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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_vitamins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_vitamins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>List of vitamins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_vitamins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Vitamine"_to_vitamin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Vitamine"_to_vitamin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>"Vitamine" to vitamin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Vitamine"_to_vitamin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nobel_Prizes_for_vitamin_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nobel_Prizes_for_vitamin_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Nobel Prizes for vitamin research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nobel_Prizes_for_vitamin_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_promotional_marketing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_promotional_marketing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>History of promotional marketing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_promotional_marketing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-vitamins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-vitamins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Anti-vitamins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-vitamins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biochemical_functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biochemical_functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Biochemical functions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biochemical_functions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biochemical functions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biochemical_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-On_fetal_growth_and_childhood_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_fetal_growth_and_childhood_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>On fetal growth and childhood development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_fetal_growth_and_childhood_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_adult_health_maintenance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_adult_health_maintenance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>On adult health maintenance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_adult_health_maintenance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intake" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intake"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Intake</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Intake-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Intake subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Intake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deficient_intake" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deficient_intake"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Deficient intake</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deficient_intake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excess_intake" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excess_intake"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Excess intake</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excess_intake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_of_cooking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_cooking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Effects of cooking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_cooking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recommended_levels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recommended_levels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Recommended levels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recommended_levels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supplementation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supplementation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Supplementation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Supplementation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Supplementation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Supplementation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Governmental_regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governmental_regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Governmental regulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governmental_regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Naming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vitamin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 121 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-121" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">121 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamien" title="Vitamien – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vitamien" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86" title="فيتامين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيتامين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կենսանիւթեր – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Կենսանիւթեր" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="ভিটামিন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভিটামিন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamina" title="Vitamina – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vitamina" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaminl%C9%99r" title="Vitaminlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vitaminlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="ভিটামিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভিটামিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Vitamin" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AE-t%C3%A1-b%C3%ADn" title="Bî-tá-bín – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bî-tá-bín" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Витаминдар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Витаминдар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Вітаміны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вітаміны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Вітаміны – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вітаміны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="विटामिन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="विटामिन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitamina" title="Bitamina – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bitamina" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Витамин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Витамин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamini" title="Vitamini – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vitamini" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamina" title="Vitamina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vitamina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Витаминсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Витаминсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitam%C3%ADn" title="Vitamín – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vitamín" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitamin" title="Fitamin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Fitamin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vitamin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vitamin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%88%DE%A8%DE%93%DE%A6%DE%89%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ވިޓަމިން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ވިޓަމިން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="भिटामिन – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="भिटामिन" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamiinid" title="Vitamiinid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vitamiinid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Βιταμίνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιταμίνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamina" title="Vitamina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vitamina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamino" title="Vitamino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vitamino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitamina" title="Bitamina – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bitamina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ویتامین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویتامین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Vitamin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamine" title="Vitamine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vitamine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitim%C3%ADn" title="Vitimín – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Vitimín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamina" title="Vitamina – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vitamina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%AD-ta-m%C3%ACn" title="Ví-ta-mìn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ví-ta-mìn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%ED%83%80%EB%AF%BC" title="비타민 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비타민" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Վիտամին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիտամին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="विटामिन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विटामिन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamini" title="Vitamini – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vitamini" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vitamin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamina" title="Vitamina – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Vitamina" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADtam%C3%ADn" title="Vítamín – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vítamín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamine" title="Vitamine – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vitamine" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9F" title="ויטמין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויטמין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Vitamin" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಜೀವಸತ್ವಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜೀವಸತ್ವಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ვიტამინები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვიტამინები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%90%D9%86" title="وایٹامِن – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="وایٹامِن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D3%99%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Дәрумен – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дәрумен" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamini" title="Vitamini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vitamini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Vitamin" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Витаминдер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Витаминдер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99" title="ວິຕາມິນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ວິຕາມິນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaminum" title="Vitaminum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vitaminum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitam%C4%ABni" title="Vitamīni – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vitamīni" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaminn" title="Vitaminn – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Vitaminn" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaminas" title="Vitaminas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vitaminas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamina" title="Vitamina – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Vitamina" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vitamin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Витамин – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Витамин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaminina" title="Vitaminina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vitaminina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="ജീവകം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജീവകം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="जीवनसत्त्व – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जीवनसत्त्व" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ვიტამინეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვიტამინეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Vitamin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AC-s%C4%95ng-s%C3%B3" title="Mì-sĕng-só – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Mì-sĕng-só" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%AE%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ဗီတာမင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဗီတာမင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamine" title="Vitamine – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vitamine" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="भिटामिन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भिटामिन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3" title="ビタミン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ビタミン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witamiin" title="Witamiin – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Witamiin" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vitamin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vitamin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamine" title="Vitamine – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Vitamine" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamina" title="Vitamina – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vitamina" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0" title="ଜୀବସାର – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜୀବସାର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaminlar" title="Vitaminlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vitaminlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8" title="ਵਿਟਾਮਿਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਿਟਾਮਿਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86" title="وٹامن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وٹامن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%BC%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ويټامين – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ويټامين" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%93" title="វីតាមីន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="វីតាមីន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witaminy" title="Witaminy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Witaminy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamina" title="Vitamina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vitamina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Vitamin" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin%C4%83" title="Vitamină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vitamină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Витамин – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Витамин" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Витамины – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Витамины" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Битэмииннэр – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Битэмииннэр" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Vitamin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamina" title="Vitamina – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vitamina" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamina" title="Vitamina – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vitamina" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="විටමින් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විටමින්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vitamin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitam%C3%ADn" title="Vitamín – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vitamín" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vitamin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiitamiin" title="Fiitamiin – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Fiitamiin" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ڤیتامین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤیتامین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Vitamin" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vitamin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Vitamin" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamiini" title="Vitamiini – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vitamiini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vitamin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitamina" title="Bitamina – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bitamina" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="உயிர்ச்சத்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உயிர்ச்சத்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Витаминнар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Витаминнар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="విటమిన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="విటమిన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="วิตามิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิตามิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Витаминҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Витаминҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vitamin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witaminler" title="Witaminler – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Witaminler" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Витаминнер – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Витаминнер" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Вітаміни – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вітаміни" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="حیاتین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حیاتین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vitamin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamene" title="Vitamene – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Vitamene" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitamina" title="Bitamina – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bitamina" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0" title="维生素 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="维生素" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9F" title="וויטאמין – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וויטאמין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80m%C3%ADn%C3%ACam%C3%A1ral%C3%B3kun" title="Àmínìamáralókun – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àmínìamáralókun" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E4%BB%96%E5%91%BD" title="維他命 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="維他命" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0" title="维生素 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="维生素" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q34956#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Vitamin" 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div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #ddbbee">Vitamin</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/Drug_class" title="Drug class">Drug class</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:B_vitamin_supplement_tablets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/B_vitamin_supplement_tablets.jpg/280px-B_vitamin_supplement_tablets.