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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Buildings of Scotland in the Roman era</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bar_Hill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bar_Hill.jpg/220px-Bar_Hill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bar_Hill.jpg/330px-Bar_Hill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bar_Hill.jpg/440px-Bar_Hill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>The course of the <a href="/wiki/Antonine_Wall" title="Antonine Wall">Antonine Wall</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Bar_Hill_Fort" title="Bar Hill Fort">Bar Hill</a>, the largest single Roman built structure in the modern borders of Scotland</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>architecture of Scotland in the Roman era</b> includes all building within the modern borders of Scotland, from the arrival of the Romans in northern Britain in the first century BCE, until their departure in the fifth century CE. <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> indicated that there were 19 "towns" in <a href="/wiki/Caledonia" title="Caledonia">Caledonia</a>, north of the Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a>, but no clear evidence of urban settlements has been found and these were probably <a href="/wiki/Hillforts_in_Scotland" title="Hillforts in Scotland">hillforts</a>. There is evidence of over 1,000 such forts, most south of the <a href="/wiki/River_Clyde" title="River Clyde">Clyde</a>-<a href="/wiki/River_Forth" title="River Forth">Forth</a> line, but the majority seem to have been abandoned in the Roman period. There is also evidence of distinctive stone <a href="/wiki/Wheelhouse_(archaeology)" title="Wheelhouse (archaeology)">wheelhouses</a> and small underground <a href="/wiki/Souterrain" title="Souterrain">souterrains</a>. </p><p>From about 71 CE the Romans began military expeditions into what is now Scotland, building <a href="/wiki/Roman_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman fort">forts</a>, like that at <a href="/wiki/Trimontium_(Newstead)" title="Trimontium (Newstead)">Trimontium</a>, and probably pushing north as far as the <a href="/wiki/River_Tay" title="River Tay">River Tay</a> where they created more fortifications, like those at <a href="/wiki/Inchtuthil" title="Inchtuthil">Inchtuthil</a>. These were soon abandoned, and the Romans settled for the occupation of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Uplands" title="Southern Uplands">Southern Uplands</a> by the end of the first century, south of a line drawn between the <a href="/wiki/River_Tyne" title="River Tyne">Tyne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solway_Firth" title="Solway Firth">Solway Firth</a>. This resulted in more fortifications and the building of <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a> across what is now northern England. Around 141 CE they moved up to construct a new <i><a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">limes</a></i>, a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sward" class="extiw" title="wikt:sward">sward</a>-covered wall made of <a href="/wiki/Sod" title="Sod">turf</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Antonine_Wall" title="Antonine Wall">Antonine Wall</a>, the largest Roman structure in modern Scotland. They soon retreated to Hadrian's Wall, with occasional expeditions that involved the building and reoccupation of forts, until the collapse of Roman power in the early fifth century. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caledonia">Caledonia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architecture_of_Scotland_in_the_Roman_era&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Caledonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Caledonia" title="Caledonia">Caledonia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grimsaywheelhouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Grimsaywheelhouse.jpg/220px-Grimsaywheelhouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Grimsaywheelhouse.jpg/330px-Grimsaywheelhouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Grimsaywheelhouse.jpg/440px-Grimsaywheelhouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Wheelhouse_(archaeology)" title="Wheelhouse (archaeology)">wheelhouse</a> on <a href="/wiki/Grimsay" title="Grimsay">Grimsay</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Caledonia was the name that the Romans gave to the land north of their province of <a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a>. In his <i><a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geographia</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>, possibly drawing on earlier sources of information as well as more contemporary accounts from the <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola" title="Gnaeus Julius Agricola">Agricolan</a> invasion, identified 19 "towns" in Caledonia. No archaeological evidence of any truly urban places has been found from this time, and the names may have indicated hill forts, temporary markets or meeting places. Most of the names are obscure: <i>Devana</i> may be the modern <a href="/wiki/Banchory" title="Banchory">Banchory</a>, <i>Alauna</i> (meaning "the rock") in the west is probably <a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumbarton Rock">Dumbarton Rock</a> and the place of the same name in the east of the Lowlands may be the site of <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Castle" title="Edinburgh Castle">Edinburgh Castle</a>. <i>Lindon</i> may be <a href="/wiki/Balloch,_West_Dunbartonshire" title="Balloch, West Dunbartonshire">Balloch</a> on <a href="/wiki/Loch_Lomond" title="Loch Lomond">Loch Lomond</a> side.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is evidence for about 1,000 Iron Age <a href="/wiki/Hillforts_in_Scotland" title="Hillforts in Scotland">hillforts in Scotland</a>, most located below the <a href="/wiki/River_Clyde" title="River Clyde">Clyde</a>-<a href="/wiki/River_Forth" title="River Forth">Forth</a> line.