friedrich_Witte_Fabrik.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2653" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Types of chemical industry:</b> <a href="/wiki/Agrochemical" title="Agrochemical">Agrochemicals</a> - <a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry" title="Chemical industry">Chemical industry</a> - <a href="/wiki/Organometallic_chemistry" title="Organometallic chemistry">Organometallic chemistry</a> - <a href="/wiki/Oleochemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Oleochemical">Oleochemicals</a> - <a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paints</a> - <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">Petrochemicals</a> - <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical company">Pharmaceuticals</a> - <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">Polymers</a><br /><b>Companies:</b> <a href="/wiki/AstraZeneca" title="AstraZeneca">AstraZeneca</a> - <a href="/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer">Bayer</a> - <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a> - <a href="/wiki/BASF" title="BASF">BASF</a> - <a href="/wiki/Bristol-Myers_Squibb" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol-Myers Squibb">Bristol-Myers Squibb</a> - <a href="/wiki/DowDuPont" class="mw-redirect" title="DowDuPont">DowDuPont</a> - <a href="/wiki/Evonik_Industries" title="Evonik Industries">Evonik Industries</a> - <a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a> - <a href="/wiki/Linde_plc" title="Linde plc">Linde plc</a> - <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Chemical_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsubishi Chemical Holdings">Mitsubishi</a> - <a href="/wiki/Monsanto" title="Monsanto">Monsanto</a> - <a href="/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9" title="Nestlé">Nestlé</a> - <a href="/wiki/OSI_Pharmaceuticals" title="OSI Pharmaceuticals">OSI</a> - <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Shell</a> - <a href="/wiki/Sigma-Aldrich" title="Sigma-Aldrich">Sigma-Aldrich</a> - <a href="/wiki/Sasol" title="Sasol">Sasol</a> - <a href="/wiki/Total_S.A." class="mw-redirect" title="Total S.A.">Total</a> - <a href="/wiki/GlaxoSmithKline" class="mw-redirect" title="GlaxoSmithKline">GlaxoSmithKline</a> - <a href="/wiki/Teva_Pharmaceutical_Industries" class="mw-redirect" title="Teva Pharmaceutical Industries">Teva</a></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #A2B8BF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#82C3D8;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="WikiProjects" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">WikiProjects</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #A2B8BF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#F4FCFF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemistry" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemistry">Chemistry</a> - <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals">Chemicals</a> - <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Elements" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Elements">Elements</a> - <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Polymers" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Polymers">Polymers</a> - <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Rocks_and_minerals" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Rocks and minerals">Rocks and minerals</a> - <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Science" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Science">Science</a></div> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject">Other WikiProjects…</a></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #A2B8BF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#82C3D8;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Topics" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Topics</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #A2B8BF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#F4FCFF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Branches_of_chemistry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Branches_of_chemistry" title="Template:Branches of chemistry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Branches_of_chemistry" title="Template talk:Branches of chemistry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Branches_of_chemistry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Branches of chemistry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Branches_of_chemistry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Branches of <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chemical_formulae" title="Glossary of chemical formulae">Glossary of chemical formulae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biomolecules" title="List of biomolecules">List of biomolecules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inorganic_compounds" title="List of inorganic compounds">List of inorganic compounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analytical_chemistry" title="Analytical chemistry">Analytical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_chemistry" title="Instrumental chemistry">Instrumental chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroanalytical_methods" title="Electroanalytical methods">Electroanalytical methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">IR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raman_spectroscopy" title="Raman spectroscopy">Raman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet%E2%80%93visible_spectroscopy" title="Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy">UV-Vis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy">NMR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">Mass spectrometry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron_ionization" title="Electron ionization">EI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductively_coupled_plasma_mass_spectrometry" title="Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry">ICP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrix-assisted_laser_desorption/ionization" title="Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization">MALDI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_process" title="Separation process">Separation process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">Chromatography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chromatography" title="Gas chromatography">GC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_liquid_chromatography" title="High-performance liquid chromatography">HPLC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallography" title="Crystallography">Crystallography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Characterization_(materials_science)" title="Characterization (materials science)">Characterization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titration" title="Titration">Titration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_chemistry" title="Wet chemistry">Wet chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calorimetry" title="Calorimetry">Calorimetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elemental_analysis" title="Elemental analysis">Elemental analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_chemistry" title="Theoretical chemistry">Theoretical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_chemistry" title="Quantum chemistry">Quantum chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_chemistry" title="Computational chemistry">Computational chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_chemistry" title="Mathematical chemistry">Mathematical chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_modelling" title="Molecular modelling">Molecular modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_mechanics" title="Molecular mechanics">Molecular mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_dynamics" title="Molecular dynamics">Molecular dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_geometry" title="Molecular geometry">Molecular geometry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VSEPR_theory" title="VSEPR theory">VSEPR theory</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physical_chemistry" title="Physical chemistry">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemistry" title="Electrochemistry">Electrochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spectroelectrochemistry" title="Spectroelectrochemistry">Spectroelectrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoelectrochemistry" title="Photoelectrochemistry">Photoelectrochemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermochemistry" title="Thermochemistry">Thermochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_thermodynamics" title="Chemical thermodynamics">Chemical thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_science" title="Surface science">Surface science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interface_and_colloid_science" title="Interface and colloid science">Interface and colloid science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micromeritics" title="Micromeritics">Micromeritics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryochemistry" title="Cryochemistry">Cryochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonochemistry" title="Sonochemistry">Sonochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_chemistry" title="Structural chemistry">Structural chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_physics" title="Chemical physics">Chemical physics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_physics" title="Molecular physics">Molecular physics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femtochemistry" title="Femtochemistry">Femtochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_kinetics" title="Chemical kinetics">Chemical kinetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photochemistry" title="Photochemistry">Photochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_chemistry" title="Spin chemistry">Spin chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_chemistry" title="Microwave chemistry">Microwave chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equilibrium_chemistry" title="Equilibrium chemistry">Equilibrium chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanochemistry" title="Mechanochemistry">Mechanochemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inorganic_chemistry" title="Inorganic