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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Formation_and_mineralogy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hydrogen_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrogen_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Hydrogen production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrogen_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrothermal_vents_and_mud_volcanoes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrothermal_vents_and_mud_volcanoes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Hydrothermal vents and mud volcanoes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrothermal_vents_and_mud_volcanoes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Potential_'cradle_of_life'" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potential_'cradle_of_life'"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Potential 'cradle of life'</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potential_'cradle_of_life'-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Occurrences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occurrences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Decorative_stone_in_architecture_and_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decorative_stone_in_architecture_and_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Decorative stone in architecture and art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decorative_stone_in_architecture_and_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_the_Inuit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_the_Inuit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>By the Inuit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_the_Inuit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_an_ovenstone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_an_ovenstone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>As an ovenstone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_an_ovenstone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neutron_shield_in_nuclear_reactors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neutron_shield_in_nuclear_reactors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Neutron shield in nuclear reactors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neutron_shield_in_nuclear_reactors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CO2_sequestration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CO2_sequestration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>CO<sub>2</sub> sequestration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CO2_sequestration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cultural references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="سربنتينيت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سربنتينيت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentinita" title="Serpentinita – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Serpentinita" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82" title="Серпенцініт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Серпенцініт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentinite_(Klase_kan_gapo)" title="Serpentinite (Klase kan gapo) – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Serpentinite (Klase kan gapo)" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentinita" title="Serpentinita – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Serpentinita" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentinit" title="Serpentinit – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Serpentinit" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentinit" title="Serpentinit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Serpentinit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentinita" title="Serpentinita – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Serpentinita" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentin%C5%9Dtono" title="Serpentinŝtono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Serpentinŝtono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentinita" title="Serpentinita – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Serpentinita" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Serpentinite" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentinita" title="Serpentinita – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Serpentinita" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%AC%B8%EC%95%94" title="사문암 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사문암" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%BF" title="Սերպենտինիտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սերպենտինիտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentinit" title="Serpentinit – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Serpentinit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Serpentinite" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Серпентинит – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Серпентинит" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarfven" title="Sarfven – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Sarfven" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Серпентинит – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Серпентинит" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentiniet" title="Serpentiniet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Serpentiniet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9B%87%E7%B4%8B%E5%B2%A9" title="蛇紋岩 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="蛇紋岩" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentinitt" title="Serpentinitt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Serpentinitt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentinit" title="Serpentinit – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Serpentinit" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentynit" title="Serpentynit – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Serpentynit" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentinito" title="Serpentinito – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Serpentinito" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Серпентинит – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Серпентинит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentinit" title="Serpentinit – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Serpentinit" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentinit" title="Serpentinit – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Serpentinit" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Серпентинит – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Серпентинит" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentinit" title="Serpentinit – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Serpentinit" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentiniitti" title="Serpentiniitti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Serpentiniitti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentinsten" title="Serpentinsten – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Serpentinsten" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82" title="Серпентиніт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Серпентиніт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentinit" title="Serpentinit – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Serpentinit" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9B%87%E7%B4%8B%E5%B2%A9" title="蛇紋岩 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蛇紋岩" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q737339#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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href="/wiki/File:Serpentinite_sur_gneiss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Serpentinite_sur_gneiss.jpg/220px-Serpentinite_sur_gneiss.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Serpentinite_sur_gneiss.jpg/330px-Serpentinite_sur_gneiss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Serpentinite_sur_gneiss.jpg/440px-Serpentinite_sur_gneiss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Serpentinite from the <a href="/wiki/Maurienne_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurienne valley">Maurienne valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savoie" title="Savoie">Savoie</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Alps" title="French Alps">French Alps</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Serpentinite.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Serpentinite.JPG/220px-Serpentinite.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Serpentinite.JPG/330px-Serpentinite.