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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Crannog</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Кранаг – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кранаг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crann%C3%B3g" title="Crannóg – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Crannóg" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crannog" title="Crannog – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Crannog" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crannog" title="Crannog – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Crannog" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crannog" title="Crannog – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Crannog" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crann%C3%B3g" title="Crannóg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Crannóg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crannog" title="Crannog – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Crannog" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crann%C3%B3g" title="Crannóg – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Crannóg" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crannog" title="Crannog – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Crannog" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF_(%D9%85%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%86)" title="کرنگ (مسکن) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کرنگ (مسکن)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crannog" title="Crannog – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Crannog" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crann%C3%B3g" title="Crannóg – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Crannóg" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crannag" title="Crannag – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Crannag" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crann%C3%B3g" title="Crannóg – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Crannóg" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%9D%BC%EB%85%B8%EA%B7%B8" title="크라노그 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="크라노그" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crannog" title="Crannog – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Crannog" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crann%C3%B3g" title="Crannóg – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Crannóg" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%92" title="קראנוג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קראנוג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crann%C3%B3g" title="Crannóg – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Crannóg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kranog" title="Kranog – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kranog" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crann%C3%B3g" title="Crannóg – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Crannóg" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Кранног – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кранног" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crannog" title="Crannog – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Crannog" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crannog" title="Crannog – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Crannog" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Кранног – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кранног" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q91759#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Crannog_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1049899.jpg/220px-Crannog_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1049899.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Crannog_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1049899.jpg/330px-Crannog_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1049899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Crannog_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1049899.jpg/440px-Crannog_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1049899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A reconstructed crannog near <a href="/wiki/Kenmore,_Perth_and_Kinross" title="Kenmore, Perth and Kinross">Kenmore, Perth and Kinross</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Loch_Tay" title="Loch Tay">Loch Tay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>crannog</b><sup id="cite_ref-O'Sullivan_2000_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Sullivan_2000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lynn_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynn-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dixon_2004_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dixon_2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">crannóg</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ga-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ˈkɾˠan̪ˠoːɡ]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic</a>: <i lang="gd">crannag</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="gd-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ˈkʰɾan̪ˠak]</a></span>) is typically a partially or entirely <a href="/wiki/Artificial_island" title="Artificial island">artificial island</a>, usually built in <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuarine</a> waters of <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>. Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps</a>, which were built on the shores and not inundated until later, crannogs were built in the water, thus forming artificial islands. </p><p>Crannogs were used as dwellings over five millennia, from the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic#Europe" title="Neolithic">European Neolithic Period</a><sup id="cite_ref-Armit_2003_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armit_2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to as late as the 17th/early 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Dixon_2004_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dixon_2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Scotland there is no convincing evidence in the archaeological record of Early and Middle <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Britain" title="Bronze Age Britain">Bronze Age</a> or <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Scotland" title="Scandinavian Scotland">Norse Period</a> use. The <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dating</a> obtained from key sites such as Oakbank and Redcastle indicates at a 95.4 per cent <a href="/wiki/Confidence_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Confidence level">confidence level</a> that they date to the Late Bronze Age to <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Britain">Early Iron Age</a>. The date ranges fall <i>after</i> around 800 BC and so could be considered Late Bronze Age by only the narrowest of margins.<sup id="cite_ref-Dixon_2004_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dixon_2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Henderson_1998_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henderson_1998-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Crannogs have been variously interpreted as free-standing wooden structures, as at <a href="/wiki/Loch_Tay" title="Loch Tay">Loch Tay</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Dixon_2004_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dixon_2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although more commonly they are composed of brush, stone or timber mounds that can be <a href="/wiki/Revetment" title="Revetment">revetted</a> with timber piles. However, in areas such as the <a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Outer Hebrides</a> of Scotland, timber was unavailable from the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic era">Neolithic era</a> onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, crannogs made completely of stone and supporting drystone architecture are common there.<sup id="cite_ref-Armit_1996_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armit_1996-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, crannogs typically appear as small, circular islets, often 10 to 30 metres (30 to 100 ft) in diameter, covered in dense vegetation due to their inaccessibility to grazing livestock. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_uncertain_meanings">Etymology and uncertain meanings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crannog&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and uncertain meanings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Irish word <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">crannóg</i></span> derives from <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a> <span title="Old Irish (to 900)-language text"><i lang="sga">crannóc</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which referred to a wooden structure or vessel, stemming from <i>crann</i>, which means "tree", suffixed with "-óg" which is a <a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">diminutive</a> ending ultimately borrowed from Welsh. The suffix <i>-óg</i> is sometimes misunderstood by non-native Irish-speakers as <i>óg</i>, which is a separate word that means "young". This misunderstanding leads to a <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk etymology</a> whereby <i>crannóg</i> is misanalysed as <i>crann óg</i>, which is pronounced differently and means "a young tree". The modern sense of the term first appears sometime around the 12th century; its popularity spread in the medieval period along with the terms <i>isle</i>, <i>ylle</i>, <i>inis</i>, <i>eilean</i> or <i>oileán</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Morrison_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrison-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is some confusion on what the term <i>crannog</i> originally referred to, as the structure atop the island or the island itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Morrison_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrison-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The additional meanings of Irish <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">crannóg</i></span> can be variously related as 'structure/piece of wood', including '<a href="/wiki/Crow%27s_nest" title="Crow's nest">crow's nest</a>', '<a href="/wiki/Pulpit" title="Pulpit">pulpit</a>', or 'driver's box on a coach'; 'vessel/box/chest' more generally; and 'wooden pin'.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> form is <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">crannag</i></span> and has the additional meanings of 'pulpit' and '<a href="/wiki/Butter_churn" title="Butter churn">churn</a>'.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, there is no real consensus on what the term <i>crannog</i> actually implies, although the modern adoption in the English language broadly refers to a partially or completely artificial islet that saw use from the prehistoric to the Post-Medieval period in Ireland and Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-Morrison_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrison-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crannog&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Crannogs are widespread in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, with an estimated 1,200 examples,<sup id="cite_ref-O'Sullivan_1998_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Sullivan_1998-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> has 389 sites officially listed as such.