chemistry">Inorganic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordination_complex" title="Coordination complex">Coordination chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetochemistry" title="Magnetochemistry">Magnetochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organometallic_chemistry" title="Organometallic chemistry">Organometallic chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organolanthanide_chemistry" title="Organolanthanide chemistry">Organolanthanide chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom_cluster" class="mw-redirect" title="Atom cluster">Cluster chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_chemistry" title="Solid-state chemistry">Solid-state chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramic chemistry">Ceramic chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">Organic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereochemistry" title="Stereochemistry">Stereochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkane_stereochemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkane stereochemistry">Alkane stereochemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_organic_chemistry" title="Physical organic chemistry">Physical organic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_reactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic reactions">Organic reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_synthesis" title="Organic synthesis">Organic synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrosynthetic_analysis" title="Retrosynthetic analysis">Retrosynthetic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enantioselective_synthesis" title="Enantioselective synthesis">Enantioselective synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_synthesis" title="Total synthesis">Total synthesis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Semisynthesis" title="Semisynthesis">Semisynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fullerene_chemistry" title="Fullerene chemistry">Fullerene chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_chemistry" title="Polymer chemistry">Polymer chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrochemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrochemistry">Petrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_covalent_chemistry" title="Dynamic covalent chemistry">Dynamic covalent chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cell biology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_biology" title="Chemical biology">Chemical biology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioorthogonal_chemistry" title="Bioorthogonal chemistry">Bioorthogonal chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicinal_chemistry" title="Medicinal chemistry">Medicinal chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">Clinical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurochemistry" title="Neurochemistry">Neurochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioorganic_chemistry" title="Bioorganic chemistry">Bioorganic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioorganometallic_chemistry" title="Bioorganometallic chemistry">Bioorganometallic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioinorganic_chemistry" title="Bioinorganic chemistry">Bioinorganic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophysical_chemistry" title="Biophysical chemistry">Biophysical chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">Interdisciplinarity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_chemistry" title="Nuclear chemistry">Nuclear chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiochemistry" title="Radiochemistry">Radiochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_chemistry" title="Radiation chemistry">Radiation chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinide_chemistry" title="Actinide chemistry">Actinide chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmochemistry" title="Cosmochemistry">Cosmochemistry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stellar_chemistry" title="Stellar chemistry">Stellar chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">Geochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemistry" title="Biogeochemistry">Biogeochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogeochemistry" title="Photogeochemistry">Photogeochemistry</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_chemistry" title="Environmental chemistry">Environmental chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry" title="Atmospheric chemistry">Atmospheric chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean chemistry">Ocean chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_chemistry" title="Clay chemistry">Clay chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbochemistry" title="Carbochemistry">Carbochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_chemistry" title="Food chemistry">Food chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbohydrate chemistry">Carbohydrate chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_physical_chemistry" title="Food physical chemistry">Food physical chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_chemistry" title="Agricultural chemistry">Agricultural chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_chemistry" title="Soil chemistry">Soil chemistry</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemistry_education" title="Chemistry education">Chemistry education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_chemistry" title="Amateur chemistry">Amateur chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_chemistry" title="General chemistry">General chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clandestine_chemistry" title="Clandestine chemistry">Clandestine chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_chemistry" title="Forensic chemistry">Forensic chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_toxicology" title="Forensic toxicology">Forensic toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_chemistry" title="Post-mortem chemistry">Post-mortem chemistry</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanochemistry" title="Nanochemistry">Nanochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supramolecular_chemistry" title="Supramolecular chemistry">Supramolecular chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">Chemical synthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_chemistry" title="Green chemistry">Green chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Click_chemistry" title="Click chemistry">Click chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combinatorial_chemistry" title="Combinatorial chemistry">Combinatorial chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">Biosynthesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical engineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry">Stoichiometry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">Materials science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_engineering" title="Ceramic engineering">Ceramic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_science" title="Polymer science">Polymer science</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_chemistry" title="History of chemistry">History of chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemistry" title="Timeline of chemistry">Timeline of chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_chemical_elements" title="Discovery of chemical elements">of element discoveries</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_central_science" title="The central science">The central science</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">Chemical reaction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">Catalysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Chemical element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">Chemical compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">Ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">Chemical substance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">Chemical bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum mechanics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Periodic Table</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #A2B8BF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#F4FCFF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div style="background:#f8f8f8; font-size:90%; border:1px solid #a9a9a9; width:100%; max-width:1800px; margin:0 auto; padding:2px; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both"> <div style="background:#d8d8d8; padding:2px 1em;font-weight:bold;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini" style="margin:0;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table" title="Template:Periodic table"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table" title="Template talk:Periodic table"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></div><div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <table style="border-spacing:1px;display:block;overflow:auto;width:100%;margin:0 !important"> <tbody><tr style="line-height:125%; vertical-align:top;"> <th style="text-align:left; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <th style="width:2%">  </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0; width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr style="line-height:125%; vertical-align:top;"> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;">Hydrogen &<br />alkali metals </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;">Alkaline earth metals </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;"> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;"> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;"> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;"> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;"> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;"> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;"> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;"> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;"> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;"> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;">Triels </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;">Tetrels </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;">Pnictogens </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;">Chalcogens </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;">Halogens </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;">Noble<br />gases </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </p> </th> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen"><span title="H , hydrogen" style="background-color: #ff9999; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Hydrogen</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">1</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">H</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000100800000000000♠"></span>1.0080</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td colspan="17"> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium"><span title="He, helium" style="background-color: #ff9999; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Helium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">2</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">He</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000400260000000000♠"></span>4.0026</span></span></span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium"><span title="Li, lithium" style="background-color: #ff9999; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Lithium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">3</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Li</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000694000000000000♠"></span>6.94</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium"><span title="Be, beryllium" style="background-color: #ff9999; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Beryllium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">4</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Be</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000901220000000000♠"></span>9.0122</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td colspan="11"> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron"><span title="B , boron" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Boron</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">5</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">B</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001108100000000000♠"></span>10.81</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon"><span title="C , carbon" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Carbon</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">6</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">C</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001120110000000000♠"></span>12.011</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen"><span title="N , nitrogen" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Nitrogen</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">7</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">N</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001140070000000000♠"></span>14.007</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen"><span title="O , oxygen" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Oxygen</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">8</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">O</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001159990000000000♠"></span>15.999</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine"><span title="F , fluorine" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Fluorine</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">9</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">F</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001189980000000000♠"></span>18.998</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon"><span title="Ne, neon" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Neon</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">10</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Ne</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001201800000000000♠"></span>20.180</span></span></span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium"><span title="Na, sodium" style="background-color: #ff9999; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Sodium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">11</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Na</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001229899999999999♠"></span>22.990</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium"><span title="Mg, magnesium" style="background-color: #ff9999; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Magnesium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">12</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Mg</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001243050000000000♠"></span>24.305</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td colspan="11"> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium"><span title="Al, aluminium" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Aluminium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">13</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Al</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001269820000000000♠"></span>26.982</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon"><span title="Si, silicon" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Silicon</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">14</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Si</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001280850000000000♠"></span>28.085</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus"><span title="P , phosphorus" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Phosphorus</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">15</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">P</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001309740000000000♠"></span>30.974</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur"><span title="S , sulfur" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Sulfur</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">16</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">S</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001320600000000000♠"></span>32.06</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine"><span title="Cl, chlorine" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Chlorine</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">17</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Cl</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001354500000000000♠"></span>35.45</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon"><span title="Ar, argon" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Argon</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">18</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Ar</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001399500000000000♠"></span>39.95</span></span></span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium"><span title="K , potassium" style="background-color: #ff9999; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Potassium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">19</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">K</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001390980000000000♠"></span>39.098</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium"><span title="Ca, calcium" style="background-color: #ff9999; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Calcium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">20</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Ca</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001400780000000000♠"></span>40.078</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium"><span title="Sc, scandium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Scandium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">21</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Sc</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001449560000000000♠"></span>44.956</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium"><span title="Ti, titanium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Titanium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">22</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Ti</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001478670000000000♠"></span>47.867</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium"><span title="V , vanadium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Vanadium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">23</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">V</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001509420000000000♠"></span>50.942</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium"><span title="Cr, chromium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Chromium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">24</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Cr</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001519960000000000♠"></span>51.996</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese"><span title="Mn, manganese" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Manganese</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">25</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Mn</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001549380000000000♠"></span>54.938</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron"><span title="Fe, iron" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Iron</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">26</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Fe</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001558450000000000♠"></span>55.845</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt"><span title="Co, cobalt" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Cobalt</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">27</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Co</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001589330000000000♠"></span>58.933</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel"><span title="Ni, nickel" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Nickel</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">28</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Ni</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001586930000000000♠"></span>58.693</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper"><span