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Serpentinite.JPG/440px-Serpentinite.JPG 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="806" /></a><figcaption>Sample of serpentinite from the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate_National_Recreation_Area" title="Golden Gate National Recreation Area">Golden Gate National Recreation Area</a>, California, United States</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chromitic_serpentinite_Styria_Province,_Austria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Chromitic_serpentinite_Styria_Province%2C_Austria.jpg/220px-Chromitic_serpentinite_Styria_Province%2C_Austria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Chromitic_serpentinite_Styria_Province%2C_Austria.jpg/330px-Chromitic_serpentinite_Styria_Province%2C_Austria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Chromitic_serpentinite_Styria_Province%2C_Austria.jpg/440px-Chromitic_serpentinite_Styria_Province%2C_Austria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1603" data-file-height="865" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chromite" title="Chromite">Chromitic</a> serpentinite (7.9 cm (3.1 in) across), <a href="/wiki/Styria" title="Styria">Styria</a> Province, Austria. <a href="/wiki/Protolith" title="Protolith">Protolith</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic</a>-Early <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a> <a href="/wiki/Upper_mantle_(Earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper mantle (Earth)">upper mantle</a> <a href="/wiki/Dunite" title="Dunite">dunite</a> <a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">peridotite</a> that has been multiply <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphosed</a> during the Devonian, Permian, and Mesozoic.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Folded_serpentinite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Folded_serpentinite.jpg/220px-Folded_serpentinite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Folded_serpentinite.jpg/330px-Folded_serpentinite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Folded_serpentinite.jpg/440px-Folded_serpentinite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Tightly folded serpentinite from the <a href="/wiki/Tux_Alps" title="Tux Alps">Tux Alps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>. Closeup view about 30 cm × 20 cm (12 in × 8 in).</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Serpentinite</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphic rock</a> composed predominantly of <a href="/wiki/Serpentine_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpentine group">serpentine group</a> <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a> formed by <a href="/wiki/Serpentinization" title="Serpentinization">serpentinization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mafic" title="Mafic">mafic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ultramafic_rock" title="Ultramafic rock">ultramafic rocks</a>. The ancient origin of the name is uncertain, it may be from the similarity of its texture or color to snake skin.<sup id="cite_ref-Schoenherr-2017_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schoenherr-2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greek pharmacologist <a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a> (AD 50) recommended eating this rock to prevent snakebite.<sup id="cite_ref-Faust-1962_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faust-1962-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Serpentinite has been called <i>serpentine</i> or <i>serpentine rock</i>, particularly in older geological texts and in wider cultural settings.<sup id="cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merriam-Webster-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CACode_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CACode-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oakeshott-1968_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oakeshott-1968-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Flett-1913_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flett-1913-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-González-Mancera-2003_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-González-Mancera-2003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the chemical reactions necessary to synthesize <a href="/wiki/Acetyl-CoA" title="Acetyl-CoA">acetyl-CoA</a>, essential to basic biochemical pathways of life, take place during serpentinization. Serpentinite thermal vents are therefore considered a candidate for the origin of life on Earth. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation_and_mineralogy">Formation and mineralogy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serpentinite&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Formation and mineralogy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Serpentinization" title="Serpentinization">Serpentinization</a></div> <p>Serpentinite is formed by near to complete <a href="/wiki/Serpentinization" title="Serpentinization">serpentinization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mafic" title="Mafic">mafic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ultramafic_rock" title="Ultramafic rock">ultramafic rocks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serpentinite is formed from mafic rock that is <a href="/wiki/Mineral_hydration" title="Mineral hydration">hydrated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>-deficient <a href="/wiki/Sea_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea water">sea water</a> that is pressed into the rock at great depths below the ocean floor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoody1976136_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoody1976136-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This occurs at <a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridges" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-ocean ridges">mid-ocean ridges</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Forearc" title="Forearc">forearc</a> mantle of <a href="/wiki/Subduction_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Subduction zone">subduction zones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts-2012_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts-2012-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Albers-2021_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albers-2021-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The final mineral composition of serpentinite is usually dominated by <a href="/wiki/Antigorite" title="Antigorite">antigorite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lizardite" title="Lizardite">lizardite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chrysotile" title="Chrysotile">chrysotile</a> (minerals of the <a href="/wiki/Serpentine_subgroup" title="Serpentine subgroup">serpentine subgroup</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Magnetite" title="Magnetite">magnetite</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Magnetite" title="Magnetite">Fe<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></a></span>), with <a href="/wiki/Brucite" title="Brucite">brucite</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brucite" title="Brucite">Mg(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></a></span>) less commonly present. Lizardite, chrysotile, and antigorite all have approximately the formula <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Mg<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>(Si<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub>)(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">(Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>2+</sup>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>Si<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub>(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>, but differ in minor components and in form.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts-2012_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts-2012-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accessory minerals, present in small quantities, include <a href="/wiki/Awaruite" title="Awaruite">awaruite</a>, other native metal minerals, and <a href="/wiki/Sulfide_mineral" title="Sulfide mineral">sulfide minerals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Moody-1976_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moody-1976-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gros_Morne_moho.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gros_Morne_moho.jpg/220px-Gros_Morne_moho.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gros_Morne_moho.jpg/330px-Gros_Morne_moho.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gros_Morne_moho.jpg/440px-Gros_Morne_moho.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption>Ophiolite of the <a href="/wiki/Gros_Morne_National_Park" title="Gros Morne National Park">Gros Morne National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a>. Ophiolites characteristically have a serpentinite component.