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/B_vitamin_supplement_tablets.jpg/420px-B_vitamin_supplement_tablets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/B_vitamin_supplement_tablets.jpg/560px-B_vitamin_supplement_tablets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2991" data-file-height="2387" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A bottle of B-complex vitamin pills</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>-/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">VIT</span>-ə-min, <span style="font-size:90%">VYTE</span>-</i></a>,<br /><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">VY</span>-tə-min</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #e8e8e8;">Legal status</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background: #e8e8e8; text-align: center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34956" class="extiw" title="d:Q34956">In Wikidata</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Vitamins</b> are <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic molecules</a> (or a set of closely related molecules called <a href="/wiki/Vitamer" title="Vitamer">vitamers</a>) that are essential to an <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organism</a> in small quantities for proper <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolic</a> function. <a href="/wiki/Nutrient#Essential_nutrients" title="Nutrient">Essential nutrients</a> cannot be <a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">synthesized</a> in the organism in sufficient quantities for survival, and therefore must be obtained through the <a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">diet</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a> can be synthesized by some species but not by others; it is not considered a vitamin in the first instance but is in the second. Most vitamins are not single molecules, but groups of related molecules called vitamers. For example, there are eight vitamers of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">vitamin E</a>: four <a href="/wiki/Tocopherol" title="Tocopherol">tocopherols</a> and four <a href="/wiki/Tocotrienol" title="Tocotrienol">tocotrienols</a>. </p><p>The term <i>vitamin</i> does not include the three other groups of <a href="/wiki/Essential_nutrient" class="mw-redirect" title="Essential nutrient">essential nutrients</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">minerals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid" title="Essential fatty acid">essential fatty acids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Essential_amino_acid" title="Essential amino acid">essential amino acids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Major health organizations list thirteen vitamins:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A</a> (all-<i>trans</i>-<a href="/wiki/Retinol" title="Retinol">retinols</a>, all-<i>trans</i>-retinyl-esters, as well as all-<i>trans</i>-<a href="/wiki/%CE%92-carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-carotene">β-carotene</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Provitamin" title="Provitamin">provitamin</a> A carotenoids)</li> <li>Vitamin B<sub>1</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">thiamine</a>)</li> <li>Vitamin B<sub>2</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">riboflavin</a>)</li> <li>Vitamin B<sub>3</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Niacin_(substance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (substance)">niacin</a>)</li> <li>Vitamin B<sub>5</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">pantothenic acid</a>)</li> <li>Vitamin B<sub>6</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Pyridoxine" title="Pyridoxine">pyridoxine</a>)</li> <li>Vitamin B<sub>7</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Biotin" title="Biotin">biotin</a>)</li> <li>Vitamin B<sub>9</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Folic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Folic acid">folic acid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">folates</a>)</li> <li>Vitamin B<sub>12</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Cobalamin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalamin">cobalamins</a>)</li> <li>Vitamin C (<a href="/wiki/Ascorbic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascorbic acid">ascorbic acid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ascorbate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascorbate">ascorbates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D</a> (<a href="/wiki/Calciferol" class="mw-redirect" title="Calciferol">calciferols</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tocopherols" class="mw-redirect" title="Tocopherols">tocopherols</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tocotrienols" class="mw-redirect" title="Tocotrienols">tocotrienols</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a> (<a href="/wiki/Phylloquinone" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylloquinone">phylloquinones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menaquinone" class="mw-redirect" title="Menaquinone">menaquinones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Menadione" title="Menadione">menadiones</a>)</li></ul> <p>Some sources include a fourteenth, <a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">choline</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Vitamin A acts as a regulator of cell and tissue growth and differentiation. Vitamin D provides a hormone-like function, regulating mineral metabolism for bones and other organs. The <a href="/wiki/B_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="B complex">B complex</a> vitamins function as enzyme <a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">cofactors</a> (coenzymes) or the <a href="/wiki/Precursor_(chemistry)" title="Precursor (chemistry)">precursors</a> for them. Vitamins C and E function as <a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">antioxidants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bender_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bender-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both deficient and excess intake of a vitamin can potentially cause clinically significant illness, although excess intake of water-soluble vitamins is less likely to do so. </p><p>All the vitamins were discovered between 1913 and 1948. Historically, when intake of vitamins from diet was lacking, the results were vitamin deficiency diseases. Then, starting in 1935, commercially produced tablets of yeast-extract vitamin B complex and semi-synthetic vitamin C became available.<sup id="cite_ref-Price_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Price-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was followed in the 1950s by the mass production and marketing of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_supplement" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin supplement">vitamin supplements</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Multivitamin" title="Multivitamin">multivitamins</a>, to prevent vitamin deficiencies in the general population.<sup id="cite_ref-Price_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Price-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Governments have mandated the addition of some vitamins to <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple foods</a> such as flour or milk, referred to as <a href="/wiki/Food_fortification" title="Food fortification">food fortification</a>, to prevent deficiencies.<sup id="cite_ref-FoodFortif_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FoodFortif-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recommendations for folic acid supplementation during <a href="/wiki/Nutrition_and_pregnancy" title="Nutrition and pregnancy">pregnancy</a> reduced risk of infant <a href="/wiki/Neural_tube_defect" title="Neural tube defect">neural tube defects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson2015_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson2015-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_vitamins">List of vitamins</h2></div> <table class="wikitable sortable col3center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" scope="col">Vitamin </th> <th class="unsortable" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Vitamer" title="Vitamer">Vitamers</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">Solubility</a> </th> <th class="unsortable" scope="col">U.S. <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake" title="Reference Daily Intake">recommended dietary allowances</a><br /> per day<br /> ages 19–70)<sup id="cite_ref-DRITable_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DRITable-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th class="unsortable" scope="col">Deficiency disease(s) </th> <th class="unsortable" scope="col">Overdose syndrome/symptoms </th> <th class="unsortable" scope="col">Food sources </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">A</a> </th> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>all-<i>trans</i>-<a href="/wiki/Retinol" title="Retinol">retinol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Retinal" title="Retinal">retinal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retinoic_acid" title="Retinoic acid">retinoic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retinoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Retinoids">retinoids</a>)</li><li>provitamin A <a href="/wiki/Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid">carotenoids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alpha-carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-carotene">alpha-carotene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beta-carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-carotene">beta-carotene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gamma-carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-carotene">gamma-carotene</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Xanthophyll" title="Xanthophyll">xanthophyll</a> beta-<a href="/wiki/Cryptoxanthin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptoxanthin">cryptoxanthin</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background: #FFF2AE;vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">fat </td> <td>900 μg/700 μg </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Night_blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Night blindness">night blindness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperkeratosis" title="Hyperkeratosis">hyperkeratosis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Keratomalacia" title="Keratomalacia">keratomalacia</a><sup id="cite_ref-GOVa_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GOVa-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hypervitaminosis_A" title="Hypervitaminosis A">hypervitaminosis A</a> </td> <td>from animal origin as vitamin A / all-<i>trans</i>-retinol: fish in general, liver and dairy products; <p>from plant origin as provitamin A / all-<i>trans</i>-beta-carotene: orange, ripe yellow fruits, leafy vegetables, carrots, pumpkin, squash, spinach </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="8"><a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">B</a> </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin B1">B<sub>1</sub></a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">thiamine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Thiamine_monophosphate" title="Thiamine monophosphate">thiamine monophosphate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Thiamine_pyrophosphate" title="Thiamine pyrophosphate">thiamine pyrophosphate</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background: #D9F1E6;vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">water </td> <td>1.2 mg/1.1 mg </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beriberi" class="mw-redirect" title="Beriberi">beriberi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wernicke%E2%80%93Korsakoff_syndrome" title="Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome">Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome</a> </td> <td>drowsiness and muscle relaxation<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>pork, wholemeal grains, brown rice, vegetables, potatoes, liver, eggs </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B2" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin B2">B<sub>2</sub></a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">riboflavin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flavin_mononucleotide" title="Flavin mononucleotide">flavin mononucleotide</a> (FMN)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Flavin_adenine_dinucleotide" title="Flavin adenine dinucleotide">flavin adenine dinucleotide</a> (FAD)</li></ul></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background: #D9F1E6;vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">water </td> <td>1.3 mg/1.1 mg </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ariboflavinosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariboflavinosis">ariboflavinosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glossitis" title="Glossitis">glossitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angular_stomatitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Angular stomatitis">angular stomatitis</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>dairy products, bananas, green beans, asparagus </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B3" title="Vitamin B3">B<sub>3</sub></a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicotinic_acid" title="Nicotinic acid">nicotinic acid</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Niacinamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacinamide">niacinamide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nicotinamide_riboside" title="Nicotinamide riboside">nicotinamide riboside</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background: #D9F1E6;vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">water </td> <td>16 mg/14 mg </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pellagra" title="Pellagra">pellagra</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> damage (doses > 2g/day)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">other problems</a> </td> <td>meat, fish, eggs, many vegetables, mushrooms, tree nuts </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin B5">B<sub>5</sub></a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">pantothenic acid</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Panthenol" title="Panthenol">panthenol</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pantethine" title="Pantethine">pantethine</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background: #D9F1E6;vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">water </td> <td>5 mg/5 mg </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paresthesia" title="Paresthesia">paresthesia</a> </td> <td>diarrhea; possibly nausea and heartburn.