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The actual number in Scotland varies considerably depending on definition—between about 350 and 500, due to the use of the term "island dun" for well over one hundred Hebridean examples—a distinction that has created a divide between mainland Scottish crannog and Hebridean islet settlement studies.<sup id="cite_ref-Harding_2000_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harding_2000-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously unknown crannogs in Scotland and Ireland are still being found as underwater surveys continue to investigate loch beds for completely submerged examples.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest concentrations of crannogs in Ireland are found in the Drumlin Belt of the Midlands, North and Northwest. In Scotland, crannogs are mostly found on the western coast, with high concentrations in <a href="/wiki/Argyll" title="Argyll">Argyll</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dumfries_and_Galloway" title="Dumfries and Galloway">Dumfries and Galloway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Henderson_1998_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henderson_1998-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In reality, the Western Isles contain the highest density of lake-settlements in Scotland, yet they are recognised under varying terms besides "crannog".<sup id="cite_ref-Armit_1992_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armit_1992-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One lone Welsh example exists at <a href="/wiki/Llangorse_Lake" title="Llangorse Lake">Llangorse Lake</a>, probably a product of Irish influence.<sup id="cite_ref-Redknap_&_Lane_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Redknap_&_Lane-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reconstructed Irish crannógs are located at <a href="/wiki/Craggaunowen" title="Craggaunowen">Craggaunowen</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Clare" title="County Clare">County Clare</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Heritage_Park" title="Irish National Heritage Park">Irish National Heritage Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Wexford" title="County Wexford">County Wexford</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Castle_Espie" title="Castle Espie">Castle Espie</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Down" title="County Down">County Down</a>. In Scotland there are reconstructions at the "Scottish Crannog Centre" at <a href="/wiki/Loch_Tay" title="Loch Tay">Loch Tay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perthshire" title="Perthshire">Perthshire</a>; this centre offers guided tours and hands-on activities, including wool-spinning, wood-turning and making fire, holds events to celebrate wild cooking and crafts, and hosts yearly <a href="/wiki/Midsummer" title="Midsummer">Midsummer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lughnasadh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a> festivals.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_and_problems_with_definition">Types and problems with definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crannog&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types and problems with definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crannog_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1330788.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Crannog_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1330788.jpg/220px-Crannog_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1330788.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Crannog_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1330788.jpg/330px-Crannog_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1330788.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Crannog_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1330788.jpg/440px-Crannog_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1330788.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A replica crannóg on <a href="/wiki/Loch_Tay" title="Loch Tay">Loch Tay</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Crannogs took on many different forms and methods of construction based on what was available in the immediate landscape. The classic image of a prehistoric crannog stems from both post-medieval illustrations<sup id="cite_ref-O'Sullivan_1998_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Sullivan_1998-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and highly influential excavations, such as <a href="/wiki/Milton_Loch" title="Milton Loch">Milton Loch</a> in Scotland by <a href="/wiki/Peggy_Guido" title="Peggy Guido">C. M. Piggot</a> after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Piggott_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piggott-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Milton Loch interpretation is of a small islet surrounded or defined at its edges by timber piles and a gangway, topped by a typical Iron Age roundhouse. </p><p>The choice of a small islet as a home may seem odd today, yet waterways were the main channels for both communication and travel until the 19th century in much of Ireland and, especially, Highland Scotland. Crannogs are traditionally interpreted as simple prehistorical farmsteads. They are also interpreted as boltholes in times of danger, as status symbols with limited access, and as inherited locations of power that imply a sense of legitimacy and ancestry towards ownership of the surrounding landscape. </p><p>A strict definition of a crannog, which has long been debated, requires the use of timber.<sup id="cite_ref-Lynn_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynn-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sites in the Western Isles do not satisfy this criterion, although their inhabitants shared the common habit of living on water.<sup id="cite_ref-Lynn_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynn-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harding_2000_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harding_2000-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If not classed as "true" crannogs, small occupied islets (often at least partially artificial in nature) may be referred to as "island duns".<sup id="cite_ref-Armit_1996_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armit_1996-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather confusingly, 22 islet-based sites are classified as "proper" crannogs due to differing interpretations of inspectors or excavators who drew up field reports.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hebridean island dwellings or crannogs were commonly built on both natural and artificial islets, usually reached by a stone causeway. The visible structural remains are traditionally interpreted<sup id="cite_ref-Beveridge,_E_1911_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beveridge,_E_1911-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as <a href="/wiki/Dun_(fortification)" title="Dun (fortification)">duns</a> or, in more recent terminology, as "Atlantic roundhouses". This terminology has recently become popular when describing the entire range of robust, drystone structures that existed in later prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Inner_Seas_off_the_West_Coast_of_Scotland" title="Inner Seas off the West Coast of Scotland">Atlantic Scotland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Armit_1992_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armit_1992-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of crannog excavations were, by modern standards, poorly conducted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by early antiquarians, or were purely accidental finds as lochs were drained during the improvements to increase usable farmland or pasture.<sup id="cite_ref-Munro_Ancient_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munro_Ancient-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some early digs, labourers hauled away tons of materials, with little regard to anything that was not of immediate economic value. Conversely, the vast majority of early attempts at proper excavation failed to accurately measure or record <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy" title="Stratigraphy">stratigraphy</a>, thereby failing to provide a secure context for artefact finds. Thus only extremely limited interpretations are possible. Preservation and conservation techniques for waterlogged materials such as <a href="/wiki/Dugout_canoe" title="Dugout canoe">logboats</a> or structural material were all but non-existent, and a number of extremely important finds were destroyed as a result; in some instances, they were even dried out for firewood.<sup id="cite_ref-Munro_Ancient_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munro_Ancient-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loch_Tay,_a_crannog_and_Ben_Lawers_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2566330.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Loch_Tay%2C_a_crannog_and_Ben_Lawers_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2566330.jpg/220px-Loch_Tay%2C_a_crannog_and_Ben_Lawers_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2566330.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Loch_Tay%2C_a_crannog_and_Ben_Lawers_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2566330.jpg/330px-Loch_Tay%2C_a_crannog_and_Ben_Lawers_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2566330.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Loch_Tay%2C_a_crannog_and_Ben_Lawers_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2566330.jpg/440px-Loch_Tay%2C_a_crannog_and_Ben_Lawers_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2566330.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="473" /></a><figcaption>Reconstructed crannog</figcaption></figure> <p>From about 1900 to the late 1940s there was very little crannog excavation in Scotland, while some important and highly influential contributions were made in Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hencken,_H.O_1950_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hencken,_H.O_1950-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, relatively few crannogs have been excavated since the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. This number has steadily grown, especially since the early 1980s, and may soon surpass prewar totals.<sup id="cite_ref-Crone,_B._A_2000_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crone,_B._A_2000-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-O'Sullivan_&_Sands_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Sullivan_&_Sands-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The overwhelming majority of crannogs show multiple phases of occupation and re-use, often extending over centuries. Thus the re-occupiers may have viewed crannogs as a legacy that was alive in local tradition and memory. </p><p>Crannog reoccupation is important and significant, especially in the many instances of crannogs built near natural islets, which were often completely unused. This long chronology of use has been verified by both <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dating</a> and more precisely by <a href="/wiki/Dendrochronology" title="Dendrochronology">dendrochronology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Crone,_B._A_2000_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crone,_B._A_2000-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Interpretations of crannog function have not been static; instead they appear to have changed in both the archaeological and historic records. Rather than the simple domestic residences of prehistory, the medieval crannogs were increasingly seen as strongholds of the upper class or regional political players, such as the Gaelic chieftains of the O'Boylans and McMahons in <a href="/wiki/County_Monaghan" title="County Monaghan">County Monaghan</a> and the Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Airg%C3%ADalla" title="Airgíalla">Airgíalla</a>, until the 17th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In Scotland, the medieval and post-medieval use of crannogs is also documented into the early 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Dixon_2004_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dixon_2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morrison_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrison-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether this increase in status is real, or just a by-product of increasingly complex material assemblages, remains to be convincingly validated.