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</li> <li id="toc-Harvest_festival_observed_by_the_Pilgrims_at_Plymouth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harvest_festival_observed_by_the_Pilgrims_at_Plymouth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Harvest festival observed by the Pilgrims at Plymouth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harvest_festival_observed_by_the_Pilgrims_at_Plymouth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debate_over_the_"first_Thanksgiving"_and_the_invention_of_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debate_over_the_"first_Thanksgiving"_and_the_invention_of_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Debate over the "first Thanksgiving" and the invention of tradition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debate_over_the_"first_Thanksgiving"_and_the_invention_of_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_England_Thanksgivings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_England_Thanksgivings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 New England Thanksgivings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_England_Thanksgivings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sarah_Hale_and_Godey's_Ladies_Book" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sarah_Hale_and_Godey's_Ladies_Book"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Sarah Hale and Godey's Ladies Book </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sarah_Hale_and_Godey's_Ladies_Book-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enter_the_Pilgrims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enter_the_Pilgrims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Enter the Pilgrims </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enter_the_Pilgrims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thanksgiving_proclamations_in_the_early_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thanksgiving_proclamations_in_the_early_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Thanksgiving proclamations in the early United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thanksgiving_proclamations_in_the_early_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Revolutionary_War_Era_to_the_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Revolutionary_War_Era_to_the_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 The Revolutionary War Era to the Civil War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Revolutionary_War_Era_to_the_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lincoln_and_the_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lincoln_and_the_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 Lincoln and the Civil War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lincoln_and_the_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Civil_War_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Civil_War_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10 Post-Civil War era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Civil_War_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Franksgiving_(1939–1941)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Franksgiving_(1939–1941)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.11 Franksgiving (1939–1941) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Franksgiving_(1939–1941)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1942_to_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1942_to_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.12 1942 to present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1942_to_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_celebrations_and_solemnities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_celebrations_and_solemnities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Traditional celebrations and solemnities </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Traditional_celebrations_and_solemnities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Traditional celebrations and solemnities subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Traditional_celebrations_and_solemnities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foods_of_the_season" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foods_of_the_season"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Foods of the season </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foods_of_the_season-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Giving_thanks_and_religious_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Giving_thanks_and_religious_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Giving thanks and religious services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Giving_thanks_and_religious_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penitence_and_prayer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penitence_and_prayer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Penitence and prayer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penitence_and_prayer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Charity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Parades </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-American_football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.1 American football </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.2 Other sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Radio </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey_pardoning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey_pardoning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Turkey pardoning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey_pardoning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vacation_and_travel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vacation_and_travel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Vacation and travel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vacation_and_travel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism,_controversy_and_alternative_observations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism,_controversy_and_alternative_observations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Criticism, controversy and alternative observations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism,_controversy_and_alternative_observations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Criticism, controversy and alternative observations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism,_controversy_and_alternative_observations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indigenous_protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Indigenous protests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_American_harvest_festivals_and_Thanksgiving_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_American_harvest_festivals_and_Thanksgiving_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Native American harvest festivals and Thanksgiving traditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_American_harvest_festivals_and_Thanksgiving_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oneida_participation_in_commercial_Thanksgiving_parade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oneida_participation_in_commercial_Thanksgiving_parade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Oneida participation in commercial Thanksgiving parade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oneida_participation_in_commercial_Thanksgiving_parade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blamesgiving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blamesgiving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Blamesgiving </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blamesgiving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retail_workers'_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retail_workers'_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Retail workers' rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retail_workers'_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harvest_of_Shame" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harvest_of_Shame"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Harvest of Shame </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harvest_of_Shame-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegetarian_Thanksgiving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegetarian_Thanksgiving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Vegetarian Thanksgiving </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegetarian_Thanksgiving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Date </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Date-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Date subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Date-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Table_of_dates_(1899–2103)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Table_of_dates_(1899–2103)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Table of dates (1899–2103) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Table_of_dates_(1899–2103)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Days_after_Thanksgiving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Days_after_Thanksgiving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Days after Thanksgiving </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Days_after_Thanksgiving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Literature </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Literature subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Poetry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Thanksgiving (United States)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" > 21 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%83%D8%B1_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9)" title="عيد الشكر (الولايات المتحدة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عيد الشكر (الولايات المتحدة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diolchgarwch_(Unol_Daleithiau)" title="Diolchgarwch (Unol Daleithiau) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Diolchgarwch (Unol Daleithiau)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%95%CF%85%CF%87%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD_(%CE%97%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B5%CF%82)" title="Ημέρα των Ευχαριστιών (Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ημέρα των Ευχαριστιών (Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADa_de_acci%C3%B3n_de_gracias" title="Día de acción de gracias – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Día de acción de gracias" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esker_Ematearen_eguna_(AEB)" title="Esker Ematearen eguna (AEB) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Esker Ematearen eguna (AEB)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_(%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7)" title="روز شکرگزاری (آمریکا) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روز شکرگزاری (آمریکا)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanksgiving_(%C3%89tats-Unis)" title="Thanksgiving (États-Unis) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thanksgiving (États-Unis)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanksgiving_(Feriene_Steaten)" title="Thanksgiving (Feriene Steaten) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Thanksgiving (Feriene Steaten)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1_an_Altaithe_(St%C3%A1it_Aontaithe)" title="Lá an Altaithe (Stáit Aontaithe) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Lá an Altaithe (Stáit Aontaithe)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B6%94%EC%88%98%EA%B0%90%EC%82%AC%EC%A0%88_(%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD)" title="추수감사절 (미국) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="추수감사절 (미국)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quyyavik" title="Quyyavik – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Quyyavik" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dies_Gratulationis_(Civitates_Foederatae)" title="Dies Gratulationis (Civitates Foederatae) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Dies Gratulationis (Civitates Foederatae)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Ден на благодарноста – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ден на благодарноста" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanksgiving_(Verenigde_Staten)" title="Thanksgiving (Verenigde Staten) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thanksgiving (Verenigde Staten)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanksgiving_(United_States)" title="Thanksgiving (United States) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thanksgiving (United States)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%95%DA%98%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95%D8%A8%DA%98%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%8C_(%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7)" title="جەژنی شوکرانەبژێری (ئەمریکا) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جەژنی شوکرانەبژێری (ئەمریکا)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American federal holiday in November</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above hd" style="background-color: #ddccff">Thanksgiving</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Thanksgiving-Brownscombe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Thanksgiving-Brownscombe.jpg/240px-Thanksgiving-Brownscombe.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Thanksgiving-Brownscombe.jpg/360px-Thanksgiving-Brownscombe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Thanksgiving-Brownscombe.jpg/480px-Thanksgiving-Brownscombe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1123" data-file-height="702" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="caption">The First Thanksgiving at Plymouth, oil on canvas, by <a href="/wiki/Jennie_Augusta_Brownscombe" title="Jennie Augusta Brownscombe">Jennie Augusta Brownscombe</a>, 1914</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Observed by</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">National</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Celebrations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Giving thanks</a>, prayer, <a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_dinner" title="Thanksgiving dinner">feasting</a>, spending time with family, <a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">religious services</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_football_on_Thanksgiving" title="American football on Thanksgiving">football</a> games, <a href="/wiki/List_of_holiday_parades#United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of holiday parades">parades</a><a href="#cite_note-Counihan2013-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">Fourth Thursday in November</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2024 date</th><td class="infobox-data">November 28  (2024-11-28)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2025 date</th><td class="infobox-data">November 27  (2025-11-27)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2026 date</th><td class="infobox-data">November 26  (2026-11-26)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2027 date</th><td class="infobox-data">November 25  (2027-11-25)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">Annual</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related to</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvest_Festival_(United_Kingdom)" title="Harvest Festival (United Kingdom)">Harvest Festival of Thanksgiving in the UK</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_(Canada)" title="Thanksgiving (Canada)">Thanksgiving in Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving#Australia" title="Thanksgiving">Thanksgiving in Norfolk Island</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving#Liberia" title="Thanksgiving">Thanksgiving in Liberia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving#Netherlands" title="Thanksgiving">Thanksgiving in Leiden, Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving#Saint_Lucia" title="Thanksgiving">Thanksgiving in Saint Lucia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thanksgiving_at_Plymouth,_1925,_Brownscombe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Thanksgiving_at_Plymouth%2C_1925%2C_Brownscombe.jpg/260px-Thanksgiving_at_Plymouth%2C_1925%2C_Brownscombe.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Thanksgiving_at_Plymouth%2C_1925%2C_Brownscombe.jpg/390px-Thanksgiving_at_Plymouth%2C_1925%2C_Brownscombe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Thanksgiving_at_Plymouth%2C_1925%2C_Brownscombe.jpg/520px-Thanksgiving_at_Plymouth%2C_1925%2C_Brownscombe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3107" data-file-height="2340" /></a><figcaption>Thanksgiving at Plymouth, oil on canvas by <a href="/wiki/Jennie_Augusta_Brownscombe" title="Jennie Augusta Brownscombe">Jennie Augusta Brownscombe</a>, 1925 <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Women_in_the_Arts" title="National Museum of Women in the Arts">National Museum of Women in the Arts</a></figcaption></figure> Thanksgiving is a <a href="/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">federal holiday in the United States</a> celebrated on the fourth Thursday of November (which became the uniform date country-wide in 1941).<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> Outside the United States, it is sometimes called American Thanksgiving to distinguish it from <a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_(Canada)" title="Thanksgiving (Canada)">the Canadian holiday of the same name</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving" title="Thanksgiving">related celebrations in other regions</a>. The modern national celebration dates to 1863 and has been linked to the <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim Fathers">Pilgrims'</a> 1621 <a href="/wiki/Harvest_festival" title="Harvest festival">harvest festival</a> since the late 19th century. As the name implies, the theme of the holiday generally revolves around giving thanks with the centerpiece of most celebrations being a <a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_dinner" title="Thanksgiving dinner">Thanksgiving dinner</a> with family <a href="/wiki/Friendsgiving" title="Friendsgiving">and friends</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Forbes2015-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Garrison2019-6">[5]</a> The dinner often consists of foods associated with New England harvest celebrations: <a href="/wiki/Turkey_meat" title="Turkey meat">turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a> (usually <a href="/wiki/Mashed_potato" title="Mashed potato">mashed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet</a>), <a href="/wiki/Winter_squash" title="Winter squash">squash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a> (maize), <a href="/wiki/Green_beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Green beans">green beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cranberry" title="Cranberry">cranberries</a> (typically as <a href="/wiki/Cranberry_sauce" title="Cranberry sauce">cranberry sauce</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_pie" title="Pumpkin pie">pumpkin pie</a>, but has expanded over the years to include specialties from other regions of the United States, such as pecan pie (the American South) and wild rice stuffing (the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes region</a>) as well as international and ethnic dishes. Other Thanksgiving customs include charitable organizations offering Thanksgiving dinner for the poor, attending <a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">religious services</a>, and watching or participating in parades and American football games. Thanksgiving is also typically regarded as the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Christmas_and_holiday_season" title="Christmas and holiday season">holiday shopping season</a>. The day following Thanksgiving, <a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)" title="Black Friday (shopping)">Black Friday</a>, is often considered to be the busiest shopping day of the year in the United States. <a href="/wiki/Cyber_Monday" title="Cyber Monday">Cyber Monday</a>, the online shopping equivalent to Black Friday, is held on the Monday after Thanksgiving. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanksgiving_(United_States)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Days_of_thanksgiving">Days of thanksgiving</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanksgiving_(United_States)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Days of thanksgiving">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Days_of_humiliation_and_thanksgiving" title="Days of humiliation and thanksgiving">Days of humiliation and thanksgiving</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berkeley_Plantation,_Shrine_marking_1st_Thanksgiving_in_America.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Berkeley_Plantation%2C_Shrine_marking_1st_Thanksgiving_in_America.jpg/220px-Berkeley_Plantation%2C_Shrine_marking_1st_Thanksgiving_in_America.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Berkeley_Plantation%2C_Shrine_marking_1st_Thanksgiving_in_America.jpg/330px-Berkeley_Plantation%2C_Shrine_marking_1st_Thanksgiving_in_America.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Berkeley_Plantation%2C_Shrine_marking_1st_Thanksgiving_in_America.jpg/440px-Berkeley_Plantation%2C_Shrine_marking_1st_Thanksgiving_in_America.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption>Shrine of the first U.S. Thanksgiving in 1619 at Berkeley Plantation in Charles City County, Virginia</figcaption></figure> Days of thanksgiving, that is, days attributed to giving thanks to deities, have existed for thousands of years and long predate the European colonization of North America. Ranging from general harvest festivals to more specific holidays related to thanking gods for the specific boons they provided to their worshipers or humanity in general such as the Tekh Festival thanking the goddess <a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Hathor</a> for the creation of alcohol. These were often celebrated with music, dancing, bonfires and the donning of accoutrements or costumes. Documented thanksgiving services in what is currently the United States were conducted as early as the 16th century by the Spaniards<a href="#cite_note-forteachers-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-LOCTimeline-8">[7]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://florida.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/secdead17-socst-thanks/secrets-of-spanish-floridasecrets-of-the-dead-the-first-true-thanksgiving/">[2]</a> and the French.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> These days of thanksgiving were celebrated through <a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">church services</a> and feasting.<a href="#cite_note-Forbes2015-5">[4]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Michael_Gannon_(historian)" title="Michael Gannon (historian)">Michael Gannon</a> claimed <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida" title="St. Augustine, Florida">St. Augustine, Florida</a>, was founded with a shared thanksgiving meal on September 8, 1565.<a href="#cite_note-Dickinson2017-10">[9]</a> The thanksgiving at St. Augustine was celebrated 56 years before the Puritan Pilgrim thanksgiving at Plymouth Plantation (Massachusetts), but it did not become the origin of a national annual tradition.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> Thanksgiving services were routine in what became the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth of Virginia">Commonwealth of Virginia</a> as early as 1607;<a href="#cite_note-Ann2-12">[11]</a> the first permanent settlement of <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown, Virginia</a>, held a thanksgiving in 1610.<a href="#cite_note-forteachers-7">[6]</a> On December 4, 1619, 38 English settlers celebrated a thanksgiving immediately upon landing at <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Hundred" title="Berkeley Hundred">Berkeley Hundred</a>, Charles City. The group's <a href="/wiki/London_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="London Company">London Company</a> charter specifically required "that the day of our ships arrival at the place assigned for plantation in the land of Virginia shall be yearly and perpetually kept holy as a day of thanksgiving to Almighty God".<a href="#cite_note-The_First_Thanksgiving-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> This celebration has, since the mid 20th century, been commemorated there annually at present-day <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Plantation" title="Berkeley Plantation">Berkeley Plantation</a>, the ancestral home of the <a href="/wiki/Harrison_family_of_Virginia" title="Harrison family of Virginia">Harrison family of Virginia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> This early commemoration created the groundwork for what would later become a national custom, emphasizing the immigrants' strong religious faith and thankfulness for their survival in the New World. Thanksgiving has developed from a local event in Virginia to a more generally known holiday across the United States.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wampanoag2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Wampanoag2.jpg/210px-Wampanoag2.