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</a> <ul id="toc-Design_and_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Martello_towers_around_the_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Martello_towers_around_the_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Martello towers around the world</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Martello_towers_around_the_world-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Martello towers around the world subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Martello_towers_around_the_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Wales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elsewhere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elsewhere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Elsewhere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elsewhere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antigua_and_Barbuda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Antigua and Barbuda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antigua_and_Barbuda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bermuda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bermuda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Bermuda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bermuda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Virgin_Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Virgin_Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>British Virgin Islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Virgin_Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guernsey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guernsey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.6</span> <span>Guernsey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guernsey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.7</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.8</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.9</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jamaica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jamaica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.10</span> <span>Jamaica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jamaica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.11</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jersey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jersey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.12</span> <span>Jersey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jersey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.13</span> <span>Malta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mauritius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mauritius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.14</span> <span>Mauritius</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mauritius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sierra_Leone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sierra_Leone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.15</span> <span>Sierra Leone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sierra_Leone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.16</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.17</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saint_Helena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saint_Helena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.18</span> <span>Saint Helena</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saint_Helena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.19</span> <span>Sri Lanka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.20</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_Martello_towers_outside_Great_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Martello_towers_outside_Great_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>List of Martello towers outside Great Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Martello_towers_outside_Great_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Martello tower</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martellotoring" title="Martellotoring – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Martellotoring" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_Martello" title="Torre Martello – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Torre Martello" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martello-Turm" title="Martello-Turm – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Martello-Turm" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martello_(torre)" title="Martello (torre) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Martello (torre)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martello-turoj" title="Martello-turoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Martello-turoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martello_dorrea" title="Martello dorrea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Martello dorrea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_Martello" title="Tour Martello – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tour Martello" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_Martello" title="Torre Martello – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Torre Martello" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%95" title="מגדלי מרטלו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מגדלי מרטלו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turris_Mortella" title="Turris Mortella – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Turris Mortella" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martelas" title="Martelas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Martelas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martello-torony" title="Martello-torony – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Martello-torony" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martellotoren" title="Martellotoren – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Martellotoren" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E5%A1%94" title="マーテロー塔 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マーテロー塔" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martellot%C3%A5rn" title="Martellotårn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Martellotårn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martellot%C3%A5rn" title="Martellotårn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Martellotårn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wie%C5%BCa_Martello" title="Wieża Martello – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wieża Martello" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Мартелло – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мартелло" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martellski_stolp" title="Martellski stolp – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Martellski stolp" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martello-torni" title="Martello-torni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Martello-torni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Башти Мартелло – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Башти Мартелло" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q91285#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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searchaux" style="display:none">Small defensive fort</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the rock formation in Antarctica, see <a href="/wiki/Martello_Tower_(South_Shetland_Islands)" title="Martello Tower (South Shetland Islands)">Martello Tower (South Shetland Islands)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_of_Wales_Tower_-_2017_(35781219381).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Prince_of_Wales_Tower_-_2017_%2835781219381%29.jpg/300px-Prince_of_Wales_Tower_-_2017_%2835781219381%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Prince_of_Wales_Tower_-_2017_%2835781219381%29.jpg/450px-Prince_of_Wales_Tower_-_2017_%2835781219381%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Prince_of_Wales_Tower_-_2017_%2835781219381%29.jpg/600px-Prince_of_Wales_Tower_-_2017_%2835781219381%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Tower" title="Prince of Wales Tower">Prince of Wales Tower</a> – oldest Martello tower in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> (1796), <a href="/wiki/Point_Pleasant_Park" title="Point Pleasant Park">Point Pleasant Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Regional_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Halifax Regional Municipality">Halifax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Martello towers</b>, sometimes known simply as <b>Martellos</b>, are small defensive <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">forts</a> that were built across the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> during the 19th century, from the time of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a> onwards. Most were <a href="/wiki/Coastal_defence_and_fortification" title="Coastal defence and fortification">coastal forts</a>. </p><p>They stand up to 40 feet (12 m) high (with two floors) and typically had a garrison of one officer and 15–25 men. Their round structure and thick walls of solid masonry made them resistant to cannon fire, while their height made them an ideal platform for a single heavy <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> piece, mounted on the flat roof and able to traverse, and hence fire, over a complete 360° circle. A few towers had moats or other batteries and works attached for extra defence. </p><p>The Martello towers were used during the first half of the 19th century, but became obsolete with the introduction of powerful <a href="/wiki/Rifled" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifled">rifled</a> artillery. Many have survived to the present day, often preserved as historic monuments. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martello_tower&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tour_de_la_Mortella.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Tour_de_la_Mortella.jpg/220px-Tour_de_la_Mortella.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Tour_de_la_Mortella.jpg/330px-Tour_de_la_Mortella.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Tour_de_la_Mortella.jpg/440px-Tour_de_la_Mortella.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>The resistance of the <a href="/wiki/Torra_di_Mortella" title="Torra di Mortella">Torra di Mortella</a> to the British in 1794 inspired Martello towers</figcaption></figure> <p>Martello towers were inspired by a round fortress, part of a larger <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoese</a> defence system, at <a href="/wiki/Torra_di_Mortella" title="Torra di Mortella">Mortella</a> (Myrtle) Point in <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>. The designer was <a href="/wiki/Giovan_Giacomo_Paleari_Fratino" title="Giovan Giacomo Paleari Fratino">Giovan Giacomo Paleari Fratino</a> (el Fratin),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the tower was completed in 1565. </p><p>Since the 15th century, the Corsicans had built similar towers at strategic points around the island to protect coastal villages and shipping from North African <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">pirates</a>. The towers stood one or two storeys high and measured 12–15 m (39–49 ft) in diameter, with a single doorway five metres off the ground that one could access only via a ladder that the occupants could remove.<sup id="cite_ref-Abram_2003,_p._103_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abram_2003,_p._103-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Local villagers paid for the towers and watchmen, known as <i>torregiani</i>, who would signal the approach of unexpected ships by lighting a beacon fire on the tower's roof. The fire would alert the local defence forces to the threat. Although the pirate threat subsequently dwindled, the Genoese built a newer generation of circular towers (the <a href="/wiki/Genoese_tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Genoese tower">Genoese towers</a>), that warded off later foreign raids.<sup id="cite_ref-Abram_2003,_p._103_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abram_2003,_p._103-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martello_Tower_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Martello_Tower_1.jpg/220px-Martello_Tower_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Martello_Tower_1.jpg/330px-Martello_Tower_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Martello_Tower_1.jpg/440px-Martello_Tower_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7908" data-file-height="4943" /></a><figcaption>A Martello tower on the <a href="/wiki/Plains_of_Abraham" title="Plains of Abraham">plains of Abraham</a> in <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>), at the top of Cap Diamant overlooking the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence River">Saint Lawrence River</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 7 February 1794 as part of the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_San_Fiorenzo" title="Siege of San Fiorenzo">siege of Saint-Florent</a>, two British warships, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Fortitude_(1780)" title="HMS Fortitude (1780)">HMS <i>Fortitude</i></a> (74 guns) and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Juno_(1780)" title="HMS Juno (1780)"><i>Juno</i></a> (32 guns), unsuccessfully attacked the tower at Mortella Point; the tower eventually fell to land-based forces under <a href="/wiki/John_Moore_(British_soldier)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Moore (British soldier)">Sir John Moore</a> after two days of heavy fighting. The British forces were helped by the fact that the tower's two 18-pounder guns fired seaward, while only the one 6-pounder could fire landward. </p><p>Vice-Admiral <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hood,_1st_Viscount_Hood" title="Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood">Lord Hood</a> reported: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The <i>Fortitude</i> and <i>Juno</i> were ordered against it, without making the least impression by a continued cannonade of two hours and a half; and the former ship being very much damaged by red-hot shot, both hauled off. The walls of the Tower were of a prodigious thickness, and the parapet, where there were two eighteen-pounders, was lined with bass junk,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> five feet from the walls, and filled up with sand; and although it was cannonaded from the Height for two days, within 150 yards, and appeared in a very shattered state, the enemy still held out; but a few hot shot setting fire to the bass, made them call for quarter. The number of men in the Tower were 33; only two were wounded, and those mortally.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Late in the previous year, the tower's French defenders had abandoned it after <a href="/wiki/HMS_Lowestoffe_(1761)" title="HMS Lowestoffe (1761)">HMS <i>Lowestoffe</i></a> (32 guns) had fired two broadsides at it. The British removed the guns to arm a small vessel; consequently, the French were easily able to dislodge the garrison of Corsican patriots that had replaced them.<sup id="cite_ref-Sutcliffe_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutcliffe-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, the British were impressed by the effectiveness of the tower when properly supplied and defended, and copied the design. But they got the name wrong, misspelling "Mortella" as "Martello" (which means "hammer" in Italian). When the British withdrew from Corsica in 1803, with great difficulty they <a href="/wiki/Slighting" title="Slighting">blew up the tower</a>, leaving it in an unusable state.<sup id="cite_ref-Sutcliffe_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutcliffe-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_and_construction">Design and construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martello_tower&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Design and construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tour_Martello_3_d%C3%A9molition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tour_Martello_3_d%C3%A9molition.jpg/220px-Tour_Martello_3_d%C3%A9molition.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tour_Martello_3_d%C3%A9molition.jpg/330px-Tour_Martello_3_d%C3%A9molition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tour_Martello_3_d%C3%A9molition.jpg/440px-Tour_Martello_3_d%C3%A9molition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1474" data-file-height="921" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Québec city</a> had four Martello towers, but tower no. 3 was demolished in 1904. In this picture, the internal structure can be seen.</figcaption></figure> <p>The towers were about 40 feet (12 m) high with walls about 8 feet (2.4 m) thick. In some towers the rooms were not built in the centre, but more to the landside, leaving the walls thicker on seaside. These were cases where an attack with a cannon from the landside was thought very unlikely. Entry was by ladder to a door about 10 feet (3.0 m) from the base above which was a machicolated (slotted) platform which allowed for downward fire on attackers. The flat roof or <i>terreplein</i> had a high parapet and a raised platform in the centre with a pivot (sometimes a converted cannon) for a cannon that would traverse a 360° arc. (Some towers were designed to carry more than one gun, with each having a more limited arc of fire.) The walls had narrow slits for defensive musket fire. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martello_tower_diagram_EN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Martello_tower_diagram_EN.svg/220px-Martello_tower_diagram_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Martello_tower_diagram_EN.svg/330px-Martello_tower_diagram_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Martello_tower_diagram_EN.svg/440px-Martello_tower_diagram_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of the interior of a Martello tower</figcaption></figure> <p>The interior of a classic British Martello tower consisted of two storeys (sometimes with an additional basement). The ground floor served as the <a href="/wiki/Magazine_(artillery)" title="Magazine (artillery)">magazine</a> and storerooms, where ammunition, water, stores and provisions were kept. The <a href="/wiki/Garrison" title="Garrison">garrison</a> of 24 men and one officer lived in a <a href="/wiki/Casemate" title="Casemate">casemate</a> on the first floor, which was divided into several rooms and had fireplaces built into the walls for cooking and heating.<sup id="cite_ref-robert19_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robert19-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The officer and men lived in separate rooms of almost equal size. A well or cistern within the fort supplied the garrison with water. An internal drainage system linked to the roof enabled rainwater to refill the cistern.<sup id="cite_ref-robert19_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robert19-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Martello_towers_around_the_world">Martello towers around the world</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martello_tower&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Martello towers around the world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martello_towers_worldwide_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Martello_towers_worldwide_map.png/590px-Martello_towers_worldwide_map.png" decoding="async" width="590" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Martello_towers_worldwide_map.png/885px-Martello_towers_worldwide_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Martello_towers_worldwide_map.png/1180px-Martello_towers_worldwide_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1261" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of Martello towers worldwide</figcaption></figure> <p>During the first half of the 19th century, the British government embarked on a large-scale programme of building Martello towers to guard the British and Irish coastlines. Around 140 were built, mostly along the south coast of <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>. Governments in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Menorca</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> also constructed towers. The construction of Martello towers abroad continued until as late as the 1870s but was discontinued after it became clear that they could not withstand the new generation of rifled artillery weapons. </p><p>The French built similar towers along their own coastline that they used as platforms for communication by <a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">optical telegraphs</a> (using the <a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Chappe Telegraph</a>). The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> government also built a number of Martello towers along the east coast of the US that copied the British design with some modifications. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martello_tower&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portmarnock_martello.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Portmarnock_martello.jpg/220px-Portmarnock_martello.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Portmarnock_martello.jpg/330px-Portmarnock_martello.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Portmarnock_martello.jpg/440px-Portmarnock_martello.