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrogen_production">Hydrogen production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serpentinite&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hydrogen production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Serpentinization" title="Serpentinization">serpentinization</a> reaction involving the transformation of <a href="/wiki/Fayalite" title="Fayalite">fayalite</a> (Fe-end member of <a href="/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine">olivine</a>) by water into <a href="/wiki/Magnetite" title="Magnetite">magnetite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a> also produces molecular <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> according to the following reaction: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {3 Fe2SiO4 + 2 H2O -> 2 Fe3O4 + 3 SiO2 + 2 H2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>Fe</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>SiO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>Fe</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>SiO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {3 Fe2SiO4 + 2 H2O -> 2 Fe3O4 + 3 SiO2 + 2 H2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5375ea8bd57058af539467bfbcd1ca8f0dcc9b91" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:48.442ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {3 Fe2SiO4 + 2 H2O -> 2 Fe3O4 + 3 SiO2 + 2 H2}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>This reaction closely resembles the <a href="/wiki/Schikorr_reaction" title="Schikorr reaction">Schikorr reaction</a> also producing hydrogen gas by <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a> of Fe<sup>2+</sup> ions into Fe<sup>3+</sup> ions by the protons <span class="Unicode"> </span><a href="/wiki/Hydron_(chemistry)" title="Hydron (chemistry)">H<sup>+</sup></a> of water. Two <span class="Unicode"> </span><a href="/wiki/Hydron_(chemistry)" title="Hydron (chemistry)">H<sup>+</sup></a> are then reduced into <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {3 Fe(OH)2 -> Fe3O4 + 2 H2O + H2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>Fe</mtext> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>OH</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>Fe</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {3 Fe(OH)2 -> Fe3O4 + 2 H2O + H2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/85ec835fa897585f3fdf0d4e28e5e73eb223e749" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:36.71ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {3 Fe(OH)2 -> Fe3O4 + 2 H2O + H2}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>In the Schikorr reaction, the two <span class="Unicode"> </span><a href="/wiki/Hydron_(chemistry)" title="Hydron (chemistry)">H<sup>+</sup></a> reduced into <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> are these from two <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">OH<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Anion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anion">anions</a>, then transformed into two oxide anions (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">O<sup>2−</sup></span>) directly incorporated into the magnetite <a href="/wiki/Crystal_lattice" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal lattice">crystal lattice</a> while the water in excess is liberated as a reaction by-product. </p><p>Hydrogen produced by the serpentinization reaction is important because it can fuel <a href="/wiki/Microbial_metabolism" title="Microbial metabolism">microbial activity</a> in the deep subsurface environment.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrothermal_vents_and_mud_volcanoes">Hydrothermal vents and mud volcanoes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serpentinite&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hydrothermal vents and mud volcanoes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mud_volcano" title="Mud volcano">Mud volcano</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Expl2224_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Expl2224_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/220px-Expl2224_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Expl2224_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/330px-Expl2224_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Expl2224_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/440px-Expl2224_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>A white <a href="/wiki/Carbonate_mineral" title="Carbonate mineral">carbonate</a> spire in the <a href="/wiki/Lost_City_Hydrothermal_Field" title="Lost City Hydrothermal Field">Lost City hydrothermal field</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Deep sea <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">hydrothermal vents</a> located on serpentinite close to the axis of <a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">mid-ocean ridges</a> generally resemble <a href="/wiki/Black_smoker" class="mw-redirect" title="Black smoker">black smokers</a> located on <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a>, but emit complex <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a> molecules. The Rainbow field of the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Ridge" title="Mid-Atlantic Ridge">Mid-Atlantic Ridge</a> is an example of such hydrothermal vents. Serpentinization alone cannot provide the heat supply for these vents, which must be driven mostly by <a href="/wiki/Magmatism" title="Magmatism">magmatism</a>. However, the <a href="/wiki/Lost_City_Hydrothermal_Field" title="Lost City Hydrothermal Field">Lost City Hydrothermal Field</a>, located off the axis of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, may be driven solely by heat of serpentinization. Its vents are unlike black smokers, emitting relatively cool fluids (40 to 75 °C (104 to 167 °F)) that are highly <a href="/wiki/Alkalinity" title="Alkalinity">alkaline</a>, high in <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, and low in <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a>. The vents build up very large chimneys, up to 60 meters (200 ft) in height, composed of <a href="/wiki/Carbonate_mineral" title="Carbonate mineral">carbonate minerals</a> and brucite. Lush <a href="/wiki/Microbial_population_biology" title="Microbial population biology">microbial communities</a> are associated with the vents. Though the vents themselves are not composed of serpentinite, they are hosted in serpentinite estimated to have formed at a temperature of about 200 °C (392 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-Allen-2004_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen-2004-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sepiolite" title="Sepiolite">Sepiolite</a> deposits on mid-ocean ridges may have formed through serpentinite-driven <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_circulation" title="Hydrothermal circulation">hydrothermal activity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mével-2003_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mével-2003-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, geologists continue to debate whether serpentinization alone can account for the <a href="/wiki/Heat_flux" title="Heat flux">heat flux</a> from the Lost City field.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen-2004_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen-2004-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Forearc" title="Forearc">forearc</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Marianas</a> <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a> zone hosts large serpentinite <a href="/wiki/Mud_volcano" title="Mud volcano">mud volcanoes</a>, which erupt serpentinite mud that rises through <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">faults</a> from the underlying serpentinized forearc <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a>. Study of these mud volcanoes gives insights into subduction processes, and the high <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> fluids emitted at the volcanoes support a <a href="/wiki/Microbial_consortium" title="Microbial consortium">microbial community</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fryer-2012_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fryer-2012-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Albers-2021_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albers-2021-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Experimental drilling into the <a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">gabbro</a> layer of <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">oceanic crust</a> near mid-ocean ridges has demonstrated the presence of a sparse population of <a href="/wiki/Microbial_biodegradation" title="Microbial biodegradation">hydrocarbon-degrading</a> <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>. These may feed on hydrocarbons produced by serpentinization of the underlying <a href="/wiki/Ultramafic_rock" title="Ultramafic rock">ultramafic rock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Potential_'cradle_of_life'"><span id="Potential_.27cradle_of_life.27"></span>Potential 'cradle of life'</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serpentinite&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Potential 'cradle of life'"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Serpentinite thermal vents are a candidate for the environment in which life on Earth originated.