<sup id="cite_ref-Fredengren_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fredengren-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crannog&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest-known constructed crannog is the completely artificial Neolithic islet of <a href="/wiki/Eilean_D%C3%B2mhnuill" title="Eilean Dòmhnuill">Eilean Dòmhnuill</a>, Loch Olabhat on <a href="/wiki/North_Uist" title="North Uist">North Uist</a> in Scotland. Eilean Domhnuill<sup id="cite_ref-Armit_1996_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armit_1996-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has produced radiocarbon dates ranging from 3650 to 2500 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Armit_2003_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armit_2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irish crannogs appear in middle <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> layers at <a href="/wiki/Ballinderry" title="Ballinderry">Ballinderry</a> (1200–600 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiocarbon">radiocarbon</a> dating of worked timber found in Loch Bhorghastail on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Lewis" title="Isle of Lewis">Isle of Lewis</a> has produced evidence of crannogs as old as 3380–3630 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, the existence of artificial island settlement in Ireland is not as clear. While lakeside settlements are evident in Ireland from 4500 BC, these settlements are not crannogs, as they were not intended to be islands. Despite having a lengthy chronology, their use was not at all consistent or unchanging. </p><p>Crannog construction and occupation was at its peak in Scotland from about 800 BC to AD 200.<sup id="cite_ref-Henderson_1998_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henderson_1998-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not surprisingly, crannogs have useful defensive properties, although there appears to be more significance to prehistoric use than simple defense, as very few weapons or evidence for destruction appear in excavations of prehistoric crannogs. In Ireland, crannogs were at their zenith during the Early Historic period,<sup id="cite_ref-O'Sullivan_2000_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Sullivan_2000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when they were the homes and retreats of kings, lords, prosperous farmers and, occasionally, socially marginalised groups, such as monastic hermits or metalsmiths who could work in isolation. Despite scholarly concepts supporting a strict Early Historic evolution,<sup id="cite_ref-Lynn_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynn-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irish excavations are increasingly uncovering examples that date from the "missing" Iron Age in Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Sullivan_&_Sands_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Sullivan_&_Sands-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crannog&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loughbrickland_Crannog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Loughbrickland_Crannog.jpg/220px-Loughbrickland_Crannog.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Loughbrickland_Crannog.jpg/330px-Loughbrickland_Crannog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Loughbrickland_Crannog.jpg/440px-Loughbrickland_Crannog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Loughbrickland_Crann%C3%B3g" title="Loughbrickland Crannóg">Loughbrickland Crannóg</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The construction techniques for a crannog (prehistoric or otherwise) are as varied as the multitude of finished forms that make up the archaeological record. Island settlement in Scotland and Ireland is manifest through the entire range of possibilities ranging from entirely natural, small islets to completely artificial islets, therefore definitions remain contentious. For crannogs in the strict sense, typically the construction effort began on a shallow reef or rise in the lochbed. </p><p>When timber was available, many crannogs were surrounded by a circle of wooden <a href="/wiki/Deep_foundation" title="Deep foundation">piles</a>, with axe-sharpened bases that were driven into the bottom, forming a circular enclosure that helped to retain the main mound and prevent erosion. The piles could also be joined by <a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">mortise and tenon</a>, or large holes cut to carefully accept specially shaped timbers designed to interlock and provide structural rigidity. On other examples, interior surfaces were built up with any mixture of clay, peat, stone, timber or brush – whatever was available. In some instances, more than one structure was built on crannogs.<sup id="cite_ref-Armit_2003_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armit_2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In other types of crannogs, builders and occupants added large stones to the waterline of small natural islets, extending and enlarging them over successive phases of renewal. Larger crannogs could be occupied by extended families or communal groups, and access was either by logboats or coracles. Evidence for timber or stone causeways exists on a large number of crannogs. The causeways may have been slightly submerged; this has been interpreted as a device to make access difficult<sup id="cite_ref-Beveridge,_E_1911_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beveridge,_E_1911-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but may also be a result of loch level fluctuations over the ensuing centuries or millennia. Organic remains are often found in excellent condition on these water-logged sites. The bones of <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">swine</a> have been found in excavated crannogs, while remains of wooden utensils and even dairy products have been completely preserved for several millennia.<sup id="cite_ref-Dixon_2004_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dixon_2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fire_and_reconstruction">Fire and reconstruction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crannog&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fire and reconstruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 2021, the Loch Tay Crannog was seriously damaged in a fire<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but funding was given to repair the structure, and conserve the museum materials retained.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> Chair in Refugee Integration through Languages and the Arts, <a href="/wiki/Alison_Phipps_(refugee_researcher)" title="Alison Phipps (refugee researcher)">Alison Phipps</a> of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">Glasgow University</a> and African artist Tawona Sithole considered its future and its impact as a symbol of common human history and 'potent ways of healing' including restarting the creative weaving with <a href="/wiki/Soay_sheep" title="Soay sheep">Soay sheep</a> wool in 'a thousand touches'.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crannog&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-O'Sullivan_2000-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-O'Sullivan_2000_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Sullivan_2000_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFO'Sullivan2000" class="citation book cs1">O'Sullivan, A. (2000). <i>Crannogs: Lake Dwellings of Ireland</i>. Dublin: Irish Treasure Series.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crannogs%3A+Lake+Dwellings+of+Ireland&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=Irish+Treasure+Series&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=O%27Sullivan&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrannog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lynn-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lynn_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lynn_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lynn_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lynn_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynn1983" class="citation journal cs1">Lynn, C. J. (1983). "Some 'early' ring forts and crannogs". <i>Journal of Irish Archaeology</i>. <b>1</b>: 47–58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Irish+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Some+%27early%27+ring+forts+and+crannogs&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=47-58&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Lynn&rft.aufirst=C.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrannog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dixon_2004-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dixon_2004_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dixon_2004_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dixon_2004_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dixon_2004_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dixon_2004_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dixon_2004_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon2004" class="citation book cs1">Dixon, Nicholas (2004). <i>The Crannogs of Scotland: An underwater archaeology</i>. Tempus Publishing, Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7524-3151-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7524-3151-X"><bdi>0-7524-3151-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crannogs+of+Scotland%3A+An+underwater+archaeology&rft.pub=Tempus+Publishing%2C+Limited&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7524-3151-X&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrannog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Armit_2003-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Armit_2003_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Armit_2003_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Armit_2003_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmit2003" class="citation book cs1">Armit, Ian (2003). "The Drowners: permanence and transience in the Hebridean Neolithic". In Armit, I.; Murphy, E.; Simpson, D. (eds.). <i>Neolithic Settlement in Ireland and Western Britain</i>. Oxford: Oxbow.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Drowners%3A+permanence+and+transience+in+the+Hebridean+Neolithic&rft.btitle=Neolithic+Settlement+in+Ireland+and+Western+Britain&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxbow&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Armit&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrannog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henderson_1998-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Henderson_1998_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henderson_1998_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henderson_1998_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson1998" class="citation journal cs1">Henderson, J. C. (1998). "Islets through time: the definition, dating and distribution of Scottish crannogs". <i>Oxford Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>17</b> (2): 227–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-0092.00060">10.1111/1468-0092.00060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Islets+through+time%3A+the+definition%2C+dating+and+distribution+of+Scottish+crannogs&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=227-44&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-0092.00060&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=J.