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="1272" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Portmarnock" title="Portmarnock">Portmarnock</a> Martello tower, one of many on Ireland's east coast</figcaption></figure> <p>Great Britain and Ireland were united as a single political entity, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a>, from 1801 to 1922, spanning the time during which most Martello towers were erected (the initial scheme started under the previous entities of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a>). Consequently, the Martello towers of Great Britain and Ireland can be considered to have been part of a single defensive system, designed to protect the coastlines of the two main islands of the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clements_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clements-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This is most clearly visible on the south and east coasts of <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and the east coast of <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, where chains of Martello towers were built. Elsewhere in the world, individual Martello towers were erected to provide point defence of strategic locations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="England">England</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martello_tower&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martello_tower_500.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Martello_tower_500.jpg/220px-Martello_tower_500.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Martello_tower_500.jpg/330px-Martello_tower_500.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Martello_tower_500.jpg/440px-Martello_tower_500.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>An aerial view of the western of two Martello towers at Clacton-on-Sea</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martello_tower_700.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Martello_tower_700.jpg/220px-Martello_tower_700.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Martello_tower_700.jpg/330px-Martello_tower_700.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Martello_tower_700.jpg/440px-Martello_tower_700.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>The eastern of two Martello towers at <a href="/wiki/Clacton-on-Sea" title="Clacton-on-Sea">Clacton-on-Sea</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Between 1804 and 1812 the British authorities built a chain of towers based on the original Mortella tower to <a href="/wiki/British_anti-invasion_preparations_of_1803%E2%80%931805" class="mw-redirect" title="British anti-invasion preparations of 1803–1805">defend the south and east coast of England</a>, Ireland, <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a> to guard against <a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_planned_invasion_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom">possible invasion</a> from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, then under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon I</a>. A total of 103<sup id="cite_ref-Sutcliffe_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutcliffe-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Martello towers were built in England, set at regular intervals along the coast from <a href="/wiki/Seaford,_East_Sussex" title="Seaford, East Sussex">Seaford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Aldeburgh" title="Aldeburgh">Aldeburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a>. Most were constructed under the direction of General <a href="/wiki/William_Twiss" title="William Twiss">William Twiss</a> (1745–1827) and a Captain Ford.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The northernmost tower at Aldeburgh is of quatrefoil design, i.e. four in one.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there are two towers at Clacton-on-Sea, one near the town and the other to the west near the local Golf Course (see the pictures on the right). </p><p>Included in the scheme were three much larger circular forts or <a href="/wiki/Redoubt" title="Redoubt">redoubts</a> that were constructed at <a href="/wiki/Harwich_Redoubt" title="Harwich Redoubt">Harwich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dymchurch_Redoubt" title="Dymchurch Redoubt">Dymchurch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastbourne_Redoubt" title="Eastbourne Redoubt">Eastbourne</a>; they acted as supply depots for the smaller towers as well as being powerful fortifications in their own right.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The effectiveness of Britain's Martello towers was never actually tested in combat against a Napoleonic invasion fleet. They were, however, effective in hindering smuggling.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the threat had passed, the Martello towers in England met a variety of fates. <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Coastguard" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Coastguard">The Coastguard</a> took over many to aid in the fight against smuggling. </p><p>Fifteen towers were demolished to enable the re-use of their masonry. The sea washed thirty away and the military destroyed four in experiments to test the effectiveness of the new <a href="/wiki/Rifled" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifled">rifled</a> artillery. During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, some Martello towers returned to military service as observation platforms and firing platforms for <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_artillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-aircraft artillery">anti-aircraft artillery</a>. </p><p>Forty-seven Martello towers have survived in England, a few of which have been restored and transformed into museums (e.g., the towers at <a href="/wiki/St_Osyth" title="St Osyth">St Osyth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seaford,_East_Sussex" title="Seaford, East Sussex">Seaford</a>), visitor centres, and galleries (such as <a href="/wiki/Jaywick_Martello_Tower" title="Jaywick Martello Tower">Jaywick Martello Tower</a>). Some are privately owned or are private residences,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remainder are derelict. A survey of the East Coast towers in 2007 found of the 17 remaining, most were in a reasonable condition.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many remaining Martello Towers are now <a href="/wiki/Listed_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="Listed Building">Listed Buildings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A fuller list of British towers, with photographs, is available.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martello_Tower,_Seaford,_East_Sussex_(October_2001).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Martello_Tower%2C_Seaford%2C_East_Sussex_%28October_2001%29.jpg/220px-Martello_Tower%2C_Seaford%2C_East_Sussex_%28October_2001%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Martello_Tower%2C_Seaford%2C_East_Sussex_%28October_2001%29.jpg/330px-Martello_Tower%2C_Seaford%2C_East_Sussex_%28October_2001%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Martello_Tower%2C_Seaford%2C_East_Sussex_%28October_2001%29.jpg/440px-Martello_Tower%2C_Seaford%2C_East_Sussex_%28October_2001%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="332" /></a><figcaption>Martello Tower on Seaford seafront, housing the Museum</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scotland">Scotland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martello_tower&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tally_Too%27er,_Leith_-_geograph.org.uk_-_42847.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tally_Too%27er%2C_Leith_-_geograph.org.uk_-_42847.jpg/220px-Tally_Too%27er%2C_Leith_-_geograph.org.uk_-_42847.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tally_Too%27er%2C_Leith_-_geograph.org.uk_-_42847.jpg/330px-Tally_Too%27er%2C_Leith_-_geograph.org.uk_-_42847.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tally_Too%27er%2C_Leith_-_geograph.org.uk_-_42847.jpg/440px-Tally_Too%27er%2C_Leith_-_geograph.org.uk_-_42847.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tally_Toor" title="Tally Toor">Tally Toor</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a>, Edinburgh, Scotland.</figcaption></figure> <p>Three Martello towers were built in Scotland, the first on offshore rocks facing the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Forth" title="Firth of Forth">Firth of Forth</a> in 1807–1809 to defend <a href="/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a> Harbour. The <a href="/wiki/Tally_Toor" title="Tally Toor">Tally Toor</a> now lies land-locked within the eastern breakwater.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two towers were then built at <a href="/wiki/Hackness_Martello_Tower_and_Battery" title="Hackness Martello Tower and Battery">Hackness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crockness_Martello_tower" title="Crockness Martello tower">Crockness</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Longhope,_Orkney" title="Longhope, Orkney">Longhope</a> in Orkney. They were constructed between 1813 and 1815 to guard against the threat of French and American raiders attacking <a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">convoys</a> assembling offshore. <a href="/wiki/Historic_Scotland" title="Historic Scotland">Historic Scotland</a> now operates the Hackness tower as a museum.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wales">Wales</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martello_tower&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A small number of Martello towers were also built in Wales, of which few survive. The most notable surviving towers are the two located in <a href="/wiki/Pembroke_Dock" title="Pembroke Dock">Pembroke Dock</a>, which were built between 1848 and 1857 to protect the naval base there. Today, one of the towers is privately owned. The other is located on the town's riverfront, next to the old entrance of the naval base. It was converted into a small museum that focused on the local history of the dock and its defences. The museum has now shut down because of water influx. Recently<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Relative_time_references" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="Clarify the applicable timeframe so that it is unambiguous when read at a later date. (July 2022)">timeframe?</span></a></i>]</sup> Pembrokeshire County Council has decided to put the tower up for sale.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="says nothing about the sale (July 2022)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ireland">Ireland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martello_tower&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Martello_towers_in_the_Greater_Dublin_Area" title="Martello towers in the Greater Dublin Area">Martello towers in the Greater Dublin Area</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:County_Dublin_-_Shenick%27s_Island_Martello_Tower_-_20180325151846.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/County_Dublin_-_Shenick%27s_Island_Martello_Tower_-_20180325151846.jpg/220px-County_Dublin_-_Shenick%27s_Island_Martello_Tower_-_20180325151846.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/County_Dublin_-_Shenick%27s_Island_Martello_Tower_-_20180325151846.jpg/330px-County_Dublin_-_Shenick%27s_Island_Martello_Tower_-_20180325151846.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/County_Dublin_-_Shenick%27s_Island_Martello_Tower_-_20180325151846.jpg/440px-County_Dublin_-_Shenick%27s_Island_Martello_Tower_-_20180325151846.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Offshore Martello tower on <a href="/wiki/Shenick_Island" title="Shenick Island">Shenick Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Dublin" title="County Dublin">County Dublin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>About fifty Martello towers were built around the Irish coastline, especially along the east coast, from <a href="/wiki/Millmount_Fort" title="Millmount Fort">Millmount</a> (Drogheda), to <a href="/wiki/Bray,_County_Wicklow" title="Bray, County Wicklow">Bray</a>, around <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Bay" title="Dublin Bay">Dublin Bay</a> (29 installations) but also around <a href="/wiki/Cork_Harbour" title="Cork Harbour">Cork Harbour</a> on the south coast. On the east coast, concentrated mainly around Dublin Bay, twenty-six towers were in line of sight of each other, providing the ability to communicate with one another, or warn of any incoming attacks. </p><p>Possibly the most famous is the Martello tower in <a href="/wiki/Sandycove" title="Sandycove">Sandycove</a>, near <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BAn_Laoghaire" title="Dún Laoghaire">Dún Laoghaire</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a> lived for a few days. Joyce shared the tower with <a href="/wiki/Oliver_St._John_Gogarty" title="Oliver St. John Gogarty">Oliver St. John Gogarty</a>, then a medical student but later to become famous in Irish history as a surgeon, politician and writer. In <i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a></i>, the fictional character <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Dedalus" title="Stephen Dedalus">Stephen Dedalus</a> lives in the tower with a medical student, Malachi "Buck" Mulligan, whom Joyce based on Gogarty. The <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="James Joyce Tower">James Joyce Tower</a>, as the tower is now known, houses a museum dedicated to Joyce. </p><p>A number of other Martello towers are extant nearby at <a href="/wiki/Bullock_Harbour" title="Bullock Harbour">Bullock Harbour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalkey_Island" title="Dalkey Island">Dalkey Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blackrock,_Dublin" title="Blackrock, Dublin">Williamstown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seapoint" title="Seapoint">Seapoint</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sandymount" title="Sandymount">Sandymount</a> and Martello towers feature in many literary works set in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>. During the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Bono" title="Bono">Bono</a> owned the Martello tower in <a href="/wiki/Bray,_County_Wicklow" title="Bray, County Wicklow">Bray</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Wicklow" title="County Wicklow">County Wicklow</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Killiney_Martello_No7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Killiney_Martello_No7.jpg/220px-Killiney_Martello_No7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Killiney_Martello_No7.jpg/330px-Killiney_Martello_No7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Killiney_Martello_No7.jpg/440px-Killiney_Martello_No7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2910" data-file-height="2196" /></a><figcaption>Martello tower (South No.7) at <a href="/wiki/Killiney" title="Killiney">Killiney</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Martello Tower South No.7, on Tara Hill, Killiney Bay, is unique, as is its location as an <a href="/wiki/Enfilade_and_defilade" title="Enfilade and defilade">enfilading tower</a>. The Tower is privately owned and has been fully restored, to include a proofed, working King George 3rd <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Blomefield" title="Thomas Blomefield">Blomefield</a> <a href="/wiki/18-pounder_long_gun" title="18-pounder long gun">18-pounder cannon</a> mounted on a traversing carriage on the crown of the Tower. There is a three-gun battery below the tower, with a <a href="/wiki/Glacis" title="Glacis">glacis</a>. There is also a coach house, artillery store, tool shed, and gunner's cottage, with resident gunner and <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a> store. The battery, while restored, remains to be armed and the coach house and artillery store still require some restoration.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (July 2022)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On the north side of Dublin, one can find Martello towers in <a href="/wiki/Balbriggan" title="Balbriggan">Balbriggan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shenick_Island" title="Shenick Island">Shenick Island</a> and Red Island at <a href="/wiki/Skerries,_Dublin" title="Skerries, Dublin">Skerries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drumanagh" title="Drumanagh">Drumanagh Fort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rush,_Dublin" title="Rush, Dublin">Rush</a>, Tower Bay in <a href="/wiki/Portrane" title="Portrane">Portrane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donabate" title="Donabate">Donabate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malahide" title="Malahide">Malahide</a> (Hicks tower owned by <a href="/wiki/Tony_Quinn_(businessman)" title="Tony Quinn (businessman)">Tony Quinn</a>), <a href="/wiki/Portmarnock" title="Portmarnock">Portmarnock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland%27s_Eye" title="Ireland's Eye">Ireland's Eye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howth" title="Howth">Howth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sutton,_Dublin" title="Sutton, Dublin">Sutton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were seven Martello towers in the vicinity of Cork Harbour of which five are extant.<sup id="cite_ref-Society1907_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Society1907-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 19th century <a href="/wiki/Fenian_Rising" title="Fenian Rising">Fenian uprising</a>, the famous <a href="/wiki/William_Mackey_Lomasney" title="William Mackey Lomasney">Captain Mackey</a> briefly captured and held the Monning Martello tower near <a href="/wiki/Fota_Island" title="Fota Island">Fota Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cork_Harbour" title="Cork Harbour">Cork Harbour</a>; this tower is believed to have been the only Martello tower ever captured, other than the original. The other Cork Harbour towers are at <a href="/wiki/Ringaskiddy" title="Ringaskiddy">Ringaskiddy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haulbowline_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Haulbowline Island">Haulbowline Island</a> (now part of the Irish Naval Service HQ) and at <a href="/wiki/Belvelly" title="Belvelly">Belvelly</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rossleague&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rossleague (page does not exist)">Rossleague</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Great_Island" title="Great Island">Great Island</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Cobh" title="Cobh">Cobh</a>). There are also Martello towers at <a href="/wiki/Little_Island,_Cork" title="Little Island, Cork">Little Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rostellan" title="Rostellan">Rostellan</a>, though these are no longer intact. </p><p>The British built two Martello towers on the Hook Peninsula to protect the fort near <a href="/wiki/Duncannon" title="Duncannon">Duncannon</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Wexford" title="County Wexford">County Wexford</a> and the entrance to <a href="/wiki/Waterford" title="Waterford">Waterford</a> Harbour. There is a third tower on the headland at Baginbun Bay in County Wexford. </p><p>One of the most interesting Martello towers is <a href="/wiki/Meelick_Martello_Tower" title="Meelick Martello Tower">Meelick Martello Tower</a> at <a href="/wiki/Clonahenoge" title="Clonahenoge">Clonahenoge</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Offaly" title="County Offaly">County Offaly</a>, guarding the <a href="/wiki/River_Shannon" title="River Shannon">Shannon</a> river crossing to <a href="/wiki/Meelick,_County_Galway" title="Meelick, County Galway">Meelick, County Galway</a>. As this tower supports three guns (unlike the normal Martello tower which is circular on plan and carries only one gun), it is cam shaped on plan. Currently a rampant growth of ivy covers the tower.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tower at <a href="/wiki/Seapoint" title="Seapoint">Seapoint</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Dublin" title="County Dublin">County Dublin</a>, which was the property of Blackrock Urban District Council, was formerly the clubhouse of the Seapoint Boat Club from 1916 to 1931,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The citation is not specific enough to facilitate source verification (July 2022)">not specific enough to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> and was subsequently the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Genealogical_Society_of_Ireland" title="Genealogical Society of Ireland">Genealogical Society of Ireland</a> (GSI).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The GSI vacated the tower when it found that the atmosphere was not conducive to the preservation of records. </p><p>The restored tower at <a href="/wiki/Ilnacullin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilnacullin">Ilnacullin</a> is a feature of an island garden in <a href="/wiki/Glengarriff" title="Glengarriff">Glengarriff</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Cork" title="County Cork">County Cork</a>. Several other towers are still extant, including one at <a href="/wiki/Rathmullan" title="Rathmullan">Rathmullan</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">County Donegal</a> and two in <a href="/wiki/County_Clare" title="County Clare">County Clare</a> on the south coast of <a href="/wiki/Galway_Bay" title="Galway Bay">Galway Bay</a> in the townlands of <a href="/wiki/Finavarra_Tower" title="Finavarra Tower">Finavarra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aughinish_Tower" title="Aughinish Tower">Aughinish</a>. There is also an extant Martello tower located near the settlement of <a href="/wiki/Magilligan" title="Magilligan">Magilligan Point</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Londonderry" title="County Londonderry">County Londonderry</a>, built between 1812 and 1871 to defend against a possible French invasion during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>; it is now a visitor attraction.