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Wampanoag2.jpg/315px-Wampanoag2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Wampanoag2.jpg/420px-Wampanoag2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2317" data-file-height="1725" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://video.pbs.org/video/2365615188/">The true story of the first Thanksgiving</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Experience" title="American Experience">American Experience</a>, <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>, November 24, 2015<a href="#cite_note-AEpbs-17">[16]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harvest_festival_observed_by_the_Pilgrims_at_Plymouth">Harvest festival observed by the Pilgrims at Plymouth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanksgiving_(United_States)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Harvest festival observed by the Pilgrims at Plymouth">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Myth_of_the_First_Thanksgiving" title="Myth of the First Thanksgiving">Myth of the First Thanksgiving</a></div> The Plymouth colonists, today known as <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim Fathers">Pilgrims</a>,<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> had settled in a part of eastern Massachusetts formerly occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Patuxet" title="Patuxet">Patuxet Indians</a> who had died in a devastating epidemic between 1614 and 1620. After the harsh winter of 1620–1621 killed half of the Plymouth colonists, two Native intermediaries, <a href="/wiki/Samoset" title="Samoset">Samoset</a> and <a href="/wiki/Squanto" title="Squanto">Tisquantum</a> (more commonly known by the diminutive variant Squanto, and the last living member of the Patuxet) came in at the request of <a href="/wiki/Massasoit" title="Massasoit">Massasoit</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Wampanoag" title="Wampanoag">Wampanoag</a>, to negotiate a peace treaty and establish trade relations with the colonists, as both men had some knowledge of English from previous interactions with Europeans, through both trade (Samoset) and a period of enslavement (Squanto). Massasoit had hoped to establish a mutual protection alliance between the Wampanoag, themselves greatly weakened by the same plague that extirpated the Patuxet, and the better-armed English in their long-running rivalry with the <a href="/wiki/Narragansett_people" title="Narragansett people">Narragansett</a>, who had largely been spared from the epidemic; the Wampanoag reasoned that, given that the Pilgrims had brought women and children, they had not arrived to wage war against them. Squanto taught the Pilgrims how to catch eel and grow corn and served as an interpreter for them until he too succumbed to disease a year later. The <a href="/wiki/Wampanoag_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Wampanoag people">Wampanoag</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Massasoit" title="Massasoit">Massasoit</a> also gave food to the colonists when supplies brought from England proved insufficient.<a href="#cite_note-stillregretit-19">[18]</a> Having brought in a good harvest, the Pilgrims celebrated at Plymouth for three days in the autumn of 1621. The exact time is unknown, but James Baker, a former <a href="/wiki/Plimoth_Plantation" class="mw-redirect" title="Plimoth Plantation">Plimoth Plantation</a> vice president of research, stated in 1996, "The event occurred between Sept. 21 and Nov. 11, 1621, with the most likely time being around <a href="/wiki/Michaelmas" title="Michaelmas">Michaelmas</a> (Sept. 29), the traditional time."<a href="#cite_note-Julian-20">[19]</a> Seventeenth-century accounts do not identify this as a day of thanksgiving, but rather as a harvest celebration.<a href="#cite_note-Julian-20">[19]</a> The Pilgrim feast was cooked by the four adult Pilgrim women who survived their first winter in the New World (Eleanor Billington, Elizabeth Hopkins, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Brewster" title="Mary Brewster">Mary Brewster</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Susanna_White_(Mayflower_passenger)" title="Susanna White (Mayflower passenger)">Susanna White</a>), along with young daughters and male and female servants.<a href="#cite_note-Julian-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> According to accounts by Wampanoag descendants, the harvest feast was originally set up for the Pilgrims alone (contrary to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_common_misconceptions" title="List of common misconceptions">common misconception</a> that the Wampanoag were invited for their help in teaching the pilgrims their agricultural techniques).<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> Part of the harvest celebration involved a demonstration of arms by the colonists, and the Wampanoag, having entered into a mutual protection agreement with the colonists and likely mistaking the celebratory gunfire for an attack by a common enemy, arrived fully armed. The Wampanoag were welcomed to join the celebration, as their farming and hunting techniques had produced much of the bounty for the Pilgrims, and contributed their own foods to the meal.<a href="#cite_note-:1-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-stillregretit-19">[18]</a> Most modern imaginings of the celebration promote the idea that every party involved ate solely turkey.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> "While the celebrants might well have feasted on wild turkey, the local diet also included fish, eels, shellfish, and a Wampanoag dish called <a href="/wiki/Nasaump" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasaump">nasaump</a>, which the Pilgrims had adopted: boiled cornmeal mixed with vegetables and meats. There were no potatoes (an indigenous South American food not yet introduced into the global food system) and no pies (because there was no butter, wheat flour, or sugar).".<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pilgrim_Fairmount_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Pilgrim_Fairmount_2.jpg/260px-Pilgrim_Fairmount_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Pilgrim_Fairmount_2.jpg/390px-Pilgrim_Fairmount_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Pilgrim_Fairmount_2.jpg/520px-Pilgrim_Fairmount_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2572" data-file-height="1715" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Puritan_(statue)" title="The Puritan (statue)">The Puritan</a> by <a href="/wiki/Augustus_St._Gaudens" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus St. Gaudens">Augustus St. Gaudens</a>, 1904. The "buckle hat" atop the sculpture's head, now associated with the Pilgrims in pop culture, was fictional; Pilgrims never wore such an item, nor has any such hat ever existed as a serious piece of apparel.</figcaption></figure> Two colonists gave personal accounts of the 1621 feast in Plymouth: <a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_(Plymouth_Colony_governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Bradford (Plymouth Colony governor)">William Bradford</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Of_Plymouth_Plantation" title="Of Plymouth Plantation">Of Plymouth Plantation</a> wrote: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">They began now to gather in the small harvest they had, and to fit up their houses and dwellings against winter, being all well recovered in health and strength and had all things in good plenty. For as some were thus employed in affairs abroad, others were exercised in fishing, about cod and bass and other fish, of which they took good store, of which every family had their portion. All the summer there was no want; and now began to come in store of fowl, as winter approached, of which this place did abound when they can be used (but afterward decreased by degrees). And besides waterfowl, there was a great store of wild turkeys, of which they took many, besides venison, etc. Besides, they had about a peck a meal a week to a person, or now since harvest, Indian corn to the proportion. Which made many afterward write so largely of their plenty here to their friends in England, which were not feigned but true reports.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradford195290-28">[27]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Winslow" title="Edward Winslow">Edward Winslow</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Mourt%27s_Relation" title="Mourt's Relation">Mourt's Relation</a> wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Our harvest being gotten in, our governor sent four men on fowling, that so we might after a special manner rejoice together after we had gathered the fruits of our labor. They four in one day killed as much fowl as, with a little help beside, served the company almost a week. At which time, amongst other recreations, we exercised our arms, many of the Indians coming amongst us, and among the rest their greatest king Massasoit, with some ninety men, whom for three days we entertained and feasted, and they went out and killed five deer, which we brought to the plantation and bestowed on our governor, and upon the captain and others. And although it be not always so plentiful as it was at this time with us, yet by the goodness of God, we are so far from want that we often wish you, partakers of our plenty.<a href="#cite_note-Dexter-1865-29">[28]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_First_Thanksgiving_cph.3g04961.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/The_First_Thanksgiving_cph.3g04961.jpg/260px-The_First_Thanksgiving_cph.3g04961.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/The_First_Thanksgiving_cph.3g04961.jpg/390px-The_First_Thanksgiving_cph.3g04961.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/The_First_Thanksgiving_cph.3g04961.jpg/520px-The_First_Thanksgiving_cph.3g04961.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3050" data-file-height="1946" /></a><figcaption> The First Thanksgiving 1621, oil on canvas by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Leon_Gerome_Ferris" title="Jean Leon Gerome Ferris">Jean Leon Gerome Ferris</a> (1899). The painting shows common misconceptions about the event which persist to modern times: Pilgrims did not wear such outfits, nor did they eat at a dinner table, and the Wampanoag are dressed in the style of <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Native Americans from the Great Plains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debate_over_the_"first_Thanksgiving"_and_the_invention_of_tradition">Debate over the "first Thanksgiving" and the invention of tradition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanksgiving_(United_States)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Debate over the "first Thanksgiving" and the invention of tradition">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Myth_of_the_First_Thanksgiving" title="Myth of the First Thanksgiving">Myth of the First Thanksgiving</a></div> Jeremy Bang opines that, "Local boosters in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> promote their own colonists, who (like many people getting off a boat) gave thanks for setting foot again on dry land."<a href="#cite_note-bangs-31">[30]</a> The codification and celebration of an annual day of thanksgiving according to the Berkeley Hundred charter in Virginia prompted President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> to acknowledge the claims of both Massachusetts and Virginia to America's earliest celebrations. He issued Proclamation 3560 on November 5, 1963, saying: "Over three centuries ago, our forefathers in Virginia and in Massachusetts, far from home in a lonely wilderness, set aside a time of thanksgiving. On the appointed day, they gave reverent thanks for their safety, for the health of their children, for the fertility of their fields, for the love which bound them together and for the faith which united them with their God."<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> However, according to historian James Baker, debates over where any "first Thanksgiving" took place on modern American territory are a "tempest in a beanpot".<a href="#cite_note-Baker-33">[32]</a> According to Baker, "the American holiday's true origin was the New England Thanksgiving. Never coupled with a Sabbath meeting, the Pilgrim observances were special days set aside during the week for thanksgiving and praise in response to God's providence."<a href="#cite_note-Baker-33">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_England_Thanksgivings">New England Thanksgivings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanksgiving_(United_States)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: New England Thanksgivings">edit</a>]</div> It's important to note that Baker's "New England Thanksgiving" does not refer to an annual commemoration of the Pilgrim's 1621 harvest celebration. Indeed, that 1621 event does not appear to have contributed to the early development of the modern holiday at all, as Bradford's "Of Plimoth Plantation" was not published until the 1850s and the booklet "Mourt's Relation" was typically summarized by other publications without the now-familiar thanksgiving story. In fact, by the eighteenth century, the original booklet appeared to be lost or forgotten although a copy was later rediscovered in Philadelphia in 1820, with the first full reprinting in 1841. In a footnote the editor, Alexander Young, was the first person to identify the 1621 feast as the "first Thanksgiving", but this was only because he viewed it as similar to the traditions of New England Thanksgivings that had developed independently from it over the previous two hundred years.<a href="#cite_note-Baker-33">[32]</a> Those traditions, and the modern holiday, were born out of the gradual homogenization and, to a degree, secularization, of multiple, separate but related days of thanksgiving throughout New England. These days were often celebrated from early November to early to mid-December, in some cases functioning almost as a Calvinist alternative to Christmas, and typically involving a return to the family home, church services, a large meal and various diversions ranging from games and sports to formal balls. These celebrations were gradually disseminated throughout the US as New Englanders spread across the country, accelerating after the Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-:2-34">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sarah_Hale_and_Godey's_Ladies_Book">Sarah Hale and Godey's Ladies Book</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanksgiving_(United_States)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sarah Hale and Godey's Ladies Book">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Josepha_Hale" title="Sarah Josepha Hale">Sarah Josepha Hale</a>, a native of New Hampshire and steeped in the traditions of a New England Thanksgiving, was the longtime editor of <a href="/wiki/Godey%27s_Lady%27s_Book" title="Godey's Lady's Book">Godey's Ladies Book</a>, the most widely circulated periodical in the antebellum U.S. Hale was the chief promoter of the modern idea of the holiday in the 19th century, from the foods served to the decorations to the role of women in putting it all together. Concerned by increasing factionalism in American society, Hale envisioned Thanksgiving as a commonly-celebrated, patriotic holiday that would unite Americans in purpose and values. She viewed those values as rooted in domesticity and rural simplicity over urban sophistication. As a celebration of hearth and home, she also sought to cement a role for women within the identity of the young nation. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uncle_Sam%27s_Thanksgiving_Dinner_(November_1869),_by_Thomas_Nast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Uncle_Sam%27s_Thanksgiving_Dinner_%28November_1869%29%2C_by_Thomas_Nast.jpg/220px-Uncle_Sam%27s_Thanksgiving_Dinner_%28November_1869%29%2C_by_Thomas_Nast.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Uncle_Sam%27s_Thanksgiving_Dinner_%28November_1869%29%2C_by_Thomas_Nast.jpg/330px-Uncle_Sam%27s_Thanksgiving_Dinner_%28November_1869%29%2C_by_Thomas_Nast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Uncle_Sam%27s_Thanksgiving_Dinner_%28November_1869%29%2C_by_Thomas_Nast.jpg/440px-Uncle_Sam%27s_Thanksgiving_Dinner_%28November_1869%29%2C_by_Thomas_Nast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1117" data-file-height="731" /></a><figcaption>Nast's vision of immigrants seated in harmony around America's Thanksgiving table mirrors Sara Josepha Hale's desire to Americanize immigrant populations through adoption of the holiday</figcaption></figure> Every November, Hale would focus her monthly magazine column on Thanksgiving, positioning the celebration as a pious, patriotic holiday that lived on in the memory as a check against temptation, or as a comfort in times of trial. Hale and Godey's led the way in creating a standardized celebration, which in turn created a standardized celebrant — a standardized and true American. Her vision aimed at a broad audience: The stories in Godey's depicted Black servants, Roman Catholics, and Southerners celebrating Thanksgiving, and becoming more American (which for Hale meant becoming more like White Protestant Northerners) by doing so.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> Her efforts sought to expand the holiday from a regional celebration to a national one not only through advocacy in her magazine but also in direct appeals to several U.S. presidents, including Abraham Lincoln, who permanently established the holiday at the national level in 1863. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enter_the_Pilgrims">Enter the Pilgrims</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanksgiving_(United_States)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Enter the Pilgrims">edit</a>]</div> While the Pilgrim's story did not itself create the modern Thanksgiving holiday, it did become inextricably linked with it in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This was largely due to the introduction in U.S. schools of "an annual sequence of classroom holiday activities through which civic education and American patriotism were indoctrinated."<a href="#cite_note-:2-34">[33]</a> The late 19th and early 20th century were a time of massive immigration to the U.S. The changing demographics prompted not only xenophobic responses in the form of restrictive immigration measures, but also a greater push towards the Americanization of newcomers and the conscious formulation of a shared cultural heritage. Holiday observances in classrooms, including those for Washington's birthday, Memorial Day, and Flag Day "introduced youngsters to the central themes of American History and, in theory, strengthened their character and prepared them to become loyal citizens." Thanksgiving, with its non-denominational character, colonial harvest themes and images of Pilgrims and Indians breaking bread together peacefully, allowed the country to tell a story of its origins—people leaving far off lands, struggling under harsh conditions and ultimately being welcomed to America's bounty—that children, particularly immigrant children, could easily understand and share with their families.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Thanksgiving_party_for_grade_school_children_in_recreation_room_of_government_schoolhouse.%22_-_NARA_-_294176.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/%22Thanksgiving_party_for_grade_school_children_in_recreation_room_of_government_schoolhouse.%22_-_NARA_-_294176.jpg/220px-%22Thanksgiving_party_for_grade_school_children_in_recreation_room_of_government_schoolhouse.%22_-_NARA_-_294176.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/%22Thanksgiving_party_for_grade_school_children_in_recreation_room_of_government_schoolhouse.%22_-_NARA_-_294176.jpg/330px-%22Thanksgiving_party_for_grade_school_children_in_recreation_room_of_government_schoolhouse.%22_-_NARA_-_294176.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/%22Thanksgiving_party_for_grade_school_children_in_recreation_room_of_government_schoolhouse.%22_-_NARA_-_294176.jpg/440px-%22Thanksgiving_party_for_grade_school_children_in_recreation_room_of_government_schoolhouse.%22_-_NARA_-_294176.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2267" /></a><figcaption>Thanksgiving pageants were popular forms of "<a href="/wiki/Edutainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Edutainment">edutainment</a>" in the early to mid 20th century</figcaption></figure> The holiday materials were often disseminated in the form of booklets containing poetry and songs and crafts. Thanksgiving pageants at schools often involved a recreation of the imagined "First Thanksgiving" to reinforce the Pilgrim narrative and the importance of the story to an understanding of U.S. history. These pageants continue in some parts of the U.S. today. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thanksgiving_proclamations_in_the_early_United_States">Thanksgiving proclamations in the early United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanksgiving_(United_States)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Thanksgiving proclamations in the early United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_Thanksgiving_Proclamation" title="National Thanksgiving Proclamation">National Thanksgiving Proclamation</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Revolutionary_War_Era_to_the_Civil_War">The Revolutionary War Era to the Civil War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanksgiving_(United_States)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Revolutionary War Era to the Civil War">edit</a>]</div> The First National Proclamation of Thanksgiving was given by the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a> in 1777 from its temporary location in <a href="/wiki/York,_Pennsylvania" title="York, Pennsylvania">York, Pennsylvania</a>, while the British occupied the national capital at Philadelphia.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> Delegate <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a> created the first draft. Congress then adopted the final version:<blockquote>For as much as it is the indispensable Duty of all Men to adore the superintending Providence of Almighty God; to acknowledge with Gratitude their Obligation to him for Benefits received, and to implore such farther Blessings as they stand in Need of: And it had pleased him in his abundant Mercy, not only to continue to us the innumerable Bounties of his common Providence; but also to smile upon us in the Prosecution of a just and necessary war, for the Defense and Establishment of our unalienable Rights and Liberties; particularly in that he hath been pleased, in so great a Measure, to prosper the Means used for the Support of our Troops, and to crown our Arms with most signal success: It is therefore recommended to the legislative or executive Powers of these United States to set apart Thursday, the eighteenth Day of December next, for Solemn Thanksgiving and Praise: That at one Time and with one Voice, the good People may express the grateful Feelings of their Hearts, and consecrate themselves to the Service of their Divine Benefactor; and that, together with their sincere Acknowledgments and Offerings, they may join the penitent Confession of their manifold Sins, whereby they had forfeited every Favor; and their humble and earnest Supplication that it may please God through the Merits of Jesus Christ, mercifully to forgive and blot them out of Remembrance; That it may please him graciously to afford his Blessing on the Governments of these States respectively, and prosper the public Council of the whole: To inspire our Commanders, both by Land and Sea, and all under them, with that Wisdom and Fortitude which may render them fit Instruments, under the Providence of Almighty God, to secure for these United States, the greatest of all human Blessings, Independence and Peace: That it may please him, to prosper the Trade and Manufactures of the People, and the Labor of the Husbandman, that our Land may yield its Increase: To take Schools and Seminaries of Education, so necessary for cultivating the Principles of true Liberty, Virtue and Piety, under his nurturing Hand; and to prosper the Means of Religion, for the promotion and enlargement of that Kingdom, which consisteth "in Righteousness, Peace and Joy in the Holy Ghost. And it is further recommended, That servile Labor, and such Recreation, as, though at other Times innocent, may be unbecoming the Purpose of this Appointment, be omitted on so solemn an Occasion.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a></blockquote><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, leader of the revolutionary forces in the American Revolutionary War, proclaimed a Thanksgiving in December 1777 as a victory celebration honoring the defeat of the British at <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga" title="Battles of Saratoga">Saratoga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Washington%27s_October_3,_1789,_Thanksgiving_Day_Proclamation._-_NARA_-_299956.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cursive document of George Washington's October 3, 1789, Thanksgiving Day Proclamation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/George_Washington%27s_October_3%2C_1789%2C_Thanksgiving_Day_Proclamation._-_NARA_-_299956.jpg/250px-George_Washington%27s_October_3%2C_1789%2C_Thanksgiving_Day_Proclamation._-_NARA_-_299956.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="394" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/George_Washington%27s_October_3%2C_1789%2C_Thanksgiving_Day_Proclamation._-_NARA_-_299956.jpg/375px-George_Washington%27s_October_3%2C_1789%2C_Thanksgiving_Day_Proclamation._-_NARA_-_299956.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/George_Washington%27s_October_3%2C_1789%2C_Thanksgiving_Day_Proclamation._-_NARA_-_299956.jpg/500px-George_Washington%27s_October_3%2C_1789%2C_Thanksgiving_Day_Proclamation._-_NARA_-_299956.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2666" data-file-height="4200" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Washington%27s_Thanksgiving_Proclamation,_1795.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="George Washington's 1795 Thanksgiving Day Proclamation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/George_Washington%27s_Thanksgiving_Proclamation%2C_1795.png/250px-George_Washington%27s_Thanksgiving_Proclamation%2C_1795.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/George_Washington%27s_Thanksgiving_Proclamation%2C_1795.png/375px-George_Washington%27s_Thanksgiving_Proclamation%2C_1795.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/George_Washington%27s_Thanksgiving_Proclamation%2C_1795.png/500px-George_Washington%27s_Thanksgiving_Proclamation%2C_1795.png 2x" data-file-width="3584" data-file-height="5232" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">George Washington's Thanksgiving Proclamations, 1789 (top) and 1795</div></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a>, the legislative body that governed the United States from 1774 to 1789, issued several "national days of prayer, humiliation, and thanksgiving",<a href="#cite_note-LibraryCongress-41">[40]</a> a practice that was continued by presidents Washington and Adams under the Constitution, and has manifested itself in the established American observances of Thanksgiving and the <a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Prayer" title="National Day of Prayer">National Day of Prayer</a> today.