<sup id="cite_ref-Fryer-2012_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fryer-2012-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the chemical reactions necessary to synthesize <a href="/wiki/Acetyl-CoA" title="Acetyl-CoA">acetyl-CoA</a>, essential to basic biochemical pathways of life, take place during serpentinization.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sulfide-metal clusters that activate many <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> resemble sulfide minerals formed during serpentinization.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serpentinite&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Landscape,_south_of_New_Caledonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Landscape%2C_south_of_New_Caledonia.jpg/250px-Landscape%2C_south_of_New_Caledonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Landscape%2C_south_of_New_Caledonia.jpg/375px-Landscape%2C_south_of_New_Caledonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Landscape%2C_south_of_New_Caledonia.jpg/500px-Landscape%2C_south_of_New_Caledonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1044" /></a><figcaption>Serpentinite ecosystem in the south of <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Serpentine_soil" title="Serpentine soil">Serpentine soil</a></div> <p>Soil cover over serpentinite <a href="/wiki/Bedrock" title="Bedrock">bedrock</a> tends to be thin or absent. <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">Soil</a> with serpentine is poor in <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> and other major plant <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a>, but rich in elements toxic to plants such as <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species of plants, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Clarkia_franciscana" title="Clarkia franciscana">Clarkia franciscana</a></i> and certain species of <a href="/wiki/Manzanita" title="Manzanita">manzanita</a>, are adapted to living on serpentinite <a href="/wiki/Outcrop" title="Outcrop">outcrops</a>. However, because serpentinite outcrops are few and isolated, their plant communities are <a href="/wiki/Ecological_island" title="Ecological island">ecological islands</a> and these distinctive species are often highly endangered.<sup id="cite_ref-PresidioSanFrancisco_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PresidioSanFrancisco-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, plant communities adapted to living on the serpentine outcrops of <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> resist displacement by <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduced species</a> that are poorly adapted to this environment.<sup id="cite_ref-Futura-2004_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Futura-2004-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Serpentine_soil" title="Serpentine soil">Serpentine soils</a> are widely distributed on Earth, in part mirroring the distribution of <a href="/wiki/Ophiolite" title="Ophiolite">ophiolites</a> and other serpentine bearing rocks.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are outcroppings of serpentine soils in the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan Peninsula">Balkan Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, the island of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>. In North America, serpentine soils also are present in small but widely distributed areas on the eastern slope of the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a> in the eastern United States, and in the Pacific Ranges of Oregon and California.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrences">Occurrences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serpentinite&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Occurrences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Notable occurrences of serpentinite are found at <a href="/wiki/Thetford_Mines" title="Thetford Mines">Thetford Mines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>; Lake Valhalla, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gila_County,_Arizona" title="Gila County, Arizona">Gila County, Arizona</a>; <a href="/wiki/Lizard_complex" title="Lizard complex">Lizard complex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lizard_Point,_Cornwall" title="Lizard Point, Cornwall">Lizard Point, Cornwall</a>; and in localities in Greece, Italy, and other parts of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable ophiolites containing serpentinite include the <a href="/wiki/Semail_Ophiolite" class="mw-redirect" title="Semail Ophiolite">Semail Ophiolite</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Troodos_Ophiolite" title="Troodos Ophiolite">Troodos Ophiolite</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> ophiolites, and the Main Ophiolite Belt of <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serpentinite&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zwei_trinkbecher,_zoeblitz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Zwei_trinkbecher%2C_zoeblitz.jpg/220px-Zwei_trinkbecher%2C_zoeblitz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Zwei_trinkbecher%2C_zoeblitz.jpg/330px-Zwei_trinkbecher%2C_zoeblitz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Zwei_trinkbecher%2C_zoeblitz.jpg/440px-Zwei_trinkbecher%2C_zoeblitz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2689" data-file-height="2547" /></a><figcaption>Drinking cups, examples of serpentinite-turning from <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%B6blitz" title="Zöblitz">Zöblitz</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Erzgebirgskreis" title="Erzgebirgskreis">Erzgebirgskreis</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:College_Hall_U_Penn.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/College_Hall_U_Penn.JPG/220px-College_Hall_U_Penn.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/College_Hall_U_Penn.JPG/330px-College_Hall_U_Penn.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/College_Hall_U_Penn.JPG/440px-College_Hall_U_Penn.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1838" data-file-height="1838" /></a><figcaption>College Hall at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decorative_stone_in_architecture_and_art">Decorative stone in architecture and art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serpentinite&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Decorative stone in architecture and art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Serpentine group minerals have a <a href="/wiki/Mohs_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs hardness">Mohs hardness</a> of 2.5 to 3.5, so serpentinite is easily <a href="/wiki/Carving" title="Carving">carved</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grades of serpentinite higher in <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcite</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Verd_antique" title="Verd antique">verd antique</a> (<a href="/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">breccia</a> form of serpentinite), have historically been used as decorative stones for their marble-like qualities. <a href="/wiki/College_Hall_(University_of_Pennsylvania)" title="College Hall (University of Pennsylvania)">College Hall</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>, for example, is constructed out of serpentine. Popular sources in Europe before contact with the Americas were the mountainous <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a> region of Italy and <a href="/wiki/Larissa,_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Larissa, Greece">Larissa, Greece</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serpentinites are used in many ways in the arts and crafts. For example, the rock has been turned in <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%B6blitz" title="Zöblitz">Zöblitz</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> for several hundred years.