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>meat, broccoli, avocados </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">B<sub>6</sub></a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Pyridoxine" title="Pyridoxine">pyridoxine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyridoxamine" title="Pyridoxamine">pyridoxamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyridoxal" title="Pyridoxal">pyridoxal</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background: #D9F1E6;vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">water </td> <td>1.3–1.7 mg/1.2–1.5 mg </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-GOVb6_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GOVb6-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_neuropathy" title="Peripheral neuropathy">peripheral neuropathy</a> </td> <td>impairment of <a href="/wiki/Proprioception" title="Proprioception">proprioception</a>, nerve damage (doses > 100 mg/day)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>meat, vegetables, tree nuts, bananas </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Biotin" title="Biotin">B<sub>7</sub></a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Biotin" title="Biotin">biotin</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background: #D9F1E6;vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">water </td> <td>AI: 30 μg/30 μg </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dermatitis" title="Dermatitis">dermatitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enteritis" title="Enteritis">enteritis</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>raw egg yolk, liver, peanuts, leafy green vegetables </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">B<sub>9</sub></a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">folates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Folic acid">folic acid</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background: #D9F1E6;vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">water </td> <td>400 μg/400 μg </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Megaloblastic_anemia" title="Megaloblastic anemia">megaloblastic anemia</a> and deficiency during pregnancy is associated with <a href="/wiki/Birth_defects" class="mw-redirect" title="Birth defects">birth defects</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Neural_tube" title="Neural tube">neural-tube</a> defects) </td> <td>may mask symptoms of vitamin B<sub>12</sub> deficiency; <a href="/wiki/Folate#Toxicity" title="Folate">other effects</a>. </td> <td>leafy vegetables, pasta, bread, cereal, liver </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">B<sub>12</sub></a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyanocobalamin" title="Cyanocobalamin">cyanocobalamin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroxocobalamin" title="Hydroxocobalamin">hydroxocobalamin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methylcobalamin" title="Methylcobalamin">methylcobalamin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adenosylcobalamin" title="Adenosylcobalamin">adenosylcobalamin</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background: #D9F1E6;vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">water </td> <td>2.4 μg/2.4 μg </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12_deficiency_anemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia">vitamin B<sub>12</sub> deficiency anemia</a><sup id="cite_ref-GOVb12_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GOVb12-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>none proven </td> <td>meat, poultry, fish, eggs, milk </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">C</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Ascorbic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascorbic acid">ascorbic acid</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background: #D9F1E6;vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">water </td> <td>90 mg/75 mg </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scurvy" title="Scurvy">scurvy</a> </td> <td>stomach pain, diarrhoea, and flatulence.<sup id="cite_ref-NHS_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHS-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>many fruits and vegetables, liver </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">D</a> </th> <th style="whitespace:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D1" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin D1">D<sub>1</sub></a> </th> <td>mixture of molecular compounds of <a href="/wiki/Ergocalciferol" title="Ergocalciferol">ergocalciferol</a> with <a href="/wiki/Lumisterol" title="Lumisterol">lumisterol</a>, 1:1 </td> <td style="color:black;background: #FFF2AE;vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">fat </td> <td rowspan="5">15 μg/15 μg </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Rickets" title="Rickets">rickets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osteomalacia" title="Osteomalacia">osteomalacia</a> </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Hypervitaminosis_D" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypervitaminosis D">hypervitaminosis D</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D2" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin D2">D<sub>2</sub></a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Ergocalciferol" title="Ergocalciferol">ergocalciferol</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background: #FFF2AE;vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">fat </td> <td>sunlight-exposed mushrooms and <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D3" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin D3">D<sub>3</sub></a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Cholecalciferol" title="Cholecalciferol">cholecalciferol</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background: #FFF2AE;vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">fat </td> <td>fatty fish (mackerel, salmon, sardines), fish liver oils, eggs from hens fed vitamin D </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D4" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin D4">D<sub>4</sub></a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/22-dihydroergocalciferol" class="mw-redirect" title="22-dihydroergocalciferol">22-dihydroergocalciferol</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background: #FFF2AE;vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">fat </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D5" title="Vitamin D5">D<sub>5</sub></a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Sitocalciferol" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitocalciferol">sitocalciferol</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background: #FFF2AE;vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">fat </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">E</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Tocopherol" title="Tocopherol">tocopherols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tocotrienol" title="Tocotrienol">tocotrienols</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background: #FFF2AE;vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">fat </td> <td>15 mg/15 mg </td> <td align="left">deficiency is very rare; mild <a href="/wiki/Hemolytic_anemia" title="Hemolytic anemia">hemolytic anemia</a> in newborn infants<sup id="cite_ref-Merck_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merck-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>possible increased incidence of congestive heart failure.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Higdon_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higdon-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>many fruits and vegetables, nuts and seeds, and seed oils </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">K</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K1" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin K1">K<sub>1</sub></a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Phylloquinone" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylloquinone">phylloquinone</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background: #FFF2AE;vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">fat </td> <td rowspan="2">AI: 110 μg/120 μg </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_diathesis" title="Bleeding diathesis">bleeding diathesis</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">decreased anticoagulation effect of <a href="/wiki/Warfarin" title="Warfarin">warfarin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>leafy green vegetables such as spinach </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K2" title="Vitamin K2">K<sub>2</sub></a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Menaquinone" class="mw-redirect" title="Menaquinone">menaquinone</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background: #FFF2AE;vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">fat </td> <td>poultry and eggs, <i><a href="/wiki/Natt%C5%8D" title="Nattō">nattō</a></i>, beef, pork, or fish </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>The value of eating certain foods to maintain health was recognized long before vitamins were identified. The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptians">ancient Egyptians</a> knew that feeding <a href="/wiki/Liver_(food)" title="Liver (food)">liver</a> to a person may help with <a href="/wiki/Night_blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Night blindness">night blindness</a>, an illness now known to be caused by a <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">vitamin A</a> deficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-Challem_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Challem-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The advance of ocean voyages during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a> resulted in prolonged periods without access to fresh fruits and vegetables, and made illnesses from vitamin deficiency common among ships' crews.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right; font-size:90%; margin-left:15px"> <caption>The discovery dates of the vitamins and their sources </caption> <tbody><tr class="hintergrundfarbe6"> <th>Year of discovery</th> <th>Vitamin</th> <th>Food source </th></tr> <tr> <td>1913</td> <td>Vitamin A (Retinol)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cod_liver_oil" title="Cod liver oil">Cod liver oil</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1910</td> <td>Vitamin B<sub>1</sub> (Thiamine)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rice_bran" class="mw-redirect" title="Rice bran">Rice bran</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1920</td> <td>Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">Citrus</a>, most fresh foods </td></tr> <tr> <td>1920</td> <td>Vitamin D (Calciferol)</td> <td>Cod liver oil </td></tr> <tr> <td>1920</td> <td>Vitamin B<sub>2</sub> (Riboflavin)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">Meat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dairy_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Dairy products">dairy products</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egg_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (food)">eggs</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1922</td> <td>Vitamin E (Tocopherol)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wheat_germ_oil" title="Wheat germ oil">Wheat germ oil</a>, <br /> unrefined vegetable oils </td></tr> <tr> <td>1929</td> <td>Vitamin K<sub>1</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Phylloquinone" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylloquinone">Phylloquinone</a>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leaf_vegetable" title="Leaf vegetable">Leaf vegetables</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1931</td> <td>Vitamin B<sub>5</sub> (Pantothenic acid)</td> <td>Meat, <a href="/wiki/Whole_grain" title="Whole grain">whole grains</a>, <br />in many foods </td></tr> <tr> <td>1934</td> <td>Vitamin B<sub>6</sub> (Pyridoxine)</td> <td>Meat, dairy products </td></tr> <tr> <td>1936</td> <td>Vitamin B<sub>7</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Biotin" title="Biotin">Biotin</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Meat, dairy products, Eggs </td></tr> <tr> <td>1936</td> <td>Vitamin B<sub>3</sub> (Niacin)</td> <td>Meat, <a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">grains</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941</td> <td>Vitamin B<sub>9</sub> (Folic acid)</td> <td>Leaf vegetables </td></tr> <tr> <td>1948</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">Vitamin B<sub>12</sub></a> (Cobalamins)</td> <td>Meat, organs (<a href="/wiki/Liver_(food)" title="Liver (food)">Liver</a>), Eggs </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>In 1747, the <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scottish</a> <a href="/wiki/Surgeon" title="Surgeon">surgeon</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Lind_(physician)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Lind (physician)">James Lind</a> discovered that <a href="/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">citrus</a> foods helped prevent scurvy, a particularly deadly disease in which <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a> is not properly formed, causing poor wound healing, bleeding of the <a href="/wiki/Gingiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Gingiva">gums</a>, severe pain, and death.<sup id="cite_ref-Challem_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Challem-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1753, Lind published his <i>Treatise on the Scurvy</i>, which recommended using <a href="/wiki/Lemon" title="Lemon">lemons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lime_(fruit)" title="Lime (fruit)">limes</a> to avoid <a href="/wiki/Scurvy" title="Scurvy">scurvy</a>, which was adopted by the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>. This led to the nickname <i><a href="/wiki/Limey" class="mw-redirect" title="Limey">limey</a></i> for British sailors. However, during the 19th century, limes grown in the West Indies were substituted for lemons; these were subsequently found to be much lower in vitamin C.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Arctic expeditions continued to be plagued by scurvy and other <a href="/wiki/Deficiency_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Deficiency disease">deficiency diseases</a>. In the early 20th century, when <a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Robert Falcon Scott</a> made his two expeditions to the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a>, the prevailing medical theory was that scurvy was caused by "tainted" <a href="/wiki/Canning" title="Canning">canned food</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1881, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> medical doctor <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Lunin_(scientist)" title="Nikolai Lunin (scientist)">Nikolai Lunin</a> studied the effects of scurvy at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tartu" title="University of Tartu">University of Tartu</a>. He fed mice an artificial mixture of all the separate constituents of milk known at that time, namely the <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a>. The mice that received only the individual constituents died, while the mice fed by milk itself developed normally. He made a conclusion that "a natural food such as milk must therefore contain, besides these known principal ingredients, small quantities of unknown substances essential to life." However, his conclusions were rejected by his advisor, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_von_Bunge" title="Gustav von Bunge">Gustav von Bunge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gratzer_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gratzer-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar result by <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Adrianus_Pekelharing" title="Cornelis Adrianus Pekelharing">Cornelis Adrianus Pekelharing</a> appeared in Dutch medical journal <i><a href="/wiki/Nederlands_Tijdschrift_voor_Geneeskunde" title="Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde">Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde</a></i> in 1905,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it was not widely reported.<sup id="cite_ref-Gratzer_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gratzer-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, where polished <a href="/wiki/White_rice" title="White rice">white rice</a> was the common staple food of the middle class, <a href="/wiki/Beriberi" class="mw-redirect" title="Beriberi">beriberi</a> resulting from lack of vitamin B<sub>1</sub> was <a href="/wiki/Endemic_(epidemiology)" title="Endemic (epidemiology)">endemic</a>. In 1884, <a href="/wiki/Takaki_Kanehiro" title="Takaki Kanehiro">Takaki Kanehiro</a>, a British-trained medical doctor of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a>, observed that beriberi was endemic among low-ranking crew who often ate nothing but rice, but not among officers who consumed a Western-style diet. With the support of the Japanese navy, he experimented using crews of two <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleships</a>; one crew was fed only white rice, while the other was fed a diet of meat, fish, barley, rice, and beans. The group that ate only white rice documented 161 crew members with beriberi and 25 deaths, while the latter group had only 14 cases of beriberi and no deaths. This convinced Takaki and the Japanese Navy that diet was the cause of beriberi, but they mistakenly believed that sufficient amounts of protein prevented it.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosenfeld_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenfeld-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That diseases could result from some dietary deficiencies was further investigated by <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Eijkman" title="Christiaan Eijkman">Christiaan Eijkman</a>, who in 1897 discovered that feeding unpolished <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> instead of the polished variety to chickens helped to prevent a kind of <a href="/wiki/Polyneuritis" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyneuritis">polyneuritis</a> that was the equivalent of beriberi.<sup id="cite_ref-Wendt_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wendt-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hopkins" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Hopkins">Frederick Hopkins</a> postulated that some foods contained "accessory factors" – in addition to proteins, carbohydrates, fats <i>etc.