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrannog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwardsRalston1997" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, K. J.; Ralston, I., eds. (1997). <i>Scotland After the Ice Age: Environment, Archaeology and History, 8000 BC–1000 AD</i>. New York: Wiley & Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scotland+After+the+Ice+Age%3A+Environment%2C+Archaeology+and+History%2C+8000+BC%E2%80%931000+AD&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrannog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Armit_1996-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Armit_1996_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Armit_1996_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Armit_1996_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmit1996" class="citation book cs1">Armit, Ian (1996). <i>The Archaeology of Skye and the Western Isles</i>. Edinburgh University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Skye+and+the+Western+Isles&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Armit&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrannog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120926104237/http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/crannog">"crannog"</a>. <i>American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</i>. Houghton Mifflin. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/crannog">the original</a> on 26 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=crannog&rft.btitle=American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feducation.yahoo.com%2Freference%2Fdictionary%2Fentry%2Fcrannog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrannog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morrison-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morrison_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morrison_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morrison_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morrison_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison1985" class="citation book cs1">Morrison, I. (1985). <i>Landscape with Lake Dwellings</i>. Edinburgh University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Landscape+with+Lake+Dwellings&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrannog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_CróinínMoody2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1ibh%C3%AD_%C3%93_Cr%C3%B3in%C3%ADn" title="Dáibhí Ó Cróinín">Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí</a>; <a href="/wiki/Theodore_William_Moody" title="Theodore William Moody">Moody, Theodore William</a> (2005). <i>A New History of Ireland: Prehistoric and early Ireland</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-821737-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-821737-4"><bdi>0-19-821737-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+Ireland%3A+Prehistoric+and+early+Ireland&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-19-821737-4&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Cr%C3%B3in%C3%ADn&rft.aufirst=D%C3%A1ibh%C3%AD&rft.au=Moody%2C+Theodore+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrannog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinneen1927" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_S._Dinneen" title="Patrick S. Dinneen">Dinneen, Patrick</a> (1927). <i>Foclóir Gaedhilge agus Béarla</i>. <a href="/wiki/Irish_Texts_Society" title="Irish Texts Society">Irish Texts Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Focl%C3%B3ir+Gaedhilge+agus+B%C3%A9arla&rft.pub=Irish+Texts+Society&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Dinneen&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrannog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark2003" class="citation book cs1">Mark, C. (2003). <i>The Gaelic English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-22259-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-22259-8"><bdi>0-203-22259-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gaelic+English+Dictionary&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-203-22259-8&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrannog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Sullivan_1998-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-O'Sullivan_1998_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Sullivan_1998_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Sullivan1998" class="citation book cs1">O'Sullivan, A. (1998). <i>The Archaeology of Lake Settlement in Ireland</i>. Dublin: Discovery Programme.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Lake+Settlement+in+Ireland&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=Discovery+Programme&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=O%27Sullivan&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrannog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121021173247/http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/results/?sitename=&site_type_term=CRANNOG+&site_discipline=1&numlink=&mapno=&site=&council_code=&parish=&region_code=&district_code=&county_code=&ngr=&locat_xy_radius_m=&collection_name=&biblio_surname=&biblio_inits=&biblio_title=&biblio_date=&biblio_journal=&site_country=1&submit=Search">"Canmore Database/Royal Commission on Ancient and Historic Monuments Scotland"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://canmore.org.uk/site/search/result?SITETYPE=508&SITECOUNTRY=1&view=map">the original</a> on 21 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canmore+Database%2FRoyal+Commission+on+Ancient+and+Historic+Monuments+Scotland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcanmore.org.uk%2Fsite%2Fsearch%2Fresult%3FSITETYPE%3D508%26SITECOUNTRY%3D1%26view%3Dmap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrannog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harding_2000-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harding_2000_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harding_2000_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding2000" class="citation journal cs1">Harding, D. W. (2000). "Crannogs and island duns: Classification, dating and function". <i>Oxford Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>19</b> (3): 301–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-0092.00111">10.1111/1468-0092.00111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Crannogs+and+island+duns%3A+Classification%2C+dating+and+function&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=301-17&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-0092.00111&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=D.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrannog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding2007" class="citation book cs1">Harding, D. W. (2007). "Crannogs and island duns: An aerial perspective". In Barber, J.; Clarke, C.; Crone, A.; Hale, A.; Henderson, J.; Housley, R.; Sands, R.; Sheridan, A. (eds.). <i>Archaeology from the Wetlands: Proceedings of the 11th WARP Conference, Edinburgh 2007</i>. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. pp. 267–73.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Crannogs+and+island+duns%3A+An+aerial+perspective&rft.btitle=Archaeology+from+the+Wetlands%3A+Proceedings+of+the+11th+WARP+Conference%2C+Edinburgh+2007&rft.pages=267-73&rft.pub=Society+of+Antiquaries+of+Scotland&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=D.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrannog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenfert2009" class="citation book cs1">Lenfert, Robert (2009). <i>Uist Island Dun Investigation – Dun Borosdale, Western Isles (South Uist parish), preliminary investigation</i>. Discovery Excav Scot, New. Vol. 10. Wiltshire, England: Cathedral Communications Limited.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uist+Island+Dun+Investigation+%E2%80%93+Dun+Borosdale%2C+Western+Isles+%28South+Uist+parish%29%2C+preliminary+investigation&rft.place=Wiltshire%2C+England&rft.series=Discovery+Excav+Scot%2C+New&rft.pub=Cathedral+Communications+Limited&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Lenfert&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrannog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson2000" class="citation book cs1">Henderson, J. C. (2000). "Shared traditions? The drystone settlement records of Atlantic Scotland and Ireland 700 BC – AD 200". In Henderson, J. C. (ed.). <i>BAR 861</i>. Oxford. pp. 117–54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shared+traditions%3F+The+drystone+settlement+records+of+Atlantic+Scotland+and+Ireland+700+BC+%E2%80%93+AD+200&rft.btitle=BAR+861&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=117-54&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=J.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrannog" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Armit_1992-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Armit_1992_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Armit_1992_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmit1992" class="citation book cs1">Armit, Ian (1992). <i>The Later Prehistory of the Western Isles of Scotland</i>. BAR Brit Ser. 221. Oxford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Later+Prehistory+of+the+Western+Isles+of+Scotland&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=BAR+Brit+Ser.+221&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Armit&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrannog" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Redknap_&_Lane-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Redknap_&_Lane_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedknapLane1994" class="citation journal cs1">Redknap, Mark; Lane, Alan (1994). "The early medieval crannog at Llangors, Powys: an interim statement on the 1989–1993 seasons". <i>International Journal of Nautical Archaeology</i>. <b>23</b> (3): 189–205. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994IJNAr..23..189R">1994IJNAr..23..189R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-9270.1994.tb00460.x">10.1111/j.1095-9270.1994.tb00460.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Nautical+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+early+medieval+crannog+at+Llangors%2C+Powys%3A+an+interim+statement+on+the+1989%E2%80%931993+seasons&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=189-205&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-9270.1994.tb00460.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994IJNAr..23..189R&rft.aulast=Redknap&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Lane%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrannog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.crannog.co.uk">http://www.crannog.co.uk</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation is required to prevent link rot. (February 2024)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Piggott-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Piggott_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiggott1953" class="citation journal cs1">Piggott, C. M. (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.9750%2FPSAS.087.134.152">"Milton Loch Crannog: a native house of the second century AD in Kirkcudbrightshire"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland</i>. <b>87</b>: 134–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.9750%2FPSAS.087.134.152">10.9750/PSAS.087.134.152</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257298470">257298470</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Society+of+Antiquaries+of+Scotland&rft.atitle=Milton+Loch+Crannog%3A+a+native+house+of+the+second+century+AD+in+Kirkcudbrightshire&rft.volume=87&rft.pages=134-52&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.9750%2FPSAS.087.134.152&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A257298470%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Piggott&rft.aufirst=C.