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_the_Inuit">By the Inuit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serpentinite&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: By the Inuit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Inuit"></span><span class="anchor" id="Qulliq"></span>The <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> and other indigenous people of the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> areas and less so of southern areas used the carved bowl shaped serpentinite <a href="/wiki/Qulliq" title="Qulliq">qulliq</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kudlik" class="mw-redirect" title="Kudlik">kudlik</a> lamp with wick, to burn oil or fat to heat, make light and cook with. The <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> made tools and more recently carvings of animals for commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Serpentinite_Walrus_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Magnetic serpentine walrus"><img alt="Magnetic serpentine walrus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Serpentinite_Walrus_2012.jpg/220px-Serpentinite_Walrus_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Serpentinite_Walrus_2012.jpg/330px-Serpentinite_Walrus_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Serpentinite_Walrus_2012.jpg/440px-Serpentinite_Walrus_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Magnetic serpentine walrus</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qulliq_1999-04-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Inuit Elder tending the Qulliq, a ceremonial oil lamp made of serpentinite."><img alt="Inuit Elder tending the Qulliq, a ceremonial oil lamp made of serpentinite." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Qulliq_1999-04-01.jpg/176px-Qulliq_1999-04-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Qulliq_1999-04-01.jpg/264px-Qulliq_1999-04-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Qulliq_1999-04-01.jpg/352px-Qulliq_1999-04-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2687" data-file-height="3356" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> Elder tending the Qulliq, a ceremonial oil lamp made of serpentinite.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_an_ovenstone">As an ovenstone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serpentinite&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: As an ovenstone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A variety of <a href="/wiki/Chlorite_group" title="Chlorite group">chlorite</a> <a href="/wiki/Talc" title="Talc">talc</a> <a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">schist</a> associated with Alpine serpentinite is found in <a href="/wiki/Val_d%27Anniviers" title="Val d'Anniviers">Val d'Anniviers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and was used for making "ovenstones" (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Ofenstein</i>), a carved stone base beneath a <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a> stove.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neutron_shield_in_nuclear_reactors">Neutron shield in nuclear reactors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serpentinite&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Neutron shield in nuclear reactors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Serpentinite has a significant amount of <a href="/wiki/Bound_water" title="Bound water">bound water</a>, hence it contains abundant <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> atoms able to slow down <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a> by <a href="/wiki/Elastic_collision" title="Elastic collision">elastic collision</a> (neutron <a href="/wiki/Thermalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermalization">thermalization</a> process). Because of this, serpentinite can be used as dry filler inside <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> jackets in some designs of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactors</a>. For example, in <a href="/wiki/RBMK" title="RBMK">RBMK</a> series, as at <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl" title="Chernobyl">Chernobyl</a>, it was used for top <a href="/wiki/Radiation_shielding" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation shielding">radiation shielding</a> to protect operators from escaping neutrons.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serpentine can also be added as <a href="/wiki/Construction_aggregate" title="Construction aggregate">aggregate</a> to special <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> used in nuclear reactor shielding to increase the concrete density (2.6 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (0.094 lb/cu in)) and its <a href="/wiki/Neutron_capture" title="Neutron capture">neutron capture</a> <a href="/wiki/Cross_section_(physics)" title="Cross section (physics)">cross section</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CO2_sequestration">CO<sub>2</sub> sequestration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serpentinite&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: CO2 sequestration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></div> <p>Because it readily absorbs <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, serpentinite may be of use for <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">sequestering atmospheric carbon dioxide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To speed up the reaction, serpentinite may be reacted with carbon dioxide at elevated temperature in carbonation reactors. Carbon dioxide may also be reacted with <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkaline</a> mine waste from serpentine deposits, or carbon dioxide may be injected directly into underground serpentinite formations.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serpentinite may also be used as a source of <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> in conjunction with electrolytic cells for CO<sub>2</sub> scrubbing.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_references">Cultural references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serpentinite&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cultural references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is the state rock of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, USA and the California Legislature specified that serpentine was "the official State Rock and lithologic emblem."<sup id="cite_ref-CACode_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CACode-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, a bill was introduced which would have removed serpentine's special status as state rock due to it potentially containing <a href="/wiki/Chrysotile" title="Chrysotile">chrysotile</a> <a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">asbestos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bill met with resistance from some California geologists, who noted that the chrysotile present is not hazardous unless it is mobilized in the air as <a href="/wiki/Dust" title="Dust">dust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="Is serpentine still the state rock of California? Did the 2010 repeal attempt succeed or fail? (March 2022)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serpentinite&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cycle" title="Hydrogen cycle">Hydrogen cycle</a> – Hydrogen exchange between the living and non-living world</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephrite" title="Nephrite">Nephrite</a> – Variety of jade</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soapstone" title="Soapstone">Soapstone</a> – Talc-bearing metamorphic rock</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serpentinite&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Schoenherr-2017-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schoenherr-2017_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchoenherr2017" class="citation book cs1">Schoenherr, Allan A. (11 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zj63DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA35"><i>A Natural History of California: Second Edition</i></a>. Univ of California Press. pp. 35–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520295117" title="Special:BookSources/9780520295117"><bdi>9780520295117</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Natural+History+of+California%3A+Second+Edition&rft.pages=35-&rft.pub=Univ+of+California+Press&rft.date=2017-07-11&rft.isbn=9780520295117&rft.aulast=Schoenherr&rft.aufirst=Allan+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZj63DgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerpentinite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faust-1962-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Faust-1962_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaustFahey1962" class="citation journal cs1">Faust, George T.; Fahey, Joseph J. (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0384a/report.pdf">"The Serpentine-Group Minerals"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>USGS Numbered Series</i> (384-A): 3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3133%2Fpp384A">10.3133/pp384A</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2024</span>. <q>The Term Serpentine</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USGS+Numbered+Series&rft.atitle=The+Serpentine-Group+Minerals&rft.issue=384-A&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3133%2Fpp384A&rft.aulast=Faust&rft.aufirst=George+T.