title="Cu, copper" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Copper</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">29</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Cu</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001635460000000000♠"></span>63.546</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc"><span title="Zn, zinc" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Zinc</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">30</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Zn</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001653800000000000♠"></span>65.38</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium"><span title="Ga, gallium" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Gallium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">31</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Ga</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001697230000000000♠"></span>69.723</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium"><span title="Ge, germanium" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Germanium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">32</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Ge</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001726300000000000♠"></span>72.630</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic"><span title="As, arsenic" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Arsenic</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">33</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">As</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001749220000000000♠"></span>74.922</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium"><span title="Se, selenium" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Selenium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">34</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Se</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001789710000000000♠"></span>78.971</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine"><span title="Br, bromine" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Bromine</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">35</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Br</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001799040000000000♠"></span>79.904</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton"><span title="Kr, krypton" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Krypton</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">36</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Kr</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001837980000000000♠"></span>83.798</span></span></span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium"><span title="Rb, rubidium" style="background-color: #ff9999; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Rubidium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">37</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Rb</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001854680000000000♠"></span>85.468</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium"><span title="Sr, strontium" style="background-color: #ff9999; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Strontium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">38</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Sr</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001876200000000000♠"></span>87.62</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium"><span title="Y , yttrium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Yttrium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">39</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Y</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001889060000000000♠"></span>88.906</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium"><span title="Zr, zirconium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Zirconium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">40</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Zr</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001912240000000000♠"></span>91.224</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium"><span title="Nb, niobium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Niobium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">41</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Nb</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001929060000000000♠"></span>92.906</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum"><span title="Mo, molybdenum" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Molybdenum</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">42</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Mo</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001959500000000000♠"></span>95.95</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium"><span title="Tc, technetium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px dashed #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dashed #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Technetium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">43</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Tc</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;">[97]</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium"><span title="Ru, ruthenium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Ruthenium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">44</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Ru</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002101070000000000♠"></span>101.07</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium"><span title="Rh, rhodium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Rhodium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">45</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Rh</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002102910000000000♠"></span>102.91</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium"><span title="Pd, palladium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Palladium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">46</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Pd</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002106420000000000♠"></span>106.42</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver"><span title="Ag, silver" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Silver</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">47</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Ag</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002107870000000000♠"></span>107.87</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium"><span title="Cd, cadmium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Cadmium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">48</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Cd</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002112410000000000♠"></span>112.41</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium"><span title="In, indium" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Indium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">49</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">In</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002114820000000000♠"></span>114.82</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin"><span title="Sn, tin" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Tin</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">50</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Sn</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002118710000000000♠"></span>118.71</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony"><span title="Sb, antimony" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Antimony</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">51</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Sb</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002121760000000000♠"></span>121.76</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium"><span title="Te, tellurium" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Tellurium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">52</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Te</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002127600000000000♠"></span>127.60</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine"><span title="I , iodine" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Iodine</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">53</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">I</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002126900000000000♠"></span>126.90</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon"><span title="Xe, xenon" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Xenon</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">54</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Xe</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002131289999999999♠"></span>131.29</span></span></span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium"><span title="Cs, caesium" style="background-color: #ff9999; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Caesium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">55</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Cs</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002132910000000000♠"></span>132.91</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium"><span title="Ba, barium" style="background-color: #ff9999; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Barium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">56</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Ba</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002137330000000000♠"></span>137.33</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; background:#9bff99"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/16px-Asterisks_one.