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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_and_Gaelic_calendars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_and_Gaelic_calendars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.5 British and Gaelic calendars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_and_Gaelic_calendars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pennsylvania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pennsylvania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Pennsylvania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pennsylvania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Punxsutawney_beginnings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punxsutawney_beginnings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Punxsutawney beginnings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punxsutawney_beginnings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punxsutawney_today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punxsutawney_today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 Punxsutawney today </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punxsutawney_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_celebrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_celebrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Regional celebrations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regional_celebrations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Regional celebrations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Regional_celebrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mid-Atlantic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mid-Atlantic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Mid-Atlantic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mid-Atlantic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Midwest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Midwest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Midwest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Midwest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_South" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_South"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 The South </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_South-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accuracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accuracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Accuracy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Accuracy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Accuracy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Accuracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Statistics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pseudoscientific_evaluation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pseudoscientific_evaluation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Pseudoscientific evaluation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pseudoscientific_evaluation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similar_customs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similar_customs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Similar customs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similar_customs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Groundhog Day</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" > 37 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%88%D8%BA" title="يوم غراوندهوغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يوم غراوندهوغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorn_de_la_marmota" title="Jorn de la marmota – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Jorn de la marmota" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmot_g%C3%BCn%C3%BC" title="Marmot günü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Marmot günü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Дзень сурка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дзень сурка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dia_de_la_marmota" title="Dia de la marmota – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dia de la marmota" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grundsaudaag" title="Grundsaudaag – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Grundsaudaag" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundhog_Day" title="Groundhog Day – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Groundhog Day" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ημέρα της Μαρμότας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ημέρα της Μαρμότας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADa_de_la_Marmota" title="Día de la Marmota – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Día de la Marmota" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmota_tago" title="Marmota tago – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Marmota tago" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmotaren_eguna" title="Marmotaren eguna – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Marmotaren eguna" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%DA%AF" title="روز گراندهاگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روز گراندهاگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jour_de_la_marmotte" title="Jour de la marmotte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jour de la marmotte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1_an_%C3%9Aitsigh" title="Lá an Úitsigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Lá an Úitsigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADa_da_marmota" title="Día da marmota – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Día da marmota" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Сураэпа ди – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Сураэпа ди" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B4%EB%93%9C%ED%98%B8%EA%B7%B8_%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4" title="그라운드호그 데이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그라운드호그 데이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%85%D6%80" title="Արջամկան օր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արջամկան օր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svi%C5%A1%C4%8Dev_dan" title="Sviščev dan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sviščev dan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari_Marmot_Tanah" title="Hari Marmot Tanah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hari Marmot Tanah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorno_della_marmotta" title="Giorno della marmotta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giorno della marmotta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%98%D7%94" title="יום המרמיטה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יום המרמיטה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%80_%D0%BA%D2%AF%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Суыр күні – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Суыр күні" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundhog_Day_(feestdag)" title="Groundhog Day (feestdag) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Groundhog Day (feestdag)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%9B%E3%83%83%E3%82%B0%E3%83%87%E3%83%BC" title="グラウンドホッグデー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グラウンドホッグデー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="ДӀаман де – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ДӀаман де" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sug%CA%BBur_kuni" title="Sugʻur kuni – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sugʻur kuni" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzie%C5%84_%C5%9Awistaka_(%C5%9Bwi%C4%99to)" title="Dzień Świstaka (święto) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dzień Świstaka (święto)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dia_da_Marmota" title="Dia da Marmota – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dia da Marmota" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="День сурка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="День сурка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundhog_Day" title="Groundhog Day – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Groundhog Day" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svi%C5%A1%C4%8Dev_dan" title="Sviščev dan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sviščev dan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundhog_Day" title="Groundhog Day – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Groundhog Day" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundhog_Day" title="Groundhog Day – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Groundhog Day" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybaq_k%C3%B6ne" title="Baybaq köne – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Baybaq köne" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="День Бабака – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="День Бабака" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Popular North American tradition</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the film, see <a href="/wiki/Groundhog_Day_(film)" title="Groundhog Day (film)">Groundhog Day (film)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Groundhog_Day_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Groundhog Day (disambiguation)">Groundhog Day (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above hd" style="background-color: lightsalmon">Groundhog Day</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Punxsutawney_Phil_Groundhog_Day_2022_Pennsylvania_(51858203861).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="alt=Two smiling men dressed in formal attire stand beside each other. Other people and bare trees are visible in the background. The man on the left holds a groundhog in his arms. The man on the right, wearing an earpiece, holds forward an open scroll, which reads in small text: "HEAR YE, HEAR YE, HEAR YE. TODAY, 2-2-22, WELCOME TO PUNXSUTAWNEY TO CELEBRATE GROUNDHOG DAY, THE ONE HUNDRED THIRTY SIXTH ANNUAL TREK OF THE PUNXSUTAWNEY GROUNDHOG CLUB. PUNXSUTAWNEY PHIL, THE SEER OF SEERS, THE PROGNOSTICATOR OF ALL PROGNOSTICATORS, WAS GENTLY LIFTED FROM HIS BURROW AT 7:25 AM, AND HELD HIGH TO SEE. HIS FAITHFUL FOLLOWERS HAD RETURNED WITH GLEE! PLACING PHIL ON TOP OF THE STUMP, WHERE IN GROUNDHOGESE, HE DIRECTED THE PRESIDENT, JEFF LUNDY, AND THE INNER CIRCLE TO HIS PREDICTION SCROLL THAT READS: WINTER HAS BEEN BLEAK AND DARK AND BEREFT OF HOPE. YET WINTER IS JUST ANOTHER STEP IN THE CYCLE OF LIFE. AS I LOOK OUT OVER THE FACES OF THE TRUE BELIEVERS FROM AROUND THE WORLD, I BASK IN THE WARMTH OF YOUR HEARTS. I COULDN'T IMAGINE A BETTER FATE, WITH MY SHADOW I HAVE CAST, THAN A LONG AND LUSTROUS SIX MORE WEEKS OF WINTER.""><img alt="alt=Two smiling men dressed in formal attire stand beside each other. Other people and bare trees are visible in the background. The man on the left holds a groundhog in his arms. The man on the right, wearing an earpiece, holds forward an open scroll, which reads in small text: "HEAR YE, HEAR YE, HEAR YE. TODAY, 2-2-22, WELCOME TO PUNXSUTAWNEY TO CELEBRATE GROUNDHOG DAY, THE ONE HUNDRED THIRTY SIXTH ANNUAL TREK OF THE PUNXSUTAWNEY GROUNDHOG CLUB. PUNXSUTAWNEY PHIL, THE SEER OF SEERS, THE PROGNOSTICATOR OF ALL PROGNOSTICATORS, WAS GENTLY LIFTED FROM HIS BURROW AT 7:25 AM, AND HELD HIGH TO SEE. HIS FAITHFUL FOLLOWERS HAD RETURNED WITH GLEE! PLACING PHIL ON TOP OF THE STUMP, WHERE IN GROUNDHOGESE, HE DIRECTED THE PRESIDENT, JEFF LUNDY, AND THE INNER CIRCLE TO HIS PREDICTION SCROLL THAT READS: WINTER HAS BEEN BLEAK AND DARK AND BEREFT OF HOPE. YET WINTER IS JUST ANOTHER STEP IN THE CYCLE OF LIFE. AS I LOOK OUT OVER THE FACES OF THE TRUE BELIEVERS FROM AROUND THE WORLD, I BASK IN THE WARMTH OF YOUR HEARTS. I COULDN'T IMAGINE A BETTER FATE, WITH MY SHADOW I HAVE CAST, THAN A LONG AND LUSTROUS SIX MORE WEEKS OF WINTER."" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Punxsutawney_Phil_Groundhog_Day_2022_Pennsylvania_%2851858203861%29.jpg/240px-Punxsutawney_Phil_Groundhog_Day_2022_Pennsylvania_%2851858203861%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Punxsutawney_Phil_Groundhog_Day_2022_Pennsylvania_%2851858203861%29.jpg/360px-Punxsutawney_Phil_Groundhog_Day_2022_Pennsylvania_%2851858203861%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Punxsutawney_Phil_Groundhog_Day_2022_Pennsylvania_%2851858203861%29.jpg/480px-Punxsutawney_Phil_Groundhog_Day_2022_Pennsylvania_%2851858203861%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7952" data-file-height="5304" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="caption">2022 celebration in <a href="/wiki/Punxsutawney,_Pennsylvania" title="Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania">Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania</a>, US</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Observed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Significance</th><td class="infobox-data summary"><a href="/wiki/Weather_lore" title="Weather lore">Predicts</a> the arrival of spring</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Celebrations</th><td class="infobox-data">Announcing whether a <a href="/wiki/Groundhog" title="Groundhog">groundhog</a> sees its shadow after it emerges from its <a href="/wiki/Burrow" title="Burrow">burrow</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/February_2" title="February 2">February 2</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">Annual</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related to</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Candlemas" title="Candlemas">Candlemas</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Groundhog Day (<a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania German language">Pennsylvania German</a>: Grund'sau dåk, Grundsaudaag, Grundsow Dawg, Murmeltiertag; <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>: Daks Day)<a href="#cite_note-Poteet_2004-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> is a tradition observed regionally in the United States and Canada on February 2 of every year. It derives from the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a> superstition that if a <a href="/wiki/Groundhog" title="Groundhog">groundhog</a> emerges from its burrow on this day and sees its shadow, it will retreat to its den and winter will go on for six more weeks; if it does not see its shadow, spring will arrive early. In 2024, an early spring was predicted.<a href="#cite_note-:1-4">[4]</a> While the tradition remains popular in the 21st century, studies have found no consistent association between a groundhog seeing its shadow and the subsequent arrival time of spring-like weather.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Weather_lore" title="Weather lore">weather lore</a> was brought from German-speaking areas where the <a href="/wiki/Badger" title="Badger">badger</a> (German: Dachs) is the forecasting animal, while in <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> for example the <a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">bear</a> serves the same purpose,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Badger" title="Badger">badgers</a> were only watched when <a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">bears</a> were not around.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> It is related to the lore that clear weather on the Christian festival of <a href="/wiki/Candlemas" title="Candlemas">Candlemas</a> forebodes a prolonged winter. The Groundhog Day ceremony held at <a href="/wiki/Punxsutawney,_Pennsylvania" title="Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania">Punxsutawney</a> in western <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, centering on a semi-mythical groundhog named <a href="/wiki/Punxsutawney_Phil" title="Punxsutawney Phil">Punxsutawney Phil</a>, has become the most frequently attended ceremony. Grundsow Lodges in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_Country" title="Pennsylvania Dutch Country">Pennsylvania Dutch Country</a> in the southeastern part of the state observe the occasion as well. Other cities in the United States and Canada also have adopted the event. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Groundhog_Day&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Groundhog_Day&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a> were immigrants from German-speaking areas of Europe. The Germans had a tradition of marking Candlemas (February 2) as "Badger Day" (Dachstag), on which if a badger emerging from its den encountered a sunny day, thereby casting a shadow, it heralded four more weeks of winter. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Groundhog_Day&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a>]</div> Candlemas is a <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christian</a> festival observed in the Roman Catholic and Lutheran churches.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> In folk religion, various traditions superstitions continue to be linked with the holiday, although this was discouraged by the <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed Churches</a> in the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder200342-9">[9]</a> Notably, several traditions that are part of <a href="/wiki/Weather_lore" title="Weather lore">weather lore</a> use the weather at Candlemas to predict the start of spring. The weather-predicting animal on Candlemas was usually the <a href="/wiki/European_badger" title="European badger">badger</a>, although regionally, the animal was the bear or the fox.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder200352–53-10">[10]</a> The original weather-predicting animal in Germany had been the bear, another hibernating mammal, but when they grew scarce, the lore became altered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder200354-11">[11]</a> Similarity to the groundhog lore has been noted for the German formula: Sonnt sich der Dachs in der Lichtmeßwoche, so geht er auf vier Wochen wieder zu Loche ("If the badger sunbathes during Candlemas-week, for four more weeks he will be back in his hole").<a href="#cite_note-12">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> A slight variant is found in a collection of <a href="/wiki/Weather_lore" title="Weather lore">weather lore</a> (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauernregel" class="extiw" title="de:Bauernregel">Bauernregeln</a>, lit. "farmers' rules") printed in Austria in 1823.<a href="#cite_note-German_traditions-14">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Groundhog_as_badger">Groundhog as badger</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Groundhog_Day&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Groundhog as badger">edit</a>]</div> The Pennsylvanians maintained the same tradition as the Germans on Groundhog Day, except that winter's spell would be prolonged for six weeks instead of four.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder200352-15">[14]</a> For the Pennsylvania Dutch, the badger became the dox, which in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Deitsch</a> referred to "groundhog".