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.9750%252FPSAS.087.134.152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrannog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121021173514/http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/results/?sitename=&site_type_term=CRANNOG+&site_discipline=1&numlink=&mapno=&site=&council_code=410&parish=&region_code=&district_code=&county_code=&ngr=&locat_xy_radius_m=&collection_name=&biblio_surname=&biblio_inits=&biblio_title=&biblio_date=&biblio_journal=&site_country=1&submit=Search">"Canmore search for crannog in the Western Isles"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/results/?sitename=&site_type_term=CRANNOG+&site_discipline=1&numlink=&mapno=&site=&council_code=410&parish=&region_code=&district_code=&county_code=&ngr=&locat_xy_radius_m=&collection_name=&biblio_surname=&biblio_inits=&biblio_title=&biblio_date=&biblio_journal=&site_country=1&submit=Search">the original</a> on 21 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canmore+search+for+crannog+in+the+Western+Isles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcanmore.rcahms.gov.uk%2Fen%2Fresults%2F%3Fsitename%3D%26site_type_term%3DCRANNOG%2B%26site_discipline%3D1%26numlink%3D%26mapno%3D%26site%3D%26council_code%3D410%26parish%3D%26region_code%3D%26district_code%3D%26county_code%3D%26ngr%3D%26locat_xy_radius_m%3D%26collection_name%3D%26biblio_surname%3D%26biblio_inits%3D%26biblio_title%3D%26biblio_date%3D%26biblio_journal%3D%26site_country%3D1%26submit%3DSearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrannog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beveridge,_E_1911-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beveridge,_E_1911_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beveridge,_E_1911_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beveridge, E. 1911. North Uist: Its Archaeology and Topography, William Brown, Edinburgh.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Munro_Ancient-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Munro_Ancient_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Munro_Ancient_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunro1882" class="citation book cs1">Munro, R. (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientscottish00munrgoog"><i>Ancient Scottish Lake Dwellings, or Crannogs</i></a>. Edinburgh: David Douglas.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Scottish+Lake+Dwellings%2C+or+Crannogs&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=David+Douglas&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Munro&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientscottish00munrgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrannog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilde, W. R. 1840. "Antiquities recently discovered at Dunshanghlin". <i>Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy</i>, vol. 1 pp. 420–426.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, G. 1873. "Notes on the crannogs and lake dwellings of Wigtownshire", <i>Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland</i>, vol. 9, pp. 368–378.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hencken, H. O.1937. "Ballinderry Crannog 1", <i>Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy</i>, vol. 43, pp. 103–239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hencken, H. O. 1942 "Ballinderry Crannog 2" in <i>Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy</i> 47Ci (1942) 1–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hencken,_H.O_1950-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hencken,_H.O_1950_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hencken, H.O. 1950. "Lagore Crannog: an Irish royal residence of the seventh to tenth century AD", in <i>Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy</i> 53C, 1–248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crone,_B._A_2000-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crone,_B._A_2000_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crone,_B._A_2000_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Crone, B. A. 2000. "The History of a Scottish Lowland Crannog: Excavations at Buiston, Ayrshire", 1989–90, <i>STAR Monograph</i> 4, AOC/Historic Scotland, Edinburgh.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Sullivan_&_Sands-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-O'Sullivan_&_Sands_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Sullivan_&_Sands_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'SullivanSands2005" class="citation book cs1">O'Sullivan, A.; Sands, R. (2005). "Impressive, well-appointed, rich and enigmatic: Collure Demense crannog, Lough Derravaragh, County Westmeath". In Barber, J.; Clarke, C.; Crone, A.; Hale, A.; Henderson, J.; Housley, R.; Sands, R.; Sheridan, A. (eds.). <i>Archaeology from the Wetlands: Proceedings of the 11th WARP Conference</i>. Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries for Scotland. pp. 303–11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Impressive%2C+well-appointed%2C+rich+and+enigmatic%3A+Collure+Demense+crannog%2C+Lough+Derravaragh%2C+County+Westmeath&rft.btitle=Archaeology+from+the+Wetlands%3A+Proceedings+of+the+11th+WARP+Conference&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=303-11&rft.pub=Society+of+Antiquaries+for+Scotland&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=O%27Sullivan&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Sands%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrannog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott, J. 1960. "Loch Glashan", <i>Discovery and Excavation in Scotland</i> no. 354.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fredengren-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fredengren_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFredengren2002" class="citation book cs1">Fredengren, Christina (2002). <i>Crannogs: A Study of People's Interaction with Lakes, with Special Reference to Loch Gara in the North West of Ireland</i>. Bray: Wordwell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crannogs%3A+A+Study+of+People%27s+Interaction+with+Lakes%2C+with+Special+Reference+to+Loch+Gara+in+the+North+West+of+Ireland&rft.place=Bray&rft.pub=Wordwell&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Fredengren&rft.aufirst=Christina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrannog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarol_Ruppé,_Jan_Barstad2002" class="citation book cs1">Carol Ruppé, Jan Barstad (2002). <i>National Handbook of Underwater Archaeology</i>. The Springer Series in Underwater Archaeology. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-3064-6345-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-3064-6345-8"><bdi>0-3064-6345-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Handbook+of+Underwater+Archaeology&rft.series=The+Springer+Series+in+Underwater+Archaeology&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-3064-6345-8&rft.au=Carol+Rupp%C3%A9%2C+Jan+Barstad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrannog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrow2019" class="citation journal cs1">Garrow, D. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15184%2Faqy.2019.41">"Neolithic crannogs: Rethinking settlement, monumentality and deposition in the Outer Hebrides and beyond"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquity_(journal)" title="Antiquity (journal)">Antiquity</a></i>. <b>93</b> (369): 664–684. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15184%2Faqy.2019.41">10.15184/aqy.2019.41</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Neolithic+crannogs%3A+Rethinking+settlement%2C+monumentality+and+deposition+in+the+Outer+Hebrides+and+beyond&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=369&rft.pages=664-684&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15184%2Faqy.2019.41&rft.aulast=Garrow&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.15184%252Faqy.2019.41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrannog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenational.scot/news/19368267.loch-tay-scottish-crannog-centre-gutted-fire-overnight/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Simply awful': Recreated Iron Age roundhouse gutted by fire overnight"</a>. <i>The National</i>. 12 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=%27Simply+awful%27%3A+Recreated+Iron+Age+roundhouse+gutted+by+fire+overnight&rft.date=2021-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.scot%2Fnews%2F19368267.loch-tay-scottish-crannog-centre-gutted-fire-overnight%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrannog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenational.scot/news/19484806.crannog-centre-secures-51k-scottish-government-devastating-fire/">"Scottish Government gives fire-hit Crannog Centre £51k to help recovery"</a>. <i>The National</i>. 2 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=Scottish+Government+gives+fire-hit+Crannog+Centre+%C2%A351k+to+help+recovery&rft.date=2021-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.scot%2Fnews%2F19484806.crannog-centre-secures-51k-scottish-government-devastating-fire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrannog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenational.scot/news/19529432.new-vision-crannog-centre-fire-tore-cultural-landmark/">"A new vision of the Crannog centre after fire tore through cultural landmark"</a>. <i>The National</i>. 22 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=A+new+vision+of+the+Crannog+centre+after+fire+tore+through+cultural+landmark&rft.date=2021-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.scot%2Fnews%2F19529432.new-vision-crannog-centre-fire-tore-cultural-landmark%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrannog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crannog&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnett1901" class="citation book cs1">Burnett, George (1901). Allardyce, J. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/familyofburnetto00burn"><i>The Family of Burnett of Leys</i></a>. Aberdeen: New Spalding Club.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Family+of+Burnett+of+Leys&rft.place=Aberdeen&rft.pub=New+Spalding+Club&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Burnett&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffamilyofburnetto00burn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrannog" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmit2000" class="citation book cs1">Armit, Ian (2000). <i>Scotland's Hidden History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Tempus_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Tempus Publishing">Tempus Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7524-1400-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7524-1400-3"><bdi>0-7524-1400-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scotland%27s+Hidden+History&rft.pub=Tempus+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7524-1400-3&rft.aulast=Armit&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrannog" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrone2000" class="citation book cs1">Crone, A. (2000). <i>The History of a Scottish Lowland Crannog: Excavations at Buiston</i>. Monographs. Edinburgh: AOC/STAR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+a+Scottish+Lowland+Crannog%3A+Excavations+at+Buiston&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.series=Monographs&rft.pub=AOC%2FSTAR&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Crone&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrannog" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalsall2003" class="citation book cs1">Halsall, Guy (2003). <i>Warfare and Society in the Barbarian West, 450–900</i>. London: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+Society+in+the+Barbarian+West%2C+450%E2%80%93900&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge.&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Halsall&rft.aufirst=Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrannog" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crannog&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Crannogs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Crannogs">Crannogs</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crannogs.weebly.com/">Robert Lenfert MA PhD, <i>crannogs.weebly.com</i></a>, "Living on Water: Scottish Crannogs and Island Dwellings".</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crannog.co.uk/">Crannog.co.uk</a>, The Scottish Crannog Centre Reconstruction of a crannog.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcmahonsofmonaghan.org/crannogs.html">McMahonsOfMonaghan.org</a>, Crannog illustration showing attack in <a href="/wiki/Monaghan" title="Monaghan">Monaghan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> in the 16th century.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.channel4.com/history/timeteam/snapshot_crannogs.html">Channel4.com</a>, Time Team on Crannogs.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.channel4.com/history/timeteam/2004_migdale.html">Channel4.com</a>, Time Team excavation at Loch Migdale, January 2004.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcahms.gov.uk">Canmore</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081204122032/http://www.rcahms.gov.uk/highlightacp3.html">Archived</a> 4 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland's Canmore database, a searchable database of archaeological and architectural sites in Scotland, including crannogs.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archaeology.about.com/od/lterms/qt/llangorse_crann.htm">About.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080720143504/http://archaeology.about.com/od/lterms/qt/llangorse_crann.htm">Archived</a> 20 July 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Llangors Crannog.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O2MvOcWwLyY&feature=youtu.be">The Iron Age Crannogs of Ayrshire, <i>www.youtube.com</i></a>, Crannogs in Ayrshire, Scotland.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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(archaeology)">Wheelhouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artefacts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_art_in_the_Prehistoric_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish art in the Prehistoric era">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carved_stone_balls" title="Carved stone balls">Carved stone balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooved_ware" title="Grooved ware">Grooved ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstan_ware" title="Unstan ware">Unstan ware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_prehistoric_Scotland" title="Agriculture in prehistoric Scotland">Agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caledonians" title="Caledonians">Caledonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caereni" title="Caereni">Caereni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnonacae" title="Carnonacae">Carnonacae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cat" title="Kingdom of Cat">Cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornovii_(Caithness)" title="Cornovii (Caithness)">Cornovii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creones" title="Creones">Creones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damnonii" title="Damnonii">Damnonii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decantae" title="Decantae">Decantae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugi" title="Lugi">Lugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maeatae" title="Maeatae">Maeatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novantae" title="Novantae">Novantae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selgovae" title="Selgovae">Selgovae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoti" title="Scoti">Scoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smertae" title="Smertae">Smertae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taexali" title="Taexali">Taexali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacomagi" title="Vacomagi">Vacomagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venicones" title="Venicones">Venicones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Warfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mons_Graupius" title="Battle of Mons Graupius">Battle of Mons Graupius</a> (83 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Burnswark" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Burnswark">Siege of Burnswark</a> (140)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Conspiracy" title="Great Conspiracy">Great Conspiracy</a> (367–368)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_prehistoric_Scotland" title="Timeline of prehistoric Scotland">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Iron_Age" title="Scotland in the Iron Age">Scotland in the Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire" title="Scotland during the Roman Empire">Roman Interlude</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Architecture_in_Scotland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Scotland_in_the_prehistoric_era" title="Architecture of Scotland in the prehistoric era">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Scotland_in_the_Roman_era" title="Architecture of Scotland in the Roman era">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Scotland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Architecture of Scotland in the Middle Ages">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_early_modern_Scotland" title="Architecture in early modern Scotland">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Scotland_in_the_Industrial_Revolution" title="Architecture of Scotland in the Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_modern_Scotland" title="Architecture in modern Scotland">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_roundhouse" title="Atlantic roundhouse">Atlantic roundhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastle_house" title="Bastle house">Bastle house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackhouse" title="Blackhouse">Blackhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_castles" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish castles">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambered_cairn" title="Chambered cairn">Chambered cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture_in_Scotland" title="Church architecture in Scotland">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_cairn" title="Court cairn">Court cairn</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crannog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estate_houses_in_Scotland" title="Estate houses in 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title="Fortification">Fortifications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abatis" title="Abatis">Abatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acropolis" title="Acropolis">Acropolis</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Agger_(ancient_Rome)" title="Agger (ancient Rome)">Agger</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Scots-language text"><i lang="sco"><a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Burgus" title="Burgus">Burgus</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Castellum" title="Castellum">Castellum</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">Castra</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Castro_culture" title="Castro culture">Castros</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_city_wall" title="Chinese city wall">Chengqiang</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_rampart" title="Circular rampart">Circular rampart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_gate" title="City gate">City gate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crannog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditch_(fortification)" title="Ditch (fortification)">Ditch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_wall" title="Defensive wall">Defensive wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dun_(fortification)" title="Dun (fortification)">Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faussebraye" title="Faussebraye">Faussebraye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatehouse" title="Gatehouse">Gatehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gord_(archaeology)" title="Gord (archaeology)">Gord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillfort" title="Hillfort">Hillfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landwehr_(border)" title="Landwehr (border)">Landwehr</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">Limes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuraghe" title="Nuraghe">Nuraghe</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Oppidum" title="Oppidum">Oppidum</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">Palisade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pincer_gate" title="Pincer gate">Pincer gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promontory_fort" title="Promontory fort">Promontory fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rampart_(fortification)" title="Rampart (fortification)">Rampart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringfort" title="Ringfort">Ringfort</a> (Rath)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_castle" title="Refuge castle">Refuge castle</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schwedenschanze" title="Schwedenschanze">Schwedenschanze</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockade" title="Stockade">Stockade</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Sudis_(stake)" title="Sudis (stake)">Sudis</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Trou_de_loup" title="Trou de loup">Trou de loup</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Vallum" title="Vallum">Vallum</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagon_fort" title="Wagon fort">Wagon fort</a> (<span title="Afrikaans-language text"><i lang="af">Laager</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitrified_fort" title="Vitrified fort">Vitrified fort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_fortification" title="Medieval fortification">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_work" title="Advanced work">Advanced work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albarrana_tower" title="Albarrana tower">Albarrana tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcazaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcazaba">Alcazaba</a></li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Alcázar">Alcázar</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amba_(landform)" title="Amba (landform)">Amba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrowslit" title="Arrowslit">Arrowslit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbican" title="Barbican">Barbican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartizan" title="Bartizan">Bartizan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">Bastion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_tower" title="Battery tower">Battery tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battlement" title="Battlement">Battlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawn" title="Bawn">Bawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bent_entrance" title="Bent entrance">Bent