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Martello-like tower was built on <a href="/wiki/Achill_Island" title="Achill Island">Achill Island</a>, according to local memory during the Napoleonic Wars. It is square rather than round, unlike the traditional Martello tower. This tower is known locally as the Gabhla Fhranca ("French Tower") or the Napoleonic Tower. It is marked on an 1838 <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey" title="Ordnance Survey">Ordnance Survey</a> chart and denoted "Signal Tower", suggesting it was used with a series of other stations for communication. The tower's position offers a view of the sea both to the north and south of the island and is therefore well-suited for that purpose. By the 1830s the tower was described as a "watch-house of the coast-guard." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elsewhere">Elsewhere</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martello_tower&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Elsewhere"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Martello_tower" title="Special:EditPage/Martello tower">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Martello+tower%22">"Martello tower"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Martello+tower%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Martello+tower%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Martello+tower%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Martello+tower%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Martello+tower%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antigua_and_Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martello_tower&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Antigua and Barbuda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antigua_8_Cent_Stamp_1953.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Antigua_8_Cent_Stamp_1953.jpg/220px-Antigua_8_Cent_Stamp_1953.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Antigua_8_Cent_Stamp_1953.jpg/330px-Antigua_8_Cent_Stamp_1953.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Antigua_8_Cent_Stamp_1953.jpg 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>A 1953 stamp of Antigua showing the Martello Tower in Barbuda.</figcaption></figure> <p>The British originally constructed River Fort Martello Tower in the early 19th century, on the site of a previous fort (presumed to have been built by the Spanish) to guard nearby River Landing, which was <a href="/wiki/Barbuda" title="Barbuda">Barbuda</a>'s original quay. Confusion with the previous fort presumably explains the claims made in Barbudan tourism publications that this was the World's first, and is its oldest, Martello tower, built in 1745.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tower is located on the south coast of the island, a mile or so from River Landing and some seven miles south of the island's main village of <a href="/wiki/Codrington,_Barbuda" title="Codrington, Barbuda">Codrington</a>. The tower is 56 feet high, has a raised gun platform and extremely thick walls, but is missing the floors. It the first such tower constructed in the Caribbean, was built in 1745 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sir_William_Codrington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sir William Codrington (page does not exist)">Sir William Codrington</a>, and was designed by Commodore Charles Knowles RN, later Admiral <a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Knowles,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Charles Knowles, 1st Baronet">Sir Charles Knowles</a> Bt, who was then commanding the Leeward Islands station.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is attached to what remains of the pre-existing fort. The tower mounted three cannon, and in all the fort mounted ten cannons, none of which remain. The tower is the highest building on Barbuda and serves as a <a href="/wiki/Daymark" title="Daymark">daymark</a> from land or sea. Today the fort is a popular location for weddings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martello_tower&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Martello_tower" title="Special:EditPage/Martello tower">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Denison_9.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Fort_Denison_9.JPG/220px-Fort_Denison_9.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Fort_Denison_9.JPG/330px-Fort_Denison_9.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Fort_Denison_9.JPG/440px-Fort_Denison_9.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fort_Denison" title="Fort Denison">Fort Denison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Harbour">Sydney Harbour</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The last Martello tower built in the British Empire is said<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="Who says this? (July 2022)">weasel words</span></a></i>]</sup> to be that which composes a part of the larger <a href="/wiki/Fort_Denison,_New_South_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Denison, New South Wales">Fort Denison</a>, built on a small island, Pinchgut Island, in <a href="/wiki/Port_Jackson" title="Port Jackson">Sydney Harbour</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>. It is the only Martello tower to have been built in Australia. </p><p>Fortification of the island began in 1841 but was not completed. The construction had begun following an 1839 night-time incursion into <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> Harbour by two American warships. Concern with the threat of foreign attack had caused the government to review the harbour's inner defences, which were found to be inadequate, and the establishment of a fort was recommended to help protect Sydney Harbour from attack by foreign vessels. Construction resumed in 1855 to provide Sydney with protection against the threat of a naval attack by the <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russians</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> of the 1850s. However, construction was completed only in 1857, well after the war had ended. Fort Denison is well preserved and is now a popular tourist attraction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bermuda">Bermuda</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martello_tower&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bermuda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martello_Tower_seen_from_Ferry_Island_Fort,_Ferry_Reach,_Bermuda_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Martello_Tower_seen_from_Ferry_Island_Fort%2C_Ferry_Reach%2C_Bermuda_2011.jpg/220px-Martello_Tower_seen_from_Ferry_Island_Fort%2C_Ferry_Reach%2C_Bermuda_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Martello_Tower_seen_from_Ferry_Island_Fort%2C_Ferry_Reach%2C_Bermuda_2011.jpg/330px-Martello_Tower_seen_from_Ferry_Island_Fort%2C_Ferry_Reach%2C_Bermuda_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Martello_Tower_seen_from_Ferry_Island_Fort%2C_Ferry_Reach%2C_Bermuda_2011.jpg/440px-Martello_Tower_seen_from_Ferry_Island_Fort%2C_Ferry_Reach%2C_Bermuda_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="731" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption> The Martello tower at <a href="/wiki/Ferry_Reach,_Bermuda" title="Ferry Reach, Bermuda">Ferry Reach, Bermuda</a> (1822) (background), contrasts with the Ferry Island Fort (1790s) (foreground).</figcaption></figure> <p>There is a Martello tower located at <a href="/wiki/Ferry_Reach,_Bermuda" title="Ferry Reach, Bermuda">Ferry Reach</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Parish,_Bermuda" title="St. George's Parish, Bermuda">St George's Parish</a>. The tower is the third fortification on the site.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major Thomas Blanshard built it of Bermuda limestone between 1822 and 1823. The tower shows the effect of thirty years of evolution on the design of coastal fortifications, between the 1790s and 1822. The earlier Ferry Island Fort nearby had multiple guns arrayed to cover the water westward, while the Martello tower used a single gun with 360° traverse to cover all of the surrounding area. </p><p>Like its predecessors in the UK, it has an ovoid footprint with the thickness of its walls ranging from nine to 11 feet. It is surrounded by a dry moat. The tower's purpose was to defend the Ferry Reach Channel and so impede any attack on <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Island,_Bermuda" title="St. George's Island, Bermuda">St. George's Island</a> from the main island of Bermuda, and attacking vessels from slipping through <a href="/wiki/Castle_Harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Castle Harbour">Castle Harbour</a> and the channel between Ferry Reach and <a href="/wiki/Coney_Island,_Bermuda" title="Coney Island, Bermuda">Coney Island</a>. The main channel by which vessels reach most parts of Bermuda west of St. George's, including the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_Dockyard,_Bermuda" title="Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda">Royal Naval Dockyard</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Ireland_Island,_Bermuda" title="Ireland Island, Bermuda">Ireland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Sound,_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Sound, Bermuda">Great Sound</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Harbour,_Bermuda" title="Hamilton Harbour, Bermuda">Hamilton Harbour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flatts_Village,_Bermuda" title="Flatts Village, Bermuda">The Flatts</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray%27s_Anchorage,_Bermuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murray's Anchorage, Bermuda (page does not exist)">Murray's Anchorage</a>, and other important sites, carries them around the east ends of <a href="/wiki/St._David%27s_Island,_Bermuda" title="St. David's Island, Bermuda">St. David's</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Island,_Bermuda" title="St. George's Island, Bermuda">St. George's</a> Islands, where the coastal artillery was always most heavily concentrated. Two more Martello towers to protect the Dockyard were planned, but never built. </p><p>The tower was restored in 2008 and an 18-pounder cannon brought from <a href="/wiki/Fort_St._Catherine" title="Fort St. Catherine">Fort St. Catherine</a> was mounted on top. The site is open to the public from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. Monday to Friday in the summer and in the winter by appointment only, by calling the Parks Department. It is part of the <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Railway" title="Bermuda Railway">Bermuda Railway</a> Trail. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_Virgin_Islands">British Virgin Islands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martello_tower&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: British Virgin Islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Recovery_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Fort_Recovery_01.jpg/220px-Fort_Recovery_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Fort_Recovery_01.jpg/330px-Fort_Recovery_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Fort_Recovery_01.jpg/440px-Fort_Recovery_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1397" data-file-height="910" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fort_Recovery,_Tortola" title="Fort Recovery, Tortola">Fort Recovery</a>, in the British Virgin Islands.</figcaption></figure> <p>When the British rebuilt <a href="/wiki/Fort_Recovery,_Tortola" title="Fort Recovery, Tortola">Fort Recovery</a> on the west end of <a href="/wiki/Tortola" title="Tortola">Tortola</a> they added a Martello tower. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martello_tower&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nine of the fourteen Martello towers built in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> still survive.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (In addition, the existing fortifications at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Henry,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Henry, Ontario">Fort Henry</a> received two thin towers between 1845 and 1848. However, these are dry ditch defence towers, rather than true Martello towers.) A common characteristic of Canadian Martello towers was removable cone-shaped roofs to protect against snow. Today, many of the restored towers have permanent roof additions – for ease of upkeep, not historical accuracy. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tour_Martello_de_Quebec_numero_1_-_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Tour_Martello_de_Quebec_numero_1_-_01.JPG/220px-Tour_Martello_de_Quebec_numero_1_-_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Tour_Martello_de_Quebec_numero_1_-_01.JPG/330px-Tour_Martello_de_Quebec_numero_1_-_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Tour_Martello_de_Quebec_numero_1_-_01.JPG/440px-Tour_Martello_de_Quebec_numero_1_-_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a><figcaption>Martello tower no. 1, Quebec City</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a> originally had four Martello towers. Tower No. 1 stands on the <a href="/wiki/Plains_of_Abraham" title="Plains of Abraham">Plains of Abraham</a>, overlooking the <a href="/wiki/St_Lawrence_River" class="mw-redirect" title="St Lawrence River">St Lawrence River</a>. It has been restored as a museum and can be visited during the summer months. Tower no. 2 stands close nearby and currently hosts activities for private groups. Tower No. 3 was demolished in 1905 after being used as a residence. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=McKenzie_Memorial_Building&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="McKenzie Memorial Building (page does not exist)">McKenzie Memorial Building</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Hale_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeffery Hale Hospital">Jeffery Hale Hospital</a> now occupies the site. The fourth surviving Martello Tower in Quebec, No. 4, is located in a residential area on the north side of the Upper City overlooking Lower Town. It is now used as an escape game tourist activity by The National Battlefields Commission.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Urban_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Halifax Urban Area">Halifax, Nova Scotia</a>, had five towers, the oldest of which, the <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Tower" title="Prince of Wales Tower">Prince of Wales Tower</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> located in <a href="/wiki/Point_Pleasant_Park" title="Point Pleasant Park">Point Pleasant Park</a>, is the oldest Martello-style tower in North America. It was built in 1796 and was used as a redoubt and a powder magazine. Restored, it is now a National Heritage site. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Duke_of_York_Martello_Tower&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duke of York Martello Tower (page does not exist)">Duke of York Martello Tower</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was built in 1798 at <a href="/wiki/York_Redoubt" title="York Redoubt">York Redoubt</a>. Its lower level still stands, though it has been boarded up for conservation purposes. The <a href="/wiki/Fort_Clarence_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Fort Clarence (Nova Scotia)">Duke of Clarence Martello Tower</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stood on the Dartmouth shore. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sherbrooke_Martello_Tower&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sherbrooke Martello Tower (page does not exist)">Sherbrooke Martello Tower</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stood opposite York Redoubt on <a href="/wiki/McNabs_Island" title="McNabs Island">McNabs Island</a>; it was demolished in 1944 and replaced by a concrete lighthouse at Maughers Beach. Another Martello tower stood on <a href="/wiki/Georges_Island_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Georges Island (Nova Scotia)">Georges Island</a>. </p><p>Four Martello towers were built at <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston, Ontario</a> to defend its harbour and naval shipyards in response to the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_boundary_dispute" title="Oregon boundary dispute">Oregon Crisis</a>. Their builders intended for the towers to serve as redoubts against marine attacks. <a href="/wiki/Murney_Tower" title="Murney Tower">Murney Tower</a> and the tower at Point Frederick (at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College_of_Canada" title="Royal Military College of Canada">Royal Military College of Canada</a>) are now museums that are open during the summer. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shoal_frederick.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Shoal_frederick.jpg/220px-Shoal_frederick.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Shoal_frederick.jpg/330px-Shoal_frederick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Shoal_frederick.jpg/440px-Shoal_frederick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Line of defence: three Martello towers <a href="/wiki/Fort_Frederick_(Kingston)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Frederick (Kingston)">Fort Frederick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shoal_Tower" title="Shoal Tower">Shoal Tower</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cathcart_Tower" title="Cathcart Tower">Cathcart Tower</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston, Ontario</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Fort_Frederick_(Kingston)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Frederick (Kingston)">Fort Frederick</a> has the most elaborate defences as it includes earthen ramparts and a limestone curtain wall. The <a href="/wiki/Shoal_Tower" title="Shoal Tower">Shoal Tower</a>, the only tower completely surrounded by water, stands in Kingston's Confederation Basin. Since 2005, it is open to the public as part of <a href="/wiki/Doors_Open_Days" title="Doors Open Days">Doors Open</a> Ontario for one day only in June each year. <a href="/wiki/Cathcart_Tower" title="Cathcart Tower">Cathcart Tower</a>, the fourth tower, stands unused on Cedar Island near Point Henry. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Carleton_Martello_Tower" title="Carleton Martello Tower">Carleton Martello Tower</a>, overlooking the harbour of <a href="/wiki/Saint_John,_New_Brunswick" title="Saint John, New Brunswick">Saint John, New Brunswick</a>, is now a museum and a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Site</a>. </p><p>The Canadian Press reported on 16 April 2006 that the Canadian military has named a Forward Operating Base (FOB) in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> FOB Martello. The logo of the <a href="/wiki/International_Hockey_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="International Hockey Hall of Fame">International Hockey Hall of Fame</a> and Museum in <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston, Ontario</a>, features a Martello tower. Since the amalgamation of the Township of Kingston in 2000, the city's flag has also borne a Martello tower.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Guernsey">Guernsey</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martello_tower&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Guernsey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three similar Martello towers in <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a>, all built in 1804: <a href="/wiki/Fort_Grey" title="Fort Grey">Fort Grey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Hommet" title="Fort Hommet">Fort Hommet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Saumarez" title="Fort Saumarez">Fort Saumarez</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clements83_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clements83-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, there are a number of earlier towers in Guernsey (the <a href="/wiki/Guernsey_loophole_towers" title="Guernsey loophole towers">Guernsey loophole towers</a>), that many people refer to as Martello towers, though they are not Martellos. They were built in the late 18th century, i.e., before the Martellos, and differ from them in a number of ways. One may think of them as precursors,<sup id="cite_ref-Clements_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clements-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> like the <a href="/wiki/Genoese_tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Genoese tower">Genoese towers</a> they resemble. </p><p>Lastly, <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A9hon_Tower" title="Bréhon Tower">Bréhon Tower</a>, built in 1856, is an oval tower that represents the final evolution of the Martello tower.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martello_tower&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arnala-fort-south-watch-tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portuguese Martello Tower at Arnala, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Arnala-fort-south-watch-tower.jpg/220px-Arnala-fort-south-watch-tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Arnala-fort-south-watch-tower.jpg/330px-Arnala-fort-south-watch-tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Arnala-fort-south-watch-tower.jpg/440px-Arnala-fort-south-watch-tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Portuguese Martello tower at <a href="/wiki/Arnala_fort" title="Arnala fort">Arnala</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <p>Although European in origin, a primitive form of Martello tower had existed in <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Punjab</a> by the time it was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a Martello Tower that the Portuguese built at the southern tip of the island where the <a href="/wiki/Arnala_fort" title="Arnala fort">Arnala fort</a> stands. The Portuguese are said to have built many of these towers, but Arnala's is the best surviving specimen.