<a href="#cite_note-16">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-penn-dutchman-vol6-num-11-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> The standard term for "groundhog" was grun'daks (from German dachs), with the regional variant in <a href="/wiki/York_County,_Pennsylvania" title="York County, Pennsylvania">York County</a> being grundsau, a direct translation of the English name, according to a 19th-century book on the dialect.<a href="#cite_note-haldeman-19">[17]</a> The form was a regional variant according to one 19th-century source.<a href="#cite_note-haldeman-19">[17]</a> However, the weather superstition that begins Der zwet Hær'ning is Grund'sau dåk. Wânn di grundsau îr schâtte sent... ("February second is Groundhog day. If the groundhog sees its shadow...") is given as common to all fourteen counties in Dutch Pennsylvania Country, in a 1915 monograph.<a href="#cite_note-20">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a> In The Thomas R. Brendle Collection of Pennsylvania German Folklore, Brendle preserved the following lore from the local Pennsylvania German dialect: <blockquote> Wann der Dachs sei Schadde seht im Lichtmess Marye, dann geht er widder in's Loch un beleibt noch sechs Woche drin. Wann Lichtmess Marye awwer drieb is, dann bleibt der dachs haus un's watt noch enanner Friehyaahr. (When the groundhog sees his shadow on the morning of Mary Candlemas, he will again go into his hole and remain there for six weeks. But if the morning of Mary Candlemas is overcast, the groundhog will remain outside and there will be another spring.)<a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a> </blockquote> The form grundsow has been used by the lodge in <a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown</a> and elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder200367,_76-23">[20]</a> Brendle also recorded the name "Grundsaudag" (Groundhog day in Lebanon County) and "Daxdaag" (Groundhog day in Northampton County).<a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a> Victor Hugo, in "Les Misérables", (1864) discusses the day as follows: "...it was the second of February, that ancient Candlemas-day whose treacherous sun, the precursor of six weeks of cold, inspired Matthew Laensberg with the two lines, which have deservedly become classic: 'Qu'il luise ou qu'il luiserne, L'ours rentre en sa caverne.' (Let it gleam or let it glimmer, The bear goes back into his cave.)" – Hugo, Victor. "Les Misérables." Trans. Fahnestock and MacAfee, based on Wilbour. Signet Classics, NY, 1987. p. 725. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bear-rat">Bear-rat</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Groundhog_Day&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bear-rat">edit</a>]</div> The groundhog was once also known by the obsolete Latin alias <a href="/wiki/Arctomys_monax" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctomys monax">Arctomys monax</a>. The genus name signified "bear-rat".<a href="#cite_note-ssr-25">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder200354–57-26">[23]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Marmota_marmota" class="mw-redirect" title="Marmota marmota">European marmot</a> is of the same genus and was formerly called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctomys_alpinus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arctomys alpinus (page does not exist)">Arctomys alpinus</a>. It was speculated that the European counterpart might have lore similar to the groundhog attached to it.<a href="#cite_note-ssr-25">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[d]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Simpler_Candlemas_lore">Simpler Candlemas lore</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Groundhog_Day&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Simpler Candlemas lore">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Weather_lore" title="Weather lore">Weather lore</a></div> The German version, with the introduction of the badger (or other beasts), was an expansion of a simpler tradition that if the weather was sunny and clear on Candlemas Day, people expected winter to continue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder200352-15">[14]</a> The simpler version is summarized in the English (<a href="/wiki/Scots_dialect" title="Scots dialect">Scots dialect</a>) couplet that runs "If Candlemas is fair and clear / There'll be <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/twa" class="extiw" title="wikt:twa">twa</a> winters in the year",<a href="#cite_note-28">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[f]</a> with equivalent phrases in French and German.<a href="#cite_note-macmillan-31">[25]</a> And the existence of a corresponding Latin couplet has been suggested as evidence of the great antiquity of this tradition.<a href="#cite_note-33">[g]</a><a href="#cite_note-macmillan-31">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_and_Gaelic_calendars">British and Gaelic calendars</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Groundhog_Day&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: British and Gaelic calendars">edit</a>]</div> Scholar <a href="/wiki/Rhys_Carpenter" title="Rhys Carpenter">Rhys Carpenter</a> in 1946 emphasized that the Badger Day tradition was strong in Germany, but absent in the British Isles, and he referred to this as a reason that the U.S. Groundhog Day was not brought by immigrants from these places.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder200353-34">[27]</a> There did exist a belief among Roman Catholics in Britain that the hedgehog predicted the length of winter, or so it has been claimed, but without demonstration of its age, in a publication by the Scotland-born American journalist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._MacMillan_(politician)" title="Thomas C. MacMillan (politician)">Thomas C. MacMillan</a> in 1886,<a href="#cite_note-macmillan-31">[25]</a> and American writer/journalist <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams_Drake" title="Samuel Adams Drake">Samuel Adams Drake</a>'s book published in 1900.<a href="#cite_note-drake-35">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[h]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic calendar">Gaelic calendar</a> of Ireland, Scotland, and the Isle of Man, <a href="/wiki/Brigid%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigid's Day">Brigid's Day</a> (February 1) is a day for predicting the weather.<a href="#cite_note-Danaher-37">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Minard-38">[30]</a> While in Scotland the animal that heralds spring on this day is a snake,<a href="#cite_note-40">[i]</a> and on the Isle of Man a large bird,<a href="#cite_note-Briggs1-41">[32]</a> in Ireland folklorist <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Danaher" title="Kevin Danaher">Kevin Danaher</a> records lore of <a href="/wiki/European_hedgehog" title="European hedgehog">hedgehogs</a> being observed for this omen: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">In Irish folk tradition St. Brighid's Day, 1 February, is the first day of Spring, and thus of the farmer's year. ... To see a hedgehog was a good weather sign, for the hedgehog comes come out of the hole in which he has spent the winter, looks about to judge the weather, and returns to his burrow if bad weather is going to continue. If he stays out, it means that he knows the mild weather is coming.<a href="#cite_note-Danaher-37">[29]</a></blockquote> Additionally, the Roman rite for the goddess <a href="/wiki/Februa" class="mw-redirect" title="Februa">Februa</a> had a procession performed on February 2, according to Yoder. The Roman calendar, in turn, had Celtic origins. February 2 concurs with <a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a>, one of the Celtic '<a href="/wiki/Cross-quarter_days" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-quarter days">cross-quarter days</a>', the four days which marked the midpoints between <a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">solstice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">equinox</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder200352,_42–43-42">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-kruesi-32">[26]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Groundhog-Standing2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Groundhog-Standing2.jpg/220px-Groundhog-Standing2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Groundhog-Standing2.jpg/330px-Groundhog-Standing2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Groundhog-Standing2.jpg/440px-Groundhog-Standing2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Groundhog" title="Groundhog">groundhog</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marmota_monax" class="mw-redirect" title="Marmota monax">Marmota monax</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Hibernation" title="Hibernation">hibernating</a> rodent of the family <a href="/wiki/Sciuridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sciuridae">Sciuridae</a>, belonging to the group of large <a href="/wiki/Ground_squirrel" title="Ground squirrel">ground squirrels</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Groundhog_Day&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pennsylvania">edit</a>]</div> The observance of Groundhog Day in the United States first occurred in German communities in Pennsylvania, according to known records. The earliest mention of Groundhog Day is an entry on February 2, 1840, in the diary of James L. Morris of <a href="/wiki/Morgantown,_Pennsylvania" title="Morgantown, Pennsylvania">Morgantown</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_Country" title="Pennsylvania Dutch Country">Pennsylvania Dutch Country</a>, according to the book on the subject by <a href="/wiki/Don_Yoder" title="Don Yoder">Don Yoder</a>. This was a Welsh enclave but the diarist was commenting on his neighbors who were of German stock.<a href="#cite_note-43">[j]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[k]</a><a href="#cite_note-kruesi-32">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Punxsutawney_beginnings">Punxsutawney beginnings</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Groundhog_Day&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Punxsutawney beginnings">edit</a>]</div> The first reported news of a Groundhog Day observance was arguably made by the <a href="/wiki/Punxsutawney_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Punxsutawney Spirit">Punxsutawney Spirit</a> newspaper of <a href="/wiki/Punxsutawney,_Pennsylvania" title="Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania">Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania</a>, in 1886:<a href="#cite_note-46">[l]</a> "up to the time of going to press, the beast has not seen its shadow". However, it was not until the following year in 1887 that the first Groundhog Day considered "official" was commemorated there,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1985110-47">[35]</a> with a group making a trip to the Gobbler's Knob part of town to consult the groundhog. People have gathered annually at the spot for the event ever since.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1985109-48">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-time-2017-12-21-29">[24]</a> Clymer Freas (1867–1942)<a href="#cite_note-49">[m]</a> who was city editor at the <a href="/wiki/Punxsutawney_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Punxsutawney Spirit">Punxsutawney Spirit</a> is credited as the "father" who conceived the idea of "Groundhog Day".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder200310-50">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[n]</a> It has also been suggested that Punxsutawney was where all the Groundhog Day events originated, from where it spread to other parts of the United States and Canada.<a href="#cite_note-53">[39]</a> The Groundhog Day celebrations of the 1880s were carried out by the Punxsutawney Elks Lodge. The lodge members were the "genesis" of the Groundhog Club formed later, which continued the Groundhog Day tradition. But the lodge started out being interested in the <a href="/wiki/Groundhog" title="Groundhog">groundhog</a> as a game animal for food. It had started to serve groundhog at the lodge, and had been organizing a hunting party on a day each year in late summer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1985106-54">[40]</a> The chronologies given are somewhat inconsistent in the literature. The first "Groundhog Picnic" was held in 1887 according to one source,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder200310-50">[37]</a> but given as post-circa-1889 by a local historian in a journal. The historian states that around 1889 the meat was served in the lodge's banquet, and the organized hunt started after that.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1985106-54">[40]</a> Either way, the Punxsutawney Groundhog Club was formed in 1899, and continued the hunt and "Groundhog Feast", which took place annually in September.<a href="#cite_note-washington-post-2004-02-03-55">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder200311-56">[42]</a> The "hunt" portion of it became increasingly a ritualized formality, because the practical procurement of meat had to occur well ahead of time for <a href="/wiki/Marinating" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinating">marinating</a>. A drink called the "groundhog punch" was also served.<a href="#cite_note-57">[o]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1985107-58">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[44]</a> The flavor has been described as a "cross between pork and chicken".<a href="#cite_note-60">[45]</a> The hunt and feast did not attract enough outside interest, and the practice was discontinued.<a href="#cite_note-washington-post-2004-02-03-55">[41]</a> The groundhog was not named Phil until 1961, possibly as an indirect reference to <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Punxsutawney_today">Punxsutawney today</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Groundhog_Day&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Punxsutawney today">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Groundhog_Day,_Punxsutawney,_2013-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Groundhog_Day%2C_Punxsutawney%2C_2013-1.jpg/220px-Groundhog_Day%2C_Punxsutawney%2C_2013-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Groundhog_Day%2C_Punxsutawney%2C_2013-1.jpg/330px-Groundhog_Day%2C_Punxsutawney%2C_2013-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Groundhog_Day%2C_Punxsutawney%2C_2013-1.jpg/440px-Groundhog_Day%2C_Punxsutawney%2C_2013-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Groundhog Day, Punxsutawney, 2013</figcaption></figure> The largest Groundhog Day celebration is held in <a href="/wiki/Punxsutawney,_Pennsylvania" title="Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania">Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania</a>, where crowds as large as 40,000 gather each year,<a href="#cite_note-62">[47]</a> nearly eight times the year-round population of the town which is 5,769 as of 2020.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder20039-63">[48]</a> The average draw had been about 2,000 until the 1993 film <a href="/wiki/Groundhog_Day_(film)" title="Groundhog Day (film)">Groundhog Day</a>, which is set at the festivities in Punxsutawney, after which attendance rose to about 10,000.<a href="#cite_note-washington-post-2004-02-03-55">[41]</a> The official Phil is pretended to be a <a href="/wiki/Supercentenarian" title="Supercentenarian">supercentenarian</a>, having been the same forecasting beast since 1887.<a href="#cite_note-washington-post-2004-02-03-55">[41]</a> For the past several years, the event has been live streamed, allowing more people than ever to watch the animal meteorologist.<a href="#cite_note-64">[49]</a> In 2019, for the 133rd year of the tradition, the groundhog was summoned to come out at 7:25 am on February 2, but did not see its shadow.<a href="#cite_note-65">[50]</a> Fans of Punxsutawney Phil awaited his arrival starting at 6:00 am, thanks to a live stream provided by Visit Pennsylvania. 2021 was the 135th celebration, and for the first time, due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, the ceremony was held <a href="/wiki/Behind_closed_doors_(sports)" class="mw-redirect" title="Behind closed doors (sports)">behind closed doors</a>, with no fans allowed to attend and most of the Inner Circle members being required to wear a mask, including Phill. The groundhog was summoned at 7:25 am on February 2 and saw its shadow.<a href="#cite_note-66">[51]</a> 2022 saw the 136th celebration of the normal in-person event and the groundhog saw its shadow, predicting six more weeks of winter.<a href="#cite_note-67">[52]</a> In 2023, during the 137th prognostication event, the groundhog once again saw its shadow, calling for six more weeks of winter.<a href="#cite_note-68">[53]</a> In 2024, during the 138th and most recent prognostication event, the groundhog did not see its shadow, calling for an early Spring. This has only happened 20 times in the celebration's recorded history: 1902, 1934, 1942, 1950, 1970, 1975, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2007, 2011, 2013, 2016, 2019, 2020, and 2024.<a href="#cite_note-69">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_celebrations">Regional celebrations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Groundhog_Day&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Regional celebrations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Groundhog_Day&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mid-Atlantic">Mid-Atlantic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Groundhog_Day&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mid-Atlantic">edit</a>]</div> The Slumbering Groundhog Lodge, which was formed in 1907, has carried out the ceremonies that take place in <a href="/wiki/Quarryville,_Pennsylvania" title="Quarryville, Pennsylvania">Quarryville, Pennsylvania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1985105-70">[55]</a> It used to be a contending rival to Punxsutawney over the Groundhog Day fame. It employs a <a href="/wiki/Taxidermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxidermic">taxidermic</a> specimen (stuffed woodchuck).<a href="#cite_note-washington-post-2004-02-03-55">[41]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Pennsylvania">Southeastern Pennsylvania</a>, Groundhog Lodges (Grundsow Lodges) celebrate the holiday with <a href="/wiki/Fersommling" title="Fersommling">fersommlinge</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder2003xii-71">[56]</a> social events in which food is served, speeches are made, and one or more g'spiel (plays or skits) are performed for entertainment. The <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania German language">Pennsylvania German dialect</a> is the only language spoken at the event, and those who speak English pay a penalty, usually in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Nickel_(United_States_coin)" title="Nickel (United States coin)">nickel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dime_(United_States_coin)" title="Dime (United States coin)">dime</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Quarter_(United_States_coin)" title="Quarter (United States coin)">quarter</a> per word spoken, with the money put into a bowl in the center of the table.