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> This proclamation was published in The Independent Gazetteer, or the Chronicle of Freedom, on November 5, 1782, the first being observed on November 28, 1782: <blockquote> By the United States in Congress assembled, PROCLAMATION. It being the indispensable duty of all nations, not only to offer up their supplications to Almighty God, the giver of all good, for His gracious assistance in a time of distress, but also in a solemn and public manner, to give Him praise for His goodness in general, and especially for great and signal interpositions of His Providence in their behalf; therefore, the United States in Congress assembled, taking into their consideration the many instances of Divine goodness to these States in the course of the important conflict, in which they have been so long engaged; the present happy and promising state of public affairs, and the events of the war in the course of the year now drawing to a close; particularly the harmony of the public Councils which is so necessary to the success of the public cause; the perfect union and good understanding which has hitherto subsisted between them and their allies, notwithstanding the artful and unwearied attempts of the common enemy to divide them; the success of the arms of the United States and those of their allies; and the acknowledgment of their Independence by another European power, whose friendship and commerce must be of great and lasting advantage to these States; Do hereby recommend it to the inhabitants of these States in general, to observe and request the several states to interpose their authority, in appointing and commanding the observation of THURSDAY the TWENTY-EIGHTH DAY OF NOVEMBER next as a day of SOLEMN THANKSGIVING to GOD for all His mercies; and they do further recommend to all ranks to testify their gratitude to God for His goodness by a cheerful obedience to His laws and by promoting, each in his station, and by his influence, the practice of true and undefiled religion, which is the great foundation of public prosperity and national happiness. Done in Congress at <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, the eleventh day of October, in the year of our LORD, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-two, and of our Sovereignty and Independence, the seventh. <a href="/wiki/John_Hanson" title="John Hanson">JOHN HANSON</a>, President. CHARLES THOMSON, Secretary.<a href="#cite_note-LibraryCongress-41">[40]</a> </blockquote> On Thursday, September 24, 1789, the first House of Representatives voted to recommend the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> of the newly drafted <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> to the states for ratification. The next day, Congressman <a href="/wiki/Elias_Boudinot" title="Elias Boudinot">Elias Boudinot</a> from New Jersey proposed that the House and Senate jointly request of President Washington to proclaim a day of thanksgiving for "the many signal favors of Almighty God". Boudinot said he "could not think of letting the session pass over without offering an opportunity to all the citizens of the United States of joining, with one voice, in returning to Almighty God their sincere thanks for the many blessings he had poured down upon them."<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/National_Thanksgiving_Proclamation" class="extiw" title="wikisource:National Thanksgiving Proclamation">National Thanksgiving Proclamation</a></div></div></div> </div> As President, on October 3, 1789, George Washington made the following proclamation and created the first Thanksgiving Day designated by the national government of the United States of America: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> Whereas it is the duty of all Nations to acknowledge the providence of Almighty God, to obey his will, to be grateful for his benefits, and humbly to implore his protection and favor, and whereas both Houses of Congress have by their joint Committee requested me "to recommend to the People of the United States a day of public thanksgiving and prayer to be observed by acknowledging with grateful hearts the many signal favors of Almighty God especially by affording them an opportunity peaceably to establish a form of government for their safety and happiness." Now therefore I do recommend and assign Thursday the 26th day of November next to be devoted by the People of these States to the service of that great and glorious Being, who is the beneficent Author of all the good that was, that is, or that will be. That we may then all unite in rendering unto him our sincere and humble thanks, for his kind care and protection of the People of this Country previous to their becoming a Nation, for the signal and manifold mercies, and the favorable interpositions of his providence, which we experienced in the course and conclusion of the late war, for the great degree of tranquility, union, and plenty, which we have since enjoyed, for the peaceable and rational manner, in which we have been enabled to establish constitutions of government for our safety and happiness, and particularly the national One now lately instituted, for the civil and religious liberty with which we are blessed; and the means we have of acquiring and diffusing useful knowledge; and in general for all the great and various favors which he hath been pleased to confer upon us. And also that we may then unite in most humbly offering our prayers and supplications to the great Lord and Ruler of Nations and beseech him to pardon our national and other transgressions, to enable us all, whether in public or private stations, to perform our several and relative duties properly and punctually, to render our national government a blessing to all the people, by constantly being a Government of wise, just, and constitutional laws, discreetly and faithfully executed and obeyed, to protect and guide all Sovereigns and Nations (especially such as have shown kindness unto us) and to bless them with good government, peace, and concord. To promote the knowledge and practice of true religion and virtue, and the increase of science among them and Us, and generally to grant unto all Mankind such a degree of temporal prosperity as he alone knows to be best. Given under my hand at the City of New York the third day of October in the year of our Lord 1789.<a href="#cite_note-GW1789-44">[43]</a> </blockquote> On January 1, 1795, Washington proclaimed a Thanksgiving Day to be observed on Thursday, February 19. President <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> declared Thanksgivings in 1798 and 1799. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Letter_to_the_Danbury_Baptists" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Letter to the Danbury Baptists">Letter to the Danbury Baptists</a></div></div></div> </div> As <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">deist</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Religious_views_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Religious views of Thomas Jefferson">skeptic of the idea of divine intervention</a>, he did not declare any thanksgiving days during his presidency, giving his reasons thus: <blockquote>Gentlemen, The affectionate sentiments of esteem and approbation which you are so good as to express towards me, on behalf of the Danbury Baptist association, give me the highest satisfaction. My duties dictate a faithful and zealous pursuit of the interests of my constituents, & in proportion as they are persuaded of my fidelity to those duties, the discharge of them becomes more & more pleasing. Believing with you that religion is a matter which lies solely between Man & his God, that he owes account to none other for his faith or his worship, that the legitimate powers of government reach actions only, & not opinions, I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should "make <a href="/wiki/Establishment_Clause" title="Establishment Clause">no law respecting an establishment of religion</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Free_Exercise_Clause" title="Free Exercise Clause">prohibiting the free exercise</a> thereof," thus building a wall of <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation between Church & State.</a> Adhering to this expression of the supreme will of the nation in behalf of the rights of conscience, I shall see with sincere satisfaction the progress of those sentiments which tend to restore to man all his <a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">natural rights</a>, convinced he has no natural right in opposition to his social duties. I reciprocate your kind prayers for the protection & blessing of the common father and creator of man, and tender you for yourselves & your religious association, assurances of my high respect & esteem. Th. Jefferson, Jan 1. 1802<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillstrom200797-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> renewed the tradition in 1814, in response to resolutions of Congress, at the close of the War of 1812. <a href="/wiki/Caleb_Strong" title="Caleb Strong">Caleb Strong</a>, Governor of the Commonwealth of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, declared the holiday in 1813, "for a day of public thanksgiving and prayer" for Thursday, November 25 of that year.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> Madison also declared the holiday twice in 1815; however, neither of these was celebrated in autumn. In 1816, Governor Plumer of New Hampshire appointed Thursday, November 14 to be observed as a day of Public Thanksgiving and Governor Brooks of Massachusetts appointed Thursday, November 28 to be "observed throughout that State as a day of Thanksgiving".<a href="#cite_note-test-48">[47]</a> A thanksgiving day was annually appointed by the governor of New York, <a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">De Witt Clinton</a>, in 1817. In 1830, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Legislature" title="New York State Legislature">New York State Legislature</a> officially sanctioned thanksgiving as a holiday, making New York the first state outside of New England to do so.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Smith-2003-11-50">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lincoln_and_the_Civil_War">Lincoln and the Civil War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanksgiving_(United_States)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lincoln and the Civil War">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:After_Winslow_Homer,_Thanksgiving_in_Camp,_published_1862,_NGA_45618.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/After_Winslow_Homer%2C_Thanksgiving_in_Camp%2C_published_1862%2C_NGA_45618.jpg/220px-After_Winslow_Homer%2C_Thanksgiving_in_Camp%2C_published_1862%2C_NGA_45618.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/After_Winslow_Homer%2C_Thanksgiving_in_Camp%2C_published_1862%2C_NGA_45618.jpg/330px-After_Winslow_Homer%2C_Thanksgiving_in_Camp%2C_published_1862%2C_NGA_45618.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/After_Winslow_Homer%2C_Thanksgiving_in_Camp%2C_published_1862%2C_NGA_45618.jpg/440px-After_Winslow_Homer%2C_Thanksgiving_in_Camp%2C_published_1862%2C_NGA_45618.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2734" /></a><figcaption>After Winslow Homer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.45618.html">Thanksgiving in Camp</a>, published 1862, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nga.gov/">National Gallery of Art</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thanksgiving_1861_croped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Thanksgiving_1861_croped.jpg/260px-Thanksgiving_1861_croped.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Thanksgiving_1861_croped.jpg/390px-Thanksgiving_1861_croped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Thanksgiving_1861_croped.jpg/520px-Thanksgiving_1861_croped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="772" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Sketch by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Waud" title="Alfred Waud">Alfred Waud</a> of Thanksgiving in camp (of General <a href="/wiki/Louis_Blenker" title="Louis Blenker">Louis Blenker</a>) during the U.S. Civil War in 1861</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Home_To_Thanksgiving,_Currier_and_Ives.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Home_To_Thanksgiving%2C_Currier_and_Ives.jpg/260px-Home_To_Thanksgiving%2C_Currier_and_Ives.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Home_To_Thanksgiving%2C_Currier_and_Ives.jpg/390px-Home_To_Thanksgiving%2C_Currier_and_Ives.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Home_To_Thanksgiving%2C_Currier_and_Ives.jpg/520px-Home_To_Thanksgiving%2C_Currier_and_Ives.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8711" data-file-height="5837" /></a><figcaption> Home to Thanksgiving, lithograph by <a href="/wiki/Currier_and_Ives" title="Currier and Ives">Currier and Ives</a> (1867)</figcaption></figure> In the middle of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, prompted by a series of editorials written by <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Josepha_Hale" title="Sarah Josepha Hale">Sarah Josepha Hale</a>,<a href="#cite_note-NetINS_Showcase-AB-51">[50]</a> began the regular practice of proclaiming a national Thanksgiving. His first proclamation, in April 1862 after the Union victories at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Henry" title="Battle of Fort Henry">Fort Henry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Donelson" title="Battle of Fort Donelson">Fort Donelson</a>, the fall of <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a>, and another victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">Shiloh</a>, recommended that Americans give thanks for these victories "at their next weekly assemblages."<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> It was the first federal Thanksgiving declaration since Madison's in 1815.<a href="#cite_note-Evolution_of_the_Thanksgiving_Proclamation-53">[52]</a> The next year, after victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg, Lincoln proclaimed a national Thanksgiving Day, to be celebrated on the 26th, the final Thursday of November 1863. The document, written by Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William H. Seward</a>, reads as follows: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The year that is drawing towards its close has been filled with the blessings of fruitful fields and healthful skies. To these bounties, which are so constantly enjoyed that we are prone to forget the source from which they come, others have been added, which are of so extraordinary nature, that they cannot fail to penetrate and soften even the heart which is habitually insensible to the ever-watchful providence of Almighty God. In the midst of a civil war of unequaled magnitude and severity, which has sometimes seemed to foreign States to invite and to provoke their aggression, peace has been preserved with all nations, the order has been maintained, the laws have been respected and obeyed, and harmony has prevailed everywhere except in the theatre of military conflict; while that theatre has been greatly contracted by the advancing armies and navies of the Union. Needful diversions of wealth and of strength from the fields of peaceful industry to the national defense have not arrested the plow, the shuttle, or the ship; the ax had enlarged the borders of our settlements, and the mines, as well of iron and coal as of the precious metals, have yielded even more abundantly than heretofore. The population has steadily increased, notwithstanding the waste that has been made in the camp, the siege, and the battle-field; and the country, rejoicing in the consciousness of augmented strength and vigor, is permitted to expect continuance of years, with large increase of freedom. No human counsel hath devised nor hath any mortal hand worked out these great things. They are the gracious gifts of the Highest God, who, while dealing with us in anger for our sins, hath nevertheless remembered mercy. It has seemed to me fit and proper that they should be solemnly, reverently and gratefully acknowledged as with one heart and voice by the whole American people. I do therefore invite my fellow-citizens in every part of the United States, and also those who are at sea and those who are sojourning in foreign lands, to set apart and observe the last Thursday of November next, as a day of Thanksgiving and Praise to our beneficent Father who dwelleth in the Heavens. And I recommend to them that while offering up the ascriptions justly due to Him for such singular deliverances and blessings, they do also, with humble penitence for our national perverseness and disobedience, commend to his tender care all those who have become widows, orphans, mourners or sufferers in the lamentable civil strife in which we are unavoidably engaged, and fervently implore the interposition of the Almighty Hand to heal the wounds of the nation and to restore it as soon as may be consistent with the Divine purposes to the full enjoyment of peace, harmony, tranquility and Union. In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand, and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed. Done at the city of Washington, this third day of October, in the <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">year of our Lord</a> <a href="/wiki/1863" title="1863">one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three</a>, and of the independence of the United States the eighty-eighth. Proclamation of President Abraham Lincoln, October 3, 1863.<a href="#cite_note-NetINS_Showcase-AB-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> </blockquote> Lincoln issued another proclamation of thanksgiving in October 1864, again for the last Thursday in November, after Union victories that included the fall of Atlanta and the capture of Mobile Bay.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Civil_War_era">Post-Civil War era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanksgiving_(United_States)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Post-Civil War era">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:THANKSGIVING_DAY_DINNER_(held_by)_GRAND_HOTEL_(at)_INDIANAPOLIS_(HOTEL;)_(NYPL_Hades-271350-467510).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/THANKSGIVING_DAY_DINNER_%28held_by%29_GRAND_HOTEL_%28at%29_INDIANAPOLIS_%28HOTEL%3B%29_%28NYPL_Hades-271350-467510%29.jpg/220px-THANKSGIVING_DAY_DINNER_%28held_by%29_GRAND_HOTEL_%28at%29_INDIANAPOLIS_%28HOTEL%3B%29_%28NYPL_Hades-271350-467510%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/THANKSGIVING_DAY_DINNER_%28held_by%29_GRAND_HOTEL_%28at%29_INDIANAPOLIS_%28HOTEL%3B%29_%28NYPL_Hades-271350-467510%29.jpg/330px-THANKSGIVING_DAY_DINNER_%28held_by%29_GRAND_HOTEL_%28at%29_INDIANAPOLIS_%28HOTEL%3B%29_%28NYPL_Hades-271350-467510%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/THANKSGIVING_DAY_DINNER_%28held_by%29_GRAND_HOTEL_%28at%29_INDIANAPOLIS_%28HOTEL%3B%29_%28NYPL_Hades-271350-467510%29.jpg/440px-THANKSGIVING_DAY_DINNER_%28held_by%29_GRAND_HOTEL_%28at%29_INDIANAPOLIS_%28HOTEL%3B%29_%28NYPL_Hades-271350-467510%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2446" data-file-height="2935" /></a><figcaption>Hotel menu from 1898 for Thanksgiving</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Come_one_come_all_Free_and_equal_Thomas_Nast_15th_amendment_1869-11-20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Come_one_come_all_Free_and_equal_Thomas_Nast_15th_amendment_1869-11-20.jpg/220px-Come_one_come_all_Free_and_equal_Thomas_Nast_15th_amendment_1869-11-20.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Come_one_come_all_Free_and_equal_Thomas_Nast_15th_amendment_1869-11-20.jpg/330px-Come_one_come_all_Free_and_equal_Thomas_Nast_15th_amendment_1869-11-20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Come_one_come_all_Free_and_equal_Thomas_Nast_15th_amendment_1869-11-20.jpg/440px-Come_one_come_all_Free_and_equal_Thomas_Nast_15th_amendment_1869-11-20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="1781" /></a><figcaption>"Uncle Sam's Thanksgiving Dinner: Come one come all Free and equal" Thomas Nast cartoon promoting the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th amendment</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thanksgiving_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Thanksgiving_1918.jpg/260px-Thanksgiving_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Thanksgiving_1918.jpg/390px-Thanksgiving_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Thanksgiving_1918.jpg/520px-Thanksgiving_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2247" /></a><figcaption>Servicemen eating a Thanksgiving dinner after the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (1918)</figcaption></figure> Presidents continued to issue Thanksgiving proclamations on an annual basis, usually for the same time of year,<a href="#cite_note-Evolution_of_the_Thanksgiving_Proclamation-53">[52]</a> although in 1865 <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> picked the first Thursday in December.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> On June 28, 1870, President <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> signed into law the Holidays Act that made Thanksgiving a yearly "appointed or remembered" federal holiday in Washington D.C. Three other holidays included in the law were <a href="/wiki/New_Year" title="New Year">New Year</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>, and July 4. The law did not extend outside of Washington D.C., while the date assigned for Thanksgiving was left to the discretion of the President.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStatutes_at_Large_1871-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStathis19996–7-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelz2017-59">[58]</a> In January 1879, <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>'s Birthday, February 22, was added by Congress to the federal holidays list.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStraus20141–2-60">[59]</a> On January 6, 1885, a Congressional act expanded the Holidays Act to apply to all federal departments and employees throughout the nation. Federal workers received pay for all the holidays, including Thanksgiving.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStraus20141–2-60">[59]</a> During the second half of the 19th century, Thanksgiving traditions in America varied from region to region. A traditional New England Thanksgiving, for example, consisted of a raffle held on Thanksgiving Eve (in which the prizes were mainly geese or turkeys), a shooting match on Thanksgiving morning (in which turkeys and chickens were used as targets), church services – and then the traditional feast, which consisted of some familiar Thanksgiving staples such as turkey and pumpkin pie, and some not-so-familiar dishes such as <a href="/wiki/Pigeon_pie" title="Pigeon pie">pigeon pie</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In New York City, people would dress up in fanciful masks and costumes and roam the streets in merry-making mobs. By the beginning of the 20th century, these mobs had morphed[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] into <a href="/wiki/Ragamuffin_parade" title="Ragamuffin parade">Ragamuffin parades</a> consisting mostly of children dressed as "ragamuffins" in costumes of old and mismatched adult clothes and with deliberately smudged faces, but by the late 1950s the tradition had diminished enough to only exist in its original form in a few communities around New York, with many of its traditions subsumed into the <a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a> custom of <a href="/wiki/Trick-or-treating" title="Trick-or-treating">trick-or-treating</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Franksgiving_(1939–1941)">Franksgiving (1939–1941)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanksgiving_(United_States)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Franksgiving (1939–1941)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Franksgiving" title="Franksgiving">Franksgiving</a></div> Abraham Lincoln's successors as president followed his example of annually declaring the final Thursday in November to be Thanksgiving. But in 1939, President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> broke with this tradition.<a href="#cite_note-TwoThanksgivings-62">[61]</a> November had five Thursdays that year (instead of the more-common four), Roosevelt declared the fourth Thursday as Thanksgiving rather than the fifth one. Although many popular histories state otherwise, he made clear that his plan was to establish the holiday on the next-to-last Thursday in the month instead of the last one. With the country still in the midst of <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Depression" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Depression">The Great Depression</a>, Roosevelt thought an earlier Thanksgiving would give merchants a longer period to sell goods before Christmas. Increasing profits and spending during this period, Roosevelt hoped, would help bring the country out of the Depression. At the time, advertising goods for Christmas before Thanksgiving was considered <a href="/wiki/Christmas_creep" title="Christmas creep">inappropriate</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fred_Lazarus,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Fred Lazarus, Jr.">Fred Lazarus, Jr.</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Federated_Department_Stores" class="mw-redirect" title="Federated Department Stores">Federated Department Stores</a>, is credited with convincing Roosevelt to push Thanksgiving to a week earlier to expand the shopping season, and within two years the change passed through Congress into law.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> Republicans decried the change, calling it an affront to the memory of Lincoln. People began referring to November 30 as the "Republican Thanksgiving" and November 23 as the "Democratic Thanksgiving" or "<a href="/wiki/Franksgiving" title="Franksgiving">Franksgiving</a>".