&rft.au=Fahey%2C+Joseph+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fpp%2F0384a%2Freport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerpentinite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merriam-Webster-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/serpentine">"serpentine"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=serpentine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fserpentine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerpentinite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CACode-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CACode_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CACode_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">California Government Code § 425.2; <i>see</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090628233244/http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=gov&group=00001-01000&file=420-429.8">"CA Codes (Gov:420-429.8)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=gov&group=00001-01000&file=420-429.8">the original</a> on 28 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CA+Codes+%28Gov%3A420-429.8%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leginfo.ca.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fdisplaycode%3Fsection%3Dgov%26group%3D00001-01000%26file%3D420-429.8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerpentinite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oakeshott-1968-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oakeshott-1968_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOakeshott1968" class="citation journal cs1">Oakeshott, G.B. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/structu1/data/a153/a153/0001/0200/0228.htm">"Diapiric Structures in Diablo Range, California"</a>. <i>AAPG Special Volume M8:Diapirism and Diapirs</i>. <b>153</b>: 228–243.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AAPG+Special+Volume+M8%3ADiapirism+and+Diapirs&rft.atitle=Diapiric+Structures+in+Diablo+Range%2C+California&rft.volume=153&rft.pages=228-243&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Oakeshott&rft.aufirst=G.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.datapages.com%2Fdata%2Fspecpubs%2Fstructu1%2Fdata%2Fa153%2Fa153%2F0001%2F0200%2F0228.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerpentinite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flett-1913-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Flett-1913_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlett1913" class="citation journal cs1">Flett, J.S. (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0016787813800089">"The geology of the lizard"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Geologists' Association</i>. <b>24</b> (3): 118–133. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1913PrGA...24..118F">1913PrGA...24..118F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0016-7878%2813%2980008-9">10.1016/S0016-7878(13)80008-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Geologists%27+Association&rft.atitle=The+geology+of+the+lizard&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=118-133&rft.date=1913&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0016-7878%2813%2980008-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1913PrGA...24..118F&rft.aulast=Flett&rft.aufirst=J.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0016787813800089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerpentinite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-González-Mancera-2003-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-González-Mancera-2003_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzález-ManceraOrtega-GutiérrezNavaArriola2003" class="citation journal cs1">González-Mancera, G.; Ortega-Gutiérrez, F.; Nava, N.E.; Arriola, H.S. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/B:HYPE.0000003765.32151.3b">"Mössbauer Study of Serpentine Minerals in the Ultramafic Body of Tehuitzingo, Southern Mexico"</a>. <i>Hyperfine Interactions</i>. <b>148</b> (1–4): 61–71. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003HyInt.148...61G">2003HyInt.148...61G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FB%3AHYPE.0000003765.32151.3b">10.1023/B:HYPE.0000003765.32151.3b</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:96761317">96761317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hyperfine+Interactions&rft.atitle=M%C3%B6ssbauer+Study+of+Serpentine+Minerals+in+the+Ultramafic+Body+of+Tehuitzingo%2C+Southern+Mexico&rft.volume=148&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=61-71&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A96761317%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FB%3AHYPE.0000003765.32151.3b&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003HyInt.148...61G&rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez-Mancera&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Ortega-Guti%C3%A9rrez%2C+F.&rft.au=Nava%2C+N.E.&rft.au=Arriola%2C+H.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1023%2FB%3AHYPE.0000003765.32151.3b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerpentinite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaldar2020" class="citation book cs1">Haldar, Swapan Kumar (27 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780128205853/introduction-to-mineralogy-and-petrology"><i>Introduction to Mineralogy and Petrology</i></a>. Elsevier Science. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780128205853" title="Special:BookSources/9780128205853"><bdi>9780128205853</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Mineralogy+and+Petrology&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft.date=2020-07-27&rft.isbn=9780128205853&rft.aulast=Haldar&rft.aufirst=Swapan+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fbook%2F9780128205853%2Fintroduction-to-mineralogy-and-petrology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerpentinite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoody1976136-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoody1976136_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoody1976">Moody 1976</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts-2012-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts-2012_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts-2012_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertsProctor2012" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, B. A.; Proctor, J. (6 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Abb1CAAAQBAJ&dq=Lizardite&pg=PA11"><i>The Ecology of Areas with Serpentinized Rocks: A World View</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Geologists+protest+bill+to+remove+state+rock&rft.date=2010-07-16&rft.aulast=Fimrite&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2FGeologists-protest-bill-to-remove-state-rock-3258944.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerpentinite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazellElkinsO'GeenReynolds" class="citation web cs1">Frazell, Julie; Elkins, Rachel; O'Geen, Anthony; Reynolds, Robert; Meyers, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anrcatalog.ucanr.edu/pdf/8399.pdf">"Facts about Serpentine Rock and Soil Containing Asbestos in California"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ANR Catalog</i>. University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ANR+Catalog&rft.atitle=Facts+about+Serpentine+Rock+and+Soil+Containing+Asbestos+in+California&rft.aulast=Frazell&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft.au=Elkins%2C+Rachel&rft.au=O%27Geen%2C+Anthony&rft.au=Reynolds%2C+Robert&rft.au=Meyers%2C+James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanrcatalog.ucanr.edu%2Fpdf%2F8399.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerpentinite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serpentinite&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Serpentinite" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Serpentinite">Serpentinite</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.lostcity.washington.edu/story/Serpentinization">[1]</a> The Lost City hydrothermal field, <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Ridge" title="Mid-Atlantic Ridge">Mid-Atlantic Ridge</a>: serpentinization, the driving force of the system.