<a href="#cite_note-rosenberger-72">[57]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Milltown,_New_Jersey" title="Milltown, New Jersey">Milltown, New Jersey</a>, Milltown Mel was purchased in 2008 in <a href="/wiki/Sunbury,_Pennsylvania" title="Sunbury, Pennsylvania">Sunbury, Pennsylvania</a>, by Jerry and Cathy Guthlein, and lived in a cage in the Guthleins' back yard.<a href="#cite_note-73">[58]</a> Mel's first event was at the family business, the Bronson and Guthlein Funeral Home, with later events moved to the American Legion Post, with free coffee and doughnuts served afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-74">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-nj-forecasting-groundhogs-76">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[63]</a> Mel died in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-79">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-mycentraljersey-2015-groundhog-died-81">[66]</a>) Stonewall Jackson predicts at <a href="/wiki/Space_Farms_Zoo_and_Museum" title="Space Farms Zoo and Museum">Space Farms Zoo and Museum</a>. <a href="#cite_note-nj-forecasting-groundhogs-76">[61]</a> Essex Ed the groundhog and Otis the Hedgehog predict at <a href="/wiki/Turtle_Back_Zoo" title="Turtle Back Zoo">Turtle Back Zoo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nj-forecasting-groundhogs-76">[61]</a> “Malverne Mel” is the groundhog of Malverne, in Long Island, New York. Mel began his position in 1996. <a href="#cite_note-82">[67]</a> Great Neck Greta, of <a href="/wiki/Great_Neck,_Long_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Neck, Long Island">Great Neck, Long Island</a>, New York, predicted in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-longislandpress-2021-groundhog-list-83">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[69]</a> Quigley, of <a href="/wiki/The_Hamptons" title="The Hamptons">The Hamptons</a> (resident of the Save the Animals Rescue Foundation<a href="#cite_note-85">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[71]</a>), predicts at <a href="/wiki/Quogue,_New_York" title="Quogue, New York">Quogue Village</a> Fire Department.<a href="#cite_note-longislandpress-2021-groundhog-list-83">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Chuck" title="Staten Island Chuck">Staten Island Chuck</a> is the stage name for the official weather-forecasting woodchuck for New York City, housed in the <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Zoo" title="Staten Island Zoo">Staten Island Zoo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rosenberg-89">[74]</a> In 2009, Chuck bit then-NYC-Mayor Mike Bloomberg, prompting zoo officials to quietly replace him with his daughter Charlotte. In 2014, NYC Mayor <a href="/wiki/Bill_de_Blasio" title="Bill de Blasio">Bill de Blasio</a>, famously dropped Charlotte during the ceremony, visibly disturbing many of the children present for the event.<a href="#cite_note-90">[75]</a> Charlotte's untimely death a week later prompted rumors she was killed by the fall, although the zoo later said this was unlikely to be the cause of Charlotte's demise.<a href="#cite_note-snopes-murder-groundhog-91">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-2014-whodunit-92">[77]</a> As a result, Bill de Blasio did not participate in the tradition thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-93">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-snopes-murder-groundhog-91">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-2014-whodunit-92">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk,_New_York" title="Dunkirk, New York">Dunkirk</a> Dave (a stage name for numerous groundhogs that have filled the role since 1960) is the local groundhog for <a href="/wiki/Western_New_York" title="Western New York">Western New York</a>, handled by Bob Will, a typewriter repairman who runs a rescue shelter for groundhogs.<a href="#cite_note-94">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[80]</a> Will is adamant that Dunkirk Dave does not actually predict the date of spring because that is fixed by calendars, but instead predicts the harshness of the remainder of winter.<a href="#cite_note-96">[81]</a> French Creek Freddie is <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>'s resident groundhog meteorologist.<a href="#cite_note-FCFF-97">[82]</a> A resident of the <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_State_Wildlife_Center" title="West Virginia State Wildlife Center">West Virginia State Wildlife Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/French_Creek,_West_Virginia" title="French Creek, West Virginia">French Creek, West Virginia</a>, Freddie made his debut in 1978, and boasts an accuracy rate of approximately 50%.<a href="#cite_note-FCFF-97">[82]</a> On Groundhog Day, 2022, Freddie predicted six more weeks of winter, with the mayor of <a href="/wiki/Buckhannon,_West_Virginia" title="Buckhannon, West Virginia">Buckhannon</a> and members of the community in attendance.<a href="#cite_note-98">[83]</a> Holtsville Hal resides at the <a href="/wiki/Harold_H._Malkmes_Wildlife_Education_and_Ecology_Center" title="Harold H. Malkmes Wildlife Education and Ecology Center">Holtsville Ecology Site and Animal Preserve</a> in Holtsville, NY. He predicts the weather for <a href="/wiki/Suffolk_County,_New_York" title="Suffolk County, New York">Suffolk County, NY</a>, in front of hundreds of residents each Groundhog Day. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Midwest">Midwest</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Groundhog_Day&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Midwest">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sun_Prairie,_Wisconsin" title="Sun Prairie, Wisconsin">Sun Prairie, Wisconsin</a>, is the self-proclaimed "Groundhog Capital of the World".<a href="#cite_note-99">[84]</a> This title taken in response to the <a href="/wiki/Punxsutawney_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Punxsutawney Spirit">Punxsutawney Spirit</a>'s 1952 newspaper article describing Sun Prairie as a "remote two cow village buried somewhere in the wilderness..."<a href="#cite_note-100">[85]</a> In 2015, Jimmy the Groundhog bit the ear of Mayor Jon Freund<a href="#cite_note-101">[86]</a> and the story quickly went viral worldwide. The next day a mayoral proclamation absolved Jimmy XI of any wrongdoing.<a href="#cite_note-102">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Buckeye_Chuck" title="Buckeye Chuck">Buckeye Chuck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>'s official State Groundhog, is one of two weather-predicting groundhogs. He resides in <a href="/wiki/Marion,_Ohio" title="Marion, Ohio">Marion, Ohio</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Woodstock Willie, in <a href="/wiki/Woodstock,_Illinois" title="Woodstock, Illinois">Woodstock, Illinois</a>, the shooting location for the 1993 film <a href="/wiki/Groundhog_Day_(film)#Preproduction" title="Groundhog Day (film)">Groundhog Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[88]</a> Concord Casimir, while not a groundhog, is a weather-predicting cat whose forecast is based on how he eats his annual <a href="/wiki/Pierogi" title="Pierogi">pierogi</a> meal. He resides in <a href="/wiki/Concord_Township,_Lake_County,_Ohio" title="Concord Township, Lake County, Ohio">Concord, Ohio</a>, on the outskirts of Cleveland.<a href="#cite_note-104">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_South">The South</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Groundhog_Day&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The South">edit</a>]</div> In Washington, D.C., the <a href="/wiki/Dupont_Circle" title="Dupont Circle">Dupont Circle</a> Groundhog Day event features Potomac Phil, another <a href="/wiki/Taxidermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxidermic">taxidermic</a> specimen. From his first appearance in 2012 to 2018, Phil's spring predictions invariably agreed with those of the more lively Punxsutawney Phil, who made his predictions half an hour earlier. In addition, Phil always predicted correctly six more months of political gridlock. However, after being accused of collusion in 2018, Potomac Phil contradicted Punxsutawney Phil in 2019, and further, predicted two more years of political insanity.<a href="#cite_note-106">[91]</a> Birmingham Bill, at <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Zoo" title="Birmingham Zoo">Birmingham Zoo</a>, was "taking a break" from predicting in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-nola-2015-Groundhog-around-107">[92]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh, North Carolina</a>, an annual event at the <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Museum_of_Natural_Sciences" title="North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences">North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences</a> included Sir Walter Wally. According to museum officials, Wally had been correct 58% of the time vs. Punxsutawney Phil's 39%.<a href="#cite_note-108">[93]</a> Sir Walter Wally retired after 2022 leaving Snerd of <a href="/wiki/Garner,_North_Carolina" title="Garner, North Carolina">Garner</a> as the only weather-predicting groundhog in the state.<a href="#cite_note-109">[94]</a> Elsewhere in the American South, the <a href="/wiki/General_Beauregard_Lee" title="General Beauregard Lee">General Beauregard Lee</a> makes predictions from <a href="/wiki/Lilburn,_Georgia" title="Lilburn, Georgia">Lilburn, Georgia</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Butts_County,_Georgia" title="Butts County, Georgia">Butts County, Georgia</a>). The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dallas" title="University of Dallas">University of Dallas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Irving,_Texas" title="Irving, Texas">Irving, Texas</a> has boasted of hosting the second largest Groundhog celebration in the world.<a href="#cite_note-110">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Groundhog_Day&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SubenacadieSammakesprediction2024crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/SubenacadieSammakesprediction2024crop.jpg/220px-SubenacadieSammakesprediction2024crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/SubenacadieSammakesprediction2024crop.jpg/330px-SubenacadieSammakesprediction2024crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/SubenacadieSammakesprediction2024crop.jpg/440px-SubenacadieSammakesprediction2024crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2705" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shubenacadie_Sam" title="Shubenacadie Sam">Shubenacadie Sam</a> makes the winter prediction at Nova Scotia's <a href="/wiki/Shubenacadie_Wildlife_Park" title="Shubenacadie Wildlife Park">Shubenacadie Wildlife Park</a>, 2024</figcaption></figure> The day is observed with various ceremonies at other locations in North America beyond the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder200333-111">[96]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, Groundhog Day traditions arrived with German <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Protestants" title="Foreign Protestants">Foreign Protestant immigrants</a> in the 1750s where it was known as "Daks Day" (from the German dachs) in the German dialect of <a href="/wiki/Lunenburg,_Nova_Scotia" title="Lunenburg, Nova Scotia">Lunenburg County</a> settlers.<a href="#cite_note-Poteet_2004-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[98]</a>) Due to <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Time_Zone" title="Atlantic Time Zone">Atlantic Time Zone</a>, the province's official groundhog, <a href="/wiki/Shubenacadie_Sam" title="Shubenacadie Sam">Shubenacadie Sam</a> makes the first Groundhog Day prediction in North America, a tradition at Nova Scotia's <a href="/wiki/Shubenacadie_Wildlife_Park" title="Shubenacadie Wildlife Park">Shubenacadie Wildlife Park</a> since 1987.<a href="#cite_note-114">[99]</a> In <a href="/wiki/French_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canada">French Canada</a>, where the day is known as Jour de la marmotte, <a href="/wiki/Fred_la_marmotte" title="Fred la marmotte">Fred la marmotte</a> of <a href="/wiki/Val-d%27Espoir,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Val-d'Espoir, Quebec">Val-d'Espoir</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-radio-canada-2017-02-02-116">[101]</a> was the representative forecaster for the province of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> from 2009 until his death in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-radio-canada-2017-02-02-116">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-radio-canada-2015-02-02-117">[102]</a> A study also shows that in Quebec, the marmot and groundhog (siffleux) are regarded as Candlemas weather-predicting beasts in some scattered spots, but the bear is the more usual animal.<a href="#cite_note-118">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[p]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wiarton_Willie" title="Wiarton Willie">Wiarton Willie</a> forecasts annually from <a href="/wiki/Wiarton,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiarton, Ontario">Wiarton, Ontario</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[105]</a> Manitoba Merv has been forecasting since the 1990s, at <a href="/wiki/Oak_Hammock_Marsh" title="Oak Hammock Marsh">Oak Hammock Marsh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-winnipeg.ctvnews.ca/1.6256793-122">[106]</a> Winnipeg Wyn has been forecasting since the 2010s, at <a href="/wiki/Prairie_Wildlife_Rehabilitation_Centre" title="Prairie Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre">Prairie Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cbc.ca/1.5449290-123">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/Balzac_Billy" title="Balzac Billy">Balzac Billy</a> is the "Prairie Prognosticator", a man-sized groundhog mascot who prognosticates weather on Groundhog Day from <a href="/wiki/Balzac,_Alberta" title="Balzac, Alberta">Balzac, Alberta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nanaimo" title="Nanaimo">Nanaimo</a> a <a href="/wiki/Ferry_port" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferry port">ferry port</a> city on <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> present Chopper, Marlu, and Van Isle Violet,<a href="#cite_note-125">[109]</a> all wild<a href="#cite_note-126">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island_marmot" title="Vancouver Island marmot">Vancouver Island marmots</a>, for forecasts, via the <a href="/wiki/Marmot_Recovery_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Marmot Recovery Foundation">Marmot Recovery Foundation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accuracy">Accuracy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Groundhog_Day&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Accuracy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statistics">Statistics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Groundhog_Day&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Statistics">edit</a>]</div> Punxsutawney Phil's statistics are kept by the Pennsylvania's Groundhog Club which cares for the animal. Phil has predicted 106 forecasts for winter and 21 for an early spring. One year he had a partial shadow, in 1942. There were 10 years when Phil's prediction was not recorded, all of which occurred in the <a href="/wiki/1880s" title="1880s">1880s</a> and <a href="/wiki/1890s" title="1890s">1890s</a>. There has been one year when the event was canceled (1943) due to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-129">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[114]</a> Most assessments of Phil's accuracy have given an accuracy lower than would be <a href="/wiki/Expected_value" title="Expected value">expected</a> with random chance. Stormfax Almanac gives Phil an estimate of 39% accuracy.<a href="#cite_note-131">[115]</a> Meteorologist Tim Roche of <a href="/wiki/Weather_Underground_(weather_service)" title="Weather Underground (weather service)">Weather Underground</a> gives Phil an 36% accuracy rate between 1969 and 2016, a range chosen because local weather data was most reliable from 1969 onward, and a 47% accuracy record in that time span when predicting early spring.<a href="#cite_note-:0-129">[113]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Centers_for_Environmental_Information" title="National Centers for Environmental Information">National Centers for Environmental Information</a>, using a basic metric of above-normal temperatures for early spring and below-normal temperatures for more winter, placed Punxsutawney Phil's accuracy at 40% for the ten-year period preceding 2019.<a href="#cite_note-132">[116]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Farmer%27s_Almanac" class="mw-redirect" title="Farmer's Almanac">Farmer's Almanac</a>, which itself has been known for forecasts of questionable accuracy, gives an assessment of "exactly 50 percent" accuracy.<a href="#cite_note-133">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_National_Geographic_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="The National Geographic Society">The National Geographic Society</a> reports a 28% success rate.<a href="#cite_note-134">[118]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Middlebury_College" title="Middlebury College">Middlebury College</a> team found that Phil's long-term analysis of temperature high/low predictions were 70% accurate, although when the groundhog predicted early spring it was usually wrong.<a href="#cite_note-135">[119]</a> Canadian meteorologist Cindy Day has estimated that Nova Scotia's "<a href="/wiki/Shubenacadie_Sam" title="Shubenacadie Sam">Shubenacadie Sam</a>" has an accuracy rate of about 45%, compared to 25% for Wiarton Willy in Ontario.<a href="#cite_note-136">[120]</a> Part of the problem with pinning down an accuracy rate for the groundhog is that what constitutes an early spring is not clearly defined. Assessments of the accuracy of other groundhogs such as <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Chuck" title="Staten Island Chuck">Staten Island Chuck</a> use an objective formula. In Chuck's case, a majority of days that reach 40 °F (4 °C) in New York City between Groundhog Day and the March equinox.<a href="#cite_note-137">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pseudoscientific_evaluation">Pseudoscientific evaluation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Groundhog_Day&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Pseudoscientific evaluation">edit</a>]</div> Prediction based on an animal's behavior used to be given more credence in the past, when stores of food became scarce as winter progressed.<a href="#cite_note-138">[122]</a> One theory states that the groundhog naturally comes out of <a href="/wiki/Hibernation" title="Hibernation">hibernation</a> in central Pennsylvania in early February because of the increasing average temperature. Under this theory, if German settlement had been centered further north, Groundhog Day would take place at a later date.<a href="#cite_note-139">[123]</a> However, the observed behavior of groundhogs in central New Jersey was that they mostly come out of their burrows in mid-March, regardless of Groundhog Day weather.