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a>, the British erected Martello towers at the <a href="/wiki/British_Residency,_Hyderabad" title="British Residency, Hyderabad">British Residency</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a>, which were demolished in 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An earlier example of such is the one found in Pakur, a town in the state of Jharakhand. This tower was built in 1856 by Sub District Officer Sir Martin with view to protect the British Raj from the <a href="/wiki/Santhals" class="mw-redirect" title="Santhals">Santhals</a>. It was an important position for the British forces watching fighting the rebellion of the Santhals.<sup id="cite_ref-ranchi_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ranchi-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This example is reported<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (March 2020)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to still be in good condition, but decaying due to a lack of maintenance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martello_tower&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1883_eruption_of_Krakatoa" title="1883 eruption of Krakatoa">1883 eruption of Krakatoa</a> caused a <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a> that damaged Menara Martello, which the Dutch colonial government of the East Indies built in 1850 on Bidadari Island (Pulau Bidadari), one of the <a href="/wiki/Thousand_Islands_(Indonesia)#History" title="Thousand Islands (Indonesia)">Thousand Islands (Kepulauan Seribu)</a>, as part of a set of fortifications built between 1850 and 1852 that protected the approaches to <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Batavia</a>. Photos suggest that Martello Menara was not a true Martello, but rather a circular fort. The tower was operational until 1878, when it became a storage site, and was abandoned in 1908. Bidadari Island was also known as Pulau Sakit (Sick Island) as it housed a leper colony during the 17th century. More recently, the island came to be called "Angel Island", to honour the <a href="/wiki/Leprosarium" class="mw-redirect" title="Leprosarium">leprosarium</a> that had been there. </p><p>Other towers were built at Onrust, Kuiper (Cipir), and Kerkhof (Kelor) islands. All four were demolished in part or in whole after the advent of rifled guns made them obsolete. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italy">Italy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martello_tower&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torre_di_Magnisi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Torre_di_Magnisi.JPG/220px-Torre_di_Magnisi.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Torre_di_Magnisi.JPG/330px-Torre_di_Magnisi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Torre_di_Magnisi.JPG/440px-Torre_di_Magnisi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="878" /></a><figcaption>Magnisi tower at Priolo Gargallo.</figcaption></figure> <p>At the beginning of the nineteenth century, during the British "Protectorate" of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> after the escape of the <a href="/wiki/Bourbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourbons">Bourbons</a> from Naples, Sicily began to build towers to resist an invasion by Napoleon's armies led by <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a>. The new higher rate of fire of ships' guns led to the choice of the Martello tower as the model. </p><p>The Sicilian Martello towers were built around 1810. The estimate rests on the historical context and on the descriptions of the topographer <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Smyth" title="William Henry Smyth">W.H. Smyth</a>, who carried out his research in 1814 and 1815. Of the seven towers built in Sicily, only four remain. One is the Mazzone Tower (or the British Fort) at Faro Point, Messina. The second is the Magnisi tower at <a href="/wiki/Priolo_Gargallo" title="Priolo Gargallo">Priolo Gargallo</a>, Syracuse. The Italian Navy used this tower as an observation post during the Second World War. Third is the Cariddi tower at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ganzirri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ganzirri (page does not exist)">Ganzirri</a> in <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a>. Lastly, the fourth tower is situated on a rocky outcrop overlooking the sea from where it can defend the <a href="/wiki/Castello_Maniace" title="Castello Maniace">Castello Maniace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jamaica">Jamaica</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martello_tower&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Jamaica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a Martello tower located at what was Fort Nugent. In 1709, the Spanish slave agent in Jamaica, James Castillo, built a fort in <a href="/wiki/Harbour_View,_Jamaica" title="Harbour View, Jamaica">Harbour View</a>, to guard his home against attack. An English Governor, <a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Nugent,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir George Nugent, 1st Baronet">George Nugent</a>, later strengthened the fort to guard the eastern entrance of the city of <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica" title="Kingston, Jamaica">Kingston</a> Harbour. The tower was probably built between 1808 and 1811,<sup id="cite_ref-Clements_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clements-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at a reported cost of £12,000. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martello_tower&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nishinomiya_Battery" title="Nishinomiya Battery">Nishinomiya Battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadamisaki_Battery" title="Wadamisaki Battery">Wadamisaki Battery</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jersey">Jersey</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martello_tower&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Jersey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tou_d%27V%C3%AEnde,_J%C3%A8rri_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Tou_d%27V%C3%AEnde%2C_J%C3%A8rri_2.jpg/220px-Tou_d%27V%C3%AEnde%2C_J%C3%A8rri_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Tou_d%27V%C3%AEnde%2C_J%C3%A8rri_2.jpg/330px-Tou_d%27V%C3%AEnde%2C_J%C3%A8rri_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Tou_d%27V%C3%AEnde%2C_J%C3%A8rri_2.jpg/440px-Tou_d%27V%C3%AEnde%2C_J%C3%A8rri_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1511" data-file-height="718" /></a><figcaption>La Tour de Vinde, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Br%C3%A9lade" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Brélade">Saint Brélade</a>, Jersey</figcaption></figure> <p>The British built eight true Martello towers in <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a>, three between 1808 and 1814, and five between 1834 and 1837, one of which, L'Etacq, the German occupation forces destroyed during World War II. The three original towers are:<sup id="cite_ref-Clements_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clements-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icho_Tower&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Icho Tower (page does not exist)">Icho Tower</a> (1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portelet_Tower" title="Portelet Tower">Portelet Tower</a> (1808)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Tour_de_Vinde" title="La Tour de Vinde">La Tour de Vinde</a> (AKA Noirmont; 1808–1814)<sup id="cite_ref-Grimsley_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimsley-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The four surviving, later towers are:<sup id="cite_ref-Clements_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clements-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Tower,_Jersey" title="Lewis Tower, Jersey">Lewis Tower</a> (AKA St Ouen 1; 1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kempt_Tower" title="Kempt Tower">Kempt Tower</a> (AKA St Ouen 2; 1834)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Collette_Tower&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Collette Tower (page does not exist)">La Collette Tower</a> – Absorbed into the 19th-century artificers' barracks and workshops</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Tower,_Jersey" title="Victoria Tower, Jersey">Victoria Tower</a> (1837)</li></ul> <p>In addition, there are a number of towers in Jersey (the <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Round_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey Round Tower">Jersey Round Towers</a>), that are frequently referred to as Martello towers, though they are not Martellos. They were built in the late 18th century, i.e., before the Martellos, and differ from them in a number of ways. One may think of them as precursors,<sup id="cite_ref-Clements_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clements-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> like the Genoese towers they resemble. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malta">Malta</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martello_tower&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Malta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malta_-_Pembroke_-_Triq_Martin_Luther_King_-_Madliena_Tower_03_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Malta_-_Pembroke_-_Triq_Martin_Luther_King_-_Madliena_Tower_03_ies.jpg/220px-Malta_-_Pembroke_-_Triq_Martin_Luther_King_-_Madliena_Tower_03_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Malta_-_Pembroke_-_Triq_Martin_Luther_King_-_Madliena_Tower_03_ies.jpg/330px-Malta_-_Pembroke_-_Triq_Martin_Luther_King_-_Madliena_Tower_03_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Malta_-_Pembroke_-_Triq_Martin_Luther_King_-_Madliena_Tower_03_ies.jpg/440px-Malta_-_Pembroke_-_Triq_Martin_Luther_King_-_Madliena_Tower_03_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Madliena_Tower" title="Madliena Tower">Madliena Tower</a> (not a true Martello Tower but sometimes considered as such).</figcaption></figure> <p>The British never built any true Martello Towers in Malta. However, <a href="/wiki/Madliena_Tower" title="Madliena Tower">Madliena Tower</a>, which was one of thirteen <a href="/wiki/De_Redin_towers" title="De Redin towers">De Redin towers</a> built in Malta in 1658–1659, began to be used as if it was a Martello Tower and it is sometimes considered as such. Various modifications were made, including mounting a 64-pound rifled muzzle loading (RML) gun on the roof for coastal defence. From the late 19th century onwards it defended part of the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Lines" title="Victoria Lines">Victoria Lines</a>. The tower remained in use until World War II. It still stands today, despite having some minor modifications to its original structure, and it was recently restored.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mauritius">Mauritius</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martello_tower&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Mauritius"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The British built five Martello Towers between 1832 and 1835 at Grand River North West (2), Black River (2), and Port Louis (1), of which three survive. One tower, named Cunningham Tower after Lieutenant-Colonel Cunningham, the commanding Royal Engineer, was constructed as part of Fort George at the northern side of the entrance to Port Louis harbour. Two towers were built at Grand River North West; on the south-west side of the river bay the tower was built at Pointe aux Sables whilst Fort Victoria was built covering the north-eastern flank. The remaining two were built to support existing batteries, which were also improved, at the mouth of the Black River; one to the north at La Preneuse and the other south of Grande-Rivière-Noire at Batterie de l'Harmonie. Cunningham Tower disappeared after 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tower at Fort Victoria was last mentioned in 1880. In 1865, the <i>Mauritius Almanac and Civil Service Register</i> listed "Two Artillery Men, at 1<a href="/wiki/Shilling" title="Shilling">s</a> each per diem", for the towers at Fort George and Grand River.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Friends of the Environment have restored one Martello tower near the <a href="/wiki/La_Preneuse" title="La Preneuse">La Preneuse</a> public beach, in the Rive Noire/Black River district. The Friends operate it as a museum for visitors. The original entrance to the tower is raised above ground but a new entrance has been constructed at ground level. The other tower in Rive Noire/Black River district <i>[L’Harmonie]</i> still exists but has remained neglected for many years. The other existing tower is at Pointe aux Sables, Grand River North West. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canon_martello_tower_mauritius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Canon_martello_tower_mauritius.jpg/220px-Canon_martello_tower_mauritius.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Canon_martello_tower_mauritius.jpg/330px-Canon_martello_tower_mauritius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Canon_martello_tower_mauritius.jpg/440px-Canon_martello_tower_mauritius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Canon on Martello tower in La Preneuse, Black River, Mauritius</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sierra_Leone">Sierra Leone</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martello_tower&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sierra Leone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Martello tower was built on Tower Hill at <a href="/wiki/Freetown" title="Freetown">Freetown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> in 1805 to defend the port from attacks by the <a href="/wiki/Temne_people" title="Temne people">Temne people</a>. It was significantly modified in 1870 when it was truncated to allow the installation of a water tank to supply Government House (Fort Thornton) with water. The tower has now been incorporated into Sierra Leone's Parliament Buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martello_tower&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MartelloTower-FortBeaufort-SouthAfrica.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/MartelloTower-FortBeaufort-SouthAfrica.JPG/220px-MartelloTower-FortBeaufort-SouthAfrica.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/MartelloTower-FortBeaufort-SouthAfrica.JPG/330px-MartelloTower-FortBeaufort-SouthAfrica.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/MartelloTower-FortBeaufort-SouthAfrica.JPG/440px-MartelloTower-FortBeaufort-SouthAfrica.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Martello tower at Fort Beaufort</figcaption></figure> <p>The British built three Martello towers in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, one at <a href="/wiki/Naval_Base_Simon%27s_Town" title="Naval Base Simon's Town">Simon's Town Naval base</a> near <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, one at Cape Town, and the third at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Beaufort" title="Fort Beaufort">Fort Beaufort</a>. The tower at Simon's Town and Cape Town were both built in 1795. The tower at Cape Town was demolished over 100 years ago, but the tower at Simon's Town now is sometimes claimed as the oldest Martello in the world. It is arguable as to whether one should properly call it a Martello Tower.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That said, <a href="/wiki/Vice_Admiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Admiral">Vice Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Elphinstone,_1st_Viscount_Keith" title="George Elphinstone, 1st Viscount Keith">George Elphinstone</a>, who commanded the force that captured the colony and then served briefly as its governor, had served with the Mediterranean fleet off Corsica in 1794.<sup id="cite_ref-Sutcliffe_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutcliffe-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British built the tower at Fort Beaufort in 1837, and it is probably the only example of an inland Martello tower. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spain">Spain</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martello_tower&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the last period of British occupation (1798–1802) of <a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Menorca</a>, Sir <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stuart_(1753%E2%80%931801)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Stuart (1753–1801)">Charles Stuart</a>, the then British governor, ordered Engineer Captain Robert D'Arcy to build some 12 Martello towers along the coast.<sup id="cite_ref-Sutcliffe_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutcliffe-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These, when added to the three Spanish towers already in place, gave Menorca 15 towers.<sup id="cite_ref-Grundy_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grundy-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British built five towers to protect <a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%B3n" title="Mahón">Mahón</a>: Phillipet on Lazareto Island, Cala Taulera (St. Clair) and Los Freus (Erskine) on the peninsula of La Mola, Stuart's Tower, and a tower on the Punta de Sant Carlos, which the Spanish destroyed when they took regained possession of Menorca. To the northwest of Mahón the British built two more towers, Sa Torreta and Sa Mezquita. </p><p>One tower, the Princess Tower, or the Erskine Tower, was incorporated into the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortress_of_Isabel_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fortress of Isabel II (page does not exist)">Fortress of Isabel II</a>, built between 1850 and 1875. The tower was converted to a powder magazine, which led to its destruction in 1958, when lightning struck the tower. The explosion destroyed the tower, blowing out large sections of its walls. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanitja_tower.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sanitja_tower.JPG/220px-Sanitja_tower.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sanitja_tower.JPG/330px-Sanitja_tower.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sanitja_tower.JPG/440px-Sanitja_tower.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1198" data-file-height="958" /></a><figcaption>Martello tower at Cap Cavalleria, Menorca.</figcaption></figure> <p>The British erected Stuart's Tower in 1798 on Turks Hill or Hangman's Hill to the south of the port of <a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%B3n" title="Mahón">Mahón</a> at San Esteban or Saint Stephen's bay on the southern side of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortress_of_San_Felipe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fortress of San Felipe (page does not exist)">Fortress of San Felipe</a>. In 1756 and again in 1781, batteries on the hill had supported successful attacks on the Fortress. The tower was built both to secure the hill and protect the entrance to the bay. The tower's name was later changed to Torre d'en Penjat, or Hangman's Tower. </p><p>To protect the harbor of <a href="/wiki/Fornells,_Menorca" title="Fornells, Menorca">Fornells</a>, the British built a tower on the rocky headland overlooking the harbor's mouth, and a small tower on the island of Sargantana. They complemented these two towers with two more small towers nearby, one at Sa Nitsa and one at Addaya. </p><p>Lastly, the British built one tower at Santandria to protect the old capital of <a href="/wiki/Ciutadella_de_Menorca" title="Ciutadella de Menorca">Ciutadella</a>. </p><p>In addition to the 12 towers that they built, the British made use of three towers that the Spanish had built earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-Grundy_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grundy-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1781, Captain Francisco Fernandez de Angulo had built towers south of Port Mahon at Punta Prima and Alcufar, based on the design of those that the Spanish had built in Gando, <a href="/wiki/Gran_Canaria" title="Gran Canaria">Gran Canaria</a>, in 1740. At <a href="/wiki/Ciutadella_de_Menorca" title="Ciutadella de Menorca">Ciutadella</a> the British used the St. Nicholas's Tower, built in 1690. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a> returned Menorca to Spain in 1802. Around 1804, the Spanish built a tower at Punta Na Radona to protect the beach at <a href="/wiki/Son_Bou,_Menorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Son Bou, Menorca">Son Bou</a>, Menorca. In 1808, Captain <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cochrane,_10th_Earl_of_Dundonald" title="Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald">Lord Cochrane</a>, commanding the 38-gun <a href="/wiki/Fifth-rate" title="Fifth-rate">fifth-rate</a> <a href="/wiki/Sailing_frigate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailing frigate">frigate</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Imperieuse_(1805)" title="HMS Imperieuse (1805)">HMS <i>Imperieuse</i></a>, sent ashore a landing party that destroyed the unarmed tower. (<a href="/wiki/Frederick_Marryat" title="Frederick Marryat">Frederick Marryat</a>, later a naval captain and author, was serving as a <a href="/wiki/Midshipman" title="Midshipman">midshipman</a> aboard <i>Imperieuse</i> at the time.) (This fort has 17 walls.) </p><p>There are also four towers on the island of <a href="/wiki/Formentera" title="Formentera">Formentera</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one on the nearby island of <a href="/wiki/Espalmador" class="mw-redirect" title="Espalmador">S'Empalmador</a> (<span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Martello_tower&params=38_47_5.28_N_1_25_5.01_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°47′5.28″N</span> <span class="longitude">1°25′5.01″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.7848000°N 1.4180583°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.7848000; 1.4180583</span></span></span></a></span></span>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torre_Martello_San_Julian_Cartagena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Torre_Martello_San_Julian_Cartagena.jpg/220px-Torre_Martello_San_Julian_Cartagena.