<sup id="cite_ref-Lepage2010pp25-31_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lepage2010pp25-31-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority are circular, with a single <a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">palisade</a> around an enclosure.<sup id="cite_ref-Lepage2010pp25-31_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lepage2010pp25-31-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, they appear to have been largely abandoned in the Roman period.<sup id="cite_ref-Konstam2010p12_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Konstam2010p12-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also numerous <a href="/wiki/Vitrified_fort" title="Vitrified fort">vitrified forts</a>, whose walls have been subjected to fire, which may date to this period, but an accurate chronology has not been created. Extensive studies of this type of fort at Finavon Hill near <a href="/wiki/Forfar" title="Forfar">Forfar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Angus,_Scotland" title="Angus, Scotland">Angus</a>, suggest dates for the destruction of the site in either the last two centuries BCE, or the mid-first millennium CE.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these forts were reoccupied after the Roman departure.<sup id="cite_ref-Konstam2010p12_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Konstam2010p12-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beyond the area of Roman occupation, in the west and north, there are over 60 sites identified of <a href="/wiki/Wheelhouse_(archaeology)" title="Wheelhouse (archaeology)">wheelhouses</a>. Perhaps a development of earlier <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_roundhouse" title="Atlantic roundhouse">Atlantic roundhouses</a>, these have a characteristic outer wall surrounding a circle of stone piers (bearing a resemblance to the spokes of a wheel).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 400 <a href="/wiki/Souterrain" title="Souterrain">souterrains</a>, small underground constructions, have been discovered in Scotland, many of them in the south-east, and although few have been dated, those that have suggest a construction date in the second or third centuries CE. They are usually found close to settlements (whose timber frames are much less well-preserved) and may have been for storing perishable agricultural products.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Roman_constructions">Early Roman constructions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architecture_of_Scotland_in_the_Roman_era&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early Roman constructions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire" title="Scotland during the Roman Empire">Scotland during the Roman Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Den_arkeologiske_l%C3%A4mningen_av_fortet_Inchtuthill_med_kant_och_upph%C3%B6jt_l%C3%A4ge,_floden_Tay_flyter_(utanf%C3%B6r_bild)_p%C3%A5_tre_sidor..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Den_arkeologiske_l%C3%A4mningen_av_fortet_Inchtuthill_med_kant_och_upph%C3%B6jt_l%C3%A4ge%2C_floden_Tay_flyter_%28utanf%C3%B6r_bild%29_p%C3%A5_tre_sidor..jpg/220px-Den_arkeologiske_l%C3%A4mningen_av_fortet_Inchtuthill_med_kant_och_upph%C3%B6jt_l%C3%A4ge%2C_floden_Tay_flyter_%28utanf%C3%B6r_bild%29_p%C3%A5_tre_sidor..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Den_arkeologiske_l%C3%A4mningen_av_fortet_Inchtuthill_med_kant_och_upph%C3%B6jt_l%C3%A4ge%2C_floden_Tay_flyter_%28utanf%C3%B6r_bild%29_p%C3%A5_tre_sidor..jpg/330px-Den_arkeologiske_l%C3%A4mningen_av_fortet_Inchtuthill_med_kant_och_upph%C3%B6jt_l%C3%A4ge%2C_floden_Tay_flyter_%28utanf%C3%B6r_bild%29_p%C3%A5_tre_sidor..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Den_arkeologiske_l%C3%A4mningen_av_fortet_Inchtuthill_med_kant_och_upph%C3%B6jt_l%C3%A4ge%2C_floden_Tay_flyter_%28utanf%C3%B6r_bild%29_p%C3%A5_tre_sidor..jpg/440px-Den_arkeologiske_l%C3%A4mningen_av_fortet_Inchtuthill_med_kant_och_upph%C3%B6jt_l%C3%A4ge%2C_floden_Tay_flyter_%28utanf%C3%B6r_bild%29_p%C3%A5_tre_sidor..jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption>The site of the fortress at <a href="/wiki/Inchtuthil" title="Inchtuthil">Inchtuthil</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Romans began military expeditions into what is now Scotland from about 71 CE. In 78 CE <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola" title="Gnaeus Julius Agricola">Gnaeus Julius Agricola</a> arrived in Britain as the new governor and began a series of major incursions. Two years later his legions constructed a substantial <a href="/wiki/Roman_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman fort">fort</a> at <a href="/wiki/Trimontium_(Newstead)" title="Trimontium (Newstead)">Trimontium</a> near <a href="/wiki/Melrose,_Scottish_Borders" title="Melrose, Scottish Borders">Melrose</a>. He is said to have pushed his armies to the estuary of the "River Taus" (usually assumed to be the <a href="/wiki/River_Tay" title="River Tay">River Tay</a>) and established forts there, including a legionary fortress at <a href="/wiki/Inchtuthil" title="Inchtuthil">Inchtuthil</a>. After his victory over the northern tribes at <a href="/wiki/Mons_Graupius" class="mw-redirect" title="Mons Graupius">Mons Graupius</a> in 84 CE, a series of forts and towers were established along the <a href="/wiki/Gask_Ridge" title="Gask Ridge">Gask Ridge</a>, which marked the boundary between the Lowland and Highland zones, probably forming the first Roman <i><a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">limes</a></i> or frontier in Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-Moffat2005p245_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moffat2005p245-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Agricola's successors were unable or unwilling to further subdue the far north. The fortress at Inchtuthil was dismantled before its completion, and the other fortifications of the Gask Ridge were abandoned within a few years.