<a href="#cite_note-140">[124]</a> There are several different ways of defining when spring begins. By some common methods of doing so, the <a href="/wiki/Spring_(season)#Astronomical_and_solar_reckoning" title="Spring (season)">first day of spring</a> is around March 20, which is always just under seven weeks after February 2, even in <a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">leap years</a>. The idea of "spring arriving early" is a highly subjective notion which could arguably refer to almost anything, from several days to several weeks.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similar_customs">Similar customs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Groundhog_Day&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Similar customs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Weather_lore#animal_signs" title="Weather lore">Weather lore § animal signs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Weather_lore#February" title="Weather lore">Weather lore § February</a></div> In Croatia and Serbia, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christians</a> have a tradition that on February 2 (Candlemas) or February 15 (Sretenje, <a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation of Jesus at the Temple">The Meeting of the Lord</a>), the bear will awaken from winter dormancy, and if it sees (meets) its own shadow in this sleepy and confused state, it will get scared and go back to sleep for an additional 40 days, thus prolonging the winter. Thus, if it is sunny on Sretenje, it is a sign that the winter is not over yet. If it is cloudy, it is a good sign that the winter is about to end.<a href="#cite_note-lodge-141">[125]</a> Similarly in Germany, on the June 27, they recognize the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers%27_Day" title="Seven Sleepers' Day">Seven Sleepers' Day</a> (Siebenschläfertag). If it rains that day, the rest of summer is supposedly going to be rainy. As well, in the United Kingdom, July 15 is known as <a href="/wiki/Swithun" title="Swithun">St. Swithin's day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-keever-142">[126]</a> It was traditionally believed that, if it rained on that day, it would rain for the next 40 days and nights.<a href="#cite_note-keever-142">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Groundhog_Day&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Groundhog_Day_(film)" title="Groundhog Day (film)">Groundhog Day (film)</a></div> The holiday gained more prominence, particularly internationally, with the release of the 1993 comedy film <a href="/wiki/Groundhog_Day_(film)" title="Groundhog Day (film)">Groundhog Day</a> with <a href="/wiki/Bill_Murray" title="Bill Murray">Bill Murray</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andie_MacDowell" title="Andie MacDowell">Andie MacDowell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[127]</a> The film became the 13th highest grossing of the year, with over $70 million at the box office.<a href="#cite_note-144">[128]</a> Over time, the film became a <a href="/wiki/Cult_film" title="Cult film">cult classic</a> and significantly increased awareness and attendance at Groundhog Day events.<a href="#cite_note-washington-post-2004-02-03-55">[41]</a> In addition to the classic Groundhog Day, more movies have been subsequently released following the concept of a time loop, where the main character(s) are trapped in the same day. From Happy Death Day, where a college student relives her death until she discovers who her killer is, starring <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Rothe" title="Jessica Rothe">Jessica Rothe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel_Broussard" title="Israel Broussard">Israel Broussard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Modine" title="Ruby Modine">Ruby Modine</a>, to The Map of Tiny Perfect Things, where two kids attempt to find every 'perfect' part of the day they relive, starring <a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Newton" title="Kathryn Newton">Kathryn Newton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyle_Allen_(actor)" title="Kyle Allen (actor)">Kyle Allen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[130]</a> The holiday's origins also plays a prominent role in the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Rankin/Bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Rankin/Bass">Rankin/Bass</a> holiday special <a href="/wiki/Jack_Frost_(1979_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Frost (1979 film)">Jack Frost</a>, where groundhog prognosticator Pardon-Me Pete's shadow is actually manipulated by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Frost" title="Jack Frost">Jack Frost</a>, initially so Jack could buy more time to use his wintery magic to protect January Junction from the villain, but over the years since, has become a proper agreement between the two to give Jack more time for wintery fun in exchange for Pete getting extra hibernation time.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Groundhog_Day&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Noted by <a href="/wiki/Uwe_Johnson" title="Uwe Johnson">Uwe Johnson</a>; the formula was printed in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vo%C3%9F_un_Haas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voß un Haas (page does not exist)">Voß un Haas</a> [<a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vo%C3%9F_un_Haas" class="extiw" title="nds:Voß un Haas">nds</a>] "Fox and Hare" calendars of <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg" title="Mecklenburg">Mecklenburg</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> "Of course everybody knows that February 2 is groundhog day. If the dox (the dialect word for groundhog) sees its shadow on this day, the belief is that six weeks of bad weather will follow". </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> The letter "â" is actually "a with circumflex below". </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Signed "S. S. R." of <a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster, Pennsylvania">Lancaster, Pennsylvania</a>. Note that S. S. Rathvon wrote the editorial "The Ground-Hog" and "More of the Ground-hogs" where he refers to the creature as "Old Arctomyx" in the editorial in the March 1884 issue of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7uJFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PT51">Lancaster Farmer</a> XV:3. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> A couplet the same as this except "two winters" in standard English is given in <a href="#CITEREFDavis1985">Davis (1985)</a>, p. 103, alongside two other variants. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> "Second Winter"<a href="#cite_note-time-2017-12-21-29">[24]</a> appears to be a <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a> that paraphrases "two winters". </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> "Si Sol splendescat Maria purificante / Major erit glacies post festum quam fuit ante". Note that Maria purificante or <a href="/wiki/The_Purification_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="The Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary">The Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a> is the reference to Candlemas day, since this is the biblical event that Candlemas is supposed to commemorate.<a href="#cite_note-kruesi-32">[26]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Drake also states that the German lore about the badger predicting the winter's duration was firmly accepted in New England. The groundhog, badger/bear, and hedgehog are all noted as paralleling each other. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="gd" class="poem"> Thig an nathair as an toll / Là donn Brìde, / Ged robh trì troighean dhen t-sneachd / Air leac an làir. </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> The serpent will come from the hole / On the brown Day of Bríde, / Though there should be three feet of snow / On the flat surface of the ground. </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-left:1.6em;text-align:left">—<a href="#cite_note-Carmina1-39">[31]</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> February 2, 1840, read: "Today the Germans say the groundhog comes out of his winter quarters and if he sees his shadow he returns in and remains there 40 days." </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Some sources stated that Morris's entry of February 4, 1841, was the oldest. It read: "Last Tuesday, the 2nd, was Candlemas day, the day on which, according to the Germans, the Groundhog peeps out of his winter quarters and if he sees his shadow he pops back for another six weeks nap, but if the day be cloudy he remains out, as the weather is to be moderate."<a href="#cite_note-penn-dutchman-vol6-num-11-17">[15]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Some books attribute this positively to Clymer Freas. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Also styled H. C. Freas, H. Clymer Freas, or Clymer H. Freas </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Other contemporaries of Freas (his colleagues at the paper and fellow-members of the club, etc.) have been given credit for the promotion of Groundhog Day: <a href="/wiki/William_Orlando_Smith" title="William Orlando Smith">W. O. Smith</a>, another editor of the paper and later elected to <a href="/wiki/U._S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U. S. Congress">U. S. Congress</a>, cartoonist <a href="/wiki/C._M._Payne" title="C. M. Payne">C. M. Payne</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_P._Cowan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John P. Cowan (page does not exist)">John P. Cowan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh Gazette">Pittsburgh Gazette</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1985-51">[38]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> a combination of vodka, milk, eggs and orange juice, among many other ingredients. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> There were beliefs in Switzerland and France that the marmot predicted the weather, according to MacMillan.<a href="#cite_note-macmillan-31">[25]</a> "S. S. R." also speculated there might be similar lore for the European marmot, Arctomys alpinus.<a href="#cite_note-ssr-25">[22]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Groundhog_Day&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Groundhog_Day&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Poteet_2004-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Poteet_2004_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poteet_2004_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPoteet2008" class="citation cs2">Poteet, Lewis J. (2008) [1975], The South Shore Phrase Book, Hantsport: <a href="/wiki/Methuen_Publishing" title="Methuen Publishing">Methuen</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780595311941" title="Special:BookSources/9780595311941"><bdi>9780595311941</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+South+Shore+Phrase+Book&rft.place=Hantsport&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780595311941&rft.aulast=Poteet&rft.aufirst=Lewis+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroundhog+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers2004" class="citation cs2">Chambers, Jack (2004) [1988], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z1wyJRyDk3UC&pg=PT36">Canadian English: Origins and Structures</a> (New, revised, and expanded ed.), Hantsport: <a href="/wiki/Lancelot_Press" title="Lancelot Press">Lancelot Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780595311941" title="Special:BookSources/9780595311941"><bdi>9780595311941</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802184805/https://books.google.com/books?id=z1wyJRyDk3UC&pg=PT36">archived</a> from the original on August 2, 2020, retrieved December 26, 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+English%3A+Origins+and+Structures&rft.place=Hantsport&rft.edition=New%2C+revised%2C+and+expanded&rft.pub=Lancelot+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780595311941&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz1wyJRyDk3UC%26pg%3DPT36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroundhog+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1959" class="citation thesis cs1">Wilson, Harry (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/d0a3a8fd88a97d3bea7b2b6103492837/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y">The dialect of Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia: a study of the English of the county, with reference to its sources, preservation of relics, and vestiges of bilingualism</a> (PhD thesis). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>. p. 52. 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Vienna: J.G. Mösle. p. 20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802185209/https://books.google.com/books?id=YI01RgDZT0sC&pg=PA20">Archived</a> from the original on August 2, 2020. <q>Wenn sich der Dachs zu Lichtmeß sonnt, so gehet er wieder auf vier Wochen in sein Loch.</q> [If the badger is in the sun at Candlemas, he will have to go back into his hole for another four weeks.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Angewandte+Fresenius%3A+Oder+Sammlung+Geordneter+Allgemeiner+Witterungs+Und+Sogenannter+Bauernregeln&rft.place=Vienna&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=J.G.+M%C3%B6sle&rft.date=1823&rft.aulast=von+Lewenau&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Arnold+Ritter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYI01RgDZT0sC%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroundhog+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder200352-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder200352_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder200352_15-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFYoder2003">Yoder (2003)</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-penn-dutchman-vol6-num-11-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-penn-dutchman-vol6-num-11_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-penn-dutchman-vol6-num-11_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShoemaker1954" class="citation cs2">Shoemaker, Alfred L. (February 1, 1954), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802191117/https://books.google.com/books?id=-r3WAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22James+L.+Morris+%22">February Lore</a>, vol. 5, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-r3WAAAAMAAJ&q=%22James+L.+Morris+%22">the original</a> on August 2, 2020, retrieved December 25, 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=February+Lore&rft.date=1954-02-01&rft.aulast=Shoemaker&rft.aufirst=Alfred+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-r3WAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522James%2BL.%2BMorris%2B%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroundhog+Day" class="Z3988">(download) </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambert1924" class="citation cs2">Lambert, Marcus Bachman (1924), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kWxIAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA35">"Pennsylvania-German Dictionary"</a>, Pennsylvania-German Society: 35, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803002536/https://books.google.com/books?id=kWxIAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA35">archived</a> from the original on August 3, 2020, retrieved December 27, 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pennsylvania-German+Society&rft.atitle=Pennsylvania-German+Dictionary&rft.pages=35&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Marcus+Bachman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkWxIAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DRA2-PA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroundhog+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-haldeman-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-haldeman_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-haldeman_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaldeman1872" class="citation cs2">Haldeman, Samuel Stehman (1872), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5REVAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA5">Pennsylvania Dutch: A Dialect of South German with an Infusion of English</a>, Reformed Church Publication Board, pp. 5–6, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802203035/https://books.google.com/books?id=5REVAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA5">archived</a> from the original on August 2, 2020, retrieved December 26, 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pennsylvania+Dutch%3A+A+Dialect+of+South+German+with+an+Infusion+of+English&rft.pages=5-6&rft.pub=Reformed+Church+Publication+Board&rft.date=1872&rft.aulast=Haldeman&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Stehman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5REVAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroundhog+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFogel1915" class="citation book cs1">Fogel, Edwin Miller (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TeaAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA236">Beliefs and Superstitions of the Pennsylvania Germans</a>. Vol. 18. Philadelphia: American Germanica Press. p. 236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781404754553" title="Special:BookSources/9781404754553"><bdi>9781404754553</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802234813/https://books.google.com/books?id=TeaAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA236">Archived</a> from the original on August 2, 2020. 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MacMillan (politician)">MacMillan, Thomas C.</a>, ed. (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rkcxAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA69">Ground-Hog Day ― Candlemas</a>. The Inter Ocean Curiosity Shop for the year 1885 (3 ed.). Chicago: The Inter Ocean Publishing Company. pp. 68–69. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802215106/https://books.google.com/books?id=rkcxAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA69">Archived</a> from the original on August 2, 2020. 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Journal of American Folklore. 120 (477): 367–368.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+Folklore&rft.atitle=Reviewed+Work%3A+Groundhog+Day+by+Don+Yoder&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=477&rft.pages=367-368&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Kruesi&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroundhog+Day" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20487565">20487565</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder200353-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder200353_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYoder2003">Yoder (2003)</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-drake-35"><a href="#cite_ref-drake_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrake1900" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams_Drake" title="Samuel Adams Drake">Drake, Samuel Adams</a> (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1p4bV8dYtcwC&pg=PA43">The Myths and Fables of To-day</a>. Frank T. Merill (illustr.). Boston: Lee and Shepard. pp. 43–44. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802201339/https://books.google.com/books?id=1p4bV8dYtcwC&pg=PA43">Archived</a> from the original on August 2, 2020. 