entrance</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bergfried" title="Bergfried">Bergfried</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Berm" title="Berm">Berm</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boom_(navigational_barrier)" title="Boom (navigational barrier)">Boom</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Bret%C3%A8che" title="Bretèche">Bretèche</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_castle" title="Bridge castle">Bridge castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_tower" title="Bridge tower">Bridge tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burh" title="Burh">Burh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter-churn_tower" title="Butter-churn tower">Butter-churn tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caer" title="Caer">Caer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caltrop" title="Caltrop">Caltrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_gate" title="Chamber gate">Chamber gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartaque" title="Chartaque">Chartaque</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Chashi" title="Chashi">Chashi</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Chemin_de_ronde" title="Chemin de ronde">Chemin de ronde</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Chemise_(wall)" title="Chemise (wall)">Chemise</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Cheval_de_frise" title="Cheval de frise">Cheval de frise</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadel" title="Citadel">Citadel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercion_castle" title="Coercion castle">Coercion castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentric_castle" title="Concentric castle">Concentric castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corner_tower" title="Corner tower">Corner tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-castle" title="Counter-castle">Counter-castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtain_wall_(fortification)" title="Curtain wall (fortification)">Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawbridge" title="Drawbridge">Drawbridge</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Enceinte" title="Enceinte">Enceinte</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Embrasure" title="Embrasure">Embrasure</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flanking_tower" title="Flanking tower">Flanking tower</a></li> <li>Fortified buildings (<a href="/wiki/Fortified_church" title="Fortified church">church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortified_house" title="Fortified house">house</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian_tulou" title="Fujian tulou">Fujian tulou</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganerbenburg" title="Ganerbenburg">Ganerbenburg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_tower" title="Gate tower">Gate tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabion" title="Gabion">Gabion</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Glacis" title="Glacis">Glacis</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_tower" title="Guard tower">Guard tower</a></li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gulyay-gorod" title="Gulyay-gorod">Gulyay-gorod</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gusuku" title="Gusuku">Gusuku</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_tower" title="Half tower">Half tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoarding_(castle)" title="Hoarding (castle)">Hoarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_bailey" title="Inner bailey">Inner bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keep" title="Keep">Keep</a></li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kremlin_(fortification)" title="Kremlin (fortification)">Kremlin</a></i></span> <small>(<span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Detinets" title="Detinets">Detinets</a></i></span>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksar" title="Ksar">Ksar</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Landesburg" title="Landesburg">Landesburg</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-plan_castle" title="L-plan castle">L-plan castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machicolation" title="Machicolation">Machicolation</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Merlon" title="Merlon">Merlon</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moat" title="Moat">Moat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motte-and-bailey_castle" title="Motte-and-bailey castle">Motte-and-bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_hole" title="Murder hole">Murder hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neck_ditch" title="Neck ditch">Neck ditch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_bailey" title="Outer bailey">Outer bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outwork" title="Outwork">Outwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peel_tower" title="Peel tower">Peel tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portcullis" title="Portcullis">Portcullis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postern" title="Postern">Postern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_tower" title="Powder tower">Powder tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalat_(fortress)" title="Qalat (fortress)">Qalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduit" title="Reduit">Reduit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribat" title="Ribat">Ribat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricetto" title="Ricetto">Ricetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringwork" title="Ringwork">Ringwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundel_(fortification)" title="Roundel (fortification)">Roundel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrangular_castle" title="Quadrangular castle">Quadrangular castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_keep" title="Shell keep">Shell keep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_wall_(castle)" title="Shield wall (castle)">Shield wall</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_castle" title="Japanese castle">Shiro</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll_castle" title="Toll castle">Toll castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_castle" title="Tower castle">Tower castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_house" title="Tower house">Tower house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turret_(architecture)" title="Turret (architecture)">Turret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ring_fortress" title="Viking ring fortress">Viking ring fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_tower" title="Fortified tower">Wall tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailey_(castle)" title="Bailey (castle)">Bailey (or ward)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchtower" title="Watchtower">Watchtower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_tower" title="Witch tower">Witch tower</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yagura_(tower)" title="Yagura (tower)">Yagura</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yett" title="Yett">Yett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwinger" title="Zwinger">Zwinger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Abwurfdach" class="mw-redirect" title="Abwurfdach">Abwurfdach</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenal" title="Arsenal">Arsenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barricade" title="Barricade">Barricade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">Bastion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockhouse" title="Blockhouse">Blockhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastwork_(fortification)" title="Breastwork (fortification)">Breastwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">Canal</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Caponier" title="Caponier">Caponier</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casemate" title="Casemate">Casemate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier_(fortification)" title="Cavalier (fortification)">Cavalier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterguard" title="Counterguard">Counterguard</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Couvreface" title="Couvreface">Couvreface</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Coupure" title="Coupure">Coupure</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covertway" title="Covertway">Covertway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crownwork" title="Crownwork">Crownwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_Forts" title="Device Forts">Device Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrenchment_(fortification)" title="Entrenchment (fortification)">Entrenchment</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%A8che_(fortification)" title="Flèche (fortification)">Flèche</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorge_(fortification)" title="Gorge (fortification)">Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_magazine" title="Gunpowder magazine">Gunpowder magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornwork" title="Hornwork">Hornwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotta_mara" title="Kotta mara">Kotta mara</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Lunette_(fortification)" title="Lunette (fortification)">Lunette</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magazine_(artillery)" title="Magazine (artillery)">Magazine</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Orillon" title="Orillon">Orillon</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ostrog_(fortress)" title="Ostrog (fortress)">Ostrog</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palanka_(fortification)" title="Palanka (fortification)">Palanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place-of-arms" title="Place-of-arms">Place-of-arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_fort" title="Polygonal fort">Polygonal fort</a></li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Presidio" title="Presidio">Presidio</a></i></span> (Spanish America)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punji_stick" title="Punji stick">Punji sticks</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ravelin" title="Ravelin">Ravelin</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Redan" title="Redan">Redan</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redoubt" title="Redoubt">Redoubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrenchment_(military)" title="Retrenchment (military)">Retrenchment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_port" title="Sally port">Sally port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandbag" title="Sandbag">Sandbag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterscarp" title="Counterscarp">Scarp and Counterscarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sconce_(fortification)" title="Sconce (fortification)">Sconce</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Schanze" title="Schanze">Schanze</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea fort">Sea fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_(frontier_defensive_structure)" title="Station (frontier defensive structure)">Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Star fort">Star fort</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Tenaille" title="Tenaille">Tenaille</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbed_wire" title="Barbed wire">Barbed wire</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Barbette" title="Barbette">Barbette</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_outpost" title="Border outpost">Border outpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker">Bunker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_artillery" title="Coastal