<sup id="cite_ref-Moffat2005p245_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moffat2005p245-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 87 CE the occupation was limited to the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Uplands" title="Southern Uplands">Southern Uplands</a>, and by the end of the first century the northern limit of Roman expansion was a line drawn between the <a href="/wiki/River_Tyne" title="River Tyne">Tyne</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Solway_Firth" title="Solway Firth">Solway Firth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Elginhaugh" title="Elginhaugh">Elginhaugh</a> fort, in <a href="/wiki/Midlothian" title="Midlothian">Midlothian</a>, dates to about this period, as may <a href="/wiki/Castle_Greg" title="Castle Greg">Castle Greg</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Lothian" title="West Lothian">West Lothian</a>. The Romans eventually withdrew to a line in what is now northern England, building the fortification known as <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a> from coast to coast.<sup id="cite_ref-Antoninewall_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antoninewall-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Antonine_Wall_and_later_invasions">The Antonine Wall and later invasions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architecture_of_Scotland_in_the_Roman_era&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Antonine Wall and later invasions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Antonine_Wall" title="Antonine Wall">Antonine Wall</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hadrians_Wall_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hadrians_Wall_map.svg/170px-Hadrians_Wall_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hadrians_Wall_map.svg/255px-Hadrians_Wall_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hadrians_Wall_map.svg/340px-Hadrians_Wall_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="995" /></a><figcaption>The locations of <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Antonine_Wall" title="Antonine Wall">Antonine Wall</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Around 141 CE the Romans undertook a reoccupation of southern Scotland, moving up to construct a new <i>limes</i> between the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Forth" title="Firth of Forth">Firth of Forth</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Clyde" title="Firth of Clyde">Firth of Clyde</a>. The resulting Antonine Wall is the largest Roman construction inside Scotland. It is a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sward" class="extiw" title="wikt:sward">sward</a>-covered wall made of <a href="/wiki/Sod" title="Sod">turf</a>, around 20 feet (6 m) high, with nineteen forts and extending for 37 miles (60 km).<sup id="cite_ref-Antoninewall_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antoninewall-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Breeze2006p167_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breeze2006p167-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stone foundations and wing walls of the original forts demonstrate that the intention was to build a stone wall similar to Hadrian's Wall, but this was quickly amended. There is a wide <a href="/wiki/Ditch_(fortification)" title="Ditch (fortification)">ditch</a> on the north side, and a <a href="/wiki/Roman_road" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman road">military way</a> on the south. The Romans initially planned to build forts every 6 miles (10 km), but this was soon revised to every 2 miles (3 km). One of the best preserved forts, but also one of the smallest, is <a href="/wiki/Rough_Castle_Fort" title="Rough Castle Fort">Rough Castle Fort</a>. In addition to the forts, there are at least nine smaller fortlets, probably on <a href="/wiki/Roman_mile" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman mile">Roman mile</a> spacings, which formed part of the original scheme, some of which were later replaced by forts.<sup id="cite_ref-Keppie1986_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keppie1986-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most visible fortlet is <a href="/wiki/Kinneil_House" title="Kinneil House">Kinneil</a>, at the eastern end of the Wall, near <a href="/wiki/Bo%27ness" title="Bo'ness">Bo'ness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having taken twelve years to build, the wall was overrun and abandoned soon after 160 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Antoninewall_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antoninewall-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Breeze2006p167_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breeze2006p167-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romans retreated to the line of Hadrian's Wall.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roman troops penetrated far into the north of modern Scotland several more times, with at least four major campaigns. The Antonine Wall was occupied again for a brief period after 197 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most notable invasion was in 209 when the emperor <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> led a major campaign. A string of forts was constructed in the north-east (some of which may have been begun in the earlier Antonine campaign). These include camps associated with the Elsick Mounth, such as <a href="/wiki/Normandykes" title="Normandykes">Normandykes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ythan_Wells" title="Ythan Wells">Ythan Wells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deers_Den" title="Deers Den">Deers Den</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glenmailen" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenmailen">Glenmailen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hogan_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hogan-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only two forts in Scotland, at <a href="/wiki/Cramond_Roman_Fort" title="Cramond Roman Fort">Cramond</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carpow_Roman_Fort" title="Carpow Roman Fort">Carpow</a> (in the Tay valley) are definitely known to have been permanently occupied during this incursion.