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To see a hedgehog was a good weather sign, for the hedgehog comes come out of the hole in which he has spent the winter, looks about to judge the weather, and returns to his burrow if bad weather is going to continue. If he stays out, it means that he knows the mild weather is coming.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Year+in+Ireland&rft.place=Cork&rft.pages=13-14&rft.pub=Mercier&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=1-85635-093-2&rft.aulast=Danaher&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyearinireland00kevi%2Fpage%2F13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroundhog+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Minard-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Minard_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinard2012" class="citation cs2">Minard, Antone (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3cHdQC1cXLEC&pg=PA444">"Imbolc"</a>, The Celts, vol. 1, ABC-CLIO, p. 444, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5988-4964-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5988-4964-6"><bdi>978-1-5988-4964-6</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803002638/https://books.google.com/books?id=3cHdQC1cXLEC&pg=PA444">archived</a> from the original on August 3, 2020, retrieved December 22, 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Celts&rft.atitle=Imbolc&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=444&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-5988-4964-6&rft.aulast=Minard&rft.aufirst=Antone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3cHdQC1cXLEC%26pg%3DPA444&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroundhog+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carmina1-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Carmina1_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/celt/cg1/cg1074.htm">"Carmina Gadelica Vol. 1: II. Aimsire: Seasons: 70 (notes). Genealogy of Bride. Sloinntireachd Bhride"</a>. www.sacred-texts.com. Retrieved February 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sacred-texts.com&rft.atitle=Carmina+Gadelica+Vol.+1%3A+II.+Aimsire%3A+Seasons%3A+70+%28notes%29.+Genealogy+of+Bride.+Sloinntireachd+Bhride&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fneu%2Fcelt%2Fcg1%2Fcg1074.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroundhog+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Briggs1-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Briggs1_41-0">^</a> Briggs, Katharine (1976) An Encyclopedia of Fairies. New York, Pantheon Books. pp. 57–60. "On the Isle of Man, where She is known as Caillagh ny Groamagh, the <a href="/wiki/Cailleach" title="Cailleach">Cailleach</a> is said to have been seen on St. Bride's day in the form of a gigantic bird, carrying sticks in her beak." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder200352,_42–43-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder200352,_42–43_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYoder2003">Yoder (2003)</a>, pp. 52, 42–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYoder2003">Yoder (2003)</a>, pp. 49, 54, 143, diary printed in "Folklore from the Diary of James L. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/ny-de-blasio-groundhog-day-staten-island-chuck-killing-20200128-uei2wqa6g5fzrd3kzwqvi7ve4y-story.html">the original</a> on January 29, 2020. Retrieved December 5, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Daily+News&rft.atitle=%27It+didn%27t+end+well%27%3A+De+Blasio+won%27t+celebrate+Groundhog+Day+after+killing+Staten+Island+Chuck&rft.date=2020-01-28&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fny-de-blasio-groundhog-day-staten-island-chuck-killing-20200128-uei2wqa6g5fzrd3kzwqvi7ve4y-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroundhog+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/us/punxsutawney-phil-and-7-other-famous-groundhogs-you-should-know">"Punxsutawney Phil and seven other famous groundhogs you should know"</a>. Fox News. February 2, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202132600/http://www.foxnews.com/us/2018/02/02/punxsutawney-phil-and-7-other-famous-groundhogs-should-know.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 2, 2018. Retrieved February 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Punxsutawney+Phil+and+seven+other+famous+groundhogs+you+should+know&rft.date=2018-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fus%2Fpunxsutawney-phil-and-7-other-famous-groundhogs-you-should-know&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroundhog+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirst2018" class="citation news cs1">Kirst, Sean (February 2, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://buffalonews.com/2018/02/01/sean-kirst-for-dunkirk-daves-devoted-caretaker-every-day-is-groundhog-day/">"Sean Kirst: For Dunkirk Dave's caretaker, every day is Groundhog Day"</a>. The Buffalo News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180203064508/http://buffalonews.com/2018/02/01/sean-kirst-for-dunkirk-daves-devoted-caretaker-every-day-is-groundhog-day/">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved February 1, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Buffalo+News&rft.atitle=Sean+Kirst%3A+For+Dunkirk+Dave%27s+caretaker%2C+every+day+is+Groundhog+Day&rft.date=2018-02-02&rft.aulast=Kirst&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbuffalonews.com%2F2018%2F02%2F01%2Fsean-kirst-for-dunkirk-daves-devoted-caretaker-every-day-is-groundhog-day%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroundhog+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.post-journal.com/news/community/2023/01/dunkirk-dave-is-taking-visitors-again/">"Dunkirk Dave Is Taking Visitors Again"</a>. post-journal.com. 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Retrieved February 2, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wvdnr.gov&rft.atitle=French+Creek+Freddie+Facts+to+Get+You+Ready+for+Groundhog+Day&rft.date=2022-01-26&rft.au=West+Virginia+DNR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwvdnr.gov%2Ffrench-creek-freddie-facts-to-get-you-ready-for-groundhog-day%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroundhog+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWSAZ_News_Staff2022" class="citation web cs1">WSAZ News Staff (February 2, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsaz.com/2022/02/02/french-creek-freddie-saw-his-shadow/">"French Creek Freddie saw his shadow"</a>. WSAZ NewsChannel 3. Retrieved February 2, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WSAZ+NewsChannel+3&rft.atitle=French+Creek+Freddie+saw+his+shadow&rft.date=2022-02-02&rft.au=WSAZ+News+Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsaz.com%2F2022%2F02%2F02%2Ffrench-creek-freddie-saw-his-shadow%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroundhog+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKempton2012" class="citation web cs1">Kempton, Wesley (February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kowb1290.com/pennsylvania-not-the-groundhog-capital-of-the-world/">"Pennsylvania- Not the Groundhog Capital of the World?"</a>. KOWB, AM 1290. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190128030254/http://kowb1290.com/pennsylvania-not-the-groundhog-capital-of-the-world/">Archived</a> from the original on January 28, 2019. Retrieved January 27, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KOWB%2C+AM+1290&rft.atitle=Pennsylvania-+Not+the+Groundhog+Capital+of+the+World%3F&rft.date=2012-02&rft.aulast=Kempton&rft.aufirst=Wesley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkowb1290.com%2Fpennsylvania-not-the-groundhog-capital-of-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroundhog+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newspaperarchive.com/altoona-mirror-jan-26-1952-p-1/">"Altoona Mirror Newspaper Archives, Jan 26, 1952"</a>. newspaperarchive.com. January 26, 1952. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190127205834/https://newspaperarchive.com/altoona-mirror-jan-26-1952-p-1/">Archived</a> from the original on January 27, 2019. Retrieved January 27, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newspaperarchive.com&rft.atitle=Altoona+Mirror+Newspaper+Archives%2C+Jan+26%2C+1952&rft.date=1952-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewspaperarchive.com%2Faltoona-mirror-jan-26-1952-p-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroundhog+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gCpQOWMovLE">"Jimmy the Groundhog bites Sun Prairie mayor"</a>. February 2, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180930225431/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gCpQOWMovLE">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2018. Retrieved January 27, 2019 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jimmy+the+Groundhog+bites+Sun+Prairie+mayor&rft.date=2015-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DgCpQOWMovLE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroundhog+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fdlreporter.com/story/news/local/2015/02/03/sun-prairie-mayor-pardons-jimmy-groundhog/22835565/">"Sun Prairie mayor pardons Jimmy the Groundhog"</a>. Action Reporter Media. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190417160900/https://www.fdlreporter.com/story/news/local/2015/02/03/sun-prairie-mayor-pardons-jimmy-groundhog/22835565/">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2019. Retrieved January 27, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Action+Reporter+Media&rft.atitle=Sun+Prairie+mayor+pardons+Jimmy+the+Groundhog&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fdlreporter.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Flocal%2F2015%2F02%2F03%2Fsun-prairie-mayor-pardons-jimmy-groundhog%2F22835565%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroundhog+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://woodstockgroundhog.org/">"Groundhog Days in Woodstock, IL"</a>. woodstockgroundhog.org. Retrieved February 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=woodstockgroundhog.org&rft.atitle=Groundhog+Days+in+Woodstock%2C+IL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwoodstockgroundhog.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroundhog+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freshwatercleveland.com/inthenews/ConcordCasimir020623.aspx">"Concord Casimir calls for flip-flopping end to winter, keep both your long Johns and shorts handy"</a>. Cleveland – Freshwater Media. February 6, 2023. 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Retrieved February 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+News-Herald&rft.atitle=Concord+Casimir+takes+over+for+Concord+Abby+in+the+annual+Groundhog+Day+forecast&rft.date=2014-02-03&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news-herald.com%2F2014%2F02%2F03%2Fconcord-casimir-takes-over-for-concord-abby-in-the-annual-groundhog-day-forecast%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroundhog+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> (1) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDingfelder2018" class="citation news cs1">Dingfelder, Sadie (February 1, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/express/wp/2018/02/01/a-groundhog-day-scandal-potomac-phil-denies-rumors-of-collusion/">"A Groundhog Day scandal? Potomac Phil denies rumors of collusion"</a>. Express. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190204122315/https://www.washingtonpost.com/express/wp/2018/02/01/a-groundhog-day-scandal-potomac-phil-denies-rumors-of-collusion/">Archived</a> from the original on February 4, 2019. Retrieved February 3, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Express&rft.atitle=A+Groundhog+Day+scandal%3F+Potomac+Phil+denies+rumors+of+collusion&rft.date=2018-02-01&rft.aulast=Dingfelder&rft.aufirst=Sadie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fexpress%2Fwp%2F2018%2F02%2F01%2Fa-groundhog-day-scandal-potomac-phil-denies-rumors-of-collusion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroundhog+Day" class="Z3988"> (2) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHedgpeth2018" class="citation news cs1">Hedgpeth, Dana (February 2, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/local/wp/2018/02/02/d-c-s-groundhog-makes-his-prediction-6-more-weeks-of-winter/">"D.C.'s groundhog makes his prediction — 6 more weeks of winter"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190424041701/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/local/wp/2018/02/02/d-c-s-groundhog-makes-his-prediction-6-more-weeks-of-winter/">Archived</a> from the original on April 24, 2019. Retrieved February 3, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=D.C.%27s+groundhog+makes+his+prediction+%E2%80%94+6+more+weeks+of+winter&rft.date=2018-02-02&rft.aulast=Hedgpeth&rft.aufirst=Dana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fwp%2F2018%2F02%2F02%2Fd-c-s-groundhog-makes-his-prediction-6-more-weeks-of-winter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroundhog+Day" class="Z3988"> (3) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPointer2018" class="citation web cs1">Pointer, Jack (February 2, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wtop.com/dc/2018/02/potomac-phil-shadowy-predictions/slide/1/">"WATCH: DC's least-animated pundit offers some shadowy predictions"</a>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/WTOP-FM" title="WTOP-FM">WTOP</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190204122347/https://wtop.com/dc/2018/02/potomac-phil-shadowy-predictions/slide/1/">Archived</a> from the original on February 4, 2019. 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Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/WTOP-FM" title="WTOP-FM">WTOP</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190204010049/https://wtop.com/dc/2019/02/potomac-phil-defies-punxsutawney-with-prediction-of-his-own/slide/1/">Archived</a> from the original on February 4, 2019. Retrieved February 3, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Potomac+Phil+defies+Punxsutawney+with+prediction+of+his+own&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=WTOP&rft.date=2019-02-02&rft.aulast=Alvarez&rft.aufirst=Alejandro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwtop.com%2Fdc%2F2019%2F02%2Fpotomac-phil-defies-punxsutawney-with-prediction-of-his-own%2Fslide%2F1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroundhog+Day" class="Z3988"> (4) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGW_Hatchet_Video2019" class="citation web cs1">GW Hatchet Video (February 2, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IssE4QjTeX8">"Potomac Phil predicts long winter at Dupont Circle Groundhog Day celebration"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190203073425/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IssE4QjTeX8">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2019. Retrieved February 3, 2019 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Potomac+Phil+predicts+long+winter+at+Dupont+Circle+Groundhog+Day+celebration&rft.date=2019-02-02&rft.au=GW+Hatchet+Video&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DIssE4QjTeX8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroundhog+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nola-2015-Groundhog-around-107"><a href="#cite_ref-nola-2015-Groundhog-around_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutton" class="citation news cs1">Sutton, Amber. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nola.com/entertainment_life/article_1394ee01-67cc-57e5-8dfb-b7c6675d537d.html">"Groundhog Day 2015: From Punxsutawney Phil to Milltown Mel, predictions from around the country"</a>. NOLA.com. 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WRAL.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202235952/http://www.wral.com/no-more-winter-sir-walter-wally-predicts-early-spring/17309168/">Archived</a> from the original on February 2, 2018. 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Peterson's. 2009. p. 298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780768926903" title="Special:BookSources/9780768926903"><bdi>9780768926903</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140103095919/http://books.google.com/books?id=4mc4PN1nxFEC">Archived</a> from the original on January 3, 2014. 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Radio-Canada. February 2, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170204163820/http://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1014454/jour-marmotte-science-folklore-eve-christian">Archived</a> from the original on February 4, 2017. 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Retrieved February 2, 2015. <q>la marmotte officielle du Québec</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio-Canada&rft.atitle=Fred+la+marmotte+%3A+encore+six+semaines+d%27hiver%21&rft.date=2015-02-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fici.radio-canada.ca%2Fregions%2Fest-quebec%2F2015%2F02%2F02%2F002-gaspesie-marmotte-printemps.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroundhog+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodrigue1983" class="citation book cs1">Rodrigue, Denise (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WrLxBNnh_XoC&pg=PA36">Le cycle de Pâques au Québec et dans l'Ouest de la France</a>. 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(1976), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DUcTAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Seven+Sleepers%224">Iredell, Piedmont County</a>, Iredell County Bicentennial Commission, p. 26, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802185211/https://books.google.com/books?id=DUcTAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22Seven+Sleepers%22+groundhog&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22Seven+Sleepers%224">archived</a> from the original on August 2, 2020, retrieved December 24, 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iredell%2C+Piedmont+County&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Iredell+County+Bicentennial+Commission&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Keever&rft.aufirst=Homer+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDUcTAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%2522Seven%2BSleepers%25224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroundhog+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamis1993" class="citation cs2">Ramis, Harold (February 12, 1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0107048/">Groundhog Day</a> (Comedy, Drama, Fantasy), Columbia Pictures, retrieved February 2, 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Groundhog+Day&rft.pub=Columbia+Pictures&rft.date=1993-02-12&rft.aulast=Ramis&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0107048%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroundhog+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?view2=worldwide&yr=1993&p=.htm">"1993 Worldwide Grosses"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo" title="Box Office Mojo">Box Office Mojo</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130113154847/https://boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?view2=worldwide&yr=1993&p=.