</i> – that are necessary for the functions of the human body.<sup id="cite_ref-Challem_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Challem-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J._C._Drummond,_The_Nomenclature_of_the_So-called_Accessory_Food_Factors_(Vitamins),_1920.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/J._C._Drummond%2C_The_Nomenclature_of_the_So-called_Accessory_Food_Factors_%28Vitamins%29%2C_1920.png/220px-J._C._Drummond%2C_The_Nomenclature_of_the_So-called_Accessory_Food_Factors_%28Vitamins%29%2C_1920.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/J._C._Drummond%2C_The_Nomenclature_of_the_So-called_Accessory_Food_Factors_%28Vitamins%29%2C_1920.png/330px-J._C._Drummond%2C_The_Nomenclature_of_the_So-called_Accessory_Food_Factors_%28Vitamins%29%2C_1920.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/J._C._Drummond%2C_The_Nomenclature_of_the_So-called_Accessory_Food_Factors_%28Vitamins%29%2C_1920.png/440px-J._C._Drummond%2C_The_Nomenclature_of_the_So-called_Accessory_Food_Factors_%28Vitamins%29%2C_1920.png 2x" data-file-width="2914" data-file-height="3420" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jack_Drummond" title="Jack Drummond">Jack Drummond</a>'s single-paragraph article in 1920 which provided structure and nomenclature used today for vitamins</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Vitamine"_to_vitamin"><span id=".22Vitamine.22_to_vitamin"></span>"Vitamine" to vitamin</h3></div> <p>In 1910, the first vitamin complex was isolated by Japanese scientist <a href="/wiki/Umetaro_Suzuki" title="Umetaro Suzuki">Umetaro Suzuki</a>, who succeeded in extracting a water-soluble complex of micronutrients from rice bran and named it <a href="/wiki/Aberic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Aberic acid">aberic acid</a> (later <i>Orizanin</i>). He published this discovery in a Japanese scientific journal.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the article was translated into German, the translation failed to state that it was a newly discovered nutrient, a claim made in the original Japanese article, and hence his discovery failed to gain publicity. In 1912 Polish-born biochemist <a href="/wiki/Casimir_Funk" title="Casimir Funk">Casimir Funk</a>, working in London, isolated the same complex of micronutrients and proposed the complex be named "vitamine".<sup id="cite_ref-Funk_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Funk-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was later to be known as vitamin B<sub>3</sub> (niacin), though he described it as "anti-beri-beri-factor" (which would today be called thiamine or vitamin B<sub>1</sub>). Funk proposed the hypothesis that other diseases, such as rickets, pellagra, coeliac disease, and scurvy could also be cured by vitamins. <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Nierenstein" title="Maximilian Nierenstein">Max Nierenstein</a> a friend and Reader of Biochemistry at Bristol University reportedly suggested the "vitamine" name (from "vital amine").<sup id="cite_ref-Combs_2008_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Combs_2008-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name soon became synonymous with Hopkins' "accessory factors", and, by the time it was shown that not all vitamins are <a href="/wiki/Amine" title="Amine">amines</a>, the word was already ubiquitous. In 1920, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Cecil_Drummond" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Cecil Drummond">Jack Cecil Drummond</a> proposed that the final "e" be dropped to deemphasize the "amine" reference, hence "vitamin", after researchers began to suspect that not all "vitamines" (in particular, vitamin A) have an amine component.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosenfeld_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenfeld-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nobel_Prizes_for_vitamin_research">Nobel Prizes for vitamin research</h3></div> <p>The Nobel Prize for Chemistry for 1928 was awarded to <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Windaus" title="Adolf Windaus">Adolf Windaus</a> "for his studies on the constitution of the sterols and their connection with vitamins", the first person to receive an award mentioning vitamins, even though it was not specifically about vitamin D.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> for 1929 was awarded to Christiaan Eijkman and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a> for their contributions to the discovery of vitamins. Thirty-five years earlier, Eijkman had observed that chickens fed polished white rice developed neurological symptoms similar to those observed in military sailors and soldiers fed a rice-based diet, and that the symptoms were reversed when the chickens were switched to whole-grain rice. He called this "the anti-beriberi factor", which was later identified as vitamin B<sub>1</sub>, thiamine.<sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1930, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Karrer" title="Paul Karrer">Paul Karrer</a> elucidated the correct structure for <a href="/wiki/Beta-carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-carotene">beta-carotene</a>, the main precursor of vitamin A, and identified other <a href="/wiki/Carotenoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Carotenoids">carotenoids</a>. Karrer and <a href="/wiki/Norman_Haworth" title="Norman Haworth">Norman Haworth</a> confirmed Albert Szent-Györgyi's discovery of <a href="/wiki/Ascorbic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascorbic acid">ascorbic acid</a> and made significant contributions to the chemistry of <a href="/wiki/Flavins" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavins">flavins</a>, which led to the identification of <a href="/wiki/Lactoflavin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lactoflavin">lactoflavin</a>. For their investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B<sub>2</sub>, they both received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> in 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-Karrer_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karrer-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1931, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi" title="Albert Szent-Györgyi">Albert Szent-Györgyi</a> and a fellow researcher <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Svirbely&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Svirbely (page does not exist)">Joseph Svirbely</a> suspected that "hexuronic acid" was actually <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a>, and gave a sample to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glen_King" title="Charles Glen King">Charles Glen King</a>, who proved its activity counter to scurvy in his long-established <a href="/wiki/Guinea_pig" title="Guinea pig">guinea pig</a> scorbutic assay. In 1937, Szent-Györgyi was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery. In 1943, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Adelbert_Doisy" title="Edward Adelbert Doisy">Edward Adelbert Doisy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Dam" title="Henrik Dam">Henrik Dam</a> were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">vitamin K</a> and its chemical structure. </p><p>In 1938, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kuhn" title="Richard Kuhn">Richard Kuhn</a> was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on carotenoids and vitamins, specifically B<sub>2</sub> and B<sub>6</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuhn_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuhn-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Five people have been awarded <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prizes</a> for direct and indirect studies of vitamin B<sub>12</sub>: <a href="/wiki/George_Whipple" title="George Whipple">George Whipple</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Minot" title="George Minot">George Minot</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_P._Murphy" title="William P. Murphy">William P. Murphy</a> (1934), <a href="/wiki/Alexander_R._Todd" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander R. Todd">Alexander R. Todd</a> (1957), and <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Hodgkin">Dorothy Hodgkin</a> (1964).<sup id="cite_ref-NobelPrizeRef_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NobelPrizeRef-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1967, <a href="/wiki/George_Wald" title="George Wald">George Wald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Granit" title="Ragnar Granit">Ragnar Granit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haldan_Keffer_Hartline" title="Haldan Keffer Hartline">Haldan Keffer Hartline</a> were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine "...for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye." Wald's contribution was discovering the role vitamin A had in the process.<sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nobel-1967_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel-1967-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_promotional_marketing">History of promotional marketing</h3></div> <p>Once discovered, vitamins were actively promoted in articles and advertisements in <i><a href="/wiki/McCall%27s" title="McCall's">McCall's</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Good_Housekeeping" title="Good Housekeeping">Good Housekeeping</a></i>, and other media outlets.<sup id="cite_ref-Wendt_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wendt-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marketers enthusiastically promoted <a href="/wiki/Cod-liver_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Cod-liver oil">cod-liver oil</a>, a source of vitamin D, as "bottled sunshine", and bananas as a "natural vitality food".<sup id="cite_ref-Yeast_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yeast-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They promoted foods such as <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a> cakes, a source of B vitamins, on the basis of scientifically determined nutritional value, rather than taste or appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-Yeast_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yeast-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1942, when flour <a href="/wiki/Food_fortification" title="Food fortification">enrichment</a> with nicotinic acid began, a headline in the popular press said "Tobacco in Your Bread." In response, the Council on Foods and Nutrition of the <a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association">American Medical Association</a> approved of the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Nutrition_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and Nutrition Board">Food and Nutrition Board</a>'s new names <i>niacin</i> and <i>niacin amide</i> for use primarily by non-scientists. It was thought appropriate to choose a name to dissociate nicotinic acid from <a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">nicotine</a>, to avoid the perception that vitamins or niacin-rich food contains nicotine, or that cigarettes contain vitamins. The resulting name <i>niacin</i> was derived from <i><strong>ni</strong>cotinic <strong>ac</strong>id</i> + <i>vitam<strong>in</strong></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers also focused on the need to ensure adequate nutrition, especially to compensate for what was lost in the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Processed_foods" class="mw-redirect" title="Processed foods">processed foods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wendt_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wendt-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Robert W. Yoder is credited with first using the term <i>vitamania</i>, in 1942, to describe the appeal of relying on nutritional supplements rather than on obtaining vitamins from a varied diet of foods. The continuing preoccupation with a healthy lifestyle led to an obsessive consumption of vitamins and multi-vitamins, the beneficial effects of which are questionable.<sup id="cite_ref-Price_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Price-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As one example, in the 1950s, the <a href="/wiki/Wonder_Bread" title="Wonder Bread">Wonder Bread</a> company sponsored the <a href="/wiki/Howdy_Doody" title="Howdy Doody">Howdy Doody</a> television show, with host <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bob_Smith" title="Buffalo Bob Smith">Buffalo Bob Smith</a> telling the audience, "Wonder Bread builds strong bodies 8 ways", referring to the number of <a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">added nutrients</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The term "vitamin" was derived from "vitamine", a <a href="/wiki/Blend_word" title="Blend word">portmanteau</a> coined in 1912 by the <a href="/wiki/Biochemist" title="Biochemist">biochemist</a> Casimir Funk while working at the <a href="/wiki/Lister_Institute_of_Preventive_Medicine" title="Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine">Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Funk_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Funk-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Funk created the name from <i>vital</i> and <i>amine</i>, because it appeared that these organic micronutrient food factors that prevent beriberi and perhaps other similar dietary-deficiency diseases were required for life, hence "vital", and were chemical amines, hence "amine". This was true of <a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">thiamine</a>, but after it was found that vitamin C and other such micronutrients were not amines, the word was shortened to "vitamin" in English.<sup id="cite_ref-Combs_2008_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Combs_2008-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2></div> <p>Vitamins are classified as either <a href="/wiki/Hydrophilicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophilicity">water-soluble</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lipophilicity" title="Lipophilicity">fat-soluble</a>. In humans there are 13 vitamins: 4 fat-soluble (A, D, E, and K) and 9 water-soluble (8 B vitamins and vitamin C). Water-soluble vitamins dissolve easily in water and, in general, are readily excreted from the body, to the degree that urinary output is a strong predictor of vitamin consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18635909_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18635909-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because they are not as readily stored, more consistent intake is important.<sup id="cite_ref-urlWater-Soluble_Vitamins_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlWater-Soluble_Vitamins-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed through the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a> with the help of <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipids</a> (fats). Vitamins A and D can accumulate in the body, which can result in dangerous <a href="/wiki/Hypervitaminosis" title="Hypervitaminosis">hypervitaminosis</a>. Fat-soluble vitamin deficiency due to malabsorption is of particular significance in <a href="/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis" title="Cystic fibrosis">cystic fibrosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18812835_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18812835-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-vitamins">Anti-vitamins</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Antinutrient" title="Antinutrient">Antinutrient</a></div> <p>Anti-vitamins are chemical compounds that inhibit the absorption or actions of vitamins. For example, <a href="/wiki/Avidin" title="Avidin">avidin</a> is a protein in raw egg whites that inhibits the absorption of <a href="/wiki/Biotin" title="Biotin">biotin</a>; it is deactivated by cooking.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pyrithiamine, a synthetic compound, has a molecular structure similar to thiamine, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin B1">vitamin B<sub>1</sub></a>, and inhibits the <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> that use thiamine.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biochemical_functions">Biochemical functions</h2></div> <p>Each vitamin is typically used in multiple reactions, and therefore most have multiple functions.<sup id="cite_ref-Kutsky_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kutsky-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_fetal_growth_and_childhood_development">On fetal growth and childhood development</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nutrition_and_pregnancy" title="Nutrition and pregnancy">Nutrition and pregnancy</a></div> <p>Vitamins are essential for the normal growth and development of a multicellular organism. Using the genetic blueprint inherited from its parents, a <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a> <a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">develops</a> from the nutrients it absorbs. It requires certain vitamins and minerals to be present at certain times.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson2015_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson2015-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These nutrients facilitate the chemical reactions that produce among other things, <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a>. If there is serious deficiency in one or more of these nutrients, a child may develop a deficiency disease. Even minor deficiencies may cause permanent damage.