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanson2003p198_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanson2003p198-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is evidence that these campaigns are coincident with the wholesale destruction and abandonment of souterrains in southern Scotland. This may have been due either to Roman military aggression or the collapse of local grain markets in the wake of Roman withdrawal.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the death of Severus in 210 the Romans withdrew back to Hadrian's Wall, which would be the frontier until Roman authority in Britain collapsed in the fifth century.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanson2003p198_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanson2003p198-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architecture_of_Scotland_in_the_Roman_era&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Scotland_in_the_Prehistoric_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Scotland in the Prehistoric era">Architecture of Scotland in the Prehistoric era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_Medieval_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture in Medieval Scotland">Architecture in Medieval Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Scotland" title="Architecture of Scotland">Architecture of Scotland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architecture_of_Scotland_in_the_Roman_era&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Moffat, <i>Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History</i> (London: Thames and Hudson, 2005), <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-28795-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-28795-3">0-500-28795-3</a>, pp. 268–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lepage2010pp25-31-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lepage2010pp25-31_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lepage2010pp25-31_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">J-D. G. G. Lepage, <i>British Fortifications Through the Reign of Richard III: An Illustrated History</i> (McFarland, 2012), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-5918-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-5918-2">0-7864-5918-2</a>, pp. 25 and 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Konstam2010p12-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Konstam2010p12_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Konstam2010p12_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Konstam, <i>Strongholds of the Picts: The Fortifications of Dark Age Scotland</i> (Botley: Osprey, 2010), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84603-686-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-84603-686-0">1-84603-686-0</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Alexander, "The oblong fort at Finavon, Angus" in B. B. Smith and I. Banks, eds, <i>In the Shadow of the Brochs</i> (Stroud: Tempus, 2002), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7524-2517-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7524-2517-X">0-7524-2517-X</a>, pp. 45–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">I. Crawford, "The wheelhouse" in B. B. Smith and I. Banks, eds, <i>In the Shadow of the Brochs</i> (Stroud: Tempus, 2002), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7524-2517-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7524-2517-X">0-7524-2517-X</a>, pp. 127–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Miket, "The souterrains of Skye" in B. B. Smith and I. Banks, eds, <i>In the Shadow of the Brochs</i> (Stroud: Tempus, 2002), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7524-2517-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7524-2517-X">0-7524-2517-X</a>, pp. 77–110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moffat2005p245-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moffat2005p245_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moffat2005p245_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Moffat, <i>Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History</i> (London: Thames and Hudson, 2005), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-28795-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-28795-3">0-500-28795-3</a>, p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. S. Hanson, "The Roman Presence: Brief Interludes", in K. J. Edwards, I. B. M. Ralston, eds, <i>Scotland After the Ice Age: Environment, Archaeology and History, 8000 BC – AD 1000</i> (Edinburgh. Edinburgh University Press, 2003), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-1736-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-1736-1">0-7486-1736-1</a>, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Antoninewall-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Antoninewall_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Antoninewall_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Antoninewall_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antoninewall.org/history.php">"History"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140223174451/http://www.antoninewall.org/history.php">Archived</a> 23 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>antoninewall.org</i>, retrieved 25 July 