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 13, 2013. Retrieved February 2, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Box+Office+Mojo&rft.atitle=1993+Worldwide+Grosses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fboxofficemojo.com%2Fyearly%2Fchart%2F%3Fview2%3Dworldwide%26yr%3D1993%26p%3D.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroundhog+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5308322/">"Happy Death Day"</a>. IMDB. Retrieved November 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDB&rft.atitle=Happy+Death+Day&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt5308322%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroundhog+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt11080108/">"The Map of Tiny Perfect Things"</a>. IMDB. Retrieved November 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDB&rft.atitle=The+Map+of+Tiny+Perfect+Things&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt11080108%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroundhog+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Groundhog_Day&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1985" class="citation cs2">Davis, Christopher R. (April 1985), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.psu.edu/wph/article/view/3942/3759">"Totemism and Civic Boosterism in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, 1899–1909"</a>, The Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine, 68 (2), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171224042329/https://journals.psu.edu/wph/article/view/3942/3759">archived</a> from the original on December 24, 2017, retrieved December 23, 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Western+Pennsylvania+Historical+Magazine&rft.atitle=Totemism+and+Civic+Boosterism+in+Punxsutawney%2C+Pennsylvania%2C+1899%E2%80%931909&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1985-04&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Christopher+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.psu.edu%2Fwph%2Farticle%2Fview%2F3942%2F3759&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroundhog+Day" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoder2003" class="citation book cs1">Yoder, Don (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eFKO9FKPjOwC">Groundhog Day</a>. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0811700291" title="Special:BookSources/0811700291"><bdi>0811700291</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52542605">52542605</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803002538/https://books.google.com/books?id=eFKO9FKPjOwC">Archived</a> from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved December 22, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Groundhog+Day&rft.place=Mechanicsburg%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52542605&rft.isbn=0811700291&rft.aulast=Yoder&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeFKO9FKPjOwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroundhog+Day" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Groundhog_Day&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Old, W. C., and P. Billin-Frye (2004). The Groundhog Day Book of Facts and Fun. Morton Grove, IL: Albert Whitman.</li> <li>Pulling, A. F. (2001). Around Punxsutawney. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Groundhog_Day&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Public holidays in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Public holidays in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public holidays in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Holidays,_observances,_and_celebrations_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Holidays, observances, and celebrations in the United States</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">January</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a> (federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr.</a> (federal)</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Hostos" title="Eugenio María de Hostos">Birthday of Eugenio María de Hostos</a> (PR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Day" title="Confederate Memorial Day">Confederate Heroes Day</a> (TX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Eve of Three Kings' Day</a> (PR, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Feast of Epiphany / Feast of Theophany</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Korematsu_Day" title="Fred Korematsu Day">Fred Korematsu Day</a> (AZ, CA, FL, HI, VA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Human_Rights_Day" title="Idaho Human Rights Day">Idaho Human Rights Day</a> (ID)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_inauguration" title="United States presidential inauguration">Inauguration Day</a> (federal quadrennial)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Day" title="Kansas Day">Kansas Day</a> (KS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti / Pongal</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee_Day" title="Robert E. Lee Day">Robert E. Lee Day</a> (FL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster_Memorial_Day" title="Stephen Foster Memorial Day">Stephen Foster Memorial Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eighth_(United_States)" title="The Eighth (United States)">The Eighth</a> (LA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Three Kings' Day</a> (PR, VI, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Religion_Day" title="World Religion Day">World Religion Day</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">January–February</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_Sunday" title="Super Bowl Sunday">Super Bowl Sunday</a></li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lunar_New_Year" title="Lunar New Year">Lunar New Year</a> (NY, cultural, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">February <a href="/wiki/American_Heart_Month" title="American Heart Month">American Heart Month</a> <a href="/wiki/Black_History_Month" title="Black History Month">Black History Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents%27_Day" title="Presidents' Day">Washington's Birthday</a> (federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day" title="Valentine's Day">Valentine's Day</a></li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Mu%C3%B1oz_Mar%C3%ADn" title="Luis Muñoz Marín">Birthday of Luis Muñoz Marín</a> (PR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candlemas" title="Candlemas">Candlemas</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Day" title="Darwin Day">Charles Darwin Day / Darwin Day</a> (CA, DE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Remembrance_(Japanese_Americans)" title="Day of Remembrance (Japanese Americans)">Day of Remembrance</a> (CA, OR, WA, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Day" title="Georgia Day">Georgia Day</a> (GA)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Groundhog Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Birthday" title="Lincoln's Birthday">Lincoln's Birthday</a> (CA, CT, IL, IN, MO, NY, WV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Girls_and_Women_in_Sports_Day" title="National Girls and Women in Sports Day">National Girls and Women in Sports Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Freedom_Day" title="National Freedom Day">National Freedom Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana_Day" title="Parinirvana Day">Nirvana Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation of Jesus at the Temple">Presentation of Our Lord to the Temple</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Reformer_Day" title="Promised Reformer Day">Promised Reformer Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Day" title="Ronald Reagan Day">Ronald Reagan Day</a> (CA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks_Day" title="Rosa Parks Day">Rosa Parks Day</a> (CA, MO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saviours%27_Day" title="Saviours' Day">Saviours' Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Day" title="Susan B. Anthony Day">Susan B. Anthony Day</a> (CA, FL, NY, WI, WV, proposed federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu_BiShvat" title="Tu BiShvat">Tu B’shvat</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">February–March</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras" title="Mardi Gras">Mardi Gras</a></li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a> (PR, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">Carnival</a> (PR, VI, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Monday" title="Clean Monday">Clean Monday</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courir_de_Mardi_Gras" title="Courir de Mardi Gras">Courir de Mardi Gras</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayy%C3%A1m-i-H%C3%A1" title="Ayyám-i-Há">Intercalary Days</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Mahashivaratri</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrove_Tuesday" title="Shrove Tuesday">Shrove Tuesday</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Tuesday" title="Super Tuesday">Super Tuesday</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">March <a href="/wiki/Irish-American_Heritage_Month" title="Irish-American Heritage Month">Irish-American Heritage Month</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Colon_Cancer_Awareness_Month" title="National Colon Cancer Awareness Month">Colon Cancer Awareness Month</a> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_History_Month" title="Women's History Month">Women's History Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day" title="Saint Patrick's Day">Saint Patrick's Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_break" title="Spring break">Spring break</a> (week)</li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation of the Virgin Mary / Annunciation of the Theotokos</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_Pulaski_Day" title="Casimir Pulaski Day">Casimir Pulaski Day</a> (IL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesar_Chavez_Day" title="Cesar Chavez Day">Cesar Chavez Day</a> (CA, CO, TX, proposed federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day#Puerto_Rico" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day in Puerto Rico</a> (PR, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(Massachusetts)" title="Evacuation Day (Massachusetts)">Evacuation Day</a> (Suffolk County, MA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman_Day" title="Harriet Tubman Day">Harriet Tubman Day</a> (NY)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hola_Mohalla" title="Hola Mohalla">Hola Mohalla</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a> (NY, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard" title="L. Ron Hubbard">L. Ron Hubbard's Birthday</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isra_and_Mi%27raj#Modern_Muslim_observance" class="mw-redirect" title="Isra and Mi'raj">Lailat al-Mi'raj</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_and_Freedom_Day" title="Liberation and Freedom Day">Liberation and Freedom Day</a> (Charlottesville, VA, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras_in_the_United_States" title="Mardi Gras in the United States">Mardi Gras</a> (AL (in two counties), LA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Day" title="Maryland Day">Maryland Day</a> (MD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor_Day" title="Medal of Honor Day">Medal of Honor Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Poison_Prevention_Week" title="National Poison Prevention Week">National Poison Prevention Week</a> (week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a> (cultural, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%92ostre" title="Ēostre">Ostara</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi_Day" title="Pi Day">Pi Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_K%C5%ABhi%C5%8D_Day" title="Prince Kūhiō Day">Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole Day</a> (HI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Messiah_Day" title="Promised Messiah Day">Promised Messiah Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_Day" title="Saint Joseph's Day">Saint Joseph's Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seward%27s_Day" title="Seward's Day">Seward's Day</a> (AK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Independence_Day" title="Texas Independence Day">Texas Independence Day</a> (TX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting#Vermont" title="Town meeting">Town Meeting Day</a> (VT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_Day" title="Transfer Day">Transfer Day</a> (VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Transgender_Day_of_Visibility" title="International Transgender Day of Visibility">Trans Day of Visibility</a> (cultural)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">March–April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> (religious)</li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a> (CT, NC, PR, NJ, VI, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman_Jayanti" title="Hanuman Jayanti">Hanuman Jayanti</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maundy_Thursday" title="Maundy Thursday">Holy Thursday</a> (PR, VI, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a> (PR, religious, week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Saturday" title="Lazarus Saturday">Lazarus Saturday</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavir_Janma_Kalyanak" title="Mahavir Janma Kalyanak">Mahavir Janma Kalyanak</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesha_Sankranti" title="Mesha Sankranti">Mesha Sankranti / Hindu New Year</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a> (PR, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> (religious, week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Monday" title="Easter Monday">Easter Monday / Bright Monday</a> (VI, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Ramnavami</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Chandramana Uugadi / Souramana Uugadi</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">April <a href="/wiki/National_Arab_American_Heritage_Month" title="National Arab American Heritage Month">Arab American Heritage Month</a> <a href="/wiki/Confederate_History_Month" title="Confederate History Month">Confederate History Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/420_(cannabis_culture)" title="420 (cannabis culture)">420</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day" title="April Fools' Day">April Fools' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbor_Day" title="Arbor Day">Arbor Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Diego" title="José de Diego">Birthday of José de Diego</a> (PR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Day" title="Confederate Memorial Day">Confederate Memorial Day</a> (AL, MS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Days_of_Remembrance_of_the_Victims_of_the_Holocaust" title="Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust">Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust</a> (week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Day" title="Earth Day">Earth Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day</a> (cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Birthday" title="Jefferson's Birthday">Thomas Jefferson's Birthday</a> (AL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lag_BaOmer" title="Lag BaOmer">Lag B’Omer</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lent" title="Great Lent">Last Friday of Great Lent</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascua_Florida" title="Pascua Florida">Pascua Florida</a> (FL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriots%27_Day" title="Patriots' Day">Patriots' Day</a> (MA, ME)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridv%C3%A1n" title="Ridván">Ridván</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jacinto_Day" title="San Jacinto Day">San Jacinto Day</a> (TX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siblings_Day" title="Siblings Day">Siblings Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walpurgis_Night" title="Walpurgis Night">Walpurgis Night</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Israel)" title="Independence Day (Israel)">Yom Ha'atzmaut</a> (cultural, religious)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">May <a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islander_Heritage_Month" title="Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month">Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month</a> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_Heritage_Month" title="Jewish American Heritage Month">Jewish American Heritage Month</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Military_Appreciation_Month" title="National Military Appreciation Month">Military Appreciation Month</a> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day" title="Memorial Day">Memorial Day</a> (federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Day_(United_States)" title="Mother's Day (United States)">Mother's Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo" title="Cinco de Mayo">Cinco de Mayo</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Holy_Days" title="Baháʼí Holy Days">Ascension of Baháʼu'lláh</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascension Day">Ascension of Our Lord</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_Day" title="Caliphate Day">Caliphate Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Holy_Days" title="Baháʼí Holy Days">Declaration of the Bab</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Milk_Day" title="Harvey Milk Day">Harvey Milk Day</a> (CA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">International Workers' Day</a> / <a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a> (CA, unofficial, proposed state)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Day_(United_States)" title="Law Day (United States)">Law Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty_Day" title="Loyalty Day">Loyalty Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X_Day" title="Malcolm X Day">Malcolm X Day</a> (CA, IL, proposed federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Spouse_Day" title="Military Spouse Day">Military Spouse Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Prayer" title="National Day of Prayer">National Day of Prayer</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Reason" title="National Day of Reason">National Day of Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Transportation_Day" title="National Defense Transportation Day">National Defense Transportation Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Maritime_Day" title="United States National Maritime Day">National Maritime Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Officers_Memorial_Day" title="Peace Officers Memorial Day">Peace Officers Memorial Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Day" title="Truman Day">Truman Day</a> (MO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a> / <a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Buddha's Birthday</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">June <a href="/wiki/Pride_Month" title="Pride Month">Pride Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a> (federal, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father%27s_Day_(United_States)" title="Father's Day (United States)">Father's