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/24px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/32px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /></span></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium"><span title="Lu, lutetium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Lutetium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">71</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Lu</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002174970000000000♠"></span>174.97</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium"><span title="Hf, hafnium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Hafnium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">72</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Hf</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002178490000000000♠"></span>178.49</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum"><span title="Ta, tantalum" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Tantalum</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">73</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Ta</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002180950000000000♠"></span>180.95</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten"><span title="W , tungsten" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Tungsten</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">74</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">W</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002183840000000000♠"></span>183.84</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium"><span title="Re, rhenium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Rhenium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">75</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Re</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002186210000000000♠"></span>186.21</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium"><span title="Os, osmium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Osmium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">76</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Os</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002190230000000000♠"></span>190.23</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium"><span title="Ir, iridium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Iridium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">77</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Ir</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002192220000000000♠"></span>192.22</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum"><span title="Pt, platinum" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Platinum</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">78</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Pt</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002195080000000000♠"></span>195.08</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold"><span title="Au, gold" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Gold</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">79</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Au</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002196970000000000♠"></span>196.97</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)"><span title="Hg, mercury" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Mercury</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">80</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Hg</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002200590000000000♠"></span>200.59</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium"><span title="Tl, thallium" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Thallium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">81</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Tl</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002204380000000000♠"></span>204.38</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead"><span title="Pb, lead" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Lead</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">82</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Pb</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002207200000000000♠"></span>207.2</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth"><span title="Bi, bismuth" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Bismuth</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">83</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Bi</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002208980000000000♠"></span>208.98</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium"><span title="Po, polonium" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px dashed #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dashed #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Polonium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">84</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Po</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;">[209]</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine"><span title="At, astatine" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px dashed #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dashed #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Astatine</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">85</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">At</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;">[210]</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon"><span title="Rn, radon" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px dashed #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dashed #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Radon</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">86</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Rn</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;">[222]</span></span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium"><span title="Fr, francium" style="background-color: #ff9999; border-top: 2px dashed #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dashed #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Francium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">87</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Fr</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;">[223]</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium"><span title="Ra, radium" style="background-color: #ff9999; border-top: 2px dashed #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dashed #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Radium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">88</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Ra</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;">[226]</span></span></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; background:#9bff99"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/16px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/24px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/32px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /></span></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium"><span title="Lr, lawrencium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Lawrencium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">103</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Lr</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;">[266]</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium"><span title="Rf, rutherfordium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Rutherfordium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">104</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Rf</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;">[267]</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium"><span title="Db, dubnium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Dubnium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">105</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Db</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;">[268]</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium"><span title="Sg, seaborgium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Seaborgium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">106</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Sg</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;">[269]</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium"><span title="Bh, bohrium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Bohrium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">107</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Bh</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;">[270]</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium"><span title="Hs, hassium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Hassium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">108</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Hs</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;">[269]</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium"><span title="Mt, meitnerium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Meitnerium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">109</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Mt</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;">[278]</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium"><span title="Ds, darmstadtium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Darmstadtium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">110</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Ds</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;">[281]</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium"><span title="Rg, roentgenium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Roentgenium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">111</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Rg</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;">[282]</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium"><span title="Cn, copernicium" style="background-color: #99ccff; border-top: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Copernicium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">112</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Cn</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;">[285]</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium"><span title="Nh, nihonium" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Nihonium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">113</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Nh</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;">[286]</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium"><span