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Breeze2006p167-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Breeze2006p167_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Breeze2006p167_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">D. J. Breeze, <i>The Antonine Wall</i> (Edinburgh: John Donald, 2006), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85976-655-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-85976-655-1">0-85976-655-1</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keppie1986-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Keppie1986_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Keppie, <i>The Legacy of Rome: Scotland's Roman Remains</i> (Edinburgh: John Donald, 1986), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0859765997" title="Special:BookSources/0859765997">0859765997</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/index/policyandguidance/world_heritage_scotland/antoninewall.htm">"The Antonine Wall"</a>, <i>Scottish Heritage</i>, retrieved 25 October 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Moffat, <i>Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History</i> (London: Thames and Hudson, 2005), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-28795-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-28795-3">0-500-28795-3</a>, pp. 297–301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. S. Robertson,<i> The Antonine Wall</i>, <i>Glasgow Archaeological Society</i> (1960), p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hogan-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hogan_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. M. Hogan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=18037">"Elsick Mounth – Ancient Trackway in Scotland in Aberdeenshire"</a> in <i>The Megalithic Portal</i>, ed. A. Burnham. Retrieved 24 July 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanson2003p198-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hanson2003p198_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanson2003p198_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">W. S. Hanson, "The Roman Presence: Brief Interludes", in K. J. Edwards, I. B. M. Ralston, eds, <i>Scotland After the Ice Age: Environment, Archaeology and History, 8000 BC – AD 1000</i> (Edinburgh. Edinburgh University Press, 2003), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-1736-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-1736-1">0-7486-1736-1</a>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Miket, "The souterrains of Skye" in B. B. Smith and I. Banks, eds, <i>In the Shadow of the Brochs</i> (Stroud: Tempus, 2002), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7524-2517-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7524-2517-X">0-7524-2517-X</a>, pp. 82.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_Scotland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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Shetland">Shetland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Scotland_in_the_prehistoric_era" title="Architecture of Scotland in the prehistoric era">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_roundhouse" title="Atlantic roundhouse">Atlantic roundhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambered_cairn" title="Chambered cairn">Chambered cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_cairn" title="Court cairn">Court cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crannog" title="Crannog">Crannog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillforts_in_Scotland" title="Hillforts in Scotland">Hillforts</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roman era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelhouse_(archaeology)" title="Wheelhouse (archaeology)">Wheelhouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artefacts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_art_in_the_Prehistoric_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish art in the Prehistoric era">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carved_stone_balls" title="Carved stone balls">Carved stone balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooved_ware" title="Grooved ware">Grooved ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstan_ware" title="Unstan ware">Unstan ware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_prehistoric_Scotland" title="Agriculture in prehistoric Scotland">Agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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<li><a href="/wiki/Smertae" title="Smertae">Smertae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taexali" title="Taexali">Taexali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacomagi" title="Vacomagi">Vacomagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venicones" title="Venicones">Venicones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Warfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mons_Graupius" title="Battle of Mons Graupius">Battle of Mons Graupius</a> (83 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Burnswark" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Burnswark">Siege of Burnswark</a> (140)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Conspiracy" title="Great Conspiracy">Great Conspiracy</a> (367–368)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_prehistoric_Scotland" title="Timeline of prehistoric Scotland">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Iron_Age" title="Scotland in the Iron Age">Scotland in the Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire" title="Scotland during the Roman Empire">Roman Interlude</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Iron_Age" title="Scotland in the Iron Age">Scotland in the Iron