Day</a> (36)</li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunker_Hill_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunker Hill Day">Bunker Hill Day</a> (Suffolk County, MA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolina_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolina Day">Carolina Day</a> (SC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Young_Day" title="Don Young Day">Don Young Day</a> (AK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Fast" title="Apostles' Fast">Fast of the Holy Apostles</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Day_(United_States)" title="Flag Day (United States)">Flag Day</a> (36, proposed federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller_Day" title="Helen Keller Day">Helen Keller Day</a> (PA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_America_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Honor America Days">Honor America Days</a> (3 weeks)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Jefferson Davis Day">Jefferson Davis Day</a> (AL, FL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamehameha_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamehameha Day">Kamehameha Day</a> (HI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midsummer" title="Midsummer">Litha</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Sahib</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odunde_Festival" title="Odunde Festival">Odunde Festival</a> (Philadelphia, PA, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senior_Week" title="Senior Week">Senior Week</a> (week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist#Celebration" class="mw-redirect" title="Nativity of Saint John the Baptist">Saint John's Day</a> (PR, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Day" title="West Virginia Day">West Virginia Day</a> (WV)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">July</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Independence Day</a> (federal)</li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Mu%C3%B1oz_Rivera" title="Luis Muñoz Rivera">Birthday of Don Luis Muñoz Rivera</a> (PR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Celso_Barbosa" title="José Celso Barbosa">Birthday of Dr. José Celso Barbosa</a> (PR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day#United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day in the U.S. Virgin Islands</a> (VI, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Purnima" title="Guru Purnima">Guru Purnima</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khordad_Sal" title="Khordad Sal">Khordad Sal</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty_Restoration_Day" title="Sovereignty Restoration Day">Lā Hoʻihoʻi Ea</a> (HI, unofficial, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_the_B%C3%A1b" title="Execution of the Báb">Martyrdom of the Báb</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents%27_Day" title="Parents' Day">Parents' Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Day" title="Pioneer Day">Pioneer Day</a> (UT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Constitution_Day" title="Puerto Rico Constitution Day">Puerto Rico Constitution Day</a> (PR)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">July–August</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_vacation" title="Summer vacation">Summer vacation</a></li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">August</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Day" title="American Family Day">American Family Day</a> (AZ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Day" title="Barack Obama Day">Barack Obama Day in Illinois</a> (IL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennington_Battle_Day" title="Bennington Battle Day">Bennington Battle Day</a> (VT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God#Dormition_versus_Assumption" title="Dormition of the Mother of God">Dormition of the Theotokos</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Ghadir" title="Eid al-Ghadir">Eid-e-Ghadeer</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God#Dormition_fast" title="Dormition of the Mother of God">Fast in Honor of the Holy Mother of Lord Jesus</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary#Feasts" title="Assumption of Mary">Feast of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statehood_Day_(Hawaii)" title="Statehood Day (Hawaii)">Hawaii Admission Day / Statehood Day</a> (HI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Krishna Janmashtami</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lammas" title="Lammas">Lammas</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Day" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson Day">Lyndon Baines Johnson Day</a> (TX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_Panchami" title="Naga Panchami">Naga Panchami</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aviation_Day" title="National Aviation Day">National Aviation Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paryushana" title="Paryushana">Paryushana</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Transfiguration" title="Feast of the Transfiguration">Transfiguration of the Lord</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Day_(United_States)" title="Victory Day (United States)">Victory Day</a> (RI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Equality_Day" title="Women's Equality Day">Women's Equality Day</a> (36)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">September <a href="/wiki/National_Prostate_Cancer_Awareness_Month" class="mw-redirect" title="National Prostate Cancer Awareness Month">Prostate Cancer Awareness Month</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Childhood_Cancer_Awareness_Month" title="National Childhood Cancer Awareness Month">Childhood Cancer Awareness Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Day" title="Labor Day">Labor Day</a> (federal)</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Day" title="Brazilian Day">Brazilian Day</a> (NY, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Admission_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="California Admission Day">California Admission Day</a> (CA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Garner_Federal_Lands_Cleanup_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day">Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Day_and_Citizenship_Day" title="Constitution Day and Citizenship Day">Constitution Day and Citizenship Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Week" title="Constitution Week">Constitution Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defenders_Day_(Maryland)" title="Defenders Day (Maryland)">Defenders Day</a> (MD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevation_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Elevation of the Holy Cross">Elevation of the Holy Cross</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_San_Gennaro" title="Feast of San Gennaro">Feast of San Gennaro</a> (NY, cultural, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Star_Mother%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold Star Mother's Day">Gold Star Mother's Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Trizin_Ngawang_Kunga" title="Sakya Trizin Ngawang Kunga">His Holiness Sakya Trizin's Birthday</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_equinox" title="September equinox">Mabon</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandparents%27_Day" title="Grandparents' Day">National Grandparents Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Payroll_Week" title="National Payroll Week">National Payroll Week</a> (week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Mary" title="Nativity of Mary">Nativity of Mary / Nativity of the Theotokos</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Day" title="Native American Day">Native American Day</a> (proposed federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Day" title="Patriot Day">Patriot Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Steuben_Day" title="Von Steuben Day">Von Steuben Day</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">September–October <a href="/wiki/National_Hispanic_Heritage_Month" title="National Hispanic Heritage Month">Hispanic Heritage Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27een" class="mw-redirect" title="Arba'een">Chehlum Imam Hussain</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest_celebrations" title="Oktoberfest celebrations">Oktoberfest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitri_Paksha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitri Paksha">Pitri Paksha</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah / Feast of Trumpets</a> (TX, NY, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shemini_Atzeret" title="Shemini Atzeret">Shemini Atzeret</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simchat_Torah" title="Simchat Torah">Simchat Torah</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijaya Dashami</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur / Day of Atonement</a> (TX, NY, religious)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">October <a href="/wiki/National_Breast_Cancer_Awareness_Month" class="mw-redirect" title="National Breast Cancer Awareness Month">Breast Cancer Awareness Month</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Disability_Employment_Awareness_Month" title="National Disability Employment Awareness Month">Disability Employment Awareness Month</a> <a href="/wiki/Italian-American_Heritage_and_Culture_Month" title="Italian-American Heritage and Culture Month">Italian-American Heritage and Culture Month</a> <a href="/wiki/Filipino_American_History_Month" title="Filipino American History Month">Filipino American History Month</a> <a href="/wiki/LGBT_History_Month" title="LGBT History Month">LGBT History Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Day" title="Columbus Day">Columbus Day</a> (federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Day" title="Alaska Day">Alaska Day</a> (AK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Health_Day" title="Child Health Day">Child Health Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Pulaski_Memorial_Day" title="General Pulaski Memorial Day">General Pulaski Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German-American_Day" title="German-American Day">German-American Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Peoples%27_Day_(United_States)" title="Indigenous Peoples' Day (United States)">Indigenous Peoples' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Non-Violence" title="International Day of Non-Violence">International Day of Non-Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leif_Erikson_Day" title="Leif Erikson Day">Leif Erikson Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Day" title="Missouri Day">Missouri Day</a> (MO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanomonestotse" title="Nanomonestotse">Nanomonestotse</a> (cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_School_Lunch_Week" class="mw-redirect" title="National School Lunch Week">National School Lunch Week</a> (week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Day" title="Native American Day">Native American Day in South Dakota</a> (SD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Day" title="Nevada Day">Nevada Day</a> (NV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_Day" title="Spirit Day">Spirit Day</a> (cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweetest_Day" title="Sweetest Day">Sweetest Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot / Feast of Tabernacles</a> (religious, week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Islands%E2%80%93Puerto_Rico_Friendship_Day" title="Virgin Islands–Puerto Rico Friendship Day">Virgin Islands–Puerto Rico Friendship Day</a> (PR, VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Cane_Safety_Day" title="White Cane Safety Day">White Cane Safety Day</a> (36)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">October–November</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Holy_Birthdays" title="Twin Holy Birthdays">Birth of the Báb</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Birth of Baháʼu'lláh">Birth of Baháʼu'lláh</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Dead" title="Day of the Dead">Day of the Dead</a> (VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a> (NY, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid al-Nabi</a> (religious)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">November <a href="/wiki/Native_American_Indian_Heritage_Month" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Indian Heritage Month">Native American Indian Heritage Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_Day" title="Veterans Day">Veterans Day</a> (federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_(United_States)" title="Thanksgiving (United States)">Thanksgiving</a> (federal)</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBAbdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1" title="ʻAbdu'l-Bahá">Ascension of ‘Abdu’l Baha</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Saints' Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_Fast" title="Nativity Fast">Beginning of the Nativity Fast</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Day" title="Barack Obama Day">Barack Obama Day in Alabama</a> (Perry County, AL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Hamilton_Jackson" title="D. Hamilton Jackson">D. Hamilton Jackson Day</a> (VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)" title="Black Friday (shopping)">Day after Thanksgiving</a> (24)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Covenant_(Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD)" title="Day of the Covenant (Baháʼí)">Day of the Covenant</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery of Puerto Rico">Discovery of Puerto Rico Day</a> (PR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_Day_(United_States)" title="Election Day (United States)">Election Day</a> (CA, DE, HI, KY, MT, NJ, NY, OH, PR, VA, WV, proposed federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Day" title="Family Day">Family Day</a> (NV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Gurpurab" title="Guru Nanak Gurpurab">Guru Nanak Gurpurab</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Hawaii)" title="Independence Day (Hawaii)">Lā Kūʻokoʻa</a> (HI, unofficial, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Heritage_Day" title="Native American Heritage Day">Native American Heritage Day</a> (MD, WA, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Mary" title="Presentation of Mary">Presentation of the Theotokos to the Temple</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_Day_of_Remembrance" title="Transgender Day of Remembrance">Trans Day of Remembrance</a> (cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unthanksgiving_Day" title="Unthanksgiving Day">Unthanksgiving Day</a> (cultural)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">December</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> (religious, federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve" title="New Year's Eve">New Year's Eve</a></li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent_Sunday" title="Advent Sunday">Advent Sunday</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Day" title="Alabama Day">Alabama Day</a> (AL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Birthday of Guru Gobind Singh Sahib</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Day" title="Bodhi Day">Bodhi Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalica" title="Chalica">Chalica</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a> (KY, NC, SC, PR, VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day">Day after Christmas</a> (KY, NC, SC, TX, VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festivus" title="Festivus">Festivus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HumanLight" title="HumanLight">HumanLight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a> (religious, week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Day" title="Indiana Day">Indiana Day</a> (IN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a> (cultural, week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Burhanuddin" title="Mohammed Burhanuddin">Milad Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pearl_Harbor_Remembrance_Day" title="National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day">National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve" title="New Year's Eve">Old Year's Night</a> (VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Aviation_Day" title="Pan American Aviation Day">Pan American Aviation Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivaya_Subramuniyaswami" title="Sivaya Subramuniyaswami">Pancha Ganapati</a> (religious, week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks_Day" title="Rosa Parks Day">Rosa Parks Day</a> (OH, OR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solemnity_of_Mary,_Mother_of_God" title="Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God">Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_Brothers_Day" title="Wright Brothers Day">Wright Brothers Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zartosht_No-Diso" title="Zartosht No-Diso">Zartosht No-Diso</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varies (year round)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a> (NY, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a> (NY, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_New_Year" title="Islamic New Year">Islamic New Year</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Arafah" title="Day of Arafah">Yawm al-Arafa</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Qadr" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylat al-Qadr">Laylat al-Qadr</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> (religious, four times a year)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Bon Festival">Obon</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a> (religious, month)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Festival" title="Ghost Festival">Ghost Festival</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Yawm Aashura</a> (religious)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size:90%;"><div>Legend: (federal) = federal holidays, (abbreviation) = state/territorial holidays, (religious) = religious holidays, (cultural) = holiday related to a specific <a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States census">racial/ethnic group</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sexual_minority" title="Sexual minority">sexual minority</a>, (week) = week-long holidays, (month) = month-long holidays, (36) = <a href="/wiki/Title_36_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 36 of the United States Code">Title 36 Observances and Ceremonies</a> See also: <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_holidays" title="Lists of holidays">Lists of holidays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hallmark_holiday" title="Hallmark holiday">Hallmark holidays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Public holidays in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Public holidays in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Public holidays in