<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1942_to_present">1942 to present</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanksgiving_(United_States)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1942 to present">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mordecai_Wyatt_Johnson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mordecai_Wyatt_Johnson.jpg/220px-Mordecai_Wyatt_Johnson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mordecai_Wyatt_Johnson.jpg/330px-Mordecai_Wyatt_Johnson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mordecai_Wyatt_Johnson.jpg/440px-Mordecai_Wyatt_Johnson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="869" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mordecai_Wyatt_Johnson" title="Mordecai Wyatt Johnson">Mordecai Johnson</a>, president of Howard University, serving portions of Thanksgiving turkey to members of his family in 1942</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thanksgiving_grace_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Thanksgiving_grace_1942.jpg/220px-Thanksgiving_grace_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Thanksgiving_grace_1942.jpg/330px-Thanksgiving_grace_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Thanksgiving_grace_1942.jpg/440px-Thanksgiving_grace_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Family saying <a href="/wiki/Grace_(prayer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grace (prayer)">grace</a> before Thanksgiving dinner in <a href="/wiki/Neffsville,_Pennsylvania" title="Neffsville, Pennsylvania">Neffsville, Pennsylvania</a>, 1942</figcaption></figure> On October 6, 1941, both houses of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> passed a joint resolution fixing the traditional last-Thursday date for the holiday beginning in 1942. However, in December of that year the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> passed an amendment to the resolution that split the difference by requiring that Thanksgiving be observed annually on the fourth Thursday of November, in order to prevent confusion on the occasional years in which November has five Thursdays.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStathis19996–7-58">[57]</a> The amendment also passed the House, and on December 26, 1941, President Roosevelt signed this bill, for the first time making the date of Thanksgiving a matter of federal law and fixing the day as the fourth Thursday of November.<a href="#cite_note-5USC87b-67">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_celebrations_and_solemnities">Traditional celebrations and solemnities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanksgiving_(United_States)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Traditional celebrations and solemnities">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foods_of_the_season">Foods of the season</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanksgiving_(United_States)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Foods of the season">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_dinner" title="Thanksgiving dinner">Thanksgiving dinner</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roasted_American_Turkey_(6408110873).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Roasted_American_Turkey_%286408110873%29.jpg/220px-Roasted_American_Turkey_%286408110873%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Roasted_American_Turkey_%286408110873%29.jpg/330px-Roasted_American_Turkey_%286408110873%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Roasted_American_Turkey_%286408110873%29.jpg/440px-Roasted_American_Turkey_%286408110873%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4726" data-file-height="3151" /></a><figcaption>Thanksgiving dinner plate example: Roast turkey covered in Giblet gravy, with stuffing, mashed sweet potatoes, and roasted vegetables</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Turkey_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkey (food)">Turkey</a>, usually roasted and <a href="/wiki/Stuffing" title="Stuffing">stuffed</a> (but sometimes <a href="/wiki/Turkey_fryer" title="Turkey fryer">deep-fried</a> instead), is typically the featured item on most Thanksgiving feast tables. 40 million turkeys were consumed on Thanksgiving Day alone in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> With 85 percent of Americans partaking in the meal, an estimated 276 million Americans dine on the festive poultry, spending an expected $983.3 million on turkeys for Thanksgiving in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mashed_potato" title="Mashed potato">Mashed potatoes</a> with <a href="/wiki/Gravy" title="Gravy">gravy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stuffing" title="Stuffing">stuffing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cranberry_sauce" title="Cranberry sauce">cranberry sauce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweet_corn" title="Sweet corn">sweet corn</a>, various fall vegetables, <a href="/wiki/Squash_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Squash (plant)">squash</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_pie" title="Pumpkin pie">pumpkin pie</a> are among the side dishes commonly associated with Thanksgiving dinner.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Navy_Sailors_Thanksgiving_November_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sailors of the U.S. Navy are served Thanksgiving meals aboard the aircraft carrier USS Ronald Reagan in the Philippine Sea, November 2022." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/U.S._Navy_Sailors_Thanksgiving_November_2022.jpg/220px-U.S._Navy_Sailors_Thanksgiving_November_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/U.S._Navy_Sailors_Thanksgiving_November_2022.jpg/330px-U.S._Navy_Sailors_Thanksgiving_November_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/U.S._Navy_Sailors_Thanksgiving_November_2022.jpg/440px-U.S._Navy_Sailors_Thanksgiving_November_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3998" data-file-height="2665" /></a><figcaption>Sailors of the U.S. Navy are served Thanksgiving meals aboard the aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/USS_Ronald_Reagan" title="USS Ronald Reagan">USS Ronald Reagan</a> in the Philippine Sea, November 2022.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Giving_thanks_and_religious_services">Giving thanks and religious services</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanksgiving_(United_States)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Giving thanks and religious services">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thanksgiving_Day_Service_Held_in_English_Country_Church-_Americans_in_Cransley,_Northamptonshire,_England,_UK,_23_November_1944_D22929.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Thanksgiving_Day_Service_Held_in_English_Country_Church-_Americans_in_Cransley%2C_Northamptonshire%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_23_November_1944_D22929.jpg/220px-Thanksgiving_Day_Service_Held_in_English_Country_Church-_Americans_in_Cransley%2C_Northamptonshire%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_23_November_1944_D22929.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Thanksgiving_Day_Service_Held_in_English_Country_Church-_Americans_in_Cransley%2C_Northamptonshire%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_23_November_1944_D22929.jpg/330px-Thanksgiving_Day_Service_Held_in_English_Country_Church-_Americans_in_Cransley%2C_Northamptonshire%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_23_November_1944_D22929.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Thanksgiving_Day_Service_Held_in_English_Country_Church-_Americans_in_Cransley%2C_Northamptonshire%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_23_November_1944_D22929.jpg/440px-Thanksgiving_Day_Service_Held_in_English_Country_Church-_Americans_in_Cransley%2C_Northamptonshire%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_23_November_1944_D22929.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>Thanksgiving Day service for members of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps" title="United States Army Air Corps">United States Army Air Corps</a>, held in a church in <a href="/wiki/Cransley,_Northamptonshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Cransley, Northamptonshire">Cransley, Northamptonshire</a>, England, November 23, 1944</figcaption></figure> The tradition of giving thanks is continued today in many forms, most notably the attendance of religious services, as well as the saying of a <a href="/wiki/Common_table_prayer" title="Common table prayer">mealtime prayer</a> before Thanksgiving dinner.<a href="#cite_note-Garrison2019-6">[5]</a> Many <a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">houses of worship</a> offer <a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">worship services</a> and events on Thanksgiving themes the weekend before, the day of, or the weekend after Thanksgiving. <a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> At home, it is a holiday tradition in many families to begin the Thanksgiving dinner by saying <a href="/wiki/Grace_(prayer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grace (prayer)">grace</a> (a prayer before or after a meal).<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> Before praying, it is a common practice at the dining table for "each person [to] tell one specific reason they're thankful to God that year".<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> Joy Fisher, a <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Baptist</a> writer, states that "this holiday takes on a spiritual emphasis and includes recognition of the source of the blessings they enjoy year round – a loving God."<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> In the same vein, Hesham A. Hassaballa, an <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States" title="Islam in the United States">American Muslim</a> scholar and physician, has written that Thanksgiving "is wholly consistent with Islamic principles" and that "few things are more Islamic than thanking God for His blessings".<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> Similarly many <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> Americans also celebrate the holiday by "giving thanks to Almighty".<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penitence_and_prayer">Penitence and prayer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanksgiving_(United_States)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Penitence and prayer">edit</a>]</div> Thanksgiving is included in the <a href="/wiki/Revised_Common_Lectionary" title="Revised Common Lectionary">Revised Common Lectionary</a>, which provides scriptures for Thanksgiving services. It is the last entry on the <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical calendar">liturgical calendar</a> before the start of <a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a> the following Sunday.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charity">Charity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanksgiving_(United_States)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Charity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thanksgiving_Dinner_at_the_WOW_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Thanksgiving_Dinner_at_the_WOW_Hall.jpg/260px-Thanksgiving_Dinner_at_the_WOW_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Thanksgiving_Dinner_at_the_WOW_Hall.jpg/390px-Thanksgiving_Dinner_at_the_WOW_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Thanksgiving_Dinner_at_the_WOW_Hall.jpg/520px-Thanksgiving_Dinner_at_the_WOW_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2880" /></a><figcaption>Hungry diners line up outside a performing arts center for a free Thanksgiving meal in <a href="/wiki/Eugene,_Oregon" title="Eugene, Oregon">Eugene, Oregon</a>, in 2013.</figcaption></figure> The poor are often provided with food at Thanksgiving time. Most communities have annual <a href="/wiki/Food_drive" title="Food drive">food drives</a> that collect non-perishable packaged and canned foods, and corporations sponsor charitable distributions of staple foods and Thanksgiving dinners.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Salvation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvation Army">Salvation Army</a> enlists volunteers to serve Thanksgiving dinners to hundreds of people in different locales;<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> the Salvation Army also uses Thanksgiving as the day it launches its annual <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Kettle" title="Christmas Kettle">kettle campaign</a>, with the launch coinciding with a nationally televised concert.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Way" title="United Way">United Way</a> also launches its Live United campaign on Thanksgiving.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a>) Additionally, five days after Thanksgiving is <a href="/wiki/Giving_Tuesday" class="mw-redirect" title="Giving Tuesday">Giving Tuesday</a>, a celebration of charitable giving.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parades">Parades</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanksgiving_(United_States)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Parades">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_holiday_parades" class="mw-redirect" title="List of holiday parades">List of holiday parades</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macys-parade-1979.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Macys-parade-1979.jpg/220px-Macys-parade-1979.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Macys-parade-1979.jpg/330px-Macys-parade-1979.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Macys-parade-1979.jpg/440px-Macys-parade-1979.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1271" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, 1979</figcaption></figure> Since 1924, in New York City, the <a href="/wiki/Macy%27s_Thanksgiving_Day_Parade" title="Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade">Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade</a> is held annually every Thanksgiving Day from the Upper West Side of <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Macy%27s" title="Macy's">Macy's</a> flagship store in <a href="/wiki/Herald_Square" title="Herald Square">Herald Square</a>, and televised nationally by <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>. The parade features <a href="/wiki/Float_(parade)" title="Float (parade)">parade floats</a> with specific themes, performances from Broadway musicals, large balloons of cartoon characters, TV personalities, and high school marching bands. The float that traditionally ends the Macy's Parade is the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a> float, the arrival of which is an unofficial sign of the beginning of the Christmas shopping season. It is billed as the world's largest parade.<a href="#cite_note-NYCThanksgivingParade-88">[87]</a> The oldest Thanksgiving Day parade is <a href="/wiki/6abc_Dunkin%27_Donuts_Thanksgiving_Day_Parade" title="6abc Dunkin' Donuts Thanksgiving Day Parade">Philadelphia's Thanksgiving Day Parade</a>, which launched in 1920. <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>'s parade was long associated with <a href="/wiki/Gimbels" title="Gimbels">Gimbels</a>, a prominent Macy's rival, until that store closed in 1986.<a href="#cite_note-NewsworksPodcast-89">[88]</a> Founded in 1924, the same year as the Macy's parade, <a href="/wiki/America%27s_Thanksgiving_Parade" title="America's Thanksgiving Parade">America's Thanksgiving Parade</a> in Detroit is one of the largest parades in the country.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> The parade runs from <a href="/wiki/Midtown,_Detroit" class="mw-redirect" title="Midtown, Detroit">Midtown</a> to <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Detroit" title="Downtown Detroit">Downtown Detroit</a> and precedes the annual <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Lions" title="Detroit Lions">Detroit Lions</a> Thanksgiving football game.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> The parade includes large balloons, marching bands, and various celebrity guests much like the <a href="/wiki/Macy%27s" title="Macy's">Macy's</a> parade and is nationally televised on various affiliate stations.<a href="#cite_note-:0-92">[91]</a> The Mayor of Detroit closes the parade by giving <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a> a <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the city">key to the city</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-92">[91]</a> There are Thanksgiving parades in many other cities, including: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ameren" title="Ameren">Ameren</a> Missouri Thanksgiving Day Parade<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> (<a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Hometown_Thanksgiving_Parade" title="America's Hometown Thanksgiving Parade">America's Hometown Thanksgiving Parade</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plymouth,_Massachusetts" title="Plymouth, Massachusetts">Plymouth, Massachusetts</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolinas%27_Carrousel_Parade" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolinas' Carrousel Parade">Belk Carolinas' Carrousel Parade</a> (<a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte, North Carolina</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebrate_the_Season_Parade" title="Celebrate the Season Parade">Celebrate the Season Parade</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, Pennsylvania)</li> <li>FirstLight Federal Credit Union <a href="/wiki/Sun_Bowl" title="Sun Bowl">Sun Bowl</a> Parade<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> (<a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso, Texas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-E-B" title="H-E-B">H-E-B</a> Holiday Parade<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, Texas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Thanksgiving_Parade" title="Chicago Thanksgiving Parade">Chicago Thanksgiving Parade</a> (Chicago, Illinois)</li> <li>Santa Claus Parade (<a href="/wiki/Peoria,_Illinois" title="Peoria, Illinois">Peoria, Illinois</a>), the nation's oldest, dating to 1887 and held the day after Thanksgiving<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a></li> <li>Parada de los Cerros Thanksgiving Day Parade<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fountain_Hills,_Arizona" title="Fountain Hills, Arizona">Fountain Hills, Arizona</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UBS" title="UBS">UBS</a> Parade Spectacular<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stamford,_Connecticut" title="Stamford, Connecticut">Stamford, Connecticut</a>) – held the Sunday before Thanksgiving so it does not directly compete with the Macy's parade 30 miles (48 km) away.</li></ul> Most of these parades are televised on a local station, and some have small, usually regional, syndication networks; most also carry the parades via <a href="/wiki/Internet_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet television">Internet television</a> on the TV stations' websites. Several other parades have a loose association with Thanksgiving, thanks to <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>'s now-discontinued All-American Thanksgiving Day Parade coverage. Parades that were covered during this era were the <a href="/wiki/Aloha_Festivals" title="Aloha Festivals">Aloha Floral Parade</a> held in <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, Hawaii every September,<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Santa_Claus_Parade" title="Toronto Santa Claus Parade">Toronto Santa Claus Parade</a> in Toronto, Ontario, Canada,<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> and the Opryland Aqua Parade (held from 1996 to 2001 by the <a href="/wiki/Gaylord_Opryland_Resort_%26_Convention_Center" title="Gaylord Opryland Resort & Convention Center">Gaylord Opryland Resort & Convention Center</a> in Nashville);<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> the Opryland parade was discontinued and replaced by a taped parade in <a href="/wiki/Miami_Beach,_Florida" title="Miami Beach, Florida">Miami Beach, Florida</a> in 2002. For many years the Santa Claus Lane Parade (now <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Christmas_Parade" title="Hollywood Christmas Parade">Hollywood Christmas Parade</a>) in Los Angeles was held on the Wednesday evening before Thanksgiving. In 1978 this was switched to the Sunday following the holiday.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanksgiving_(United_States)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="American_football">American football</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanksgiving_(United_States)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: American football">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/American_football_on_Thanksgiving" title="American football on Thanksgiving">American football on Thanksgiving</a> and <a href="/wiki/NFL_on_Thanksgiving_Day" title="NFL on Thanksgiving Day">NFL on Thanksgiving Day</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Purdue_Foot-ball_Team_letter,_1891.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A typed letter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Purdue_Foot-ball_Team_letter%2C_1891.jpg/220px-Purdue_Foot-ball_Team_letter%2C_1891.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Purdue_Foot-ball_Team_letter%2C_1891.jpg/330px-Purdue_Foot-ball_Team_letter%2C_1891.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Purdue_Foot-ball_Team_letter%2C_1891.jpg/440px-Purdue_Foot-ball_Team_letter%2C_1891.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3382" data-file-height="3002" /></a><figcaption>An 1891 letter indicating that the <a href="/wiki/Purdue_Boilermakers_football" title="Purdue Boilermakers football">Purdue Boilermakers football</a> team intend to play a game in <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a> the following year</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> is an important part of many Thanksgiving celebrations in the United States, a tradition that dates to the earliest era of the sport in the late 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> Professional football games are often held on Thanksgiving Day; until recently, these were the only games played during the week apart from Sunday or Monday night. The <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> (NFL) has played <a href="/wiki/NFL_on_Thanksgiving_Day" title="NFL on Thanksgiving Day">games on Thanksgiving</a> every year since its creation except during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Lions" title="Detroit Lions">Detroit Lions</a> hosted a game every Thanksgiving Day from 1934 to 1938 and have hosted one every year since 1945.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> In 1966, the <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys" title="Dallas Cowboys">Dallas Cowboys</a>, which were founded six years earlier, adopted the practice of hosting Thanksgiving games.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> The league added a third game in <a href="/wiki/Prime_time" title="Prime time">primetime</a> in 2006; unlike the traditional afternoon doubleheader, this game has no fixed host.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> For <a href="/wiki/College_football" title="College football">college football</a> teams that participate in the highest level (all teams in the <a href="/wiki/Football_Bowl_Subdivision" class="mw-redirect" title="Football Bowl Subdivision">Football Bowl Subdivision</a>, as well as three teams in the historically black <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">Southwestern Athletic Conference</a> of the <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Championship" title="NCAA Division I Football Championship">Championship Subdivision</a>), the regular season ends on Thanksgiving weekend, and a team's final game is often against a regional or historic rival, such as the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Bowl" title="Iron Bowl">Iron Bowl</a> between <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football" title="Alabama Crimson Tide football">Alabama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Auburn_Tigers_football" title="Auburn Tigers football">Auburn</a>, the rivalry formerly known as the <a href="/wiki/Oregon%E2%80%93Oregon_State_football_rivalry" title="Oregon–Oregon State football rivalry">Oregon Civil War</a> between <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Ducks_football" title="Oregon Ducks football">Oregon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oregon_State_Beavers_football" title="Oregon State Beavers football">Oregon State</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Apple_Cup" title="Apple Cup">Apple Cup</a> between <a href="/wiki/Washington_Huskies_football" title="Washington Huskies football">Washington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Cougars_football" title="Washington State Cougars football">Washington State</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_football" title="Michigan Wolverines football">Michigan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_Buckeyes_football" title="Ohio State Buckeyes football">Ohio State</a> playing in <a href="/wiki/Michigan%E2%80%93Ohio_State_football_rivalry" title="Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry">their rivalry game</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/High_school_football" title="High school football">high school football</a> games (which include some state championship games), and informal "Turkey Bowl" contests played by amateur groups and organizations, are frequently held on Thanksgiving weekend.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> High school contests were once commonplace on the holiday but have rapidly declined since the late 20th century and into the early 21st century (except in portions of New England and widely scattered examples elsewhere) as schools shift their focus to state tournaments and winter sports.<a href="#cite_note-disappearing_tradition-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-endofwhiteplains-110">[109]</a> Games of football preceding or following the meal in the backyard or a nearby field are also common during many family gatherings. Amateur games typically follow less organized <a href="/wiki/Street_football_(American)" title="Street football (American)">backyard-rules</a>, <a href="/wiki/Touch_football_(American)" title="Touch football (American)">two-hand touch</a> or <a href="/wiki/Flag_football" title="Flag football">flag football</a> styles.