Age</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caledonians" title="Caledonians">Caledonian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Pictish</a> tribes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caereni" title="Caereni">Caereni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnonacae" title="Carnonacae">Carnonacae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornovii_(Caithness)" title="Cornovii (Caithness)">Cornovii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creones" title="Creones">Creones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damnonii" title="Damnonii">Damnonii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decantae" title="Decantae">Decantae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicalydones" title="Dicalydones">Dicalydones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugi" title="Lugi">Lugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novantae" title="Novantae">Novantae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selgovae" title="Selgovae">Selgovae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smertae" title="Smertae">Smertae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taexali" title="Taexali">Taexali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacomagi" title="Vacomagi">Vacomagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venicones" title="Venicones">Venicones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortriu" title="Fortriu">Verturians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Votadini" title="Votadini">Votadini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles and campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mons_Graupius" title="Battle of Mons Graupius">Battle of Mons Graupius (83)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnswark_Hill" title="Burnswark Hill">Burnswark Hill (140)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_invasion_of_Caledonia_(208%E2%80%93211)" title="Roman invasion of Caledonia (208–211)">Roman invasion of Caledonia (208–211)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Conspiracy" title="Great Conspiracy">Great Conspiracy (367-69)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilicho%27s_Pictish_War" title="Stilicho's Pictish War">Pictish War (398)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caledonian fortifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur%27s_Seat" title="Arthur's Seat">Arthur's Seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennachie" title="Bennachie">Bennachie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_Castle_Broch" title="Bow Castle Broch">Bow Castle Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deers_Den" title="Deers Den">Deers Den</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Castle" title="Dumbarton Castle">Dumbarton Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edin%27s_Hall_Broch" title="Edin's Hall Broch">Edin's Hall Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leckie_Broch" title="Leckie Broch">Leckie Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinnata_Castra" title="Pinnata Castra">Pinnata Castra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rispain_Camp" title="Rispain Camp">Rispain Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubers_Law" title="Rubers Law">Rubers Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torwoodlee_Broch" title="Torwoodlee Broch">Torwoodlee Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traprain_Law" title="Traprain Law">Traprain Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walls_Loch" title="Walls Loch">Walls Loch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caledonians & Picts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentocoxos" title="Argentocoxos">Argentocoxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calgacus" title="Calgacus">Calgacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipoig" title="Vipoig">Vipoig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canutulachama" title="Canutulachama">Canutulachama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uradech" title="Uradech">Uradech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartnait_II_Duberr_of_the_Picts" title="Gartnait II Duberr of the Picts">Gartnait II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roman fortifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antonine_Wall" title="Antonine Wall">Antonine Wall</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auchendavy" title="Auchendavy">Auchendavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balmuildy" title="Balmuildy">Balmuildy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Hill_Fort" title="Bar Hill Fort">Bar Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castlehill_Fort" title="Castlehill Fort">Castlehill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleddans" title="Cleddans">Cleddans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croy_Hill" title="Croy Hill">Croy Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumrills" title="Mumrills">Mumrills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rough_Castle_Fort" title="Rough Castle Fort">Rough Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabegs_Wood" title="Seabegs Wood">Seabegs Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watling_Lodge" title="Watling Lodge">Watling Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westerwood" title="Westerwood">Westerwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness_Plantation" title="Wilderness Plantation">Wilderness Plantation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola" title="Gnaeus Julius Agricola">Agricolan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardoch_Roman_Fort" title="Ardoch Roman Fort">Ardoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battledykes" title="Battledykes">Battledykes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_(Perth)" title="Bertha (Perth)">Bertha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnfield" title="Burnfield">Burnfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camelon" title="Camelon">Camelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deers_Den" title="Deers