the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Superstition" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Superstition" title="Template:Superstition"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Superstition" title="Template talk:Superstition"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Superstition" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Superstition"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Superstition" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">Superstition</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">Amulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_eye" title="Evil eye">Evil eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luck" title="Luck">Luck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omen" title="Omen">Omen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talisman" title="Talisman">Talismans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_superstitions" title="List of superstitions">List of superstitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lucky_symbols" title="List of lucky symbols">List of lucky symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bad_luck_signs" title="List of bad luck signs">List of bad luck signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailors%27_superstitions" title="Sailors' superstitions">Sailors' superstitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatrical_superstitions" title="Theatrical superstitions">Theatrical superstitions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_Ethiopia" title="Superstition in Ethiopia">Superstition in Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_(folklore)" title="Buda (folklore)">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gris-gris_(talisman)" title="Gris-gris (talisman)">Gris-gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampy" title="Sampy">Sampy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_child" title="Sleeping child">Sleeping child</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascalapha_odorata" title="Ascalapha odorata">Ascalapha odorata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Triangle" title="Bermuda Triangle">Bermuda Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Latin_America" title="Witchcraft in Latin America">Brujería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carranca" title="Carranca">Carranca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooties" title="Cooties">Cooties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curse_of_Tippecanoe" title="Curse of Tippecanoe">Curse of Tippecanoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curupira" title="Curupira">Curupira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djucu" title="Djucu">Djucu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortune_cookie" title="Fortune cookie">Fortune cookie</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Groundhog Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%27noGo_tied" title="I'noGo tied">I'noGo tied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_love_curse" title="Oscar love curse">Oscar love curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susto" title="Susto">Susto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veve" title="Veve">Veve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_lighter_myth" title="White lighter myth">White lighter myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_window" title="Witch window">Witch window</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_India" title="Superstition in India">Superstition in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_Pakistan" title="Superstition in Pakistan">Superstition in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_the_Philippines" title="Superstition in the Philippines">Superstition in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_superstitions" title="Japanese superstitions">Japanese superstitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_Korea" title="Superstition in Korea">Superstition in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhoot_(ghost)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhoot (ghost)">Bhoot (ghost)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhaupadi" title="Chhaupadi">Chhaupadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churel" title="Churel">Churel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Bengali_culture" title="Ghosts in Bengali culture">Ghosts in Bengali culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackal%27s_horn" title="Jackal's horn">Jackal's horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuai_Kuai_culture" title="Kuai Kuai culture">Kuai Kuai culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhurta" title="Muhurta">Muhurta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratna" title="Navaratna">Navaratna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazar_(amulet)" title="Nazar (amulet)">Nazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazar_battu" title="Nazar battu">Nazar battu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pichal_Peri" title="Pichal Peri">Pichal Peri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppy_pregnancy_syndrome" title="Puppy pregnancy syndrome">Puppy pregnancy syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akabeko" title="Akabeko">Akabeko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanai_Anzen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanai Anzen">Kanai Anzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maneki-neko" title="Maneki-neko">Maneki-neko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okiagari-koboshi" title="Okiagari-koboshi">Okiagari-koboshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofuda" title="Ofuda">Ofuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omamori" title="Omamori">Omamori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_death" title="Fan death">Fan death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_shui" title="Feng shui">Feng shui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_astrology" title="Hindu astrology">Hindu astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agimat" title="Agimat">Agimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albularyo" title="Albularyo">Albularyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_the_Philippines" title="Witchcraft in the Philippines">Barang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulam">Kulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lihi" title="Lihi">Lihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagtatawas" title="Pagtatawas">Pagtatawas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasma" title="Pasma">Pasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usog" title="Usog">Usog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuman_Thong" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuman Thong">Kuman Thong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palad_khik" title="Palad khik">Palad khik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takrut" title="Takrut">Takrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nang_Kwak" title="Nang Kwak">Nang Kwak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_shastra" title="Vastu shastra">Vastu shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_elephant_(animal)" title="White elephant (animal)">White elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Chan" title="Jin Chan">Jin Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_numerology" title="Chinese numerology">Numbers in Chinese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantra_cloth" title="Yantra cloth">Yantra cloth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_curse" title="August curse">August curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_macaques_in_Gibraltar" title="Barbary macaques in Gibraltar">Barbary macaques in Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayern-luck" title="Bayern-luck">Bayern-luck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blarney_Stone" title="Blarney Stone">Blarney Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimaruta" title="Cimaruta">Cimaruta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornicello" title="Cornicello">Cornicello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Goodman%27s_Croft" title="The Goodman's Croft">The Goodman's Croft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himmelsbrief" title="Himmelsbrief">Himmelsbrief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_magical_staves" title="Icelandic magical staves">Icelandic magical staves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_bocca_al_lupo" title="In bocca al lupo">In bocca al lupo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_witch" title="Kitchen witch">Kitchen witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klabautermann" title="Klabautermann">Klabautermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mooncalf" title="Mooncalf">Mooncalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Need-fire" title="Need-fire">Need-fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_painted_pebbles" title="Scottish painted pebbles">Painted pebbles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_of_sympathy" title="Powder of sympathy">Powder of sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit_rabbit_rabbit" title="Rabbit rabbit rabbit">Rabbit rabbit rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravens_of_the_Tower_of_London" title="Ravens of the Tower of London">Ravens of the Tower of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_traditions_and_superstitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian traditions and superstitions">Russian traditions and superstitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstition in Britain">Superstition in Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_Serbia" title="Superstition in Serbia">Superstition in Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spilling_water_for_luck" title="Spilling water for luck">Spilling water for luck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Scottish_Play" title="The Scottish Play">The Scottish Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll_cross" title="Troll cross">Troll cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tycho_Brahe_days" title="Tycho Brahe days">Tycho Brahe days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_post" title="Witch post">Witch post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfssegen" title="Wolfssegen">Wolfssegen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1" title="1">1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ace_of_spades" title="Ace of spades">Ace of spades</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/3" title="3">3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Three_on_a_match" title="Three on a match">Three on a match</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/4" title="4">4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Four-leaf_clover" title="Four-leaf clover">Four-leaf clover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetraphobia" title="Tetraphobia">tetraphobia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/7" title="7">7</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seventh_son_of_a_seventh_son" title="Seventh son of a seventh son">Seventh son of a seventh son</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/11:11_(numerology)" title="11:11 (numerology)">11:11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_(number)#Luck" title="13 (number)">13</a> (<a href="/wiki/Friday_the_13th" title="Friday the 13th">Friday the 13th</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Thirteen_Club" title="The Thirteen Club">The Thirteen Club</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_floor" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteenth floor">thirteenth floor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triskaidekaphobia" title="Triskaidekaphobia">triskaidekaphobia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_(number)#In_other_fields" title="17 (number)">17</a> (<a href="/wiki/Heptadecaphobia" title="Heptadecaphobia">Heptadecaphobia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/27_(number)" title="27 (number)">27</a> (<a href="/wiki/27_Club" title="27 Club">27 Club</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/39_(number)" title="39 (number)">39</a> (<a href="/wiki/Curse_of_39" title="Curse of 39">Curse of 39</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/666_(number)" title="666 (number)">666</a> (<a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">Number of the Beast</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auspicious_wedding_dates" title="Auspicious wedding dates">Auspicious wedding dates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_superstition" title="Baseball superstition">Baseball superstition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beginner%27s_luck" title="Beginner's luck">Beginner's luck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_cat" title="Black cat">Black cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bread_and_butter_(superstition)" title="Bread and butter (superstition)">Bread and butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break_a_leg" title="Break a leg">Break a leg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullroarer" title="Bullroarer">Bullroarer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_letter" title="Chain letter">Chain letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cramp-ring" title="Cramp-ring">Cramp-ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curse" title="Curse">Curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Jones%27_Locker" class="mw-redirect" title="Davy Jones' Locker">Davy Jones' Locker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_man%27s_hand" title="Dead man's hand">Dead man's hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-of-the-day_betting_effect" title="End-of-the-day betting effect">End-of-the-day betting effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_frogs" title="Fear of frogs">Fear of frogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_ghosts" title="Fear of ghosts">Fear of ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_rite" title="Fertility rite">Fertility rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-foot" title="First-foot">First-foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Dutchman" title="Flying Dutchman">Flying Dutchman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_eleven_forty-four" title="Four eleven forty-four">Four eleven forty-four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambler%27s_conceit" title="Gambler's conceit">Gambler's conceit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lucky_symbols" title="List of lucky symbols">Good luck charm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">Human sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinx" title="Jinx">Jinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curse" title="Curse">Hex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knocking_on_wood" title="Knocking on wood">Knocking on wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_contagion" title="Law of contagion">Law of contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literomancy" title="Literomancy">Literomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lock_of_hair" title="Lock of hair">Lock of hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_impression" title="Maternal impression">Maternal impression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miasma_theory" title="Miasma theory">Miasma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_(cricket)" title="Nelson (cricket)">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerophobia" title="Numerophobia">Numerophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numismatic_charm" title="Numismatic charm">Numismatic charm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny" title="Penny">Penny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit%27s_foot" title="Rabbit's foot">Rabbit's foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainmaking_(ritual)" title="Rainmaking (ritual)">Rainmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_sponsor" title="Ship sponsor">Ship sponsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoes_on_a_table" title="Shoes on a table">Shoes on a table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_horns" title="Sign of the horns">Sign of the horns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Something_old" title="Something old">Something old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spilling_salt" title="Spilling salt">Spilling salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_rubbing" title="Statue rubbing">Statue rubbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threshold_(door)" class="mw-redirect" title="Threshold (door)">Threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toi_toi_toi" title="Toi toi toi">Toi toi toi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wishing_well" title="Wishing well">Wishing well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_ball" title="Witch ball">Witch ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witching_hour" title="Witching hour">Witching hour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apophenia" title="Apophenia">Apophenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">Apotropaic magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_and_science" title="Astrology and science">Astrology and science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coincidence" title="Coincidence">Coincidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debunker" title="Debunker">Debunker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortune-telling" title="Fortune-telling">Fortune-telling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_and_religion" title="Magic and religion">Magic and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_thinking" title="Magical thinking">Magical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerology" title="Numerology">Numerology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">Obsessive–compulsive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perceptions_of_religious_imagery_in_natural_phenomena" title="Perceptions of religious imagery in natural phenomena">Perceptions of religious imagery in natural phenomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_hoc_ergo_propter_hoc" title="Post hoc ergo propter hoc">Post hoc ergo propter hoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questionable_cause" title="Questionable cause">Questionable cause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_Judaism" title="Superstition in Judaism">Superstition in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstitions_in_Muslim_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstitions in Muslim societies">Superstitions in Muslim societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">Urban legend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744374#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744374#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744374#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/948200/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85057467">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007543476305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output 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