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_adult_health_maintenance">On adult health maintenance</h3></div> <p>Once growth and development are completed, vitamins remain essential nutrients for the healthy maintenance of the cells, tissues, and organs that make up a multicellular organism; they also enable a multicellular life form to efficiently use chemical energy provided by food it eats, and to help process the proteins, carbohydrates, and fats required for <a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">cellular respiration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bender_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bender-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Intake">Intake</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <p>For the most part, vitamins are obtained from the diet, but some are acquired by other means: for example, microorganisms in the <a href="/wiki/Gut_flora" class="mw-redirect" title="Gut flora">gut flora</a> produce vitamin K and biotin; and one form of vitamin D is synthesized in skin cells when they are exposed to a certain wavelength of ultraviolet light present in <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a>. Humans can produce some vitamins from precursors they consume: for example, vitamin A is synthesized from <a href="/wiki/Beta_carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta carotene">beta carotene</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">niacin</a> is synthesized from the <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> <a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">tryptophan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DRI-Niacin_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DRI-Niacin-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vitamin C can be synthesized by some species but not by others. <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">Vitamin B<sub>12</sub></a> is the only vitamin or nutrient not available from plant sources. The Food Fortification Initiative lists countries which have mandatory fortification programs for vitamins folic acid, niacin, vitamin A and vitamins B<sub>1</sub>, B<sub>2</sub> and B<sub>12</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-FoodFortif_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FoodFortif-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deficient_intake">Deficient intake</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_deficiency" title="Vitamin deficiency">Vitamin deficiency</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">body's</a> stores for different vitamins vary widely; vitamins A, D, and B<sub>12</sub> are stored in significant amounts, mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Merck_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merck-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an adult's diet may be deficient in vitamins A and D for many months and B<sub>12</sub> in some cases for years, before developing a deficiency condition. However, vitamin B<sub>3</sub> (niacin and niacinamide) is not stored in significant amounts, so stores may last only a couple of weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-GOVa_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GOVa-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Merck_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merck-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For vitamin C, the first symptoms of scurvy in experimental studies of complete vitamin C deprivation in humans have varied widely, from a month to more than six months, depending on previous dietary history that determined body stores.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deficiencies of vitamins are classified as either primary or secondary. A primary deficiency occurs when an organism does not get enough of the vitamin in its food. A secondary deficiency may be due to an underlying disorder that prevents or limits the absorption or use of the vitamin, due to a "lifestyle factor", such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, or the use of medications that interfere with the absorption or use of the vitamin.<sup id="cite_ref-Merck_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merck-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People who eat a varied diet are unlikely to develop a severe primary vitamin deficiency, but may be consuming less than the recommended amounts; a national food and supplement survey conducted in the US over 2003–2006 reported that over 90% of individuals who did not consume vitamin supplements were found to have inadequate levels of some of the essential vitamins, notably vitamins D and E.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Well-researched human vitamin deficiencies involve thiamine (beriberi), niacin (<a href="/wiki/Pellagra" title="Pellagra">pellagra</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Wendt_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wendt-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> vitamin C (scurvy), folate (neural tube defects) and vitamin D (rickets).<sup id="cite_ref-Price_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Price-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In much of the developed world these deficiencies are rare due to an adequate supply of food and the addition of vitamins to common foods.<sup id="cite_ref-Merck_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merck-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to these classical vitamin deficiency diseases, some evidence has also suggested links between vitamin deficiency and a number of different disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Excess_intake">Excess intake</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hypervitaminosis" title="Hypervitaminosis">Hypervitaminosis</a></div> <p>Some vitamins have documented acute or chronic toxicity at larger intakes, which is referred to as hypertoxicity. The European Union and the governments of several countries have established <a href="/wiki/Tolerable_upper_intake_levels" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolerable upper intake levels">Tolerable upper intake levels</a> (ULs) for those vitamins which have documented toxicity (see table).<sup id="cite_ref-DRITable_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DRITable-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EFSA_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EFSA-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JapanDRI_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JapanDRI-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The likelihood of consuming too much of any vitamin from food is remote, but excessive intake (<a href="/wiki/Vitamin_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin poisoning">vitamin poisoning</a>) from dietary supplements does occur. In 2016, overdose exposure to all formulations of vitamins and multi-vitamin/mineral formulations was reported by 63,931 individuals to the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Poison_Control_Centers" class="mw-redirect" title="American Association of Poison Control Centers">American Association of Poison Control Centers</a> with 72% of these exposures in children under the age of five.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the US, analysis of a national diet and supplement survey reported that about 7% of adult supplement users exceeded the UL for folate and 5% of those older than age 50 years exceeded the UL for vitamin A.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_of_cooking">Effects of cooking</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/USDA" class="mw-redirect" title="USDA">USDA</a> has conducted extensive studies on the percentage losses of various nutrients from food types and cooking methods.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some vitamins may become more "bio-available" – that is, usable by the body – when foods are cooked.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The table below shows whether various vitamins are susceptible to loss from heat—such as heat from boiling, steaming, frying, etc. The effect of cutting vegetables can be seen from exposure to air and light. Water-soluble vitamins such as B and C dissolve into the water when a vegetable is boiled, and are then lost when the water is discarded.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" border="1"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Vitamin </th> <th colspan="4"><b>Is substance susceptible to losses under given condition?</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Soluble in Water </th> <th>Air Exposure </th> <th>Light Exposure </th> <th>Heat Exposure </th></tr> <tr> <td>Vitamin A </td> <td>no </td> <td>partially </td> <td>partially </td> <td>relatively stable </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vitamin C </td> <td>very unstable </td> <td>yes </td> <td>no </td> <td>no </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vitamin D </td> <td>no </td> <td>no </td> <td>no </td> <td>no </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vitamin E </td> <td>no </td> <td>yes </td> <td>yes </td> <td>no </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vitamin K </td> <td>no </td> <td>no </td> <td>yes </td> <td>no </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thiamine (B<sub>1</sub>) </td> <td>highly </td> <td>no </td> <td>? </td> <td>> 100 °C </td></tr> <tr> <td>Riboflavin (B<sub>2</sub>) </td> <td>slightly </td> <td>no </td> <td>in solution </td> <td>no </td></tr> <tr> <td>Niacin (B<sub>3</sub>) </td> <td>yes </td> <td>no </td> <td>no </td> <td>no </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pantothenic Acid (B<sub>5</sub>) </td> <td>quite stable </td> <td>no </td> <td>no </td> <td>yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vitamin B<sub>6</sub> </td> <td>yes </td> <td>? </td> <td>yes </td> <td>< 160 °C </td></tr> <tr> <td>Biotin (B<sub>7</sub>) </td> <td>somewhat </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>no </td></tr> <tr> <td>Folic Acid (B<sub>9</sub>) </td> <td>yes </td> <td>? </td> <td>when dry </td> <td>at high temp </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cobalamin (B<sub>12</sub>) </td> <td>yes </td> <td>? </td> <td>yes </td> <td>no </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recommended_levels">Recommended levels</h2></div> <p>In setting human nutrient guidelines, government organizations do not necessarily agree on amounts needed to avoid deficiency or maximum amounts to avoid the risk of toxicity.<sup id="cite_ref-EFSA_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EFSA-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DRITable_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DRITable-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JapanDRI_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JapanDRI-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, for vitamin C, recommended intakes range from 40 mg/day in India<sup id="cite_ref-NIN_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIN-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 155 mg/day for the European Union.<sup id="cite_ref-EFSA-Recommended_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EFSA-Recommended-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The table below shows U.S. Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for vitamins, PRIs for the European Union (same concept as RDAs), followed by what three government organizations deem to be the safe upper intake. RDAs are set higher than EARs to cover people with higher than average needs. Adequate Intakes (AIs) are set when there is not sufficient information to establish EARs and RDAs. Governments are slow to revise information of this nature. For the U.S. values, with the exception of calcium and vitamin D, all of the data date to 1997–2004.<sup id="cite_ref-DRI_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DRI-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All values are consumption per day: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Nutrient</th> <th rowspan="2">U.S. EAR<sup id="cite_ref-DRITable_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DRITable-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th rowspan="2">Highest U.S.<br />RDA or AI<sup id="cite_ref-DRITable_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DRITable-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th rowspan="2">Highest EU<br />PRI or AI<sup id="cite_ref-EFSA-Recommended_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EFSA-Recommended-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th colspan="3">Upper limit (UL)</th> <th rowspan="2">Unit </th></tr> <tr> <th>U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-DRITable_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DRITable-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>EU <sup id="cite_ref-EFSA_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EFSA-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Japan<sup id="cite_ref-JapanDRI_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JapanDRI-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A</a></td> <td>625</td> <td>900</td> <td>1300</td> <td>3000</td> <td>3000</td> <td>2700</td> <td>μg </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></td> <td>75</td> <td>90</td> <td>155</td> <td>2000</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>mg </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D</a></td> <td>10</td> <td>15</td> <td>15</td> <td>100</td> <td>100</td> <td>100</td> <td>μg </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a></td> <td>NE</td> <td>120</td> <td>70</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>μg </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tocopherol" title="Tocopherol">α-tocopherol</a> (Vitamin E)</td> <td>12</td> <td>15</td> <td>13</td> <td>1000</td> <td>300</td> <td>650–900</td> <td>mg </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thiamin" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiamin">Thiamin</a> (Vitamin B<sub>1</sub>)</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>1.2</td> <td>0.1 mg/MJ</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>mg </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin</a> (Vitamin B<sub>2</sub>)</td> <td>1.1</td> <td>1.3</td> <td>2.0</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>mg </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin</a> (Vitamin B<sub>3</sub>)</td> <td>12</td> <td>16</td> <td>1.6 mg/MJ</td> <td>35</td> <td>10</td> <td>60–85</td> <td>mg </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid</a> (Vitamin B<sub>5</sub>)</td> <td>NE</td> <td>5</td> <td>7</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>mg </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<sub>6</sub></a></td> <td>1.1</td> <td>1.3</td> <td>1.8</td> <td>100</td> <td>25</td> <td>40–60</td> <td>mg </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Biotin" title="Biotin">Biotin</a> (Vitamin B<sub>7</sub>)</td> <td>NE</td> <td>30</td> <td>45</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>μg </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate</a> (Vitamin B<sub>9</sub>)</td> <td>320</td> <td>400</td> <td>600</td> <td>1000</td> <td>1000</td> <td>900–1000</td> <td>μg </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyanocobalamin" title="Cyanocobalamin">Cyanocobalamin</a> (Vitamin B<sub>12</sub>)</td> <td>2.0</td> <td>2.4</td> <td>5.0</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>μg </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>EAR</b> US Estimated Average Requirements. </p><p><b>RDA</b> US Recommended Dietary Allowances; higher for adults than for children, and may be even higher for women who are pregnant or lactating. </p><p><b>AI</b> US and EFSA Adequate Intake; AIs established when there is not sufficient information to set EARs and RDAs. </p><p><b>PRI</b> Population Reference Intake is European Union equivalent of RDA; higher for adults than for children, and may be even higher for women who are pregnant or lactating. For Thiamin and Niacin the PRIs are expressed as amounts per MJ of calories consumed. MJ = megajoule = 239 food calories. </p><p><b>UL or Upper Limit</b> Tolerable upper intake levels. </p><p><b>ND</b> ULs have not been determined. </p><p><b>NE</b> EARs have not been established. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supplementation">Supplementation</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:500_mg_calcium_supplements_with_vitamin_D.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/500_mg_calcium_supplements_with_vitamin_D.jpg/280px-500_mg_calcium_supplements_with_vitamin_D.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/500_mg_calcium_supplements_with_vitamin_D.jpg/420px-500_mg_calcium_supplements_with_vitamin_D.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/500_mg_calcium_supplements_with_vitamin_D.jpg/560px-500_mg_calcium_supplements_with_vitamin_D.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3185" data-file-height="2122" /></a><figcaption>Calcium combined with vitamin D (as calciferol) supplement tablets with fillers.</figcaption></figure> <p>In those who are otherwise healthy, there is little evidence that supplements have any benefits with respect to <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">heart disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fort2013_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fort2013-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Moy2014_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moy2014-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vitamin A and E supplements not only provide no health benefits for generally healthy individuals, but they may increase mortality, though the two large studies that support this conclusion included <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">smokers</a> for whom it was already known that beta-carotene supplements can be harmful.