Den">Deers Den</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drumquhassle" title="Drumquhassle">Drumquhassle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durno" title="Durno">Durno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gask_Ridge" title="Gask Ridge">Gask Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenbank" title="Glenbank">Glenbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenlochar" title="Glenlochar">Glenlochar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inchtuthil" title="Inchtuthil">Inchtuthil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverquharity" title="Inverquharity">Inverquharity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandykes" title="Normandykes">Normandykes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raedykes" title="Raedykes">Raedykes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strageath" title="Strageath">Strageath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ythan_Wells" title="Ythan Wells">Ythan Wells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Severan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hill_Roman_Camps" title="Black Hill Roman Camps">Black Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpow_Roman_Fort" title="Carpow Roman Fort">Carpow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cramond_Roman_Fort" title="Cramond Roman Fort">Cramond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muiryfold" title="Muiryfold">Muiryfold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blatobulgium" title="Blatobulgium">Blatobulgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bothwellhaugh_Roman_Fort" title="Bothwellhaugh Roman Fort">Bothwellhaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Greg" title="Castle Greg">Castle Greg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elginhaugh" title="Elginhaugh">Elginhaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inveresk_Roman_Fort" title="Inveresk Roman Fort">Inveresk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennymuir_Roman_camps" title="Pennymuir Roman camps">Pennymuir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimontium_(Newstead)" title="Trimontium (Newstead)">Trimontium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disputed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bellie" title="Bellie">Bellie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomshill" title="Thomshill">Thomshill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balnageith" title="Balnageith">Balnageith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Galcantray" class="mw-redirect" title="Easter Galcantray">Easter Galcantray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other structures & artefacts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur%27s_O%27on" title="Arthur's O'on">Arthur's O'on</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgeness_Slab" title="Bridgeness Slab">Bridgeness Slab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cramond_Lioness" title="Cramond Lioness">Cramond Lioness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dere_Street" title="Dere Street">Dere Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roman commanders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Petillius_Cerialis" title="Quintus Petillius Cerialis">Cerialis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola" title="Gnaeus Julius Agricola">Agricola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Lollius_Urbicus" title="Quintus Lollius Urbicus">Urbicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Architecture_in_Scotland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scottish_architecture" title="Template:Scottish architecture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scottish_architecture" title="Template talk:Scottish architecture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scottish_architecture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scottish architecture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Architecture_in_Scotland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture in Scotland">Architecture in Scotland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Scotland_in_the_prehistoric_era" title="Architecture of Scotland in the prehistoric era">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Scotland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Architecture of Scotland in the Middle Ages">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_early_modern_Scotland" title="Architecture in early modern Scotland">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Scotland_in_the_Industrial_Revolution" title="Architecture of Scotland in the Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_modern_Scotland" title="Architecture in modern Scotland">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_roundhouse" title="Atlantic roundhouse">Atlantic roundhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastle_house" title="Bastle house">Bastle house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackhouse" title="Blackhouse">Blackhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_castles" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish castles">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambered_cairn" title="Chambered cairn">Chambered cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture_in_Scotland" title="Church architecture in Scotland">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_cairn" title="Court cairn">Court cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crannog" title="Crannog">Crannog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estate_houses_in_Scotland" title="Estate houses in Scotland">Estate house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillforts_in_Scotland" title="Hillforts in Scotland">Hillfort</a></li> 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