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_sports">Other sports</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanksgiving_(United_States)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Other sports">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/College_basketball" title="College basketball">College basketball</a> holds several elimination tournaments on over Thanksgiving weekend, before the conference season. These include the Anaheim-based <a href="/wiki/Wooden_Legacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wooden Legacy">Wooden Legacy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> the Orlando-based <a href="/wiki/AdvoCare_Invitational" class="mw-redirect" title="AdvoCare Invitational">AdvoCare Invitational</a>,<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Battle_4_Atlantis" title="Battle 4 Atlantis">Battle 4 Atlantis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> all of which are televised on <a href="/wiki/ESPN2" title="ESPN2">ESPN2</a> and <a href="/wiki/ESPNU" title="ESPNU">ESPNU</a> in <a href="/wiki/Marathon_(television)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marathon (television)">marathon</a> format. The NCAA owned-and-operated <a href="/wiki/NIT_Season_Tip-Off" title="NIT Season Tip-Off">NIT Season Tip-Off</a> has also since moved to Thanksgiving week.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kabul_Satellite_Turkey_Chase_10K_run,_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Kabul_Satellite_Turkey_Chase_10K_run%2C_2011.jpg/260px-Kabul_Satellite_Turkey_Chase_10K_run%2C_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="390" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Kabul_Satellite_Turkey_Chase_10K_run%2C_2011.jpg/390px-Kabul_Satellite_Turkey_Chase_10K_run%2C_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Kabul_Satellite_Turkey_Chase_10K_run%2C_2011.jpg/520px-Kabul_Satellite_Turkey_Chase_10K_run%2C_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption>A U.S. Army serviceman in a turkey costume leads the <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> Satellite Turkey Chase 10K Run on Thanksgiving Day 2011.</figcaption></figure> Though <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Auto_racing" title="Auto racing">auto racing</a> are in their off-seasons on Thanksgiving, there are events in those sports that take place on Thanksgiving weekend. The <a href="/wiki/Turkey_Night_Grand_Prix" title="Turkey Night Grand Prix">Turkey Night Grand Prix</a> is an annual automobile race that takes place at various venues in southern California on Thanksgiving night;<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> due in part to the fact that this is after the <a href="/wiki/NASCAR_Cup_Series" title="NASCAR Cup Series">NASCAR Cup Series</a> and <a href="/wiki/IndyCar_Series" title="IndyCar Series">IndyCar Series</a> have finished their seasons, it allows some of the top racers in the United States to participate. In golf, Thanksgiving weekend was the traditional time of the <a href="/wiki/Skins_Game_(PGA_Tour)" title="Skins Game (PGA Tour)">Skins Game</a> from 1983 to 2008,<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> a tradition that was later revived in the form of <a href="/wiki/The_Match_(golf)" title="The Match (golf)">The Match</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sports_entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports entertainment">sports entertainment</a> tournament held most years on or near Thanksgiving since 2018.<a href="#cite_note-thematch-118">[117]</a> The world championship <a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_chunking" class="mw-redirect" title="Pumpkin chunking">pumpkin chunking</a> contest was held in early November in <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a> and televised each Thanksgiving on <a href="/wiki/Science_Channel" title="Science Channel">Science Channel</a>, but the event was mired in liability disputes following injuries at the events in the 2010s; it has been held only once since 2016,<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> a 2019 contest in <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> that had far fewer competitors and ran a financial loss.<a href="#cite_note-2019preview-120">[119]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a> announced, as part of its decade-long extension with <a href="/wiki/NHL_on_NBC" title="NHL on NBC">NBC</a>, that they would begin airing a game on the Friday afternoon following Thanksgiving beginning the <a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_NHL_season" title="2011–12 NHL season">2011–12 NHL season</a>; the game has since been branded as the "Thanksgiving Showdown". (The <a href="/wiki/Boston_Bruins" title="Boston Bruins">Boston Bruins</a> have played matinees on <a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)" title="Black Friday (shopping)">Black Friday</a> since at least 1990, but 2011 was the first time the game was nationally televised.)<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">Professional wrestling</a> promotions have typically held premier <a href="/wiki/Pay-per-view" title="Pay-per-view">pay-per-view</a> events on or around the time of Thanksgiving. This trend began in 1983 when <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crockett_Promotions" title="Jim Crockett Promotions">Jim Crockett Promotions</a>, the largest promoter in the <a href="/wiki/National_Wrestling_Alliance" title="National Wrestling Alliance">National Wrestling Alliance</a>, introduced <a href="/wiki/Starrcade" title="Starrcade">Starrcade</a>. Starrcade, later incorporated into <a href="/wiki/World_Championship_Wrestling" title="World Championship Wrestling">World Championship Wrestling</a>, moved off Thanksgiving in 1988;<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> the year prior, the rival <a href="/wiki/WWE" title="WWE">World Wrestling Federation</a> had introduced <a href="/wiki/Survivor_Series" title="Survivor Series">Survivor Series</a>, an event that continues to be hosted in November to the present day.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> Many American cities hold <a href="/wiki/Road_running" title="Road running">road running</a> events, known as "<a href="/wiki/Turkey_trot" title="Turkey trot">turkey trots</a>", on Thanksgiving morning, so much so that as of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thanksgiving_(United_States)&action=edit">[update]</a>, Thanksgiving is the most popular race day in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> Depending on the organizations involved, these can range from one-mile (1.6 km) <a href="/wiki/Fun_run" title="Fun run">fun runs</a> to full <a href="/wiki/Marathon" title="Marathon">marathons</a> (although no races currently use the latter; the <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Marathon" title="Atlanta Marathon">Atlanta Marathon</a> stopped running on Thanksgiving in 2010).<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> The oldest continually running annual footrace in North America, the <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Turkey_Trot" title="Buffalo Turkey Trot">YMCA Buffalo Niagara Turkey Trot</a>, is among these races.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Soccer" class="mw-redirect" title="Soccer">soccer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Soccer" title="Major League Soccer">Major League Soccer</a> announced in 2021 that a <a href="/wiki/MLS_Cup_Playoffs" class="mw-redirect" title="MLS Cup Playoffs">MLS Cup Playoffs</a> match will be held on Thanksgiving for the first time, with a Conference Semifinals match of the <a href="/wiki/2021_MLS_Cup_Playoffs" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 MLS Cup Playoffs">2021 Playoffs</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Rapids" title="Colorado Rapids">Colorado Rapids</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Portland_Timbers" title="Portland Timbers">Portland Timbers</a> held on that day. While the MLS Cup playoffs were usually held from October to December, no MLS match was held on a Thanksgiving Day before 2021.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> The experiment was not reprised after 2021 as MLS Cup Playoff games have been scheduled solely for Saturdays and Sundays since then. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanksgiving_(United_States)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Television">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Thanksgiving_television_specials" title="List of Thanksgiving television specials">List of Thanksgiving television specials</a>.</div> While not as prolific as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_television_specials" title="List of Christmas television specials">Christmas specials</a>, which usually begin right after Thanksgiving, there are many special television programs transmitted on or around Thanksgiving, such as <a href="/wiki/A_Charlie_Brown_Thanksgiving" title="A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving">A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving</a>, in addition to the live parades and football games mentioned above. In some cases, television broadcasters begin programming Christmas films and specials to run on Thanksgiving Day, taking the day as a signal for the beginning of the Christmas season.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio">Radio</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanksgiving_(United_States)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Radio">edit</a>]</div> "<a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Restaurant" title="Alice's Restaurant">Alice's Restaurant</a>", an 18-minute monologue by <a href="/wiki/Arlo_Guthrie" title="Arlo Guthrie">Arlo Guthrie</a> which is partially based on an incident that happened on Thanksgiving in 1965, was first released in 1967. It has since become a tradition on numerous <a href="/wiki/Classic_rock" title="Classic rock">classic rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classic_hits" title="Classic hits">classic hits</a> radio stations to play the full, uninterrupted recording to much fanfare each Thanksgiving Day, a tradition that appears to have originated with counterculture radio host <a href="/wiki/Bob_Fass" title="Bob Fass">Bob Fass</a>, who introduced the song to the public on his radio show.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> Another song that traditionally gets played on numerous radio stations (of many different formats) is "<a href="/wiki/The_Thanksgiving_Song" title="The Thanksgiving Song">The Thanksgiving Song</a>", a 1992 song by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Sandler" title="Adam Sandler">Adam Sandler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> "Grandma's Thanksgiving," a 1947 suite that occupies both sides of a 78 RPM album by <a href="/wiki/Fred_Waring" title="Fred Waring">Fred Waring</a>, is a recurring tradition on <a href="/wiki/WBEN_(AM)" title="WBEN (AM)">WBEN</a> in Buffalo, New York, where it was a longstanding tradition of morning Clint Buehlman and has continued under succeeding hosts Bill Lacy and Randy Bushover.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> In the beginning of the 21st century, Thanksgiving or the day after was the traditional start date when radio stations flipped to continuous <a href="/wiki/Christmas_music" title="Christmas music">Christmas music</a>. Due to <a href="/wiki/Christmas_creep" title="Christmas creep">Christmas creep</a>, this date has progressed to well before Thanksgiving for most stations that follow this strategy.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> Historically, <a href="/wiki/The_Rush_Limbaugh_Show" title="The Rush Limbaugh Show">The Rush Limbaugh Show</a> carried a tradition of "The True Story of Thanksgiving," a monologue in which host <a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Rush Limbaugh</a>, reciting from his book See, I Told You So, highlighted lesser-known aspects of the traditional Plymouth story, with particular emphasis on the ill-fated decision to pool all of the colony's resources commonly, which he used as a cautionary tale against modern-day socialism.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey_pardoning">Turkey pardoning</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanksgiving_(United_States)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Turkey pardoning">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_Thanksgiving_Turkey_Presentation" title="National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation">National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_F._Kennedy,_turkey_pardon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/John_F._Kennedy%2C_turkey_pardon.jpg/260px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_turkey_pardon.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/John_F._Kennedy%2C_turkey_pardon.jpg/390px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_turkey_pardon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/John_F._Kennedy%2C_turkey_pardon.jpg/520px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_turkey_pardon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3150" data-file-height="3109" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> spares a turkey (1963). The practice of pardoning turkeys in this manner became a permanent tradition in 1989 during George H.W. Bush's term.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> has received a Thanksgiving turkey every year since 1873; for the first 41 years, the turkey was provided by <a href="/wiki/Westerly,_Rhode_Island" title="Westerly, Rhode Island">Westerly, Rhode Island</a> turkey kingpin Horace Vose. In 1947, in what began as a <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobbying</a> ploy to get President <a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Truman">Harry Truman</a> to stop <a href="/wiki/Rationing_in_the_United_States" title="Rationing in the United States">rationing</a> turkey for foreign aid, the <a href="/wiki/National_Turkey_Federation" title="National Turkey Federation">National Turkey Federation</a> has presented the President of the United States with one live turkey and two dressed turkeys in a ceremony known as the <a href="/wiki/National_Thanksgiving_Turkey_Presentation" title="National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation">National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> was the first president reported to spare the turkey given to him (he said he did not plan to eat the bird); by the late 1970s, most of the turkeys were being sent to petting zoos, while the dressed turkeys are usually sent to a charity such as <a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Table" title="Martha's Table">Martha's Table</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Some legends date the origins of pardoning turkey to the <a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Truman">Harry Truman</a> administration or even to <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> pardoning his son's Christmas turkey;<a href="#cite_note-nythist-134">[133]</a> both stories have been quoted in more recent presidential speeches, but neither has any evidence in the Presidential record.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> In more recent years, two turkeys have been pardoned, in case the original turkey becomes unavailable for presidential pardoning.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> made the turkey pardon a permanent annual tradition upon assuming the presidency in 1989, a tradition that was possibly inspired in part by a joke his predecessor <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> had cracked during the 1987 presentation and has been carried on by every president each year since.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-pbswhy-139">[138]</a> After stints at <a href="/wiki/Frying_Pan_Farm_Park" title="Frying Pan Farm Park">Frying Pan Farm Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Herndon,_Virginia" title="Herndon, Virginia">Herndon, Virginia</a> (1989 to 2004),<a href="#cite_note-wapofive-140">[139]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Disney_Parks,_Experiences_and_Products" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney Parks, Experiences and Products">Disney Resorts</a> (2005 to 2009),<a href="#cite_note-pbswhy-139">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon" title="Mount Vernon">Mount Vernon</a> (the estate of <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, 2010 to 2012), and <a href="/wiki/Morven_Park" title="Morven Park">Morven Park</a> (the estate of <a href="/wiki/Westmoreland_Davis" title="Westmoreland Davis">Westmoreland Davis</a>, 2013 to 2015), turkeys have lived the remainder of their lives in the care of agricultural departments of major universities. The turkeys rarely lived to see the next Thanksgiving due to being bred for large size;<a href="#cite_note-nythist-134">[133]</a> this gradually improved over the course of the 2010s as Morven Park and the universities have been more aggressive in maintaining the turkeys' health.<a href="#cite_note-roanoketimes2019-141">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vacation_and_travel">Vacation and travel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanksgiving_(United_States)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Vacation and travel">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Bush_Thanksgiving_Day_dinner_in_Baghdad_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/President_Bush_Thanksgiving_Day_dinner_in_Baghdad_2003.jpg/260px-President_Bush_Thanksgiving_Day_dinner_in_Baghdad_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/President_Bush_Thanksgiving_Day_dinner_in_Baghdad_2003.jpg/390px-President_Bush_Thanksgiving_Day_dinner_in_Baghdad_2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/President_Bush_Thanksgiving_Day_dinner_in_Baghdad_2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="332" /></a><figcaption>U.S. President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> visits Iraq to have Thanksgiving dinner with soldiers in 2003.</figcaption></figure> On Thanksgiving Day, families and friends usually gather for a large meal or dinner.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> Consequently, the Thanksgiving holiday weekend is one of the busiest travel periods of the year.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> Thanksgiving is a four-day or five-day weekend vacation for schools and colleges. Most business and government workers (78% as of 2007) are given Thanksgiving and the day after as paid holidays.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> Thanksgiving Eve (also known as <a href="/wiki/Blackout_Wednesday" title="Blackout Wednesday">Blackout Wednesday</a>), the night before Thanksgiving, is one of the busiest nights of the year for bars and clubs as many college students and others return to their hometowns to reunite with friends and family.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism,_controversy_and_alternative_observations">Criticism, controversy and alternative observations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanksgiving_(United_States)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Criticism, controversy and alternative observations">edit</a>]</div> Due to the popularity of the Thanksgiving festivities in the U.S., the holiday has attracted protests and alternative observation traditions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_protests">Indigenous protests</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanksgiving_(United_States)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Indigenous protests">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a>. Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Thanksgiving_(United_States)" title="Talk:Thanksgiving (United States)">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>. (December 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tribal_critical_race_theory" title="Tribal critical race theory">Tribal critical race theory</a></div> Much like <a href="/wiki/Columbus_Day" title="Columbus Day">Columbus Day</a>, Thanksgiving has been subject to criticism under the lens of <a href="/wiki/Tribal_critical_race_theory" title="Tribal critical race theory">tribal critical race theory</a>. It is observed by some[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">weasel words</a>] as a "<a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Mourning_(United_States_protest)" title="National Day of Mourning (United States protest)">National Day of Mourning</a>", in acknowledgment of the <a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American genocide">genocide of Native Americans</a> during the European colonization.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> Thanksgiving has long carried a distinct resonance for many Native Americans,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">weasel words</a>] who see the holiday as an embellished story of "Pilgrims and Natives looking past their differences" to break bread.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> Some Native Americans[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">weasel words</a>] hold "<a href="/wiki/Unthanksgiving_Day" title="Unthanksgiving Day">Unthanksgiving Day</a>" celebrations in which they mourn the deaths of their ancestors, fast, dance, and pray.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> This tradition has been taking place since 1975.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> Since 1970, the <a href="/wiki/United_American_Indians_of_New_England" title="United American Indians of New England">United American Indians of New England</a>, a protest group led by Frank "Wamsutta" James (<a href="/wiki/Aquinnah_Wampanoag" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquinnah Wampanoag">Aquinnah Wampanoag</a>, 1923−2001), has accused the United States of fabricating the Thanksgiving story and of whitewashing genocide and injustice against Native Americans, and it has led a National Day of Mourning protest on Thanksgiving at <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Rock" title="Plymouth Rock">Plymouth Rock</a> in <a href="/wiki/Plymouth,_Massachusetts" title="Plymouth, Massachusetts">Plymouth, Massachusetts</a> in the name of social equality and <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">political prisoners</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Occupy.com-152">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> Professor David J. Silverman notes that the story of the pilgrims and their Wampanoag allies dining together in peace mythologized this interaction but at the same time the later breakdown in relations between the two groups was ignored. He believes that this perpetuates the notion that the Wampanoag's chief legacy was to present America as a gift to the pilgrims and to concede to colonialism similar to the stories of Pocahontes and Sacagawea.<a href="#cite_note-:1-24">[23]</a> Professor <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Jensen" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert W. Jensen">R.W. Jensen</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a> writes that "One indication of moral progress in the United States would be the replacement of Thanksgiving Day and its self-indulgent family feasting with a National Day of Atonement accompanied by a self-reflective collective fasting."<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Autobiography_of_Mark_Twain" title="Autobiography of Mark Twain">autobiography of Mark Twain</a>, first published in 1924, gives the satirical opinion of <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a> thus:<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> <blockquote>Thanksgiving Day, a function which originated in New England two or three centuries ago when those people recognized that they really had something to be thankful for – annually, not oftener – if they had succeeded in exterminating their neighbors, the Indians, during the previous twelve months, instead of getting exterminated by their neighbors, the Indians. Thanksgiving Day became a habit, for the reason that in the course of time, as the years drifted on, it was perceived that the exterminating had ceased to be mutual and was all on the white man's side, consequently on the Lord's side; hence it was proper to thank the Lord for it and extend the usual compliments.</blockquote> Those who sympathize with this view acknowledge it as a small minority view; author and humanist J.G. Rodwan, who does not celebrate Thanksgiving, noted that those who attempt to tie Thanksgiving to colonialism and genocides "are likely to be dismissed as some sort of crank".<a href="#cite_note-rodwan-156">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_American_harvest_festivals_and_Thanksgiving_traditions">Native American harvest festivals and Thanksgiving traditions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanksgiving_(United_States)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Native American harvest festivals and Thanksgiving traditions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seminole_Indian_Thanksgiving_Meal_(5184648544).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Seminole_Indian_Thanksgiving_Meal_%285184648544%29.jpg/220px-Seminole_Indian_Thanksgiving_Meal_%285184648544%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Seminole_Indian_Thanksgiving_Meal_%285184648544%29.jpg/330px-Seminole_Indian_Thanksgiving_Meal_%285184648544%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Seminole_Indian_Thanksgiving_Meal_%285184648544%29.jpg/440px-Seminole_Indian_Thanksgiving_Meal_%285184648544%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminoles</a> having a Thanksgiving meal in the mid-1950s, Florida</figcaption></figure> The perception of Thanksgiving among Native Americans is not, however, universally negative and some do celebrate the holiday. <a href="/wiki/Tim_Giago" title="Tim Giago">Tim Giago</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oglala_Lakota" class="mw-redirect" title="Oglala Lakota">Oglala Lakota</a>, 1934–2022), founder of the <a href="/wiki/Native_American_Journalists_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Journalists Association">Native American Journalists Association</a>, sought to reconcile Thanksgiving with Native American fall harvest celebrations. He compares Thanksgiving to "wopila", a thanks-giving celebration practiced by <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains_Tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Plains Tribes">Native Americans of the Great Plains</a>. He wrote in <a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a>: "The idea of a day of Thanksgiving has been a part of the Native American landscape for centuries. The fact that it is also a national holiday for all Americans blends in perfectly with Native American traditions." He also shares personal anecdotes of Native American families coming together to celebrate Thanksgiving.