<sup id="cite_ref-Moy2014_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moy2014-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2018 meta-analysis found no evidence that intake of vitamin D or calcium for community-dwelling elderly people reduced bone fractures.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Europe has regulations that define limits of vitamin (and mineral) dosages for their safe use as dietary supplements. Most vitamins that are sold as dietary supplements are not supposed to exceed a maximum daily dosage referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Tolerable_upper_intake_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolerable upper intake level">tolerable upper intake level</a> (UL or Upper Limit). Vitamin products above these regulatory limits are not considered supplements and should be registered as prescription or non-prescription (<a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter_drug" title="Over-the-counter drug">over-the-counter drugs</a>) due to their potential side effects. The European Union, United States and Japan establish ULs.<sup id="cite_ref-DRITable_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DRITable-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EFSA_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EFSA-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JapanDRI_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JapanDRI-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">Dietary supplements</a> often contain vitamins, but may also include other ingredients, such as minerals, herbs, and botanicals. <a href="/wiki/Scientific_evidence" title="Scientific evidence">Scientific evidence</a> supports the benefits of dietary supplements for persons with certain health conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Sup_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sup-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, vitamin supplements may have unwanted effects, especially if taken before surgery, with other dietary supplements or medicines, or if the person taking them has certain health conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Sup_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sup-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may also contain levels of vitamins many times higher, and in different forms, than one may ingest through food. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Megavitamin_therapy" title="Megavitamin therapy">Megavitamin therapy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governmental_regulation">Governmental regulation</h3></div> <p>Most countries place dietary supplements in a special category under the general umbrella of <i>foods</i>, not drugs. As a result, the manufacturer, and not the government, has the responsibility of ensuring that its dietary supplement products are safe before they are marketed. Regulation of supplements varies widely by country. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, a dietary supplement is defined under the <a href="/wiki/Dietary_Supplement_Health_and_Education_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act">Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act</a> of 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no FDA approval process for dietary supplements, and no requirement that manufacturers prove the safety or efficacy of supplements introduced before 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-Wendt_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wendt-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Price_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Price-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> must rely on its Adverse Event Reporting System to monitor adverse events that occur with supplements.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, the US <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a> (CFR) Title 21, part III took effect, regulating Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs) in the manufacturing, packaging, labeling, or holding operations for dietary supplements. Even though product registration is not required, these regulations mandate production and quality control standards (including testing for identity, purity and adulterations) for dietary supplements.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the European Union, the <a href="/wiki/Food_Supplements_Directive" class="mw-redirect" title="Food Supplements Directive">Food Supplements Directive</a> requires that only those supplements that have been proven safe can be sold without a prescription.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For most vitamins, <a href="/wiki/Pharmacopoeia" title="Pharmacopoeia">pharmacopoeial standards</a> have been established. In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Pharmacopeia" title="United States Pharmacopeia">United States Pharmacopeia</a> (USP) sets standards for the most commonly used vitamins and preparations thereof. Likewise, monographs of the <a href="/wiki/European_Pharmacopoeia" title="European Pharmacopoeia">European Pharmacopoeia</a> (Ph.Eur.) regulate aspects of identity and purity for vitamins on the European market. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naming">Naming</h2></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right; font-size:90%; margin-left:20px"> <caption>Nomenclature of reclassified vitamins </caption> <tbody><tr class="hintergrundfarbe6"> <th>Previous name </th> <th>Chemical name </th> <th>Reason for name change<sup id="cite_ref-Bennett_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bennett-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Vitamin B<sub>4</sub> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adenine" title="Adenine">Adenine</a> </td> <td>DNA metabolite; synthesized in body </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vitamin B<sub>8</sub> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adenylic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenylic acid">Adenylic acid</a> </td> <td>DNA metabolite; synthesized in body </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vitamin B<sub>T</sub> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carnitine" title="Carnitine">Carnitine</a> </td> <td>Synthesized in body </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vitamin F </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid" title="Essential fatty acid">Essential fatty acids</a> </td> <td>Needed in large quantities (does<br /> not fit the definition of a vitamin). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vitamin G </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin</a> </td> <td>Reclassified as <a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">Vitamin B<sub>2</sub></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vitamin H </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Biotin" title="Biotin">Biotin</a> </td> <td>Reclassified as <a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">Vitamin B<sub>7</sub></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vitamin J </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Catechol" title="Catechol">Catechol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flavin_group" title="Flavin group">Flavin</a> </td> <td>Catechol nonessential; flavin reclassified<br /> as <a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">Vitamin B<sub>2</sub></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vitamin L<sub>1</sub><sup id="cite_ref-VitaminL_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VitaminL-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anthranilic_acid" title="Anthranilic acid">Anthranilic acid</a> </td> <td>Nonessential </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vitamin L<sub>2</sub><sup id="cite_ref-VitaminL_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VitaminL-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/5%E2%80%B2-Methylthioadenosine" title="5′-Methylthioadenosine">5′-Methylthioadenosine</a> </td> <td>RNA metabolite; synthesized in body </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vitamin M or B<sub>c</sub><sup id="cite_ref-Welch1983_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welch1983-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate</a> </td> <td>Reclassified as <a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">Vitamin B<sub>9</sub></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vitamin P </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flavonoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavonoids">Flavonoids</a> </td> <td>Many compounds, not proven essential </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vitamin PP </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin</a> </td> <td>Reclassified as <a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">Vitamin B<sub>3</sub></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vitamin S </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salicylic_acid" title="Salicylic acid">Salicylic acid</a> </td> <td>Nonessential </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vitamin U </td> <td><a href="/wiki/S-Methylmethionine" title="S-Methylmethionine">S-Methylmethionine</a> </td> <td>Protein metabolite; synthesized in body </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The reason that the set of vitamins skips directly from E to K is that the vitamins corresponding to letters F–J were either reclassified over time, discarded as false leads, or renamed because of their relationship to vitamin B, which became a complex of vitamins. </p><p>The Danish-speaking scientists who isolated and described vitamin K (in addition to naming it as such) did so because the vitamin is intimately involved in the coagulation of blood following wounding (from the <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> word <i>Koagulation</i>). At the time, most (but not all) of the letters from F through to J were already designated, so the use of the letter K was considered quite reasonable.<sup id="cite_ref-Bennett_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bennett-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-quiz_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quiz-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The table <i>Nomenclature of reclassified vitamins</i> lists chemicals that had previously been classified as vitamins, as well as the earlier names of vitamins that later became part of the B-complex. </p><p>The missing numbered B vitamins were reclassified or determined not to be vitamins. For example, B<sub>9</sub> is <a href="/wiki/Folic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Folic acid">folic acid</a> and five of the folates are in the range B<sub>11</sub> through B<sub>16</sub>. Others, such as <a href="/wiki/4-Aminobenzoic_acid" title="4-Aminobenzoic acid">PABA</a> (formerly B<sub>10</sub>), are biologically inactive, toxic, or with unclassifiable effects in humans, or not generally recognised as vitamins by science,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as the highest-numbered, which some <a href="/wiki/Naturopath" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturopath">naturopath</a> practitioners call B<sub>21</sub> and B<sub>22</sub>. There are also lettered B substances (e.g., B<sub>m</sub>) listed at <a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">B vitamins</a> that are not recognized as vitamins. There are other "D vitamins" now recognised as other substances, which some sources of the same type number up to D<sub>7</sub>. The controversial cancer treatment <a href="/wiki/Laetrile" class="mw-redirect" title="Laetrile">laetrile</a> was at one point lettered as vitamin B<sub>17</sub>. There appears to be no consensus on the existence of substances that may have at one time been named as vitamins Q, R, T, V, W, X, Y or Z. </p><p>"Vitamin N" is a term popularized for the mental health benefits of spending time in nature settings. "Vitamin I" is slang among athletes for frequent/daily consumption of <a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">ibuprofen</a> as a pain-relieving treatment.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_deficiency" title="Vitamin deficiency">Vitamin deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypervitaminosis" title="Hypervitaminosis">Hypervitaminosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nutrition" title="Human nutrition">Human nutrition</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJones2011" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Jones, Daniel</a> (2011). <a href="/wiki/Peter_Roach_(phonetician)" title="Peter Roach (phonetician)">Roach, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jane_Setter" title="Jane Setter">Setter, Jane</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Esling" title="John Esling">Esling, John</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/English_Pronouncing_Dictionary" title="English Pronouncing Dictionary">Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary</a></i> (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6"><bdi>978-0-521-15255-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.edition=18th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-15255-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatonHopkinsMcLaughlinJohnson1993" class="citation book cs1">Maton A, Hopkins J, McLaughlin CW, Johnson S, Warner MQ, LaHart D, Wright JD (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humanbiologyheal00scho"><i>Human Biology and Health</i></a></span>. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-981176-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-981176-0"><bdi>978-0-13-981176-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32308337">32308337</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Biology+and+Health&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32308337&rft.isbn=978-0-13-981176-0&rft.aulast=Maton&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Hopkins%2C+J&rft.au=McLaughlin%2C+CW&rft.au=Johnson%2C+S&rft.au=Warner%2C+MQ&rft.au=LaHart%2C+D&rft.au=Wright%2C+JD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhumanbiologyheal00scho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/vitamins-and-minerals">"Vitamins and Minerals"</a>. <i>National Institute on Aging</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+on+Aging&rft.atitle=Vitamins+and+Minerals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nia.nih.gov%2Fhealth%2Fvitamins-and-minerals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121212005813/http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/micronutrients/9241546123/en/"><i>Vitamin and mineral requirements in human nutrition 2nd Edition</i></a>. World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2004. pp. <span class="nowrap">340–</span>341. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9241546123" title="Special:BookSources/9241546123"><bdi>9241546123</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/micronutrients/9241546123/en/">the original</a> on 12 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vitamin+and+mineral+requirements+in+human+nutrition+2nd+Edition&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E340-%3C%2Fspan%3E341&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization+and+Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9241546123&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fnutrition%2Fpublications%2Fmicronutrients%2F9241546123%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32006R1925">Regulation (EC) No 1925/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 December 2006 on the addition of vitamins and minerals and of certain other substances to foods</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/listing_of_vitamins">"Listing of vitamins"</a>. Harvard Health Publishing. 9 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Listing+of+vitamins&rft.pub=Harvard+Health+Publishing&rft.date=2009-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.health.harvard.edu%2Fstaying-healthy%2Flisting_of_vitamins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bender-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bender_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bender_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBender2003" class="citation book cs1">Bender DA (2003). <i>Nutritional biochemistry of the vitamins</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80388-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80388-5"><bdi>978-0-521-80388-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nutritional+biochemistry+of+the+vitamins&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80388-5&rft.aulast=Bender&rft.aufirst=DA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Price-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Price_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Price_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Price_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Price_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Price_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2015" class="citation book cs1">Price C (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IPcVBAAAQBAJ&pg=PR96"><i>Vitamania: Our obsessive quest for nutritional perfection</i></a>. Penguin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1594205040" title="Special:BookSources/978-1594205040"><bdi>978-1594205040</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vitamania%3A+Our+obsessive+quest+for+nutritional+perfection&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1594205040&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIPcVBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FoodFortif-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FoodFortif_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FoodFortif_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404131451/http://www.ffinetwork.org/why_fortify/index.html">"Food Fortification Initiative"</a>. <i>Food Fortification Initiative, Enhancing Grains for Better Lives</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Food+Fortification+Initiative%2C+Enhancing+Grains+for+Better+Lives&rft.atitle=Food+Fortification+Initiative&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ffinetwork.org%2Fwhy_fortify%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson2015-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson2015_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson2015_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonWilsonAudibertBrock2015" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson RD, Wilson RD, Audibert F, Brock JA, Carroll J, Cartier L, et al. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dietary-supplements.info.nih.gov/factsheets/vitamina.asp">the original</a> on 23 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+of+Health%3A+Office+of+Dietary+Supplements&rft.atitle=Vitamin+A%3A+Fact+Sheet+for+Health+Professionals&rft.date=2013-06-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdietary-supplements.info.nih.gov%2Ffactsheets%2Fvitamina.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-thiamin.html">"Thiamin, vitamin B1: MedlinePlus Supplements"</a>. <i>U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+Health+and+Human+Services%2C+National+Institutes+of+Health&rft.atitle=Thiamin%2C+vitamin+B1%3A+MedlinePlus+Supplements&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlm.nih.gov%2Fmedlineplus%2Fdruginfo%2Fnatural%2Fpatient-thiamin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardman,_J.G.2001" class="citation book cs1">Hardman, J.G.; et al., eds. (2001). <i>Goodman and Gilman's Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics</i> (10th ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 992. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0071354691" title="Special:BookSources/978-0071354691"><bdi>978-0071354691</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goodman+and+Gilman%27s+Pharmacological+Basis+of+Therapeutics&rft.pages=992&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0071354691&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-vitaminb5.html">"Pantothenic acid, dexpanthenol: MedlinePlus Supplements"</a>. <i>MedlinePlus</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Dietary-supplements.info.nih.gov (24 June 2011). Retrieved on 3 August 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NHS-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NHS_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/vitamin-c/">Vitamins and minerals</a> (3 March 2017). Retrieved on 2 June 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merck-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Merck_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merck_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merck_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merck_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merck_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec12/ch154/ch154a.html">The Merck Manual: Nutritional Disorders: Vitamin Introduction</a> Please select specific vitamins from the list at the top of the page.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaby2005" class="citation news cs1">Gaby AR (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160910063328/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-132081136.html">"Does vitamin E cause congestive heart failure? 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Mitteilung über pflanzliche Wachstumsstoffe". <i>Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie</i>. <b>242</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">43–</span>73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fbchm2.1936.242.1-2.43">10.1515/bchm2.1936.242.1-2.43</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hoppe-Seyler%27s+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Physiologische+Chemie&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+das+Bios-Problem.+Darstellung+von+krystallisiertem+Biotin+aus+Eigelb.+20.+Mitteilung+%C3%BCber+pflanzliche+Wachstumsstoffe&rft.volume=242&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.date=1936&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fbchm2.1936.242.1-2.43&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6gl&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=T%C3%B6nnis%2C+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673600590266">"The relative content of antiscorbutic principle in limes and lemons, together with some new facts and some old observations concerning the value of "lime juice" in the prevention of scurvy"</a>. <i>The Lancet</i>. <b>192</b> (4970): <span class="nowrap">735–</span>738. 1918. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2800%2959026-6">10.1016/S0140-6736(00)59026-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=The+relative+content+of+antiscorbutic+principle+in+limes+and+lemons%2C+together+with+some+new+facts+and+some+old+observations+concerning+the+value+of+%22lime+juice%22+in+the+prevention+of+scurvy.&rft.volume=192&rft.issue=4970&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E735-%3C%2Fspan%3E738&rft.date=1918&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2800%2959026-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0140673600590266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1972" class="citation journal cs1">Lewis HE (January 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1644345">"Medical aspects of polar exploration: sixtieth anniversary of Scott's last expedition. State of knowledge about scurvy in 1911"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine</i>. <b>65</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">39–</span>42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F003591577206500116">10.1177/003591577206500116</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1644345">1644345</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4552518">4552518</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Medical+aspects+of+polar+exploration%3A+sixtieth+anniversary+of+Scott%27s+last+expedition.+State+of+knowledge+about+scurvy+in+1911&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.date=1972-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1644345%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4552518&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F003591577206500116&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=HE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1644345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gratzer-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gratzer_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gratzer_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGratzer2006" class="citation book cs1">Gratzer W (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W2g8vHsjpjwC&pg=PT182">"9. 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(1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/nikkashi1880/32/1/_contents">"Active constituent of rice grits preventing bird polyneuritis"</a>. <i>Tokyo Kagaku Kaishi</i>. <b>32</b>: <span class="nowrap">4–</span>7, <span class="nowrap">144–</span>146, <span class="nowrap">335–</span>358. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1246%2Fnikkashi1880.32.4">10.1246/nikkashi1880.32.4</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tokyo+Kagaku+Kaishi&rft.atitle=Active+constituent+of+rice+grits+preventing+bird+polyneuritis&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E7%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E144-%3C%2Fspan%3E146%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E335-%3C%2Fspan%3E358&rft.date=1911&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1246%2Fnikkashi1880.32.4&rft.au=Suzuki%2C+U.&rft.au=Shimamura%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Fbrowse%2Fnikkashi1880%2F32%2F1%2F_contents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Funk-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Funk_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Funk_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFunk1912" class="citation journal cs1">Funk C (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015069802166&view=1up&seq=351">"The etiology of the deficiency diseases. Beri-beri, polyneuritis in birds, epidemic dropsy, scurvy, experimental scurvy in animals, infantile scurvy, ship beri-beri, pellagra"</a>. <i>Journal of State Medicine</i>. <b>20</b>: <span class="nowrap">341–</span>368.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+State+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+etiology+of+the+deficiency+diseases.+Beri-beri%2C+polyneuritis+in+birds%2C+epidemic+dropsy%2C+scurvy%2C+experimental+scurvy+in+animals%2C+infantile+scurvy%2C+ship+beri-beri%2C+pellagra&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E341-%3C%2Fspan%3E368&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Funk&rft.aufirst=C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015069802166%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin" class="Z3988"></span> The word "vitamine" is coined on p. 342: "It is now known that all these diseases, with the exception of pellagra, can be prevented and cured by the addition of certain preventative substances; the deficient substances, which are of the nature of organic bases, we will call "vitamines"; and we will speak of a beri-beri or scurvy vitamine, which means a substance preventing the special disease."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Combs_2008-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Combs_2008_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Combs_2008_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCombs2008" class="citation book cs1">Combs G (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1CMHiWum0Y4C&pg=PA16">"Discovery of Vitamins"</a>. <i>The vitamins: fundamental aspects in nutrition and health</i>. 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Retrieved on 30 November 2015.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPekelharing1905" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pekelharing CA (1905). "Over onze kennis van de waarde der voedingsmiddelen uit chemische fabrieken" [About our knowledge of the value of food products from chemical factories]. <i>Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde</i> (in Dutch). <b>41</b>: <span class="nowrap">111–</span>124.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nederlands+Tijdschrift+voor+Geneeskunde&rft.atitle=Over+onze+kennis+van+de+waarde+der+voedingsmiddelen+uit+chemische+fabrieken&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E124&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Pekelharing&rft.aufirst=CA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin" class="Z3988"></span><sup id="cite_ref-semba-99_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-semba-99-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style 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href="http://dietary-supplements.info.nih.gov/Health_Information/Vitamin_and_Mineral_Supplement_Fact_Sheets.aspx">NIH Office of Dietary Supplements: Fact Sheets</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080916005417/http://dietary-supplements.info.nih.gov/Health_Information/Vitamin_and_Mineral_Supplement_Fact_Sheets.aspx">Archived</a> 16 September 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/">"Vitamins and minerals"</a>. <i>nhs.uk</i>. 23 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nhs.uk&rft.atitle=Vitamins+and+minerals&rft.date=2017-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhs.uk%2Fconditions%2Fvitamins-and-minerals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vitamins_(A11)79" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vitamins" title="Template:Vitamins"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vitamins" title="Template talk:Vitamins"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vitamins" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vitamins"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vitamins_(A11)79" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vitamins</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_A11" title="ATC code A11">A11</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fat <br />soluble</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">A</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Carotene" title="Α-Carotene">α-Carotene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Carotene" title="Β-Carotene">β-Carotene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinol" title="Retinol">Retinol</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tretinoin" title="Tretinoin">Tretinoin</a><sup>#</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">D</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>D<sub>2</sub> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ergosterol" title="Ergosterol">Ergosterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergocalciferol" title="Ergocalciferol">Ergocalciferol</a><sup>#</sup></li></ul></li> <li>D<sub>3</sub> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7-Dehydrocholesterol" title="7-Dehydrocholesterol">7-Dehydrocholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Previtamin_D3" title="Previtamin D3">Previtamin D<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholecalciferol" title="Cholecalciferol">Cholecalciferol</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcifediol" title="Calcifediol">25-hydroxycholecalciferol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcitriol" title="Calcitriol">Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcitroic_acid" title="Calcitroic acid">Calcitroic acid</a></li></ul></li> <li>D<sub>4</sub> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/22-Dihydroergocalciferol" title="22-Dihydroergocalciferol">Dihydroergocalciferol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D5" title="Vitamin D5">D<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li>D analogues <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfacalcidol" title="Alfacalcidol">Alfacalcidol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrotachysterol" title="Dihydrotachysterol">Dihydrotachysterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcipotriol" title="Calcipotriol">Calcipotriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacalcitol" title="Tacalcitol">Tacalcitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paricalcitol" title="Paricalcitol">Paricalcitol</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">E</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocopherol" title="Tocopherol">Tocopherol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Tocopherol" title="Α-Tocopherol">Alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Tocopherol" title="Β-Tocopherol">Beta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%93-Tocopherol" title="Γ-Tocopherol">Gamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%94-Tocopherol" title="Δ-Tocopherol">Delta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocotrienol" title="Tocotrienol">Tocotrienol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Tocotrienol" title="Α-Tocotrienol">Alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Tocotrienol" title="Β-Tocotrienol">Beta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%93-Tocotrienol" title="Γ-Tocotrienol">Gamma</a></li> <li>Delta</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocofersolan" title="Tocofersolan">Tocofersolan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">K</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1,4-Naphthoquinone" title="1,4-Naphthoquinone">Naphthoquinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytomenadione" title="Phytomenadione">Phylloquinone (K<sub>1</sub>)</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K2" title="Vitamin K2">Menaquinones (K<sub>2</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menadione" title="Menadione">Menadione (K<sub>3</sub>)</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K4" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin K4">Various (K<sub>4</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Amino-2-methyl-1-naphthol" title="4-Amino-2-methyl-1-naphthol">4-Amino-2-methyl-1-naphthol (K<sub>5</sub>)</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Methylnaphthalene-1,4-diamine" title="2-Methylnaphthalene-1,4-diamine">2-Methylnaphthalene-1,4-diamine (K<sub>6</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Amino-3-methyl-1-naphthol" title="4-Amino-3-methyl-1-naphthol">4-Amino-3-methyl-1-naphthol (K<sub>7</sub>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Water <br />soluble</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">B</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>B<sub>1</sub> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine</a><sup>#</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B1_analogues" title="Vitamin B1 analogues">B<sub>1</sub> analogues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acefurtiamine" title="Acefurtiamine">Acefurtiamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allithiamine" title="Allithiamine">Allithiamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benfotiamine" title="Benfotiamine">Benfotiamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fursultiamine" title="Fursultiamine">Fursultiamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octotiamine" title="Octotiamine">Octotiamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosultiamine" title="Prosultiamine">Prosultiamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulbutiamine" title="Sulbutiamine">Sulbutiamine</a></li></ul></li> <li>B<sub>2</sub> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin</a><sup>#</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B3" title="Vitamin B3">B<sub>3</sub></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicotinic_acid" title="Nicotinic