title="Fl, flerovium" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Flerovium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">114</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Fl</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;">[289]</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium"><span title="Mc, moscovium" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Moscovium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">115</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Mc</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;">[290]</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium"><span title="Lv, livermorium" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Livermorium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">116</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Lv</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;">[293]</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine"><span title="Ts, tennessine" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Tennessine</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">117</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Ts</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;">[294]</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson"><span title="Og, oganesson" style="background-color: #fdff8c; border-top: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Oganesson</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">118</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Og</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;">[294]</span></span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="20" style="height:1.4em;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; background:#9bff99"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/16px-Asterisks_one.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/24px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/32px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /></span></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum"><span title="La, lanthanum" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Lanthanum</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">57</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">La</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002138910000000000♠"></span>138.91</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium"><span title="Ce, cerium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Cerium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">58</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Ce</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002140120000000000♠"></span>140.12</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium"><span title="Pr, praseodymium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Praseodymium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">59</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Pr</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002140910000000000♠"></span>140.91</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium"><span title="Nd, neodymium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Neodymium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">60</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Nd</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002144240000000000♠"></span>144.24</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium"><span title="Pm, promethium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px dashed #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dashed #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Promethium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">61</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Pm</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;">[145]</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium"><span title="Sm, samarium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Samarium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">62</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Sm</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002150360000000000♠"></span>150.36</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium"><span title="Eu, europium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Europium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">63</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Eu</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002151960000000000♠"></span>151.96</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium"><span title="Gd, gadolinium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Gadolinium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">64</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Gd</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002157250000000000♠"></span>157.25</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium"><span title="Tb, terbium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Terbium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">65</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Tb</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002158930000000000♠"></span>158.93</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium"><span title="Dy, dysprosium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Dysprosium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">66</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Dy</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002162500000000000♠"></span>162.50</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium"><span title="Ho, holmium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Holmium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">67</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Ho</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002164930000000000♠"></span>164.93</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium"><span title="Er, erbium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Erbium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">68</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Er</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002167260000000000♠"></span>167.26</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium"><span title="Tm, thulium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Thulium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">69</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Tm</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002168930000000000♠"></span>168.93</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium"><span title="Yb, ytterbium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Ytterbium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">70</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Yb</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002173050000000000♠"></span>173.05</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; background:#9bff99"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/16px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/24px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/32px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /></span></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium"><span title="Ac, actinium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px dashed #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dashed #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Actinium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">89</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Ac</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;">[227]</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium"><span title="Th, thorium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Thorium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">90</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Th</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002232040000000000♠"></span>232.04</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium"><span title="Pa, protactinium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px dashed #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dashed #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Protactinium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">91</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Pa</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002231040000000000♠"></span>231.04</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium"><span title="U , uranium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px solid #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Uranium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">92</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">U</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002238030000000000♠"></span>238.03</span></span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium"><span title="Np, neptunium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px dashed #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dashed #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Neptunium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">93</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Np</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;">[237]</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium"><span title="Pu, plutonium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px dashed #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dashed #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Plutonium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">94</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Pu</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;">[244]</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium"><span title="Am, americium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Americium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">95</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Am</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;">[243]</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium"><span