<a href="#cite_note-Huffington_Post-157">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oneida_participation_in_commercial_Thanksgiving_parade">Oneida participation in commercial Thanksgiving parade</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanksgiving_(United_States)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Oneida participation in commercial Thanksgiving parade">edit</a>]</div> Members of the <a href="/wiki/Oneida_Indian_Nation" title="Oneida Indian Nation">Oneida Indian Nation</a> marched in the 2010 <a href="/wiki/Macy%27s_Thanksgiving_Day_Parade" title="Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade">Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade</a> with a float called "The True Spirit of Thanksgiving" and have done so every year since.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blamesgiving">Blamesgiving</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanksgiving_(United_States)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Blamesgiving">edit</a>]</div> In the early part of the 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Atheism" title="American Association for the Advancement of Atheism">American Association for the Advancement of Atheism</a> (4A) opposed the celebration of Thanksgiving Day, offering an alternative observance called Blamegiving Day, which was in their eyes, "a protest against Divine negligence, to be observed each year on Thanksgiving Day, on the assumption, for the day only, that God exists".<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> Citing their view of the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheists</a> in recent times have particularly criticized the annual recitation of Thanksgiving proclamations by the President of the United States, because these proclamations often revolve around the theme of giving thanks to God.<a href="#cite_note-Separation-160">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retail_workers'_rights">Retail workers' rights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanksgiving_(United_States)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Retail workers' rights">edit</a>]</div> The move by retailers to begin holiday sales during Thanksgiving Day (as opposed to the traditional day after) has been criticized as forcing (under threat of being fired) low-end retail workers, who compose an increasing share of the nation's workforce, to work odd hours and to handle atypical, unruly crowds on a day reserved for rest.<a href="#cite_note-gray2-161">[160]</a> In response to this controversy, <a href="/wiki/Macy%27s" title="Macy's">Macy's</a> and <a href="/wiki/Best_Buy" title="Best Buy">Best Buy</a> (both of which planned to open on Thanksgiving, even earlier than they had the year before) stated in 2014 that most of their Thanksgiving Day shifts were filled voluntarily by employees who would rather have the day after Thanksgiving off instead of Thanksgiving itself.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-bestbuypr-163">[162]</a> This practice has become common (but not universal) as of 2024. By 2021, retailers had largely abandoned efforts to hold Thanksgiving doorbusters and returned their focus to Black Friday proper.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Blue_law" title="Blue law">Blue laws</a> in several Northeastern states[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] prevent retailers in those states from opening on Thanksgiving. Such retailers typically opened at midnight on the day after Thanksgiving.<a href="#cite_note-bestbuypr-163">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harvest_of_Shame">Harvest of Shame</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanksgiving_(United_States)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Harvest of Shame">edit</a>]</div> Journalist <a href="/wiki/Edward_R._Murrow" title="Edward R. Murrow">Edward R. Murrow</a> and producer <a href="/wiki/David_Lowe_(producer)" title="David Lowe (producer)">David Lowe</a> deliberately chose Thanksgiving weekend 1960 to release Murrow's final story for <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>. Entitled <a href="/wiki/Harvest_of_Shame" title="Harvest of Shame">Harvest of Shame</a>, the hour-long documentary was designed "to shock Americans into action" regarding the treatment of impoverished migrant farmworkers in the country, hoping to contrast Thanksgiving dinner and its excesses with the poverty of those who picked the vegetables.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> Murrow acknowledged the documentary portrayed the United States from a hostile perspective and, when he left CBS to join the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Information_Agency" title="United States Information Agency">United States Information Agency</a> in 1961, unsuccessfully tried to stop the special from being aired in the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vegetarian_Thanksgiving">Vegetarian Thanksgiving</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanksgiving_(United_States)&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Vegetarian Thanksgiving">edit</a>]</div> Vegetarians have criticized the holiday and its focus on turkey since before the holiday was officially recognized in the U.S. In the nineteenth century, American vegetarians created a distinct Thanksgiving menu. Nineteenth-century newspaper editor and vegetarian <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Hacker" title="Jeremiah Hacker">Jeremiah Hacker</a> criticized the holiday in 1848 and 1859. The first recipe for a vegetarian turkey appeared in the U.S. in 1891.<a href="#cite_note-:3-168">[167]</a> In 1894, <a href="/wiki/Ella_Eaton_Kellogg" title="Ella Eaton Kellogg">Ella Eaton Kellogg</a> published a recipe for vegetarian mock turkey.<a href="#cite_note-:5-169">[168]</a> One of the earliest known vegetarian Thanksgiving dinners was held in 1895 at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-170">[169]</a> During the twentieth century, many recipes for vegetarian turkey were published.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> The Millennium Guild in Boston held a vegetarian Thanksgiving at the Copley Hotel in 1913 where a Golden Rule Roast was served.<a href="#cite_note-:3-168">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-170">[169]</a> In 1995, <a href="/wiki/Tofurky" title="Tofurky">Tofurky</a> was first sold commercially.<a href="#cite_note-:5-169">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Date">Date</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanksgiving_(United_States)&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Date">edit</a>]</div> Since being fixed on the fourth Thursday in November by law in 1941 (prior to that it was on the last Thursday in November),<a href="#cite_note-5USC87b-67">[66]</a> the holiday in the United States can occur on any date from November 22 to 28 (November 24 to 30 prior to 1941). When it falls on November 22 or 23, it is not the last Thursday, but the penultimate Thursday in November. Regardless, it is the Thursday preceding the last Saturday of November. Because Thanksgiving is a <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">federal holiday</a>, all United States government offices are closed and all employees are paid for that day. It is also a holiday for the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">New York Stock Exchange</a> and most other financial markets and financial services companies.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Table_of_dates_(1899–2103)">Table of dates (1899–2103)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanksgiving_(United_States)&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Table of dates (1899–2103)">edit</a>]</div> The date of Thanksgiving Day follows a 28-year cycle, broken only by century years that are not a multiple of 400 (e.g. 1900, 2100, 2200, 2300, 2500 ...). The break in the regular cycle is an effect of the <a href="/wiki/Leap_year#Algorithm" title="Leap year">leap year algorithm</a>, which dictates that such years are <a href="/wiki/Common_year" title="Common year">common years</a> as an adjustment for the calendar / season alignment that leap years provide. Past and future dates of celebration include:<a href="#cite_note-dates-174">[173]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">week 47</th> <th>week 47 / week 48<a href="#cite_note-leap-year-note-175">[i]</a></th> <th colspan="5">week 48 </th></tr> <tr> <th>November 22</th> <th>November 23</th> <th>November 24</th> <th>November 25</th> <th>November 26</th> <th>November 27</th> <th>November 28 </th> <th>November 29 </th> <th>November 30 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" rowspan="7">Not Possible </td> <td>1904 </td> <td> </td> <td>1903 </td> <td>1902 </td> <td>1901 </td> <td>1900 </td> <td>1899 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1910 </td> <td>1909 </td> <td>1908 </td> <td> </td> <td>1907 </td> <td>1906 </td> <td>1905 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>1915 </td> <td>1914 </td> <td>1913 </td> <td>1912 </td> <td> </td> <td>1911 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1921 </td> <td>1920 </td> <td> </td> <td>1919 </td> <td>1918 </td> <td>1917 </td> <td>1916 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1927 </td> <td>1926 </td> <td>1925 </td> <td>1924 </td> <td> </td> <td>1923 </td> <td>1922 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1932 </td> <td> </td> <td>1931 </td> <td>1930 </td> <td>1929 </td> <td>1928 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1938 </td> <td>1937 </td> <td>1936 </td> <td> </td> <td>1935 </td> <td>1934 </td> <td>1933 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1945 </td> <td>1944 </td> <td> </td> <td>1943 </td> <td>1942 </td> <td>1941 </td> <td>1940 </td> <td> </td> <td>1939 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1951</td> <td>1950</td> <td>1949</td> <td>1948</td> <td style="background:#F3F3F3;"></td> <td>1947</td> <td>1946 </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="28">Not Possible </td></tr> <tr> <td>1956</td> <td style="background:#F3F3F3;"></td> <td>1955</td> <td>1954</td> <td>1953</td> <td>1952</td> <td style="background:#F3F3F3;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1962</td> <td>1961</td> <td>1960</td> <td style="background:#F5F5F5;"></td> <td>1959</td> <td>1958</td> <td>1957 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F3F3F3;"></td> <td>1967</td> <td>1966</td> <td>1965</td> <td>1964</td> <td style="background:#F3F3F3;"></td> <td>1963 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1973</td> <td>1972</td> <td style="background:#F3F3F3;"></td> <td>1971</td> <td>1970</td> <td>1969</td> <td>1968 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1979</td> <td>1978</td> <td>1977</td> <td>1976</td> <td style="background:#F3F3F3;"></td> <td>1975</td> <td>1974 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1984</td> <td style="background:#F3F3F3;"></td> <td>1983</td> <td>1982</td> <td>1981</td> <td>1980</td> <td style="background:#F3F3F3;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990</td> <td>1989</td> <td>1988</td> <td style="background:#F5F5F5;"></td> <td>1987</td> <td>1986</td> <td>1985 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F3F3F3;"></td> <td>1995</td> <td>1994</td> <td>1993</td> <td>1992</td> <td style="background:#F3F3F3;"></td> <td>1991 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001</td> <td>2000<a href="#cite_note-century-year-note-176">[ii]</a></td> <td style="background:#F3F3F3;"></td> <td>1999</td> <td>1998</td> <td>1997</td> <td>1996 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td>2006</td> <td>2005</td> <td>2004</td> <td style="background:#F3F3F3;"></td> <td>2003</td> <td>2002 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td style="background:#F3F3F3;"></td> <td>2011</td> <td>2010</td> <td>2009</td> <td>2008</td> <td style="background:#F3F3F3;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018</td> <td>2017</td> <td>2016</td> <td style="background:#F3F3F3;"></td> <td>2015</td> <td>2014</td> <td>2013 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F3F3F3;"></td> <td>2023</td> <td>2022</td> <td>2021</td> <td>2020</td> <td style="background:#F3F3F3;"></td> <td>2019 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2029</td> <td>2028</td> <td style="background:#F3F3F3;"></td> <td>2027</td> <td>2026</td> <td>2025</td> <td>2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2035</td> <td>2034</td> <td>2033</td> <td>2032</td> <td style="background:#F3F3F3;"></td> <td>2031</td> <td>2030 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2040</td> <td style="background:#F3F3F3;"></td> <td>2039</td> <td>2038</td> <td>2037</td> <td>2036</td> <td style="background:#F3F3F3;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2046</td> <td>2045</td> <td>2044</td> <td style="background:#F3F3F3;"></td> <td>2043</td> <td>2042</td> <td>2041 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F3F3F3;"></td> <td>2051</td> <td>2050</td> <td>2049</td> <td>2048</td> <td style="background:#F3F3F3;"></td> <td>2047 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2057</td> <td>2056</td> <td style="background:#F3F3F3;"></td> <td>2055</td> <td>2054</td> <td>2053</td> <td>2052 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2063 </td> <td>2062 </td> <td>2061 </td> <td>2060 </td> <td> </td> <td>2059 </td> <td>2058 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2068 </td> <td> </td> <td>2067 </td> <td>2066 </td> <td>2065 </td> <td>2064 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2074 </td> <td>2073 </td> <td>2072 </td> <td> </td> <td>2071 </td> <td>2070 </td> <td>2069 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>2079 </td> <td>2078 </td> <td>2077 </td> <td>2076 </td> <td> </td> <td>2075 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2085 </td> <td>2084 </td> <td> </td> <td>2083 </td> <td>2082 </td> <td>2081 </td> <td>2080 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2091 </td> <td>2090 </td> <td>2089 </td> <td>2088 </td> <td> </td> <td>2087 </td> <td>2086 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2096 </td> <td> </td> <td>2095 </td> <td>2094 </td> <td>2093 </td> <td>2092 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2103 </td> <td>2102 </td> <td>2101 </td> <td>2100 </td> <td>2099 </td> <td>2098 </td> <td>2097 </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-leap-year-note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-leap-year-note_175-0">^</a> November 25 falls in week 47 of common years, and week 48 of leap years. </li> <li id="cite_note-century-year-note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-century-year-note_176-0">^</a> In most century years, the week / date pattern would break, but since 2000 was a 400 year century-year, the century-year exception does not apply. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Days_after_Thanksgiving">Days after Thanksgiving</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanksgiving_(United_States)&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Days after Thanksgiving">edit</a>]</div> A broader period of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Thanksgivingtide" class="extiw" title="wikt:Thanksgivingtide">Thanksgivingtide</a> leads into and follows the holiday of Thanksgiving itself. The day after Thanksgiving is a holiday for some companies and most schools. In the last two decades of the 20th century, it became known as <a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)" title="Black Friday (shopping)">Black Friday</a>, the beginning of the Christmas shopping season and a day for chaotic, early-morning sales at major retailers that were closed on Thanksgiving.<a href="#cite_note-listserv.linguistlist.org-177">[174]</a> A contrasting movement known as <a href="/wiki/Buy_Nothing_Day" title="Buy Nothing Day">Buy Nothing Day</a> originated in Canada in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a> The day after Thanksgiving is also <a href="/wiki/Native_American_Heritage_Day" title="Native American Heritage Day">Native American Heritage Day</a>, a day to pay tribute to Native Americans for their many contributions to the United States.<a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a> The Friday after Thanksgiving had been coined <a href="/wiki/Brown_Friday" title="Brown Friday">Brown Friday</a>, as plumbing companies such as <a href="/wiki/Roto-Rooter" title="Roto-Rooter">Roto-Rooter</a> reporting a sudden increase in business due to the large amount of waste produced.<a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a> <a href="/wiki/Small_Business_Saturday" title="Small Business Saturday">Small Business Saturday</a>, a movement promoting shopping at smaller local establishments, takes place on the last Saturday in November, two days after Thanksgiving.<a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyber_Monday" title="Cyber Monday">Cyber Monday</a> is a nickname given to the Monday following Thanksgiving; the day evolved in the early days of the Internet, when consumers returning to work took advantage of their employers' broadband Internet connections to do <a href="/wiki/Online_shopping" title="Online shopping">online shopping</a> and retailers began offering sales to meet the demand.<a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Green_Monday" title="Green Monday">Green Monday</a> is a similar observance in <a href="/wiki/Christmastide" title="Christmastide">Christmastide</a>.) <a href="/wiki/Giving_Tuesday" class="mw-redirect" title="Giving Tuesday">Giving Tuesday</a> takes place on the Tuesday after Thanksgiving.<a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanksgiving_(United_States)&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Hymn_of_Thanksgiving_sheet_music_cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/A_Hymn_of_Thanksgiving_sheet_music_cover.jpg/220px-A_Hymn_of_Thanksgiving_sheet_music_cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/A_Hymn_of_Thanksgiving_sheet_music_cover.jpg/330px-A_Hymn_of_Thanksgiving_sheet_music_cover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/A_Hymn_of_Thanksgiving_sheet_music_cover.jpg/440px-A_Hymn_of_Thanksgiving_sheet_music_cover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>"A Hymn of Thanksgiving" sheet music cover – November 26, 1899</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry">Poetry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanksgiving_(United_States)&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Poetry">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lyrics_of_Life_(1909)/Thanksgiving" class="extiw" title="s:Lyrics of Life (1909)/Thanksgiving">"Thanksgiving"</a> (1909), by <a href="/wiki/Florence_Earle_Coates" class="mw-redirect" title="Florence Earle Coates">Florence Earle Coates</a>.</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Over_the_River_and_Through_the_Wood" title="Over the River and Through the Wood">Over the River and Through the Wood</a>" (1844), by <a href="/wiki/Lydia_Maria_Child" title="Lydia Maria Child">Lydia Maria Child</a></li> <li>"Thanksgiving Day, November 28, 1986", by <a href="/wiki/William_S._Burroughs" title="William S. Burroughs">William S. Burroughs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tornado_Alley_(book)" title="Tornado Alley (book)">Tornado Alley</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanksgiving_(United_States)&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/We_Gather_Together" title="We Gather Together">We Gather Together</a>" (1597), a hymn of Dutch origin written by <a href="/wiki/Adrianus_Valerius" title="Adrianus Valerius">Adrianus Valerius</a>.</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Now_Thank_We_All_Our_God" title="Now Thank We All Our God">Now Thank We All Our God</a>" (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1636), a hymn of German origin written by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Rinkart" title="Martin Rinkart">Martin Rinkart</a>.</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_Plough_the_Fields_and_Scatter" title="We Plough the Fields and Scatter">We Plough the Fields and Scatter</a>" (1782), a hymn of German origin written by <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Claudius" title="Matthias Claudius">Matthias Claudius</a>.</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Come,_Ye_Thankful_People,_Come" title="Come, Ye Thankful People, Come">Come, Ye Thankful People, Come</a>" (1844), an English hymn written by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Alford_(theologian)" title="Henry Alford (theologian)">Henry Alford</a>.</li> <li>"The New England Boy's Song about Thanksgiving Day" (commonly known as "<a href="/wiki/Over_the_River_and_Through_the_Wood" title="Over the River and Through the Wood">Over the River and Through the Wood</a>", 1844), a song by <a href="/wiki/Lydia_Marie_Child" class="mw-redirect" title="Lydia Marie Child">Lydia Marie Child</a>.</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Simple_Gifts" title="Simple Gifts">Simple Gifts</a>" (1848), a Shaker hymn attributed to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brackett" title="Joseph Brackett">Joseph Brackett</a>.</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/For_the_Beauty_of_the_Earth" title="For the Beauty of the Earth">For the Beauty of the Earth</a>" (1864), an English hymn written by <a href="/wiki/Folliott_Sandford_Pierpoint" title="Folliott Sandford Pierpoint">Folliott Sandford Pierpoint</a>.</li> <li>"A Hymn of Thanksgiving" (1899), composed and written by <a href="/wiki/Fanny_Crosby" title="Fanny Crosby">Fanny J. Crosby</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ira_D._Sankey" title="Ira D. Sankey">Ira D. Sankey</a>.</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bless_This_House_(song)" title="Bless This House (song)">Bless This House</a>" (1927), a song composed and written by <a href="/wiki/May_Brahe" title="May Brahe">May Brahe</a> and Helen Taylor.</li> <li>"I've Got Plenty To Be Thankful For", sung by <a href="/wiki/Bing_Crosby" title="Bing Crosby">Bing Crosby</a> in the 1942 film <a href="/wiki/Holiday_Inn_(film)" title="Holiday Inn (film)">Holiday Inn</a>.</li> <li>Grandma's Thanksgiving (1947), a suite composed by <a href="/wiki/Harry_Simeone" title="Harry Simeone">Harry Simeone</a> with lyrics by Frank Cunkle and recorded by <a href="/wiki/Fred_Waring" title="Fred Waring">Fred Waring</a>.</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Restaurant" title="Alice's Restaurant">Alice's Restaurant</a>", a song by <a href="/wiki/Arlo_Guthrie" title="Arlo Guthrie">Arlo Guthrie</a> on his 1967 album <a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Restaurant_(album)" title="Alice's Restaurant (album)">Alice's Restaurant</a>, based on a true incident in his life that began on Thanksgiving Day, 1965.</li> <li>"Thanksgiving", a song by <a href="/wiki/George_Winston" title="George Winston">George Winston</a> on his album <a href="/wiki/December_(George_Winston_album)" title="December (George Winston album)">December</a> (1982).</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hold_My_Mule" title="Hold My Mule">Hold My Mule</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Caesar" title="Shirley Caesar">Shirley Caesar</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1988), later remixed as "You Name It" ("U Name It")<a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Thanksgiving_Song" title="The Thanksgiving Song">The Thanksgiving Song</a>", a song by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Sandler" title="Adam Sandler">Adam Sandler</a> on his album <a href="/wiki/They%27re_All_Gonna_Laugh_at_You!" title="They're All Gonna Laugh at You!">They're All Gonna Laugh at You!</a> (1994).</li> <li>"Thanksgiving Day Parade", a song by <a href="/wiki/Dan_Bern" title="Dan Bern">Dan Bern</a> on his album <a href="/wiki/New_American_Language" title="New American Language">New American Language</a> (2001).</li> <li>"Thanksgiving Day", a song by <a href="/wiki/Ray_Davies" title="Ray Davies">Ray Davies</a> on his album <a href="/wiki/Other_People%27s_Lives" title="Other People's Lives">Other People's Lives</a> (2006).</li> <li>"The Thanksgiving Song" (2020), written and performed by <a href="/wiki/Ben_Rector" title="Ben Rector">Ben Rector</a> was the opening track from his holiday album <a href="/wiki/A_Ben_Rector_Christmas" title="A Ben Rector Christmas">A Ben Rector Christmas</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanksgiving_(United_States)&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> The Macy's Thanksgiving Day parade is televised in the morning. Later in the day, live football games are televised throughout the nation. There are special Thanksgiving Day church services, and turkeys and other foods are given by churches and other charitable organizations to the poor.<a href="#cite_note-Counihan2013-1">[1]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanksgiving_(United_States)&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Counihan2013-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Counihan2013_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Counihan2013_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCounihan2013" class="citation book cs1">Counihan, Carole (2013). Food in the USA: A Reader. Routledge. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-32359-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-32359-2"><bdi>978-1-135-32359-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+in+the+USA%3A+A+Reader&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-32359-2&rft.aulast=Counihan&rft.aufirst=Carole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanksgiving+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2012" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Tanya Ballard (November 21, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2012/11/21/165655925/how-did-thanksgiving-end-up-on-thursday">"How Did Thanksgiving End Up On The Fourth Thursday?"