acid">Nicotinic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotinamide" title="Nicotinamide">Nicotinamide</a><sup>#</sup></li></ul></li> <li>B<sub>5</sub> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panthenol" title="Panthenol">Dexpanthenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantethine" title="Pantethine">Pantethine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">B<sub>6</sub></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyridoxine" title="Pyridoxine">Pyridoxine</a><sup>#</sup>, <a href="/wiki/Pyridoxal_phosphate" title="Pyridoxal phosphate">Pyridoxal phosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyridoxamine" title="Pyridoxamine">Pyridoxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyritinol" title="Pyritinol">Pyritinol</a></li></ul></li> <li>B<sub>7</sub> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biotin" title="Biotin">Biotin</a></li></ul></li> <li>B<sub>9</sub> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folic acid</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrofolic_acid" title="Dihydrofolic acid">Dihydrofolic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folinic_acid" title="Folinic acid">Folinic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomefolic_acid" title="Levomefolic acid">Levomefolic acid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">B<sub>12</sub></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenosylcobalamin" title="Adenosylcobalamin">Adenosylcobalamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanocobalamin" title="Cyanocobalamin">Cyanocobalamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxocobalamin" title="Hydroxocobalamin">Hydroxocobalamin</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylcobalamin" title="Methylcobalamin">Methylcobalamin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">C</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Ascorbic acid</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroascorbic_acid" title="Dehydroascorbic acid">Dehydroascorbic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Combinations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multivitamin" title="Multivitamin">Multivitamins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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chemistry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Food_chemistry18" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Food_chemistry" title="Food chemistry">Food chemistry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">Additives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_coloring" title="Food coloring">Coloring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzymes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid" title="Essential fatty acid">Essential fatty acids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavoring" title="Flavoring">Flavors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_fortification" title="Food fortification">Fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">Lipids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">"Minerals" (Chemical elements)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Proteins</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vitamins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Malnutrition190" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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title="Ascites">Ascites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emaciation" title="Emaciation">Emaciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwashiorkor" title="Kwashiorkor">Kwashiorkor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marasmus" title="Marasmus">Marasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catabolysis" title="Catabolysis">Catabolysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_deficiency" title="Vitamin deficiency">Vitamin deficiency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">B vitamins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>B<sub>1</sub> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beriberi" class="mw-redirect" title="Beriberi">Beriberi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wernicke%E2%80%93Korsakoff_syndrome" title="Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome">Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wernicke%27s_encephalopathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wernicke's encephalopathy">Wernicke's encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korsakoff_syndrome" title="Korsakoff syndrome">Korsakoff syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li>B<sub>2</sub> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin#Deficiency" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin deficiency</a></li></ul></li> <li>B<sub>3</sub> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pellagra" title="Pellagra">Pellagra</a></li></ul></li> <li>B<sub>6</sub> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyridoxine_deficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyridoxine deficiency">Pyridoxine deficiency</a></li></ul></li> <li>B<sub>7</sub> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biotin_deficiency" title="Biotin deficiency">Biotin deficiency</a></li></ul></li> <li>B<sub>9</sub> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folate_deficiency" title="Folate deficiency">Folate deficiency</a></li></ul></li> <li>B<sub>12</sub> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12_deficiency" title="Vitamin B12 deficiency">Vitamin B<sub>12</sub> deficiency</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>A: <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A_deficiency" title="Vitamin A deficiency">Vitamin A deficiency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitot%27s_spots" title="Bitot's spots">Bitot's spots</a></li></ul></li> <li>C: <a href="/wiki/Scurvy" title="Scurvy">Scurvy</a></li> <li>D: <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D_deficiency" title="Vitamin D deficiency">Vitamin D deficiency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rickets" title="Rickets">Rickets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteomalacia" title="Osteomalacia">Osteomalacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison%27s_groove" title="Harrison's groove">Harrison's groove</a></li></ul></li> <li>E: <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E_deficiency" title="Vitamin E deficiency">Vitamin E deficiency</a></li> <li>K: <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K_deficiency" title="Vitamin K deficiency">Vitamin K deficiency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_deficiency" title="Mineral deficiency">Mineral deficiency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrolyte_imbalance" title="Electrolyte imbalance">Electrolyte imbalance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypocalcemia" title="Hypocalcemia">Calcium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypochloremia" title="Hypochloremia">Chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_deficiency_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnesium deficiency (medicine)">Magnesium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypophosphatemia" title="Hypophosphatemia">Phosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypokalemia" title="Hypokalemia">Potassium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyponatremia" title="Hyponatremia">Sodium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_deficiency" title="Iron deficiency">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_deficiency" title="Zinc deficiency">Zinc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_deficiency_(medicine)" title="Manganese deficiency (medicine)">Manganese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_deficiency" title="Copper deficiency">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_deficiency" title="Iodine deficiency">Iodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium_deficiency" title="Chromium deficiency">Chromium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_deficiency" title="Molybdenum deficiency">Molybdenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium_deficiency" title="Selenium deficiency">Selenium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keshan_disease" title="Keshan disease">Keshan disease</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine_deficiency" title="Fluorine deficiency">Fluorine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_development_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Human development (biology)">Growth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deformity" title="Deformity">Deformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delayed_milestone" title="Delayed milestone">Delayed milestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Failure_to_thrive" title="Failure to thrive">Failure to thrive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_stature" title="Short stature">Short stature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_short_stature" title="Idiopathic short stature">Idiopathic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anorexia_(symptom)" title="Anorexia (symptom)">Anorexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cachexia" title="Cachexia">Cachexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deficiency_(medicine)" title="Deficiency (medicine)">Deficiency (medicine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">Dehydration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_malnutrition" title="Epidemiology of malnutrition">Epidemiology of malnutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_fortification" title="Food fortification">Food fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger" title="Hunger">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Human right to water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronutrient_deficiency" title="Micronutrient deficiency">Micronutrient deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">Right to health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">Starvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starvation_(crime)" title="Starvation (crime)">Starvation (crime)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_dehydration" title="Terminal dehydration">Terminal dehydration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undernutrition_in_children" title="Undernutrition in children">Undernutrition in children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_loss" title="Weight loss">Weight loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underweight" title="Underweight">Underweight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dietary_supplements155" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dietary_supplement" title="Template:Dietary supplement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dietary_supplement" title="Template talk:Dietary supplement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dietary_supplement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dietary supplement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dietary_supplements155" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">Dietary supplements</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodybuilding_supplement" title="Bodybuilding supplement">Bodybuilding supplement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_drink" title="Energy drink">Energy drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_bar" title="Energy bar">Energy bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid" title="Essential fatty acid">Fatty acids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_medicine" title="Herbal medicine">Herbal supplements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prebiotic_(nutrition)" title="Prebiotic (nutrition)">Prebiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probiotic" title="Probiotic">Probiotics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lactobacillus" title="Lactobacillus">Lactobacillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifidobacterium" title="Bifidobacterium">Bifidobacterium</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_supplement" title="Protein supplement">Protein supplements</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vitamins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vitamins</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">chemical elements<br /> ("minerals")</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Retinol (Vitamin A)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">B vitamins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B<sub>1</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B<sub>2</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B<sub>3</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B<sub>5</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Pyridoxine (B<sub>6</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotin" title="Biotin">Biotin (B<sub>7</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folic acid (B<sub>9</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanocobalamin" title="Cyanocobalamin">Cyanocobalamin (B<sub>12</sub>)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Ergocalciferol and Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Tocopherol (Vitamin E)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Naphthoquinone (Vitamin K)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_supplement" title="Calcium supplement">Calcium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">Choline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other common <br />ingredients</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arginine_alpha-ketoglutarate" title="Arginine alpha-ketoglutarate">AAKG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Hydroxy_beta-methylbutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Hydroxy beta-methylbutyric acid">β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnitine" title="Carnitine">Carnitine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chondroitin_sulfate" title="Chondroitin sulfate">Chondroitin sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_liver_oil" title="Cod liver oil">Cod liver oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_gluconate" title="Copper gluconate">Copper gluconate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creatine" title="Creatine">Creatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinacea#Medicinal_effects" title="Echinacea">Echinacea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(medicine)" title="Ephedra (medicine)">Ephedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_oil" title="Fish oil">Fish oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginseng" title="Ginseng">Ginseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucosamine" title="Glucosamine">Glucosamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamine" title="Glutamine">Glutamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape_seed_extract" title="Grape seed extract">Grape seed extract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarana" title="Guarana">Guarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_supplement" title="Iron supplement">Iron supplements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonicera_japonica" title="Lonicera japonica">Japanese honeysuckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill_oil" title="Krill oil">Krill oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingzhi_(mushroom)" title="Lingzhi (mushroom)">Lingzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linseed_oil" title="Linseed oil">Linseed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipoic_acid" title="Lipoic acid">Lipoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silybum_marianum#Health_benefits" title="Silybum marianum">Milk thistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin_(supplement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Melatonin (supplement)">Melatonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_yeast_rice" title="Red yeast rice">Red yeast rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_jelly" title="Royal jelly">Royal jelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saw_palmetto_extract" title="Saw palmetto extract">Saw palmetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirulina_(dietary_supplement)" title="Spirulina (dietary supplement)">Spirulina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypericum_perforatum#Medicinal_uses" title="Hypericum perforatum">St John's wort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurine" title="Taurine">Taurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheatgrass" title="Wheatgrass">Wheatgrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goji" title="Goji">Wolfberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohimbine" title="Yohimbine">Yohimbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_gluconate" title="Zinc gluconate">Zinc gluconate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Alimentarius" title="Codex Alimentarius">Codex Alimentarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyte" title="Enzyte">Enzyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadacol" title="Hadacol">Hadacol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_tea" title="Herbal tea">Herbal tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutraceutical" title="Nutraceutical">Nutraceutical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multivitamin" title="Multivitamin">Multivitamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">Nutrition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34956#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1545" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34956#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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