artillery">Coastal artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearing_gun" title="Disappearing gun">Disappearing gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_control_tower" title="Fire control tower">Fire control tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">Gun turret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">Land mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martello_tower" title="Martello tower">Martello tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpost_(military)" title="Outpost (military)">Outpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_fort" title="Polygonal fort">Polygonal fort</a></li> <li><span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sangar_(fortification)" title="Sangar (fortification)">Sangar</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_obstacle" title="Wire obstacle">Wire obstacles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_scaffolding" title="Admiralty scaffolding">Admiralty scaffolding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_raid_shelter" title="Air raid shelter">Air raid shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_trench" title="Anti-tank trench">Anti-tank trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbed_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbed tape">Barbed tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cointet-element" title="Cointet-element">Belgian gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_shelter" title="Blast shelter">Blast shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_wall" title="Blast wall">Blast wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Border security">Border security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomb_shelter" title="Bomb shelter">Bomb shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buoy_anti-tank_obstacle" title="Buoy anti-tank obstacle">Buoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremer_wall" title="Bremer wall">Bremer wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concertina_wire" title="Concertina wire">Concertina wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Defensive fighting position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_anti-invasion_preparations_of_the_Second_World_War#Lines_and_islands" title="British anti-invasion preparations of the Second World War">British "hedgehog" road block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_hedgehog" title="Czech hedgehog">Czech hedgehog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon%27s_teeth_(fortification)" title="Dragon's teeth (fortification)">Dragon's teeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_operating_base" title="Forward operating base">Entry control point (ECP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_fence" title="Electric fence">Electric fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallout_shelter" title="Fallout shelter">Fallout shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_support_base" title="Fire support base">Fire support base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flak_tower" title="Flak tower">Flak tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardened_aircraft_shelter" title="Hardened aircraft shelter">Hardened aircraft shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesco_bastion" title="Hesco bastion">Hesco bastion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabal_(earthworks)" title="Kabal (earthworks)">Kabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loophole_(firearm)" title="Loophole (firearm)">Loophole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_line_of_resistance" title="Main line of resistance">Main line of resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_launch_facility" title="Missile launch facility">Missile launch facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillbox_(military)" title="Pillbox (military)">Pillbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revetment_(aircraft)" title="Revetment (aircraft)">Revetment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentry_gun" title="Sentry gun">Sentry gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_hole" title="Spider hole">Spider hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_pen" title="Submarine pen">Submarine pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_hangar" title="Underground hangar">Underground hangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapon_storage_area" title="Weapon storage area">Weapon storage area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_Storage_and_Security_System" title="Weapons Storage and Security System">Weapons Storage and Security System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_castle" title="Cave castle">Cave castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_castle" title="Hill castle">Hill castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillfort" title="Hillfort">Hillfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillside_castle" title="Hillside castle">Hillside castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilltop_castle" title="Hilltop castle">Hilltop castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_castle" title="Island castle">Island castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowland_castle" title="Lowland castle">Lowland castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_castle" title="Marsh castle">Marsh castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_castle" title="Water castle">Moated castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promontory_fort" title="Promontory fort">Promontory fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridge_castle" title="Ridge castle">Ridge castle</a></li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Rocca_(fortification)" title="Rocca (fortification)">Rocca</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_castle" title="Rock castle">Rock castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spur_castle" title="Spur castle">Spur castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_castle" title="Water castle">Water castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotta_mara" title="Kotta mara">Floating water castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By role</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_barrier" title="Border barrier">Border barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_defence_and_fortification" title="Coastal defence and fortification">Coastal defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercion_castle" title="Coercion castle">Coercion castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-castle" title="Counter-castle">Counter-castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fence" title="Fence">Fence</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganerbenburg" title="Ganerbenburg">Ganerbenburg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdschloss" title="Jagdschloss">Hunting lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_castle" title="Imperial castle">Imperial castle</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kaiserpfalz" title="Kaiserpfalz">Kaiserpfalz</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Landesburg" title="Landesburg">Landesburg</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Lustschloss" title="Lustschloss">Lustschloss</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">Military base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstacle" title="Obstacle">Obstacle</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ordensburg" title="Ordensburg">Ordensburg</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_castle" title="Refuge castle">Refuge castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll_castle" title="Toll castle">Toll castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_castle" title="Urban castle">Urban castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By design</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bastion_fort" title="Bastion fort">Bastion fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_castle" title="Bridge castle">Bridge castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_rampart" title="Circular rampart">Circular rampart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentric_castle" title="Concentric castle">Concentric castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-plan_castle" title="L-plan castle">L-plan castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motte-and-bailey_castle" title="Motte-and-bailey castle">Motte-and-bailey castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrangular_castle" title="Quadrangular castle">Quadrangular castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringfort" title="Ringfort">Ringfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringwork" title="Ringwork">Ringwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_castle" title="Tower castle">Tower castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-plan_castle" title="Z-plan castle">Z-plan castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bastion_forts" title="List of bastion forts">Bastion forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles" title="List of castles">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_with_defensive_walls" title="List of cities with defensive walls">Cities with defensive walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_line" title="Defense line">Defense line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortified estate">Fortified estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fortifications" title="List of fortifications">Fortifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forts" title="List of forts">Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_military_installations" title="Lists of military installations">Military installations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_walls" title="List of walls">Walls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related word</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castle_town" title="Castle town">Castle town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau" title="Château">Château</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungeon" title="Dungeon">Dungeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festung" title="Festung">Festung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_gateway" title="Fortified gateway">Fortified gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatekeeper" title="Gatekeeper">Gatekeeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loophole_(firearm)" title="Loophole (firearm)">Loophole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_redoubt" title="National redoubt">National redoubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palas" title="Palas">Palas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picket_(military)" title="Picket (military)">Picket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schloss" title="Schloss">Schloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench" title="Trench">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedette_(sentry)" title="Vedette (sentry)">Vedette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense" title="Civil defense">Civil defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_of_government" title="Continuity of government">Continuity of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_urbanism" title="Military urbanism">Military urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_engine" title="Siege engine">Siege engine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_siege_engines" title="List of siege engines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_guerrilla_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nobold">See also</span>: <b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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