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/101/35/12818">H<sub>2</sub>-rich fluids from serpentinization: Geochemical and biotic implications</a>: <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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rocks</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">Igneous rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adakite" title="Adakite">Adakite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">Andesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_feldspar_granite" title="Alkali feldspar granite">Alkali feldspar granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorthosite" title="Anorthosite">Anorthosite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aplite" title="Aplite">Aplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">Basalt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_basalt" title="Alkali basalt">Alkali basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picrite_basalt" title="Picrite basalt">Picrite basalt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basaltic_trachyandesite" class="mw-redirect" title="Basaltic trachyandesite">Basaltic trachyandesite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mugearite" title="Mugearite">Mugearite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshonite" title="Shoshonite">Shoshonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basanite" title="Basanite">Basanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blairmorite" title="Blairmorite">Blairmorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boninite" title="Boninite">Boninite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonatite" title="Carbonatite">Carbonatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charnockite" title="Charnockite">Charnockite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enderbite" title="Enderbite">Enderbite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">Dacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabase" title="Diabase">Diabase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">Diorite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonite" title="Napoleonite">Napoleonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunite" title="Dunite">Dunite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essexite" title="Essexite">Essexite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foidolite" title="Foidolite">Foidolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">Gabbro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granodiorite" title="Granodiorite">Granodiorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granophyre" title="Granophyre">Granophyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harzburgite" title="Harzburgite">Harzburgite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornblendite" title="Hornblendite">Hornblendite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloclastite" title="Hyaloclastite">Hyaloclastite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandite" title="Icelandite">Icelandite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignimbrite" title="Ignimbrite">Ignimbrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijolite" title="Ijolite">Ijolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberlite" title="Kimberlite">Kimberlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komatiite" title="Komatiite">Komatiite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamproite" title="Lamproite">Lamproite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamprophyre" title="Lamprophyre">Lamprophyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latite" title="Latite">Latite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lherzolite" title="Lherzolite">Lherzolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monzogranite" title="Monzogranite">Monzogranite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monzonite" title="Monzonite">Monzonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepheline_syenite" title="Nepheline syenite">Nepheline syenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephelinite" title="Nephelinite">Nephelinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norite" title="Norite">Norite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegmatite" title="Pegmatite">Pegmatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">Peridotite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonolite" title="Phonolite">Phonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonotephrite" title="Phonotephrite">Phonotephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">Porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">Pumice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroxenite" title="Pyroxenite">Pyroxenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_diorite" title="Quartz diorite">Quartz diorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_monzonite" title="Quartz monzonite">Quartz monzonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartzolite" title="Quartzolite">Quartzolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyodacite" title="Rhyodacite">Rhyodacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">Rhyolite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comendite" title="Comendite">Comendite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantellerite" title="Pantellerite">Pantellerite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoria" title="Scoria">Scoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shonkinite" title="Shonkinite">Shonkinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovite" title="Sovite">Sovite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syenite" title="Syenite">Syenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachylyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Tachylyte">Tachylyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephriphonolite" title="Tephriphonolite">Tephriphonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephrite" title="Tephrite">Tephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonalite" title="Tonalite">Tonalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyandesite" title="Trachyandesite">Trachyandesite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benmoreite" title="Benmoreite">Benmoreite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachybasalt" title="Trachybasalt">Trachybasalt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiite" title="Hawaiite">Hawaiite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyte" title="Trachyte">Trachyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troctolite" title="Troctolite">Troctolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trondhjemite" title="Trondhjemite">Trondhjemite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">Tuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Websterite" title="Websterite">Websterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wehrlite" title="Wehrlite">Wehrlite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">Sedimentary rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argillite" title="Argillite">Argillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkose" title="Arkose">Arkose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banded_iron_formation" title="Banded iron formation">Banded iron formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">Breccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcarenite" title="Calcarenite">Calcarenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">Chalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">Chert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claystone" class="mw-redirect" title="Claystone">Claystone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)" title="Conglomerate (geology)">Conglomerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coquina" title="Coquina">Coquina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamictite" title="Diamictite">Diamictite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomite" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatomite">Diatomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">Dolomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">Evaporite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geyserite" title="Geyserite">Geyserite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greywacke" title="Greywacke">Greywacke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gritstone" title="Gritstone">Gritstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itacolumite" title="Itacolumite">Itacolumite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaspillite" title="Jaspillite">Jaspillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laterite" title="Laterite">Laterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">Lignite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">Limestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumachelle" title="Lumachelle">Lumachelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marl" title="Marl">Marl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudstone" title="Mudstone">Mudstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oolite" title="Oolite">Oolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorite" title="Phosphorite">Phosphorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">Sandstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">Shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siltstone" title="Siltstone">Siltstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvinite" title="Sylvinite">Sylvinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillite" class="mw-redirect" title="Tillite">Tillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travertine" title="Travertine">Travertine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufa" title="Tufa">Tufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidite" title="Turbidite">Turbidite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varve" title="Varve">Varve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wackestone" title="Wackestone">Wackestone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">Metamorphic rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">Anthracite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibolite" title="Amphibolite">Amphibolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueschist" title="Blueschist">Blueschist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclasite" title="Cataclasite">Cataclasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclogite" title="Eclogite">Eclogite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">Gneiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granulite" title="Granulite">Granulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenschist" title="Greenschist">Greenschist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornfels" title="Hornfels">Hornfels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcflinta" title="Calcflinta">Calcflinta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itabirite" title="Itabirite">Itabirite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfieldite" title="Litchfieldite">Litchfieldite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">Marble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migmatite" title="Migmatite">Migmatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylonite" title="Mylonite">Mylonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Metapelite">Metapelite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metapsammite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metapsammite (page does not exist)">Metapsammite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllite" title="Phyllite">Phyllite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudotachylite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudotachylite">Pseudotachylite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">Quartzite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">Schist</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Serpentinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skarn" title="Skarn">Skarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">Slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suevite" title="Suevite">Suevite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talc_carbonate" title="Talc carbonate">Talc carbonate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soapstone" title="Soapstone">Soapstone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonite" title="Tectonite">Tectonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteschist" title="Whiteschist">Whiteschist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Adamellite">Adamellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appinite" title="Appinite">Appinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphanite" title="Aphanite">Aphanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borolanite" title="Borolanite">Borolanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larvikite" title="Larvikite">Blue Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidosite" title="Epidosite">Epidosite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felsite" title="Felsite">Felsite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganister" title="Ganister">Ganister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gossan" title="Gossan">Gossan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloclastite" title="Hyaloclastite">Hyaloclastite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijolite" title="Ijolite">Ijolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadeitite" title="Jadeitite">Jadeitite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasperoid" title="Jasperoid">Jasperoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyte" title="Kenyte">Kenyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larvikite" title="Larvikite">Larvikite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfieldite" title="Litchfieldite">Litchfieldite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanite" title="Llanite">Llanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxullianite" title="Luxullianite">Luxullianite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangerite" title="Mangerite">Mangerite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novaculite" title="Novaculite">Novaculite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietersite" title="Pietersite">Pietersite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrolite" title="Pyrolite">Pyrolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapakivi_granite" title="Rapakivi granite">Rapakivi granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhomb_porphyry" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhomb porphyry">Rhomb porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodingite" title="Rodingite">Rodingite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shonkinite" title="Shonkinite">Shonkinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taconite" title="Taconite">Taconite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachylite" title="Tachylite">Tachylite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teschenite" title="Teschenite">Teschenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theralite" title="Theralite">Theralite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unakite" title="Unakite">Unakite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variolite" title="Variolite">Variolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wad_(mineral)" title="Wad (mineral)">Wad</a></li></ul> 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[\"CITEREFMarshall2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartinRussell2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasonNakagawaRosnerVan_Nostrand2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCollomSeewald2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoody1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMével2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNesse2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOakeshott1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilpottsAgue2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowerWilsonDipple2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertsProctor2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchoenherr2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinkankas1964\"] = 1,\n [\"Inuit\"] = 1,\n [\"Qulliq\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Annotated link\"] = 3,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Chem2\"] = 9,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 17,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 7,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 6,\n [\"H+\"] = 3,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Main article\"] = 2,\n [\"Main articles\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rock type\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sup\"] = 2,\n [\"Update inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-6lpvq","timestamp":"20241130014849","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Serpentinite","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serpentinite","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q737339","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q737339","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-01-28T02:20:44Z","dateModified":"2024-11-17T17:08:22Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c2\/Serpentinite_sur_gneiss.jpg","headline":"metamorphic rock, built predominantly of minerals which belong to the serpentine mineral group. Generated during the metamorphism of ultramafic and mafic rocks."}</script> </body> </html>