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Torre_Martello_San_Julian_Cartagena.jpg/330px-Torre_Martello_San_Julian_Cartagena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Torre_Martello_San_Julian_Cartagena.jpg/440px-Torre_Martello_San_Julian_Cartagena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Martello tower at Castle of San Julian, Cartagena de Levante</figcaption></figure><p>Another tower was erected by English troops stationed in the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Spain" title="Cartagena, Spain">Cartagena</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a>. The tower was erected in the center of 1799 fort, in mount St. Julian, dominating port and mouth. In the summer of 1812 English engineers destroyed the fort and erected a tower: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... the British are working on opening a path from the east coast to the post on Mount St. Julian, where they try to build a six-piece battery held in a tower 24 feet in diameter.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Report by Second Lieutenant Navarro, March 10, 1813.</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Is reduced to a well-built coast tower, but only mounts and is capable of a rotating gun ... The tower contains two floors and the platform. The ground floor is for the warehouse and spare part. The main one for accommodation, and in this one is the door for ladder of hand, and two spans that, besides serving for ventilation, are arranged to receive small caliber guns ... The platform mounts a rotating gun and has a small bench for the fire of rifle. Under the lower floor there is a cistern.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Plano de la plaza de Cartagena, Tebar, Echevarria, Pajares, 1855</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The later constructions that gave rise to the present fortress of <a href="/wiki/Castillo_de_San_Juli%C3%A1n" title="Castillo de San Julián">San Julián</a> is still in good condition<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is used as a base for telephone aerials and antennas. The interior, which is only accessible to technicians, is supposedly well preserved. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Saint_Helena">Saint Helena</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martello_tower&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Saint Helena"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a Martello tower at <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> that was incorporated into <a href="/wiki/High_Knoll_Fort" title="High Knoll Fort">High Knoll Fort</a>. The tower was very similar in design to the tower at Simon's Town, with a diameter of about 45 ft (14 m) and a height of approximately 20 ft (6.1 m).<sup id="cite_ref-Clements_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clements-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martello_tower&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> has one <a href="/wiki/Martello_tower_(Hambantota)" title="Martello tower (Hambantota)">Martello tower</a>, located at <a href="/wiki/Hambantota" title="Hambantota">Hambantota</a> on the south coast, which was restored in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This tower may have been involved in repelling a French attack though there is nothing more than circumstantial support for the notion. British engineers commenced work on three towers to protect <a href="/wiki/Trincomalee" title="Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a> but never completed them.<sup id="cite_ref-Clements_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clements-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martello_tower&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portsmouth_nh_martello.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Portsmouth_nh_martello.jpg/220px-Portsmouth_nh_martello.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Portsmouth_nh_martello.jpg/330px-Portsmouth_nh_martello.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Portsmouth_nh_martello.jpg 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="219" /></a><figcaption>Ruined Martello tower at New Castle, New Hampshire, overlooking Portsmouth harbour in the late 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> government built several Martello towers at locations along the eastern seaboard. Two are at <a href="/wiki/Key_West,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Key West, Florida">Key West, Florida</a>; others were built at the harbours of <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_New_Hampshire" title="Portsmouth, New Hampshire">Portsmouth, New Hampshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. Two more Martello towers stood at <a href="/wiki/Tybee_Island,_Georgia" title="Tybee Island, Georgia">Tybee Island, Georgia</a> and Bayou Dupre, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:41stInfRegtCOA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/41stInfRegtCOA.png" decoding="async" width="87" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="87" data-file-height="188" /></a><figcaption>41st Infantry Coat of arms with a Martello Tower</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the Americans copied the design from the towers the British erected in Canada, the American Martello towers differed in some significant respects from the British. The Martello tower built at <a href="/wiki/Tybee_Island,_Georgia" title="Tybee Island, Georgia">Tybee Island, Georgia</a> was constructed around 1815 utilizing wood and <a href="/wiki/Tabby_(cement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabby (cement)">tabby concrete</a>, a common local building material at the time, instead of the brick or stone that the British towers used. Also, unlike the British towers, the Tybee tower featured <a href="/wiki/Embrasure" title="Embrasure">gun loops</a> on the garrison floor that enabled <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">muskets</a> to be fired through the walls.<sup id="cite_ref-robert19_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robert19-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was never tested in battle and by the time of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> was in a state of disrepair. Its unfamiliar design confused local writers, who often said that the Spanish had built the tower when Georgia was Spain's colony.<sup id="cite_ref-robert19_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robert19-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Key West towers, though the locals refer to them as Martellos, were square instead of round and had thin walls with long gun loops. In addition, a curtain wall of heavy guns encircled the Key West towers making them, effectively, keeps instead of standalone towers. </p><p>A Martello tower figures in the arms of the <a href="/wiki/41st_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="41st Infantry Regiment (United States)">41st Infantry Regiment of the United States Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_Martello_towers_outside_Great_Britain">List of Martello towers outside Great Britain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martello_tower&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: List of Martello towers outside Great Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Location </th> <th>Tower name </th> <th>Built </th> <th>Current status </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fort_Denison" title="Fort Denison">Fort Denison</a> </td> <td>1856 </td> <td>Museum, harbour light station. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Barbuda" title="Barbuda">Barbuda</a> </td> <td>Near <a href="/wiki/Palmetto_Point,_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmetto Point, Antigua and Barbuda">Palmetto Point</a> </td> <td>River Fort Martello Tower </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ferry_Reach,_Bermuda" title="Ferry Reach, Bermuda">Ferry Reach</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1823–1828 </td> <td>Can be visited </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tortola" title="Tortola">Tortola</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fort_Recovery,_Tortola" title="Fort Recovery, Tortola">Fort Recovery</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Private (hotel) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Point_Pleasant_Park" title="Point Pleasant Park">Point Pleasant Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> </td> <td>Prince of Wales's Tower </td> <td>1796 </td> <td>Open to public </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Urban_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Halifax Urban Area">Halifax, Nova Scotia</a> </td> <td>Duke of York's Tower </td> <td>c.1798 </td> <td>Lower levels still exist. Site partially boarded off, can be visited </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Urban_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Halifax Urban Area">Halifax, Nova Scotia</a> </td> <td>Duke of Clarence's Tower </td> <td>c.1798 </td> <td>Demolished prior to 1900 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston, Ontario</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fort_Frederick_(Kingston)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Frederick (Kingston)">Fort Frederick</a> </td> <td>1846/7 </td> <td>Museum </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston, Ontario</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Murney_Tower" title="Murney Tower">Murney Tower</a> </td> <td>1846 </td> <td>Museum </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston, Ontario</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shoal_Tower" title="Shoal Tower">Shoal Tower</a> </td> <td>1846 </td> <td>Closed to Public </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston, Ontario</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cathcart_Tower" title="Cathcart Tower">Cathcart Tower</a> </td> <td>1846 </td> <td>Closed to Public </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quebec_City,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec City, Quebec">Quebec City, Quebec</a> </td> <td>Tower #1 </td> <td>1808–1812 </td> <td>Museum </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quebec_City,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec City, Quebec">Quebec City, Quebec</a> </td> <td>Tower #2 </td> <td>1808–1812 </td> <td>Open for group activities through National Battlefields Commission </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quebec_City,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec City, Quebec">Quebec City, Quebec</a> </td> <td>Tower #3 </td> <td>1808–1812 </td> <td>Destroyed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quebec_City,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec City, Quebec">Quebec City, Quebec</a> </td> <td>Tower #4 </td> <td>1808–1812 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccbn-nbc.gc.ca/fr/activites/activites-animees/tourmenteuse/">Tourist activity - Escape game</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saint_John,_New_Brunswick" title="Saint John, New Brunswick">Saint John, New Brunswick</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carleton_Martello_Tower" title="Carleton Martello Tower">Carleton Martello Tower</a> </td> <td>1815 </td> <td>Museum </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kor%C4%8Dula" title="Korčula">Korčula</a> </td> <td>Forteca Korčula (Fort Wellington) </td> <td>1813 </td> <td>Deserted, accessible to hikers </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arnala_fort" title="Arnala fort">Arnala Island</a> </td> <td>Hanumant Bastion </td> <td>c. 1530s<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Deserted and Dilapidated. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Achill_Island" title="Achill Island">Achill Island</a> </td> <td>Gabhla Fhranca </td> <td>c. 1803–1815 </td> <td>Partially collapsed but accessible to hikers </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aughinish,_County_Clare" title="Aughinish, County Clare">Aughinish</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aughinish_Tower" title="Aughinish Tower">Aughinish Tower</a> </td> <td>1811 </td> <td>Private residence </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Banagher" title="Banagher">Banagher</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Meelick_Martello_Tower" title="Meelick Martello Tower">Meelick Martello Tower</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Private residence </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Drogheda" title="Drogheda">Drogheda</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Millmount_Fort" title="Millmount Fort">Millmount Fort</a> </td> <td>c. 1808 </td> <td>Extant </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Balbriggan" title="Balbriggan">Balbriggan</a> </td> <td>North No. 12 </td> <td>1804–05<sup id="cite_ref-buildingsofireland1_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buildingsofireland1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Extant </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Skerries,_Dublin" title="Skerries, Dublin">Skerries</a>, Red Island </td> <td>North No. 11 </td> <td>1804–05<sup id="cite_ref-buildingsofireland1_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buildingsofireland1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Extant </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td>Skerries, <a href="/wiki/Shenick_Island" title="Shenick Island">Shenick Island</a> </td> <td>North No. 10 </td> <td>1804–05<sup id="cite_ref-buildingsofireland1_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buildingsofireland1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Extant </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Drumanagh" title="Drumanagh">Drumanagh</a> </td> <td>North No. 9 </td> <td>1804–05<sup id="cite_ref-buildingsofireland1_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buildingsofireland1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Extant </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rush,_Dublin" title="Rush, Dublin">Rush</a> </td> <td>North No. 8 </td> <td>1804–05<sup id="cite_ref-buildingsofireland1_60-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buildingsofireland1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Extant </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Portrane" title="Portrane">Portrane</a>, Tower Bay </td> <td>North No. 7 </td> <td>1804–05 </td> <td>Private residence </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Donabate" title="Donabate">Donabate</a>, Balcarrick </td> <td>North No. 6 </td> <td>1804–05<sup id="cite_ref-buildingsofireland1_60-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buildingsofireland1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Extant </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malahide" title="Malahide">Malahide</a>, Robswall </td> <td>North No. 5, <i>Hicks Tower</i><sup id="cite_ref-buildingsofireland1_60-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buildingsofireland1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1804–05<sup id="cite_ref-buildingsofireland1_60-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buildingsofireland1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Private residence </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Portmarnock" title="Portmarnock">Portmarnock</a>, Carrickhill </td> <td>North No. 4 </td> <td>1804–05<sup id="cite_ref-buildingsofireland1_60-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buildingsofireland1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Private residence </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland%27s_Eye" title="Ireland's Eye">Ireland's Eye</a> </td> <td>North No. 3 </td> <td>1804–05<sup id="cite_ref-buildingsofireland1_60-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buildingsofireland1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Extant </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Howth" title="Howth">Howth</a>, Harbour Rd. </td> <td>North No. 2 </td> <td>1804–05<sup id="cite_ref-buildingsofireland1_60-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buildingsofireland1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ye_Olde_Hurdy_Gurdy_Museum_of_Vintage_Radio" title="Ye Olde Hurdy Gurdy Museum of Vintage Radio">Ye Olde Hurdy Gurdy Museum of Vintage Radio</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sutton,_Dublin" title="Sutton, Dublin">Sutton</a> South </td> <td>North No. 1 </td> <td>1804–05<sup id="cite_ref-buildingsofireland1_60-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buildingsofireland1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Private residence </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sandymount" title="Sandymount">Sandymount</a> </td> <td>South No. 16 </td> <td>1804–05 </td> <td>Extant </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blackrock,_Dublin" title="Blackrock, Dublin">Williamstown</a> </td> <td>South No. 15 </td> <td>1804–05 </td> <td>Extant </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seapoint" title="Seapoint">Seapoint</a> </td> <td>South No. 14 </td> <td>1804–05 </td> <td>Restored. Exhibition on the history of Dublin's Martello Towers. Guided tours during the summer months </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BAn_Laoghaire" title="Dún Laoghaire">Kingstown Harbour, West Pier</a> </td> <td>South No. 13 </td> <td>1804–05 </td> <td>Tower & battery, both demolished 1836 during extension of <a href="/wiki/Dublin_%26_Kingstown_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin & Kingstown Railway">Dublin & Kingstown Railway</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BAn_Laoghaire" title="Dún Laoghaire">Dún Laoghaire</a>, site of present-day <i>Peoples Park</i> </td> <td>South No. 12 </td> <td>1804–05 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sandycove" title="Sandycove">Sandycove</a> </td> <td>South No. 11, <i><a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>'s Martello tower</i> </td> <td>1804–05 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Joyce_Tower_and_Museum" title="James Joyce Tower and Museum">James Joyce Tower and Museum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulloch_Harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulloch Harbour">Bulloch Harbour</a> </td> <td>South No. 10 </td> <td>1804–05 </td> <td>Private residence </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dalkey_Island" title="Dalkey Island">Dalkey Island</a> </td> <td>South No. 9 </td> <td>1804–05 </td> <td>Extant </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td>Killiney, south end of Strathmore Road </td> <td>South No. 8 </td> <td>1804–05 </td> <td>Site of battery, not tower </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td>Killiney, Tara Hill </td> <td>South No. 7 </td> <td>1804–05 </td> <td>Fully restored </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Killiney" title="Killiney">Killiney</a>, beach </td> <td>South No. 6, <i>Enoch's Tower</i> </td> <td>1804–05 </td> <td>Private residence </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td>Shanganagh </td> <td>South No. 5 </td> <td>1804–05 </td> <td>Site of battery, not tower </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td>Shanganagh, Mahera Point </td> <td>South No. 4 </td> <td>1804–05 </td> <td>Lost to <a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">coastal erosion</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td>Bray, Corke Abbey </td> <td>South No. 3 </td> <td>1804–05 </td> <td>Lost to coastal erosion </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td>Bray harbour </td> <td>South No. 2 </td> <td>1804–05<sup id="cite_ref-buildingsofireland2_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buildingsofireland2-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Private residence </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bray,_County_Wicklow" title="Bray, County Wicklow">Bray</a> beach </td> <td>South No. 1 </td> <td>1804–05 </td> <td>Demolished 1884, when Esplanade constructed <sup id="cite_ref-buildingsofireland2_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buildingsofireland2-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ilnacullin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilnacullin">Ilnacullin</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Tower and gardens open to public (access by boat from <a href="/wiki/Glengarriff" title="Glengarriff">Glengarriff</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bere_Island" title="Bere Island">Bere Island</a>, Cloughland </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td>Bere Island, Ardagh </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finavarra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Finavarra (page does not exist)">Finavarra</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Finavarra_Tower" title="Finavarra Tower">Finavarra Tower</a> </td> <td>1816 </td> <td>Open to public </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ringaskiddy" title="Ringaskiddy">Ringaskiddy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cork_Harbour" title="Cork Harbour">Cork Harbour</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Haulbowline_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Haulbowline Island">Haulbowline Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cork_Harbour" title="Cork Harbour">Cork Harbour</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Museum, owned by Irish Navy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fota_Island" title="Fota Island">Fota Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cork_Harbour" title="Cork Harbour">Cork Harbour</a> </td> <td>Monning Tower </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rossleague&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rossleague (page does not exist)">Rossleague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobh" title="Cobh">Cobh</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belvelly" title="Belvelly">Belvelly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobh" title="Cobh">Cobh</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Private residence </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lough_Swilly" title="Lough Swilly">Lough Swilly</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Macamish_Fort" title="Macamish Fort">Macamish Tower</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lough_Foyle" title="Lough Foyle">Lough Foyle</a> </td> <td>Greencastle Tower </td> <td> </td> <td>Extended to a Fort completed in 1812. Restaurant </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td>Lough Foyle </td> <td>Magilligan Tower </td> <td> </td> <td>Restored </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td>Loughshinny </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rathmullan" title="Rathmullan">Rathmullan</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rossaveal" title="Rossaveal">Ros a' Mhíl</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a> </td> <td>Cariddi's Tower or Tower of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ganzirri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ganzirri (page does not exist)">Ganzirri</a> </td> <td>1810? </td> <td>Closed to public </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Mazzone's Tower or Tower of British Fort </td> <td>1810? </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Priolo_Gargallo" title="Priolo Gargallo">Priolo Gargallo</a> </td> <td>Torre di Magnisi </td> <td>1810? </td> <td>Can be visited </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Castello_Maniace" title="Castello Maniace">Castello Maniace</a> </td> <td>1810? </td> <td>Open to public </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica" title="Kingston, Jamaica">Kingston</a> </td> <td>Fort Nugent </td> <td>1808–11? </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monrovia" title="Monrovia">Monrovia</a> </td> <td>Fort Stockton </td> <td>1822 </td> <td>since 1822, August under construction, later named as coast battery <i>Fort Hill</i><sup id="cite_ref-Liberia_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liberia-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Madliena" title="Madliena">Madliena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pembroke,_Malta" title="Pembroke, Malta">Pembroke</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Madliena_Tower" title="Madliena Tower">Madliena Tower</a> </td> <td>1658 </td> <td>Intact, recently restored </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> </td> <td>Grand River North West </td> <td>Pointe aux Sables </td> <td>1832–35 </td> <td>abandoned but no fences, entrance still on second story </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> </td> <td>Grand River North West </td> <td>Fort Victoria </td> <td>1832–35 </td> <td>Last mentioned 1880 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rivi%C3%A8re_Noire_District" title="Rivière Noire District">Grande-Rivière-Noire</a> </td> <td>L'Harmonie </td> <td>1832–35 </td> <td>Ruined (now a national monument) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rivi%C3%A8re_Noire_District" title="Rivière Noire District">Black River</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/La_Preneuse" title="La Preneuse">La Preneuse</a> </td> <td>1832–35 </td> <td>Museum </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> </td> <td>Fort George, <a href="/wiki/Port_Louis" title="Port Louis">Port Louis</a> </td> <td>Cunningham Tower </td> <td>1832–35 </td> <td>Disappeared after 1914. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Freetown" title="Freetown">Freetown</a> </td> <td>Tower Hill Martello Tower </td> <td>1805 </td> <td>Part of Parliament Buildings </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fort_Beaufort" title="Fort Beaufort">Fort Beaufort</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1839–46 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Simon%27s_Town" title="Simon's Town">Simon's Town</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1795/6 </td> <td>At the Naval Base. Houses a small museum. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> </td> <td>Craig's Tower </td> <td>1795/6 </td> <td>Demolished late 19th century </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hambantota" title="Hambantota">Hambantota</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1801–03 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Spain" title="Port of Spain">Port of Spain</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Picton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fort Picton (page does not exist)">Fort Picton</a> </td> <td>1801 </td> <td>Abandoned by 1810. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lake_Borgne" title="Lake Borgne">Lake Borgne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> </td> <td>Tower Dupre </td> <td>1830? </td> <td>Hexagonal; originally built on shore, 150 ft (46 m) from water, near <a href="/wiki/Bayou_Dupre" title="Bayou Dupre">Bayou Dupre</a>'s entrance to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Borgne" title="Lake Borgne">Lake Borgne</a>; for much of the twentieth century was private fishing camp;<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> photo at Wikimedia Commons;<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> destroyed in 2005 by <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fort_Johnson_(South_Carolina)" title="Fort Johnson (South Carolina)">Fort Johnson</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Key_West,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Key West, Florida">Key West, Florida</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>East tower is a museum; West tower converted to a botanical garden; both open to the public </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_Harbor" title="New York Harbor">New York Harbor</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Destroyed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_New_Hampshire" title="Portsmouth, New Hampshire">Portsmouth, New Hampshire</a> </td> <td>Walbach Tower </td> <td>1814 </td> <td>Incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Fort_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Constitution">Fort Constitution</a>; ruined<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tybee_Island,_Georgia" title="Tybee Island, Georgia">Tybee Island, Georgia</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1815 </td> <td>It served as an office of the Georgia Telegraph and Telephone Company and finally as the post office for Fort Screven. In 1913, the building was damaged in a fire and it was finally dismantled the following year to clear the field of fire for the guns of Fort Screven.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martello_tower&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Martello_towers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Martello towers">Martello towers</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blockhouse" title="Blockhouse">Blockhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_tower" title="Fortified tower">Fortified tower</a></li> <li>Scottish <a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></li></ul> <p><b>Lists:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles" title="List of castles">List of castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fortifications" title="List of fortifications">List of fortifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forts" title="List of forts">List of forts</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martello_tower&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bass-junk was a type of cable made of grass.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> reports that "bass" is a name "given elliptically to various articles made of this [fibre] or similar material; e.g. a mat, a hassock, a flat plaited bag or flexible basket."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martello_tower&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vigano (2001), pp. 41–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abram_2003,_p._103-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abram_2003,_p._103_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abram_2003,_p._103_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abram (2003), p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The United Service Magazine</i>, Volume 51, p.301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGazette13631" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/13631/page/222">"No. 13631"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 15 March 1794. p. 222.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+13631&rft.pages=222&rft.date=1794-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F13631%2Fpage%2F222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartello+tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sutcliffe-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sutcliffe_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sutcliffe_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sutcliffe_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sutcliffe_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sutcliffe_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sutcliffe (1973).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-robert19-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-robert19_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-robert19_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-robert19_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-robert19_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ciucevich (2005), pp. 19–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rooke (1857), p.68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clements-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clements_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clements_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clements_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clements_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clements_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clements_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clements_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clements_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Clements (1998).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mead (1948), pp. 205–17, 294–303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ward (1949), pp. 18–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link 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id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101223024147/http://www.martello-towers.co.uk/south-coast/towers/dymchurch-redoubt.htm">"Dymchurch Redoubt"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Public+Archives+of+Nova+Scotia+C%40P+Site+%E2%80%93+The+Royal+Engineers+in+Halifax+%E2%80%93+Exhibit&rft.pub=Gov.ns.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.ns.ca%2Fnsarm%2Fcap%2Froyalengineers%2Fexhibit.asp%3FID%3D156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartello+tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.ns.ca/nsarm/cap/royalengineers/Results.asp?Search=Buildings%20-%20Military%20-%20Martello%20Tower:%20%20Duke%20of%20Clarence%27s%20Tower,%20Fort%20Clarence">"Fort Clarence"</a>. <i>The Royal Engineers in Halifax</i>. Public Archives of Nova Scotia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071203080702/http://www.gov.ns.ca/nsarm/cap/royalengineers/Results.asp?Search=Buildings%20-%20Military%20-%20Martello%20Tower:%20%20Duke%20of%20Clarence's%20Tower,%20Fort%20Clarence">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Engineers+in+Halifax&rft.atitle=Fort+Clarence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.ns.ca%2Fnsarm%2Fcap%2Froyalengineers%2FResults.asp%3FSearch%3DBuildings%2520-%2520Military%2520-%2520Martello%2520Tower%3A%2520%2520Duke%2520of%2520Clarence%2527s%2520Tower%2C%2520Fort%2520Clarence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartello+tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081014214939/http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/environment/FOMIS/Gallery/Buildings/pages/Sherbrooke.html">"Sherbrooke"</a>. Chebucto.ns.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/environment/FOMIS/Gallery/Buildings/pages/Sherbrooke.html">the original</a> on 14 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sherbrooke&rft.pub=Chebucto.ns.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chebucto.ns.ca%2Fenvironment%2FFOMIS%2FGallery%2FBuildings%2Fpages%2FSherbrooke.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartello+tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/ca-on-ki.html#des">"Kingston, Ontario (Canada)"</a>. <i>www.crwflags.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141011194926/http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/ca-on-ki.html#des">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.crwflags.com&rft.atitle=Kingston%2C+Ontario+%28Canada%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crwflags.com%2Ffotw%2Fflags%2Fca-on-ki.html%23des&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartello+tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clements83-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clements83_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clements (1998), p.83-90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clements (1998), pp. 133 & 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParbury1844" class="citation book cs1">Parbury, Allen (1844). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I51FAQAAMAAJ&q=martello+tower+India&pg=PA114"><i>The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China, and Australia. 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Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture. p. 115.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+Architecture+in+Hyderabad%2C+Deccan%2C+India&rft.place=Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Aga+Khan+Program+for+Islamic+Architecture&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Khalidi&rft.aufirst=Omar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibraries.mit.edu%2Fimg%2Flibs%2Frotch%2FHyderabadGuide_2009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartello+tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ranchi-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ranchi_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pakur.nic.in/about-district/history/">"History, District Pakur, Jharkhand"</a>. Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Gov't of India<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2023</span>. <q>Martello Tower is now the reminants of the struggle fought between the British and the Santhals ... was built in the year 1856 by Sir Martin the ten S.D.O., Pakur with view to protect the British Raj from the onslaughts of the Santhals.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History%2C+District+Pakur%2C+Jharkhand&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Electronics+and+Information+Technology%2C+Gov%27t+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpakur.nic.in%2Fabout-district%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartello+tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grimsley-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grimsley_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grimsley (1988), p.43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpiteri2010" class="citation web cs1">Spiteri, Stephen C. (11 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.militaryarchitecture.com/index.php/Fortifications/madliena-tower-maltas-martello-tower.html">"Madliena Tower – Malta's 'Martello' Tower"</a>. <i>MilitaryArchitecture.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151019035044/http://www.militaryarchitecture.com/index.php/Fortifications/madliena-tower-maltas-martello-tower.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MilitaryArchitecture.com&rft.atitle=Madliena+Tower+%E2%80%93+Malta%27s+%27Martello%27+Tower&rft.date=2010-08-11&rft.aulast=Spiteri&rft.aufirst=Stephen+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.militaryarchitecture.com%2Findex.php%2FFortifications%2Fmadliena-tower-maltas-martello-tower.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartello+tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://images.nationalarchives.gov.uk/assetbank-nationalarchives/action/viewAsset?id=83107&index=52&total=73&view=viewSearchItem">"Image details - Skeleton record plan, Fort George, Mauritius - The National Archives Image library"</a>. <i>images.nationalarchives.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=images.nationalarchives.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Image+details+-+Skeleton+record+plan%2C+Fort+George%2C+Mauritius+-+The+National+Archives+Image+library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimages.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fassetbank-nationalarchives%2Faction%2FviewAsset%3Fid%3D83107%26index%3D52%26total%3D73%26view%3DviewSearchItem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartello+tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Mauritius Almanac and Civil Service Register</i> (1865; Harrison and Sons), p.23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080604073434/http://www.welcometosierraleone.org/heritage-sites.asp">"National Tourist Board – Heritage Sites"</a>. Welcometosierraleone.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.welcometosierraleone.org/heritage-sites.asp#Martello">the original</a> on 4 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Tourist+Board+%E2%80%93+Heritage+Sites&rft.pub=Welcometosierraleone.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.welcometosierraleone.org%2Fheritage-sites.asp%23Martello&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartello+tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brock & Brock (1976), p.162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grundy-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grundy_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grundy_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grundy (1991).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClementsClements2011" class="citation book cs1">Clements, Bill; Clements, William H. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hLX7kXj-lrsC&pg=PA56"><i>Martello Towers Worldwide</i></a>. Casemate Publishers. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84884-535-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84884-535-0"><bdi>978-1-84884-535-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martello+Towers+Worldwide&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Casemate+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84884-535-0&rft.aulast=Clements&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.au=Clements%2C+William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhLX7kXj-lrsC%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartello+tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuimaraens_Igual2007" class="citation thesis cs1">Guimaraens Igual, Guillermo (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://riunet.upv.es/handle/10251/2921?show=full"><i>El último hálito de la fortificación abalartuada. El fuerte de San Julián de Cartagena (1)</i></a> (doctoral thesis). <a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Valencia" title="Technical University of Valencia">Technical University of Valencia</a>. pp. 285–311. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4995%2FThesis%2F10251%2F2921">10.4995/Thesis/10251/2921</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170108003342/https://riunet.upv.es/handle/10251/2921?show=full">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=El+%C3%BAltimo+h%C3%A1lito+de+la+fortificaci%C3%B3n+abalartuada.+El+fuerte+de+San+Juli%C3%A1n+de+Cartagena+%281%29&rft.inst=Technical+University+of+Valencia&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4995%2FThesis%2F10251%2F2921&rft.aulast=Guimaraens+Igual&rft.aufirst=Guillermo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Friunet.upv.es%2Fhandle%2F10251%2F2921%3Fshow%3Dfull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartello+tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCall (1999).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Angus Konstam, <i>American Civil War Fortification: Coastal Stone Forts</i>. Osprey Publishing, 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tioh.army.mil/Catalog/HeraldryMulti.aspx?CategoryId=3667&grp=2">"41st Infantry Regiment"</a>. The Institute of Heraldry<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=41st+Infantry+Regiment&rft.pub=The+Institute+of+Heraldry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftioh.army.mil%2FCatalog%2FHeraldryMulti.aspx%3FCategoryId%3D3667%26grp%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartello+tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zQ4IAQAAIAAJ&q=arnala&pg=PA34"><i>Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Tha'na: places of interest</i></a>. Government Central Press. 1882.