title="Cm, curium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Curium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">96</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Cm</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;">[247]</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium"><span title="Bk, berkelium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Berkelium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">97</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Bk</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;">[247]</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium"><span title="Cf, californium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Californium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">98</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Cf</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;">[251]</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium"><span title="Es, einsteinium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Einsteinium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">99</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Es</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;">[252]</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium"><span title="Fm, fermium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Fermium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">100</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Fm</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;">[257]</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium"><span title="Md, mendelevium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Mendelevium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">101</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">Md</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;">[258]</span></span></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium"><span title="No, nobelium" style="background-color: #9bff99; border-top: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; border-bottom: 2px dotted #6e6e8e; display: block; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; vertical-align:top;">Nobelium</span><span style="color: #000000; display:block;">102</span><span style="display:block; font-size:112%; font-weight:bold;">No</span><span style="display:block; color:black; font-size:95%; height:1.1em; line-height:1.1em;">[259]</span></span></a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="Periodic_table_legend_for_category"></div> <div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; font-size:100%;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> </div><div style="border-top: 1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.3em;"> <span style="text-align:center;display:inline-block; width:8em; border-top:2px solid #6e6e8e; border-bottom:2px solid #6e6e8e; background:#e0e0e0;"><a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">Primordial</a></span> <span style="text-align:center;display:inline-block; width:8em; border-top:2px dashed #6e6e8e; border-bottom:2px dashed #6e6e8e; background:#e0e0e0;"> <a href="/wiki/Trace_radioisotope" title="Trace radioisotope"><span class="nowrap">From decay</span></a></span> <span style="text-align:center;display:inline-block; width:8em; border-top:2px dotted #6e6e8e; border-bottom:2px dotted #6e6e8e; background:#e0e0e0;"> <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_element" title="Synthetic element">Synthetic</a></span> <span class="nowrap"><b>Border</b> shows natural occurrence of the element</span> </div><div style="border-top: 1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.3em;"> <div style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight#Published_values" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</a></b> <i>A</i><sub>r, std</sub>(E)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAAW2013_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="display: inline-block;"> <ul><li>Ca: <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001400780000000000♠"></span>40.078</span> — Abridged value (uncertainty omitted here)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAAW2021_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Po: [209] — <a href="/wiki/Mass_number" title="Mass number">mass number</a> of the most stable isotope</li></ul></div></div> </div><div style="border-top: 1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> </div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" 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/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chemistry" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Chemistry">Wikisource</a></span><br />Free-content library</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chemistry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="41" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/62px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/82px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chemistry" class="extiw" 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.reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW2013-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW2013_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMeijaCoplenBerglundBrand2016" class="citation journal cs1">Meija, Juris; et al. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2015-0305">"Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="Pure and Applied Chemistry">Pure and Applied Chemistry</a></i>. <b>88</b> (3): 265–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2015-0305">10.1515/pac-2015-0305</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Atomic+weights+of+the+elements+2013+%28IUPAC+Technical+Report%29&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=265-91&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2015-0305&rft.aulast=Meija&rft.aufirst=Juris&rft.au=Coplen%2C+Tyler+B.&rft.au=Berglund%2C+Michael&rft.au=Brand%2C+Willi+A.&rft.au=De+Bi%C3%A8vre%2C+Paul&rft.au=Gr%C3%B6ning%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Holden%2C+Norman+E.&rft.au=Irrgeher%2C+Johanna&rft.au=Loss%2C+Robert+D.&rft.au=Walczyk%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Prohaska%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1515%252Fpac-2015-0305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortal%3AChemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW2021-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW2021_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProhaskaIrrgeherBenefieldBöhlke2022" class="citation journal cs1">Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pac-2019-0603/html">"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)"</a>. <i>Pure and Applied Chemistry</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603">10.1515/pac-2019-0603</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3075">1365-3075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Standard+atomic+weights+of+the+elements+2021+%28IUPAC+Technical+Report%29&rft.date=2022-05-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603&rft.issn=1365-3075&rft.aulast=Prohaska&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Irrgeher%2C+Johanna&rft.au=Benefield%2C+Jacqueline&rft.au=B%C3%B6hlke%2C+John+K.&rft.au=Chesson%2C+Lesley+A.&rft.au=Coplen%2C+Tyler+B.&rft.au=Ding%2C+Tiping&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Philip+J.+H.&rft.au=Gr%C3%B6ning%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Holden%2C+Norman+E.&rft.au=Meijer%2C+Harro+A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortal%3AChemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239335380"> <div class="smallcaps" style="font-variant:small-caps;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Discover Wikipedia using <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Portal" title="Wikipedia:Portal">portals</a></b></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul id="sister-projects-list"> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg/35px-Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg/53px-Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg/70px-Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">List of all portals</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/35px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/53px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/70px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:The_arts" title="Portal:The arts">The arts portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/35px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/53px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/70px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/35px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/53px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/70px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Portal:Current events">Current events portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="globe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/35px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/53px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/70px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/35px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/53px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/70px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="square root of x" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/35px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/53px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/70px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mathematics" title="Portal:Mathematics">Mathematics portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/35px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/53px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/70px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/35px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/53px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/70px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noun-technology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/35px-Noun-technology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/53px-Noun-technology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/70px-Noun-technology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="88" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Technology" 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