</a>. NPR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=How+Did+Thanksgiving+End+Up+On+The+Fourth+Thursday%3F&rft.date=2012-11-21&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Tanya+Ballard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fthetwo-way%2F2012%2F11%2F21%2F165655925%2Fhow-did-thanksgiving-end-up-on-thursday&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanksgiving+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Title_5_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 5 of the United States Code"> 5 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/5/6103">§ 6103</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forbes2015-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes2015_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes2015_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes2015" class="citation book cs1">Forbes, Bruce David (2015). America's Favorite Holidays: Candid Histories. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-28472-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-28472-2"><bdi>978-0-520-28472-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Favorite+Holidays%3A+Candid+Histories&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-520-28472-2&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=Bruce+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanksgiving+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garrison2019-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garrison2019_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garrison2019_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrison2019" class="citation web cs1">Garrison, Greg (November 27, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al.com/life/2019/11/saying-grace-tradition-holds-that-a-blessing-should-be-said-before-the-meal.html">"Saying grace is a Thanksgiving tradition, like turkey"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Advance_Publications" title="Advance Publications">Advance Publications</a>. Retrieved November 23, 2023. <q>Family gatherings on Thanksgiving in Alabama usually have one ingredient that's as common as turkey: saying grace. In houses that say a blessing over the food, it's common that no one's allowed to take a bite until the blessing has been said. In the South, a Thanksgiving blessing usually involves some extemporaneous praying by someone who knows how. For some, saying grace before meals is a year-round tradition.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saying+grace+is+a+Thanksgiving+tradition%2C+like+turkey&rft.pub=Advance+Publications&rft.date=2019-11-27&rft.aulast=Garrison&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al.com%2Flife%2F2019%2F11%2Fsaying-grace-tradition-holds-that-a-blessing-should-be-said-before-the-meal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanksgiving+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-forteachers-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-forteachers_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-forteachers_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/primarysourcesets/thanksgiving/pdf/teacher_guide.pdf">"Teacher's Guide: Primary Source Set: Thanksgiving"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. Retrieved November 26, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Teacher%27s+Guide%3A+Primary+Source+Set%3A+Thanksgiving&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fteachers%2Fclassroommaterials%2Fprimarysourcesets%2Fthanksgiving%2Fpdf%2Fteacher_guide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanksgiving+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LOCTimeline-8"><a href="#cite_ref-LOCTimeline_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191028201745/http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/thanksgiving/timeline/1541.html">"Thanksgiving Timeline, 1541–2001"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/thanksgiving/timeline/1541.html">the original</a> on October 28, 2019. Retrieved November 8, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Thanksgiving+Timeline%2C+1541%E2%80%932001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fteachers%2Fclassroommaterials%2Fpresentationsandactivities%2Fpresentations%2Fthanksgiving%2Ftimeline%2F1541.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanksgiving+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2008" class="citation news cs1">Davis, Kenneth C. (November 25, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/26/opinion/26davis.html?th&emc=th">"A French Connection"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved September 5, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+French+Connection&rft.date=2008-11-25&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F11%2F26%2Fopinion%2F26davis.html%3Fth%26emc%3Dth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanksgiving+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dickinson2017-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Dickinson2017_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickinson2017" class="citation news cs1">Dickinson, Joy Wallace (November 19, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orlandosentinel.com/features/os-joy-wallace-dickinson-1119-story.html">"The grinch of Thanksgiving? Professor just told the truth"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel" title="Orlando Sentinel">Orlando Sentinel</a>. 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NBC News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Shirley+Ceaser+asks+that+you+drop+the+twerking+from+%23unameitchallenge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fnbcblk%2Fshirley-caesar-says-no-twerking-while-doing-u-name-it-n685981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanksgiving+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanksgiving_(United_States)&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelz2017" class="citation news cs1">Belz, Paul H. 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Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/277223356">277223356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fast+and+Thanksgiving+Days+of+New+England&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton%2C+Mifflin+and+Co&rft.date=1895&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F277223356&rft.aulast=Love&rft.aufirst=William+DeLoss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffastthanksgiving00love_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanksgiving+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStathis1999" class="citation report cs1">Stathis, Stephen W. (February 8, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/reference/resources/pdf/Federal_Holidays.pdf">Federal Holidays: Evolution and Application</a> (PDF) (Report). Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a> / The <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> – via www.senate.gov.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Federal+Holidays%3A+Evolution+and+Application&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service+%2F+The+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1999-02-08&rft.aulast=Stathis&rft.aufirst=Stephen+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Freference%2Fresources%2Fpdf%2FFederal_Holidays.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanksgiving+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStatutes_at_Large_1871" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240602080239/https://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=016/llsl016.db&recNum=203">"An Act Making the First Day of January, the Twenty-Fifth Day of December, the Fourth Day of July, and Thanksgiving Day, Holidays, within the District of Columbia"</a>. Statutes at Large. Vol. XVI. Boston: Little, Brown, and Co. 1871. p. 168. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=016/llsl016.db&recNum=203">the original</a> on June 2, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+Act+Making+the+First+Day+of+January%2C+the+Twenty-Fifth+Day+of+December%2C+the+Fourth+Day+of+July%2C+and+Thanksgiving+Day%2C+Holidays%2C+within+the+District+of+Columbia&rft.btitle=Statutes+at+Large&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown%2C+and+Co.&rft.date=1871&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fampage%3FcollId%3Dllsl%26fileName%3D016%2Fllsl016.db%26recNum%3D203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanksgiving+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStraus2014" class="citation report cs1">Straus, Jacob R. (May 9, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41990.pdf">Federal holidays: Evolution and current practices</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Federal+holidays%3A+Evolution+and+current+practices&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2014-05-09&rft.aulast=Straus&rft.aufirst=Jacob+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Fmisc%2FR41990.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanksgiving+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanksgiving_(United_States)&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101202191955/http://backstoryradio.org/american-as-pumpkin-pie-a-history-of-thanksgiving/">American as pumpkin pie: A history of Thanksgiving</a>. BackStory with the American History Guys (radio recording). <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Foundation_for_the_Humanities" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Foundation for the Humanities">Virginia Foundation for the Humanities</a>. November 16, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://backstoryradio.org/american-as-pumpkin-pie-a-history-of-thanksgiving/">the original</a> on December 2, 2010. Retrieved November 26, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+as+pumpkin+pie%3A+A+history+of+Thanksgiving&rft.pub=Virginia+Foundation+for+the+Humanities&rft.date=2010-11-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbackstoryradio.org%2Famerican-as-pumpkin-pie-a-history-of-thanksgiving%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanksgiving+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> – An hour-long history public radio program examining the roots of America's Thanksgiving rituals.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong,_Elizabeth2002" class="citation news cs1">Armstrong, Elizabeth (November 27, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/1127/p13s02-lign.html">"The first Thanksgiving"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a>. Retrieved January 12, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=The+first+Thanksgiving&rft.date=2002-11-27&rft.au=Armstrong%2C+Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F2002%2F1127%2Fp13s02-lign.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanksgiving+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101122131346/http://www.randomhistory.com/2008/10/23_thanksgiving.html">"Of harvest, prayer, and football: A history of Thanksgiving"</a>. RandomHistory.com. October 23, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.randomhistory.com/2008/10/23_thanksgiving.html">the original</a> on November 22, 2010. Retrieved November 26, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RandomHistory.com&rft.atitle=Of+harvest%2C+prayer%2C+and+football%3A+A+history+of+Thanksgiving&rft.date=2008-10-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.randomhistory.com%2F2008%2F10%2F23_thanksgiving.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanksgiving+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101122201239/http://freeaudio.org/misc/thanksgiving.html">"Thanksgiving proclamations"</a>. FreeAudio.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freeaudio.org/misc/thanksgiving.html">the original</a> on November 22, 2010. Retrieved November 26, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FreeAudio.org&rft.atitle=Thanksgiving+proclamations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freeaudio.org%2Fmisc%2Fthanksgiving.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanksgiving+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> Free audio readings of Thanksgiving proclamations by William Bradford, George Washington, and Abraham Lincoln</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100620184539/http://pilgrimhall.org/f_thanks.htm">"The first Thanksgiving"</a>. Plymouth, MA: <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_Hall_Museum" title="Pilgrim Hall Museum">Pilgrim Hall Museum</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pilgrimhall.org/f_thanks.htm">the original</a> on June 20, 2010. Retrieved November 26, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+first+Thanksgiving&rft.place=Plymouth%2C+MA&rft.pub=Pilgrim+Hall+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pilgrimhall.org%2Ff_thanks.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanksgiving+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByron" class="citation web cs1">Byron, T.K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mountvernon.org/research-collections/digital-encyclopedia/article/thanksgiving/">"George Washington and the History of Thanksgiving"</a>. George Washington's Mount Vernon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=George+Washington%27s+Mount+Vernon&rft.atitle=George+Washington+and+the+History+of+Thanksgiving&rft.aulast=Byron&rft.aufirst=T.K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mountvernon.org%2Fresearch-collections%2Fdigital-encyclopedia%2Farticle%2Fthanksgiving%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanksgiving+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeeyle1998" class="citation book cs1">Seeyle, John (1998). Memory's Nation: The place of Plymouth Rock. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memory%27s+Nation%3A+The+place+of+Plymouth+Rock&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC&rft.pub=The+University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Seeyle&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanksgiving+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2009" class="citation book cs1">Baker, James W. (2009). Thanksgiving: The biography of an American holiday. Hanover, NH: University of New Hampshire Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thanksgiving%3A+The+biography+of+an+American+holiday&rft.place=Hanover%2C+NH&rft.pub=University+of+New+Hampshire+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanksgiving+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunbar-Ortiz2014" class="citation book cs1">Dunbar-Ortiz, Roxanne (2014). An Indigenous People's History of the United States. Boston: Beacon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Indigenous+People%27s+History+of+the+United+States&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Beacon&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Dunbar-Ortiz&rft.aufirst=Roxanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanksgiving+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilverman2019" class="citation book cs1">Silverman, David (2019). This Land Is Their Land: The Wampanoag Indians, Plymouth Colony, and the troubled history of Thanksgiving. New York: Bloomsbury.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Land+Is+Their+Land%3A+The+Wampanoag+Indians%2C+Plymouth+Colony%2C+and+the+troubled+history+of+Thanksgiving&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Silverman&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanksgiving+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner2020" class="citation book cs1">Turner, John G. (2020). They Knew They Were Pilgrims: Plymouth Colony and the contest for American liberty. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=They+Knew+They+Were+Pilgrims%3A+Plymouth+Colony+and+the+contest+for+American+liberty&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=John+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanksgiving+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowley2021" class="citation journal cs1">Rowley, Matthew, ed. (2021). "Who Belongs Around Uncle Sam's Thanksgiving Table: Reflections on American history, identity, and immigration". The Review of Faith & International Affairs. 19 (3).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Faith+%26+International+Affairs&rft.atitle=Who+Belongs+Around+Uncle+Sam%27s+Thanksgiving+Table%3A+Reflections+on+American+history%2C+identity%2C+and+immigration&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanksgiving+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Gioia, Robin (2014). America's Real First Thanksgiving: St. Augustine, Florida, September 8, 1565. Sarasota, FL: Pineapple Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56164-712-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56164-712-5">978-1-56164-712-5</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkpatrick2016" class="citation book cs1">Kirkpatrick, Melanie (2016). Thanksgiving: The Holiday at the Heart of the American Experience. Encounter Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1594038938" title="Special:BookSources/978-1594038938"><bdi>978-1594038938</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thanksgiving%3A+The+Holiday+at+the+Heart+of+the+American+Experience&rft.pub=Encounter+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1594038938&rft.aulast=Kirkpatrick&rft.aufirst=Melanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanksgiving+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanksgiving_(United_States)&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutton2021" class="citation news cs1">Hutton, Alice (November 25, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/nov/25/thanksgiving-myth-wampanoag-native-american-tribe?CMP=GTUS_email">"The gooey overlay of sweetness over genocide': The myth of the 'first Thanksgiving'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+gooey+overlay+of+sweetness+over+genocide%27%3A+The+myth+of+the+%27first+Thanksgiving%27&rft.date=2021-11-25&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2021%2Fnov%2F25%2Fthanksgiving-myth-wampanoag-native-american-tribe%3FCMP%3DGTUS_email&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThanksgiving+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Thanksgiving314" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:wheat;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thanksgiving" title="Template:Thanksgiving"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thanksgiving" title="Template talk:Thanksgiving"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thanksgiving" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thanksgiving"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thanksgiving314" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving" title="Thanksgiving">Thanksgiving</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:navajowhite;text-align:center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">History and traditions</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;background:cornsilk;"><a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_(Canada)" title="Thanksgiving (Canada)">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain">Samuel de Champlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Martin Frobisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;background:cornsilk;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrims_(Plymouth_Colony)" title="Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)">Pilgrims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayflower" title="Mayflower">Mayflower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth,_Massachusetts" title="Plymouth, Massachusetts">Plymouth, Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_(governor)" title="William Bradford (governor)">William Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Winslow" title="Edward Winslow">Edward Winslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Brewster" title="Mary Brewster">Mary Brewster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_White_(Mayflower_passenger)" title="Susanna White (Mayflower passenger)">Susanna White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoset" title="Samoset">Samoset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squanto" title="Squanto">Squanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massasoit" title="Massasoit">Massasoit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wampanoag_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Wampanoag people">Wampanoag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornucopia" title="Cornucopia">Cornucopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Thanksgiving_Proclamation" title="National Thanksgiving Proclamation">National Thanksgiving Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franksgiving" title="Franksgiving">Franksgiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Thanksgiving_Turkey_Presentation" title="National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation">National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Josepha_Hale" title="Sarah Josepha Hale">Sarah Josepha Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackout_Wednesday" title="Blackout Wednesday">Blackout Wednesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_from_Want" title="Freedom from Want">Freedom from Want</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourt%27s_Relation" title="Mourt's Relation">Mourt's Relation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendsgiving" title="Friendsgiving">Friendsgiving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;background:cornsilk;">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erntedankfest_D%C3%BCsseldorf-Urdenbach" title="Erntedankfest Düsseldorf-Urdenbach">Erntedankfest Düsseldorf-Urdenbach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;background:cornsilk;">Cuisine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_dinner" title="Thanksgiving dinner">Thanksgiving dinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_meat" title="Turkey meat">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_fryer" title="Turkey fryer">Deep-fried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofurkey" title="Tofurkey">Tofurkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turducken" title="Turducken">Turducken</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuffing" title="Stuffing">Stuffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravy" title="Gravy">Gravy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butternut_squash" title="Butternut squash">Butternut squash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_cider" title="Apple cider">Apple cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranberry_sauce" title="Cranberry sauce">Cranberry sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creamed_corn" title="Creamed corn">Creamed corn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashed_potato" title="Mashed potato">Mashed potatoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">Sweet potatoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succotash" title="Succotash">Succotash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_bean_casserole" title="Green bean casserole">Green bean casserole</a></li> <li>Pie <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_pie" title="Apple pie">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_pie" title="Pumpkin pie">Pumpkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecan_pie" title="Pecan pie">Pecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato_pie" title="Sweet potato pie">Sweet Potato</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:navajowhite;text-align:center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Media</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;background:cornsilk;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Thanksgiving_songs" title="Category:Thanksgiving songs">Songs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Restaurant" title="Alice's Restaurant">Alice's Restaurant</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bless_This_House_(song)" title="Bless This House (song)">Bless This House</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bringing_In_the_Sheaves" title="Bringing In the Sheaves">Bringing In the Sheaves</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Come,_Ye_Thankful_People,_Come" title="Come, Ye Thankful People, Come">Come, Ye Thankful People, Come</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/For_the_Beauty_of_the_Earth" title="For the Beauty of the Earth">For the Beauty of the Earth</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Jingle_Bells" title="Jingle Bells">Jingle Bells</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Let_All_Things_Now_Living" class="mw-redirect" title="Let All Things Now Living">Let All Things Now Living</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Over_the_River_and_Through_the_Wood" title="Over the River and Through the Wood">Over the River and Through the Wood</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Thanksgiving_Song" title="The Thanksgiving Song">The Thanksgiving Song</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_Gather_Together" title="We Gather Together">We Gather Together</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_Plough_the_Fields_and_Scatter" title="We Plough the Fields and Scatter">We Plough the Fields and Scatter</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hold_My_Mule" title="Hold My Mule">You Name It</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;background:cornsilk;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Thanksgiving_television_specials" title="Category:Thanksgiving television specials">Television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Bart_vs._Thanksgiving" title="Bart vs. Thanksgiving">Bart vs. Thanksgiving</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Berenstain_Bears_Meet_Bigpaw" title="The Berenstain Bears Meet Bigpaw">The Berenstain Bears Meet Bigpaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugs_Bunny%27s_Thanksgiving_Diet" title="Bugs Bunny's Thanksgiving Diet">Bugs Bunny's Thanksgiving Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Charlie_Brown_Thanksgiving" title="A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving">A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garfield%27s_Thanksgiving" title="Garfield's Thanksgiving">Garfield's Thanksgiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_Thanksgiving" title="Intergalactic Thanksgiving">Intergalactic Thanksgiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Gaga_and_the_Muppets_Holiday_Spectacular" title="Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular">Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mouse_on_the_Mayflower" title="The Mouse on the Mayflower">The Mouse on the Mayflower</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Oprah%27s_Favorite_Things" title="Oprah's