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gazetteer+of+the+Bombay+Presidency%3A+Tha%27na%3A+places+of+interest&rft.pub=Government+Central+Press&rft.date=1882&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzQ4IAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Darnala%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartello+tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-buildingsofireland1-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-buildingsofireland1_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-buildingsofireland1_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-buildingsofireland1_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-buildingsofireland1_60-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-buildingsofireland1_60-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-buildingsofireland1_60-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-buildingsofireland1_60-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-buildingsofireland1_60-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-buildingsofireland1_60-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-buildingsofireland1_60-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-buildingsofireland1_60-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-buildingsofireland1_60-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312174930/http://buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?checkbox1=true&checkbox2=true&checkbox3=true&checkbox4=true&checkbox5=true&classification=martello+tower&county=fi&datefrom=0&dateto=2000&name=&page=1&town=&townland=&type=advanced">"NIAH"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?county=FI&checkbox1=true&datefrom=0&dateto=2000&checkbox2=true&classification=martello+tower&checkbox3=true&name=&checkbox4=true&town=&checkbox5=true&townland=&type=advanced&page=1">the original</a> on 12 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NIAH&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buildingsofireland.ie%2Fniah%2Fsearch.jsp%3Fcounty%3DFI%26checkbox1%3Dtrue%26datefrom%3D0%26dateto%3D2000%26checkbox2%3Dtrue%26classification%3Dmartello%2Btower%26checkbox3%3Dtrue%26name%3D%26checkbox4%3Dtrue%26town%3D%26checkbox5%3Dtrue%26townland%3D%26type%3Dadvanced%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartello+tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-buildingsofireland2-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-buildingsofireland2_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-buildingsofireland2_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?type=record&county=WI&regno=16301084">"Dominican College Additional Images: Buildings of Ireland: National Inventory of Architectural Heritage"</a>. <i>www.buildingsofireland.ie</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151019035044/http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?type=record&county=WI&regno=16301084">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.buildingsofireland.ie&rft.atitle=Dominican+College+Additional+Images%3A+Buildings+of+Ireland%3A+National+Inventory+of+Architectural+Heritage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buildingsofireland.ie%2Fniah%2Fsearch.jsp%3Ftype%3Drecord%26county%3DWI%26regno%3D16301084&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartello+tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liberia-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Liberia_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151129011042/http://www.scribd.com/doc/33792837/1913-Liberia-Description-History-Problems">"als Digitalisat"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/33792837/1913-Liberia-Description-History-Problems">the original</a> on 29 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=als+Digitalisat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F33792837%2F1913-Liberia-Description-History-Problems&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartello+tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Codman Parkerson, <i>New Orleans, America's Most Fortified City</i>. The Quest, 1990</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG1974" class="citation web cs1">G, KaDee (1 September 1974). <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Martello_Castle_Tower_Dupre_1974.jpg">"English: Tower Dupre was a hexagonal 2 story fortified tower (a Martello Tower or Martello Castle) built in Lake Borgne (Louisiana) from 1827 to 1830. It guarded the entrance to Bayou Dupre and was part of the harbor defense of the Mississippi River. It was destroyed by Hurricane Katrina in 2005 although the ruins are still a popular fishing spot. For more information on its history, see fortwiki.com"</a> – via Wikimedia Commons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=English%3A+Tower+Dupre+was+a+hexagonal+2+story+fortified+tower+%28a+Martello+Tower+or+Martello+Castle%29+built+in+Lake+Borgne+%28Louisiana%29+from+1827+to+1830.+It+guarded+the+entrance+to+Bayou+Dupre+and+was+part+of+the+harbor+defense+of+the+Mississippi+River.+It+was+destroyed+by+Hurricane+Katrina+in+2005+although+the+ruins+are+still+a+popular+fishing+spot.+For+more+information+on+its+history%2C+see+fortwiki.com.&rft.date=1974-09-01&rft.aulast=G&rft.aufirst=KaDee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3AMartello_Castle_Tower_Dupre_1974.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartello+tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nolaforts.blogspot.com/2015/04/tower-dupre-1828-cp-no-34-n29-56709-w89.html">"On the Trail of Codman Parkerson: Tower Dupre, 1828 (CP No. 34) N29 56.709 W89 50.123 04.26.2015"</a>. 27 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+the+Trail+of+Codman+Parkerson%3A+Tower+Dupre%2C+1828+%28CP+No.+34%29+N29+56.709+W89+50.123+04.26.2015&rft.date=2015-04-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnolaforts.blogspot.com%2F2015%2F04%2Ftower-dupre-1828-cp-no-34-n29-56709-w89.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartello+tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Keith, Willis J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scencyclopedia.org/sce/entries/fort-johnson/">"Fort Johnson"</a>. <i>South Carolina Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fort+Johnson&rft.btitle=South+Carolina+Encyclopedia&rft.aulast=Keith&rft.aufirst=Willis+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scencyclopedia.org%2Fsce%2Fentries%2Ffort-johnson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartello+tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seacoastnh.com/Places-&-Events/Historic-Portsmouth/The-Forgotten-Walbach-Tower/">"SeacoastNH.com – The Forgotten Walbach Tower"</a>. Seacoastnh.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131212225456/http://www.seacoastnh.com/Places-%26-Events/Historic-Portsmouth/The-Forgotten-Walbach-Tower/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SeacoastNH.com+%E2%80%93+The+Forgotten+Walbach+Tower&rft.pub=Seacoastnh.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseacoastnh.com%2FPlaces-%26-Events%2FHistoric-Portsmouth%2FThe-Forgotten-Walbach-Tower%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartello+tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.davenporthousemuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/June2015NL.pdf/">"davenporthousemuseum.org – Davenport House Museum"</a>. Davenport House Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200219200935/http://www.davenporthousemuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/June2015NL.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 19 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=davenporthousemuseum.org+%E2%80%93+Davenport+House+Museum&rft.pub=Davenport+House+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.davenporthousemuseum.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F06%2FJune2015NL.pdf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartello+tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martello_tower&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Abram, David (2003) <i>The Rough Guide to Corsica</i> Rough Guides.</li> <li>Bolton, J., Carey, T., Goodbody, R. & Clabby, G. (2012) The Martello Towers of Dublin. (Dublin: Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown & Fingal County Council).</li> <li>Brock, B.B. & Brock, B.G. (1976) <i>Historical Simon's Town</i>. (Cape Town). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86961-055-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-86961-055-4">0-86961-055-4</a></li> <li>Ciucevich, Robert A. (2005) <i>Tybee Island: The Long Branch of the South</i> (Arcadia Publishing).</li> <li>Clements, William H. (1998) <i>Towers of Strength: Story of Martello Towers</i>. (London: Pen & Sword). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85052-679-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85052-679-0">978-0-85052-679-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaly2007" class="citation journal cs1">Daly, Gavin (2007). "English Smugglers, the Channel, and the Napoleonic Wars, 1800–1814". <i>Journal of British Studies</i>. <b>46</b> (1): 30–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F508397">10.1086/508397</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159902078">159902078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+British+Studies&rft.atitle=English+Smugglers%2C+the+Channel%2C+and+the+Napoleonic+Wars%2C+1800%E2%80%931814&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=30-46&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F508397&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159902078%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Daly&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartello+tower" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Grimsley, E.J. (1988) <i>The Historical Development of the Martello Tower in the Channel Islands</i>. (Sarnian Publications). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9513868-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9513868-0-4">978-0-9513868-0-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrundy1991" class="citation journal cs1">Grundy, Mark (1991). "The Martello Towers of Minorca". <i>Fort</i>. <b>19</b>. <a href="/wiki/Fortress_Study_Group" title="Fortress Study Group">Fortress Study Group</a>: 22–58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fort&rft.atitle=The+Martello+Towers+of+Minorca&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=22-58&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Grundy&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartello+tower" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1988" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, Edward (1988). "The Martello Tower at Ferry Point, St George's Island, Bermuda". <i>Mariner's Mirror</i>. <b>74</b> (1): 131–139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00253359.1988.10656190">10.1080/00253359.1988.10656190</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mariner%27s+Mirror&rft.atitle=The+Martello+Tower+at+Ferry+Point%2C+St+George%27s+Island%2C+Bermuda&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=131-139&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00253359.1988.10656190&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartello+tower" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCall1999" class="citation journal cs1">McCall, M. (1999). "The Martello Tower in Hambantota, Sri Lanka". <i>Fort</i>. <b>27</b>. <a href="/wiki/Fortress_Study_Group" title="Fortress Study Group">Fortress Study Group</a>: 143–158.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fort&rft.atitle=The+Martello+Tower+in+Hambantota%2C+Sri+Lanka&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=143-158&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=McCall&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartello+tower" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMead1948" class="citation journal cs1">Mead, H.P. (1948). "The Martello Towers of England". <i>Mariner's Mirror</i>. <b>34</b> (3): 205–17 & 294–303. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00253359.1948.10657527">10.1080/00253359.1948.10657527</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mariner%27s+Mirror&rft.atitle=The+Martello+Towers+of+England&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=205-17+%26+294-303&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00253359.1948.10657527&rft.aulast=Mead&rft.aufirst=H.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartello+tower" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillward2007" class="citation journal cs1">Millward, J. (2007). "The East Coast Martello Towers". <i>Fort</i>. <b>35</b>. <a href="/wiki/Fortress_Study_Group" title="Fortress Study Group">Fortress Study Group</a>: 173–184.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fort&rft.atitle=The+East+Coast+Martello+Towers&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=173-184&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Millward&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartello+tower" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rooke, Octavius (1857) <i>The Channel islands: pictorial, legendary and descriptive</i>.</li> <li>Saunders, Ivan J. (1976) "A History of the Martello Towers in the Defence of British North America, 1796–1871", <i>Occasional Papers in Archaeology and History</i> #15, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Thorn Press Limited.</li> <li>Sutcliffe, Sheila (1973) <i>Martello Towers</i>. (Cranbury, NJ: Associated Universities Press).</li> <li>Vigano, M. (2001) <i>Fort</i> (<a href="/wiki/Fortress_Study_Group" title="Fortress Study Group">Fortress Study Group</a>) <b>29</b>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1949" class="citation journal cs1">Ward, S.G.P. (1949). "Defence Works of Britain, 1803–1805". <i>Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research</i>. <b>27</b>: 18–37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+for+Army+Historical+Research&rft.atitle=Defence+Works+of+Britain%2C+1803%E2%80%931805&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=18-37&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=S.G.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartello+tower" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martello_tower&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://martellos.net">Martello Towers Encyclopedia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130806173327/http://www.martellos.net/">Archived</a> 6 August 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theromneymarsh.net/martello24">Martello Tower No.24 in Dymchurch, Kent</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=acHPRocK7yw">YouTube video showing a 3D reconstruction of a Martello tower</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://services.english-heritage.org.uk/ResearchReportsPdfs/089_2007WEB.pdf">English Heritage Report into Martello Towers on the East Coast of England</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geograph.org.uk/article/Martello-Towers">Location list and explanatory article of most Martello towers in the UK, with pictures</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.photopol.com/martello/no7.html">Restoration of No.7 Tower, Killiney Bay</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.photopol.com/articles/martello_map.html">Interactive Google Map of Killiney Bay defences</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/lhn-nhs/nb/carleton/activ/histoire-story">Carleton Martello Tower National Historic Site of Canada</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041018200730/http://www.eng-h.gov.uk/mpp/mcd/mart.htm">English Heritage Martello towers definition and description</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/dymchurch-martello-tower/">The Dymchurch tower: English Heritage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130703200612/http://www.dun-laoghaire.com/profile/joyce_tower/index.html">James Joyce Tower, Dun Laoghaire</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnwheater.net/Moore.php#Pix">Note on Sir John Moore</a> – pictures of the original tower at Mortella</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://corsica.forhikers.com/photos/places/punta-mortella">Mortella Point (Punta Mortella) in Corsica</a> – the ancestor of Martello towers all over the world</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.familyhistory.ie/docs/gazette/Gaz_9_9_2004.pdf">Restoration of an Irish Martello tower</a> <i>The Genie Gazette</i>, Newsletter of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.familyhistory.ie/">Genealogical Society of Ireland</a>: Seapoint Martello Tower, County Dublin</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eastbournemuseums.co.uk/">Eastbourne Redoubt Fortress Military Museum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110618163222/http://www.eastbournemuseums.co.uk/">Archived</a> 18 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output 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title="Castellum">Castellum</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">Castra</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Castro_culture" title="Castro culture">Castros</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_city_wall" title="Chinese city wall">Chengqiang</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_rampart" title="Circular rampart">Circular rampart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_gate" title="City gate">City gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crannog" title="Crannog">Crannog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditch_(fortification)" title="Ditch (fortification)">Ditch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_wall" title="Defensive wall">Defensive wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dun_(fortification)" title="Dun (fortification)">Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faussebraye" title="Faussebraye">Faussebraye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatehouse" title="Gatehouse">Gatehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gord_(archaeology)" title="Gord (archaeology)">Gord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillfort" title="Hillfort">Hillfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landwehr_(border)" title="Landwehr (border)">Landwehr</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">Limes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuraghe" title="Nuraghe">Nuraghe</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Oppidum" title="Oppidum">Oppidum</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">Palisade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pincer_gate" title="Pincer gate">Pincer gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promontory_fort" title="Promontory fort">Promontory fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rampart_(fortification)" title="Rampart (fortification)">Rampart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringfort" title="Ringfort">Ringfort</a> (Rath)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_castle" title="Refuge castle">Refuge castle</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schwedenschanze" title="Schwedenschanze">Schwedenschanze</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockade" title="Stockade">Stockade</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Sudis_(stake)" title="Sudis (stake)">Sudis</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Trou_de_loup" title="Trou de loup">Trou de loup</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Vallum" title="Vallum">Vallum</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagon_fort" title="Wagon fort">Wagon fort</a> (<span title="Afrikaans-language text"><i lang="af">Laager</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitrified_fort" title="Vitrified fort">Vitrified fort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_fortification" title="Medieval fortification">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_work" title="Advanced work">Advanced work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albarrana_tower" title="Albarrana tower">Albarrana tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcazaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcazaba">Alcazaba</a></li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Alcázar">Alcázar</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amba_(landform)" title="Amba (landform)">Amba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrowslit" title="Arrowslit">Arrowslit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbican" title="Barbican">Barbican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartizan" title="Bartizan">Bartizan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">Bastion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_tower" title="Battery tower">Battery tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battlement" title="Battlement">Battlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawn" title="Bawn">Bawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bent_entrance" title="Bent entrance">Bent entrance</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bergfried" title="Bergfried">Bergfried</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Berm" title="Berm">Berm</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boom_(navigational_barrier)" title="Boom (navigational barrier)">Boom</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Bret%C3%A8che" title="Bretèche">Bretèche</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_castle" title="Bridge castle">Bridge castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_tower" title="Bridge tower">Bridge tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burh" title="Burh">Burh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter-churn_tower" title="Butter-churn tower">Butter-churn tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caer" title="Caer">Caer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caltrop" title="Caltrop">Caltrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_gate" title="Chamber gate">Chamber gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartaque" title="Chartaque">Chartaque</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Chashi" title="Chashi">Chashi</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Chemin_de_ronde" title="Chemin de ronde">Chemin de ronde</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Chemise_(wall)" title="Chemise (wall)">Chemise</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Cheval_de_frise" title="Cheval de frise">Cheval de frise</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadel" title="Citadel">Citadel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercion_castle" title="Coercion castle">Coercion castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentric_castle" title="Concentric castle">Concentric castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corner_tower" title="Corner tower">Corner tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-castle" title="Counter-castle">Counter-castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtain_wall_(fortification)" title="Curtain wall (fortification)">Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawbridge" title="Drawbridge">Drawbridge</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Enceinte" title="Enceinte">Enceinte</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Embrasure" title="Embrasure">Embrasure</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flanking_tower" title="Flanking tower">Flanking tower</a></li> <li>Fortified buildings (<a href="/wiki/Fortified_church" title="Fortified church">church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortified_house" title="Fortified house">house</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian_tulou" title="Fujian tulou">Fujian tulou</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganerbenburg" title="Ganerbenburg">Ganerbenburg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_tower" title="Gate tower">Gate tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabion" title="Gabion">Gabion</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Glacis" title="Glacis">Glacis</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_tower" title="Guard tower">Guard tower</a></li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gulyay-gorod" title="Gulyay-gorod">Gulyay-gorod</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gusuku" title="Gusuku">Gusuku</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_tower" title="Half tower">Half tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoarding_(castle)" title="Hoarding (castle)">Hoarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_bailey" title="Inner bailey">Inner bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keep" title="Keep">Keep</a></li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kremlin_(fortification)" title="Kremlin (fortification)">Kremlin</a></i></span> <small>(<span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Detinets" title="Detinets">Detinets</a></i></span>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksar" title="Ksar">Ksar</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Landesburg" title="Landesburg">Landesburg</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-plan_castle" title="L-plan castle">L-plan castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machicolation" title="Machicolation">Machicolation</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Merlon" title="Merlon">Merlon</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moat" title="Moat">Moat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motte-and-bailey_castle" title="Motte-and-bailey castle">Motte-and-bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_hole" title="Murder hole">Murder hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neck_ditch" title="Neck ditch">Neck ditch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_bailey" title="Outer bailey">Outer bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outwork" title="Outwork">Outwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peel_tower" title="Peel tower">Peel tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portcullis" title="Portcullis">Portcullis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postern" title="Postern">Postern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_tower" title="Powder tower">Powder tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalat_(fortress)" title="Qalat (fortress)">Qalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduit" title="Reduit">Reduit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribat" title="Ribat">Ribat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricetto" title="Ricetto">Ricetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringwork" title="Ringwork">Ringwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundel_(fortification)" title="Roundel (fortification)">Roundel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrangular_castle" title="Quadrangular castle">Quadrangular castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_keep" title="Shell keep">Shell keep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_wall_(castle)" title="Shield wall (castle)">Shield wall</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_castle" title="Japanese castle">Shiro</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll_castle" title="Toll castle">Toll castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_castle" title="Tower castle">Tower castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_house" title="Tower house">Tower house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turret_(architecture)" title="Turret (architecture)">Turret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ring_fortress" title="Viking ring fortress">Viking ring fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_tower" title="Fortified tower">Wall tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailey_(castle)" title="Bailey (castle)">Bailey (or ward)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchtower" title="Watchtower">Watchtower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_tower" title="Witch tower">Witch tower</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yagura_(tower)" title="Yagura (tower)">Yagura</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yett" title="Yett">Yett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwinger" title="Zwinger">Zwinger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Abwurfdach" class="mw-redirect" title="Abwurfdach">Abwurfdach</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenal" title="Arsenal">Arsenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barricade" title="Barricade">Barricade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">Bastion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockhouse" title="Blockhouse">Blockhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastwork_(fortification)" title="Breastwork (fortification)">Breastwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">Canal</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Caponier" title="Caponier">Caponier</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casemate" title="Casemate">Casemate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier_(fortification)" title="Cavalier (fortification)">Cavalier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterguard" title="Counterguard">Counterguard</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Couvreface" title="Couvreface">Couvreface</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Coupure" title="Coupure">Coupure</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covertway" title="Covertway">Covertway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crownwork" title="Crownwork">Crownwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_Forts" title="Device Forts">Device Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrenchment_(fortification)" title="Entrenchment (fortification)">Entrenchment</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%A8che_(fortification)" title="Flèche (fortification)">Flèche</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorge_(fortification)" title="Gorge (fortification)">Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_magazine" title="Gunpowder magazine">Gunpowder magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornwork" title="Hornwork">Hornwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotta_mara" title="Kotta mara">Kotta mara</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Lunette_(fortification)" title="Lunette (fortification)">Lunette</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magazine_(artillery)" title="Magazine (artillery)">Magazine</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Orillon" title="Orillon">Orillon</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ostrog_(fortress)" title="Ostrog (fortress)">Ostrog</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palanka_(fortification)" title="Palanka (fortification)">Palanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place-of-arms" title="Place-of-arms">Place-of-arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_fort" title="Polygonal fort">Polygonal fort</a></li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Presidio" title="Presidio">Presidio</a></i></span> (Spanish America)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punji_stick" title="Punji stick">Punji sticks</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ravelin" title="Ravelin">Ravelin</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Redan" title="Redan">Redan</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redoubt" title="Redoubt">Redoubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrenchment_(military)" title="Retrenchment (military)">Retrenchment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_port" title="Sally port">Sally port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandbag" title="Sandbag">Sandbag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterscarp" title="Counterscarp">Scarp and Counterscarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sconce_(fortification)" title="Sconce (fortification)">Sconce</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Schanze" title="Schanze">Schanze</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea fort">Sea fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_(frontier_defensive_structure)" title="Station (frontier defensive structure)">Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Star fort">Star fort</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Tenaille" title="Tenaille">Tenaille</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbed_wire" title="Barbed wire">Barbed wire</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Barbette" title="Barbette">Barbette</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_outpost" title="Border outpost">Border outpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker">Bunker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_artillery" title="Coastal artillery">Coastal artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearing_gun" title="Disappearing gun">Disappearing gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_control_tower" title="Fire control tower">Fire control tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">Gun turret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">Land mine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martello tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpost_(military)" title="Outpost (military)">Outpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_fort" title="Polygonal fort">Polygonal fort</a></li> <li><span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sangar_(fortification)" title="Sangar (fortification)">Sangar</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_obstacle" title="Wire obstacle">Wire obstacles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_scaffolding" title="Admiralty scaffolding">Admiralty scaffolding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_raid_shelter" title="Air raid shelter">Air raid shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_trench" title="Anti-tank trench">Anti-tank trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbed_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbed tape">Barbed tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cointet-element" title="Cointet-element">Belgian gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_shelter" title="Blast shelter">Blast shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_wall" title="Blast wall">Blast wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Border security">Border security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomb_shelter" title="Bomb shelter">Bomb shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buoy_anti-tank_obstacle" title="Buoy anti-tank obstacle">Buoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremer_wall" title="Bremer wall">Bremer wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concertina_wire" title="Concertina wire">Concertina wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Defensive fighting position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_anti-invasion_preparations_of_the_Second_World_War#Lines_and_islands" title="British anti-invasion preparations of the Second World War">British "hedgehog" road block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_hedgehog" title="Czech hedgehog">Czech hedgehog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon%27s_teeth_(fortification)" title="Dragon's teeth (fortification)">Dragon's teeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_operating_base" title="Forward operating base">Entry control point (ECP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_fence" title="Electric fence">Electric fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallout_shelter" title="Fallout shelter">Fallout shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_support_base" title="Fire support base">Fire support base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flak_tower" title="Flak tower">Flak tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardened_aircraft_shelter" title="Hardened aircraft shelter">Hardened aircraft shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesco_bastion" title="Hesco bastion">Hesco bastion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabal_(earthworks)" title="Kabal (earthworks)">Kabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loophole_(firearm)" title="Loophole (firearm)">Loophole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_line_of_resistance" title="Main line of resistance">Main line of resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_launch_facility" title="Missile launch facility">Missile launch facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillbox_(military)" title="Pillbox (military)">Pillbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revetment_(aircraft)" title="Revetment (aircraft)">Revetment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentry_gun" title="Sentry gun">Sentry gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_hole" title="Spider hole">Spider hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_pen" title="Submarine pen">Submarine pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_hangar" title="Underground hangar">Underground hangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapon_storage_area" title="Weapon storage area">Weapon storage area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_Storage_and_Security_System" title="Weapons Storage and Security System">Weapons Storage and Security System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_castle" title="Cave castle">Cave castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_castle" title="Hill castle">Hill castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillfort" title="Hillfort">Hillfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillside_castle" title="Hillside castle">Hillside castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilltop_castle" title="Hilltop castle">Hilltop castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_castle" title="Island castle">Island castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowland_castle" title="Lowland castle">Lowland castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_castle" title="Marsh castle">Marsh castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_castle" title="Water castle">Moated castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promontory_fort" title="Promontory fort">Promontory fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridge_castle" title="Ridge castle">Ridge castle</a></li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Rocca_(fortification)" title="Rocca (fortification)">Rocca</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_castle" title="Rock castle">Rock castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spur_castle" title="Spur castle">Spur castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_castle" title="Water castle">Water castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotta_mara" title="Kotta mara">Floating water castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By role</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_barrier" title="Border barrier">Border barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_defence_and_fortification" title="Coastal defence and fortification">Coastal defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercion_castle" title="Coercion castle">Coercion castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-castle" title="Counter-castle">Counter-castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fence" title="Fence">Fence</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganerbenburg" title="Ganerbenburg">Ganerbenburg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdschloss" title="Jagdschloss">Hunting lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_castle" title="Imperial castle">Imperial castle</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kaiserpfalz" title="Kaiserpfalz">Kaiserpfalz</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Landesburg" title="Landesburg">Landesburg</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Lustschloss" title="Lustschloss">Lustschloss</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">Military base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstacle" title="Obstacle">Obstacle</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ordensburg" title="Ordensburg">Ordensburg</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_castle" title="Refuge castle">Refuge castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll_castle" title="Toll castle">Toll castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_castle" title="Urban castle">Urban castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By design</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bastion_fort" title="Bastion fort">Bastion fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_castle" title="Bridge castle">Bridge castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_rampart" title="Circular rampart">Circular rampart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentric_castle" title="Concentric castle">Concentric castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-plan_castle" title="L-plan castle">L-plan castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motte-and-bailey_castle" title="Motte-and-bailey castle">Motte-and-bailey castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrangular_castle" title="Quadrangular castle">Quadrangular castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringfort" title="Ringfort">Ringfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringwork" title="Ringwork">Ringwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_castle" title="Tower castle">Tower castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-plan_castle" title="Z-plan castle">Z-plan castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bastion_forts" title="List of bastion forts">Bastion forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles" title="List of castles">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_with_defensive_walls" title="List of cities with defensive walls">Cities with defensive walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_line" title="Defense line">Defense line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortified estate">Fortified estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fortifications" title="List of fortifications">Fortifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forts" title="List of forts">Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_military_installations" title="Lists of military installations">Military installations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_walls" title="List of walls">Walls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related word</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castle_town" title="Castle town">Castle town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau" title="Château">Château</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungeon" title="Dungeon">Dungeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festung" title="Festung">Festung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_gateway" title="Fortified gateway">Fortified gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatekeeper" title="Gatekeeper">Gatekeeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loophole_(firearm)" title="Loophole (firearm)">Loophole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_redoubt" title="National redoubt">National redoubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palas" title="Palas">Palas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picket_(military)" title="Picket (military)">Picket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schloss" title="Schloss">Schloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench" title="Trench">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedette_(sentry)" title="Vedette (sentry)">Vedette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense" title="Civil defense">Civil defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_of_government" title="Continuity of government">Continuity of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_urbanism" title="Military urbanism">Military urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_engine" title="Siege engine">Siege engine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_siege_engines" title="List of siege engines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_guerrilla_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nobold">See also</span>: <b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fortification" title="Category:Fortification">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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