Favorite Things">Oprah's Favorite Things</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_%26_Strangers" title="Saints & Strangers">Saints & Strangers</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Slapsgiving" title="Slapsgiving">Slapsgiving</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Slapsgiving_2:_Revenge_of_the_Slap" title="Slapsgiving 2: Revenge of the Slap">Slapsgiving 2: Revenge of the Slap</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_Holiday_Special" title="Star Wars Holiday Special">Star Wars Holiday Special</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_(Family_Guy)" title="Thanksgiving (Family Guy)">Thanksgiving</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_Orphans" title="Thanksgiving Orphans">Thanksgiving Orphans</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Thanksgiving_Special" title="The Thanksgiving Special">The Thanksgiving Special</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_Hollow" title="Turkey Hollow">Turkey Hollow</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Turkeys_Away" title="Turkeys Away">Turkeys Away</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Very_Gaga_Thanksgiving" title="A Very Gaga Thanksgiving">A Very Gaga Thanksgiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Winnie_the_Pooh_Thanksgiving" title="A Winnie the Pooh Thanksgiving">A Winnie the Pooh Thanksgiving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:navajowhite;text-align:center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Associated events</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;background:cornsilk;">Cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_and_holiday_season" title="Christmas and holiday season">Christmas and holiday season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvest_festival" title="Harvest festival">Harvest festival</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_harvest_festivals" title="List of harvest festivals">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_around_Thanksgiving" title="List of films set around Thanksgiving">Thanksgiving in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thanksgiving_television_specials" title="List of Thanksgiving television specials">Thanksgiving television specials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_winter_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of winter festivals">Winter festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macy%27s_Great_Tree" title="Macy's Great Tree">Lighting of the Macy's Great Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Adoption_Day" title="National Adoption Day">National Adoption Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)" title="Black Friday (shopping)">Black Friday</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyber_Black_Friday" title="Cyber Black Friday">Cyber Black Friday</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Listening" title="National Day of Listening">National Day of Listening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Heritage_Day" title="Native American Heritage Day">Native American Heritage Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Business_Saturday" title="Small Business Saturday">Small Business Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber_Monday" title="Cyber Monday">Cyber Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giving_Tuesday" class="mw-redirect" title="Giving Tuesday">Giving Tuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanksgivukkah" title="Thanksgivukkah">Thanksgivukkah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;background:cornsilk;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_and_holiday_season_parades" title="List of Christmas and holiday season parades">Parades</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novant_Health_Thanksgiving_Day_Parade" title="Novant Health Thanksgiving Day Parade">Novant Health (Charlotte)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Thanksgiving_Parade" title="Chicago Thanksgiving Parade">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Thanksgiving_Parade" title="America's Thanksgiving Parade">America's (Detroit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchener%E2%80%93Waterloo_Oktoberfest" title="Kitchener–Waterloo Oktoberfest">Oktoberfest (Kitchener-Waterloo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Christmas_Parade" title="Hollywood Christmas Parade">Hollywood Christmas (Los Angeles)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macy%27s_Thanksgiving_Day_Parade" title="Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade">Macy's (New York City)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6abc_Dunkin%27_Donuts_Thanksgiving_Day_Parade" title="6abc Dunkin' Donuts Thanksgiving Day Parade">6abc-Dunkin' Donuts (Philadelphia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebrate_the_Season_Parade" title="Celebrate the Season Parade">Celebrate the Season (Pittsburgh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Hometown_Thanksgiving_Parade" title="America's Hometown Thanksgiving Parade">America's Hometown (Plymouth)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;background:cornsilk;">Protests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Mourning_(United_States_protest)" title="National Day of Mourning (United States protest)">National Day of Mourning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unthanksgiving_Day" title="Unthanksgiving Day">Unthanksgiving Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buy_Nothing_Day" title="Buy Nothing Day">Buy Nothing Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:navajowhite;text-align:center;">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Football68" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;background:cornsilk;"><a href="/wiki/American_football_on_Thanksgiving" title="American football on Thanksgiving">Football</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NFL_on_Thanksgiving_Day" title="NFL on Thanksgiving Day">NFL on Thanksgiving Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_Day_Classic" title="Thanksgiving Day Classic">CFL Thanksgiving Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_Day_Classic" title="Turkey Day Classic">Turkey Day Classic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;background:cornsilk;"><a href="/wiki/Turkey_trot" title="Turkey trot">Turkey trots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berwick_Run_for_the_Diamonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Berwick Run for the Diamonds">Berwick Run for the Diamonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Turkey_Trot" title="Buffalo Turkey Trot">Buffalo Turkey Trot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Turkey_Trot" title="Dallas Turkey Trot">Dallas Turkey Trot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feaster_Five_Road_Race" title="Feaster Five Road Race">Feaster Five Road Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Road_Race" title="Manchester Road Race">Manchester Road Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;background:cornsilk;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Dog_Show" title="National Dog Show">National Dog Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punkin_chunkin" title="Punkin chunkin">Pumpkin chucking / Pumpkin shoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_bowling" title="Turkey bowling">Turkey bowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_Night_Grand_Prix" title="Turkey Night Grand Prix">Turkey Night Grand Prix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States63" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Federal holidays in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Federal holidays in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Federal holidays in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States63" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">Federal holidays in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents%27_Day" title="Presidents' Day">Washington's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day" title="Memorial Day">Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Day" title="Labor Day">Labor Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Day" title="Columbus Day">Columbus Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_Day" title="Veterans Day">Veterans Day</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thanksgiving Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day" title="Victory in Europe Day">VE Day</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Day_(United_States)" title="Victory Day (United States)">Victory Day</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Day_(United_States)" title="Flag Day (United States)">Flag Day</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_Day_(United_States)" title="Election Day (United States)">Election Day/Democracy Day</a> (1993, 2005, 2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X_Day" title="Malcolm X Day">Malcolm X Day</a> (1993–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesar_Chavez_Day" title="Cesar Chavez Day">Cesar Chavez Day</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Day" title="Susan B. Anthony Day">Susan B. Anthony Day</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Day" title="Native American Day">Native American Day</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Day" title="Patriot Day">Patriot Day</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks_Day" title="Rosa Parks Day">Rosa Parks Day</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Monday_Holiday_Act" title="Uniform Monday Holiday Act">Uniform Monday Holiday Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Holidays,_observances,_and_celebrations_in_the_United_States1989" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Public holidays in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Public holidays in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public holidays in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Holidays,_observances,_and_celebrations_in_the_United_States1989" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Holidays, observances, and celebrations in the United States</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">January</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a> (federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr.</a> (federal)</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Hostos" title="Eugenio María de Hostos">Birthday of Eugenio María de Hostos</a> (PR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Day" title="Confederate Memorial Day">Confederate Heroes Day</a> (TX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Eve of Three Kings' Day</a> (PR, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Feast of Epiphany / Feast of Theophany</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Korematsu_Day" title="Fred Korematsu Day">Fred Korematsu Day</a> (AZ, CA, FL, HI, VA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Human_Rights_Day" title="Idaho Human Rights Day">Idaho Human Rights Day</a> (ID)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_inauguration" title="United States presidential inauguration">Inauguration Day</a> (federal quadrennial)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Day" title="Kansas Day">Kansas Day</a> (KS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti / Pongal</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee_Day" title="Robert E. Lee Day">Robert E. Lee Day</a> (FL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster_Memorial_Day" title="Stephen Foster Memorial Day">Stephen Foster Memorial Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eighth_(United_States)" title="The Eighth (United States)">The Eighth</a> (LA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Three Kings' Day</a> (PR, VI, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Religion_Day" title="World Religion Day">World Religion Day</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">January–February</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lunar_New_Year" title="Lunar New Year">Lunar New Year</a> (NY, cultural, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_Sunday" title="Super Bowl Sunday">Super Bowl Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a> (religious)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">February <a href="/wiki/American_Heart_Month" title="American Heart Month">American Heart Month</a> <a href="/wiki/Black_History_Month" title="Black History Month">Black History Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidents%27_Day" title="Presidents' Day">Washington's Birthday</a> (federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day" title="Valentine's Day">Valentine's Day</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Mu%C3%B1oz_Mar%C3%ADn" title="Luis Muñoz Marín">Birthday of Luis Muñoz Marín</a> (PR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candlemas" title="Candlemas">Candlemas</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Day" title="Darwin Day">Charles Darwin Day / Darwin Day</a> (CA, DE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Remembrance_(Japanese_Americans)" title="Day of Remembrance (Japanese Americans)">Day of Remembrance</a> (CA, OR, WA, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Day" title="Georgia Day">Georgia Day</a> (GA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundhog_Day" title="Groundhog Day">Groundhog Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Birthday" title="Lincoln's Birthday">Lincoln's Birthday</a> (CA, CT, IL, IN, MO, NY, WV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Girls_and_Women_in_Sports_Day" title="National Girls and Women in Sports Day">National Girls and Women in Sports Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Freedom_Day" title="National Freedom Day">National Freedom Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana_Day" title="Parinirvana Day">Nirvana Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation of Jesus at the Temple">Presentation of Our Lord to the Temple</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Reformer_Day" title="Promised Reformer Day">Promised Reformer Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Day" title="Ronald Reagan Day">Ronald Reagan Day</a> (CA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks_Day" title="Rosa Parks Day">Rosa Parks Day</a> (CA, MO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saviours%27_Day" title="Saviours' Day">Saviours' Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Day" title="Susan B. Anthony Day">Susan B. Anthony Day</a> (CA, FL, NY, WI, WV, proposed federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu_BiShvat" title="Tu BiShvat">Tu B’shvat</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">February–March</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras" title="Mardi Gras">Mardi Gras</a></li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a> (PR, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">Carnival</a> (PR, VI, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Monday" title="Clean Monday">Clean Monday</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courir_de_Mardi_Gras" title="Courir de Mardi Gras">Courir de Mardi Gras</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayy%C3%A1m-i-H%C3%A1" title="Ayyám-i-Há">Intercalary Days</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Mahashivaratri</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrove_Tuesday" title="Shrove Tuesday">Shrove Tuesday</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Tuesday" title="Super Tuesday">Super Tuesday</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">March <a href="/wiki/Irish-American_Heritage_Month" title="Irish-American Heritage Month">Irish-American Heritage Month</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Colon_Cancer_Awareness_Month" title="National Colon Cancer Awareness Month">Colon Cancer Awareness Month</a> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_History_Month" title="Women's History Month">Women's History Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day" title="Saint Patrick's Day">Saint Patrick's Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_break" title="Spring break">Spring break</a> (week)</li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation of the Virgin Mary / Annunciation of the Theotokos</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_Pulaski_Day" title="Casimir Pulaski Day">Casimir Pulaski Day</a> (IL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesar_Chavez_Day" title="Cesar Chavez Day">Cesar Chavez Day</a> (CA, CO, TX, proposed federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day#Puerto_Rico" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day in Puerto Rico</a> (PR, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(Massachusetts)" title="Evacuation Day (Massachusetts)">Evacuation Day</a> (Suffolk County, MA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman_Day" title="Harriet Tubman Day">Harriet Tubman Day</a> (NY)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hola_Mohalla" title="Hola Mohalla">Hola Mohalla</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a> (NY, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard" title="L. Ron Hubbard">L. Ron Hubbard's Birthday</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isra_and_Mi%27raj#Modern_Muslim_observance" class="mw-redirect" title="Isra and Mi'raj">Lailat al-Mi'raj</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_and_Freedom_Day" title="Liberation and Freedom Day">Liberation and Freedom Day</a> (Charlottesville, VA, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras_in_the_United_States" title="Mardi Gras in the United States">Mardi Gras</a> (AL (in two counties), LA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Day" title="Maryland Day">Maryland Day</a> (MD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor_Day" title="Medal of Honor Day">Medal of Honor Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Poison_Prevention_Week" title="National Poison Prevention Week">National Poison Prevention Week</a> (week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a> (cultural, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%92ostre" title="Ēostre">Ostara</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi_Day" title="Pi Day">Pi Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_K%C5%ABhi%C5%8D_Day" title="Prince Kūhiō Day">Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole Day</a> (HI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Messiah_Day" title="Promised Messiah Day">Promised Messiah Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_Day" title="Saint Joseph's Day">Saint Joseph's Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seward%27s_Day" title="Seward's Day">Seward's Day</a> (AK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Independence_Day" title="Texas Independence Day">Texas Independence Day</a> (TX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting#Vermont" title="Town meeting">Town Meeting Day</a> (VT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_Day" title="Transfer Day">Transfer Day</a> (VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Hostage_and_Wrongful_Detainee_Day" title="U.S. Hostage and Wrongful Detainee Day">U.S. Hostage and Wrongful Detainee Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Transgender_Day_of_Visibility" title="International Transgender Day of Visibility">Trans Day of Visibility</a> (cultural)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">March–April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> (religious)</li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a> (CT, NC, PR, NJ, VI, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman_Jayanti" title="Hanuman Jayanti">Hanuman Jayanti</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maundy_Thursday" title="Maundy Thursday">Holy Thursday</a> (PR, VI, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a> (PR, religious, week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Saturday" title="Lazarus Saturday">Lazarus Saturday</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavir_Janma_Kalyanak" title="Mahavir Janma Kalyanak">Mahavir Janma Kalyanak</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesha_Sankranti" title="Mesha Sankranti">Mesha Sankranti / Hindu New Year</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a> (PR, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> (religious, week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Monday" title="Easter Monday">Easter Monday / Bright Monday</a> (VI, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Ramnavami</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Chandramana Uugadi / Souramana Uugadi</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">April <a href="/wiki/National_Arab_American_Heritage_Month" title="National Arab American Heritage Month">Arab American Heritage Month</a> <a href="/wiki/Confederate_History_Month" title="Confederate History Month">Confederate History Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/420_(cannabis_culture)" title="420 (cannabis culture)">420</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day" title="April Fools' Day">April Fools' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbor_Day" title="Arbor Day">Arbor Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Diego" title="José de Diego">Birthday of José de Diego</a> (PR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Day" title="Confederate Memorial Day">Confederate Memorial Day</a> (AL, MS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Days_of_Remembrance_of_the_Victims_of_the_Holocaust" title="Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust">Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust</a> (week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Day" title="Earth Day">Earth Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day</a> (cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Birthday" title="Jefferson's Birthday">Thomas Jefferson's Birthday</a> (AL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lag_BaOmer" title="Lag BaOmer">Lag B’Omer</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lent" title="Great Lent">Last Friday of Great Lent</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascua_Florida" title="Pascua Florida">Pascua Florida</a> (FL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriots%27_Day" title="Patriots' Day">Patriots' Day</a> (MA, ME)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridv%C3%A1n" title="Ridván">Ridván</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jacinto_Day" title="San Jacinto Day">San Jacinto Day</a> (TX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siblings_Day" title="Siblings Day">Siblings Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walpurgis_Night" title="Walpurgis Night">Walpurgis Night</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Israel)" title="Independence Day (Israel)">Yom Ha'atzmaut</a> (cultural, religious)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">May <a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islander_Heritage_Month" title="Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month">Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month</a> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_Heritage_Month" title="Jewish American Heritage Month">Jewish American Heritage Month</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Military_Appreciation_Month" title="National Military Appreciation Month">Military Appreciation Month</a> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day" title="Memorial Day">Memorial Day</a> (federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Day_(United_States)" title="Mother's Day (United States)">Mother's Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo" title="Cinco de Mayo">Cinco de Mayo</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Holy_Days" title="Baháʼí Holy Days">Ascension of Baháʼu'lláh</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascension Day">Ascension of Our Lord</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_Day" title="Caliphate Day">Caliphate Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Holy_Days" title="Baháʼí Holy Days">Declaration of the Bab</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Milk_Day" title="Harvey Milk Day">Harvey Milk Day</a> (CA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">International Workers' Day</a> / <a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a> (CA, unofficial, proposed state)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Day_(United_States)" title="Law Day (United States)">Law Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty_Day" title="Loyalty Day">Loyalty Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X_Day" title="Malcolm X Day">Malcolm X Day</a> (CA, IL, proposed federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Spouse_Day" title="Military Spouse Day">Military Spouse Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Prayer" title="National Day of Prayer">National Day of Prayer</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Reason" title="National Day of Reason">National Day of Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Transportation_Day" title="National Defense Transportation Day">National Defense Transportation Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Maritime_Day" title="United States National Maritime Day">National Maritime Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Officers_Memorial_Day" title="Peace Officers Memorial Day">Peace Officers Memorial Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Day" title="Truman Day">Truman Day</a> (MO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a> / <a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Buddha's Birthday</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">June <a href="/wiki/Pride_Month" title="Pride Month">Pride Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a> (federal, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father%27s_Day_(United_States)" title="Father's Day (United States)">Father's Day</a> (36)</li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunker_Hill_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunker Hill Day">Bunker Hill Day</a> (Suffolk County, MA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolina_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolina Day">Carolina Day</a> (SC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Young_Day" title="Don Young Day">Don Young Day</a> (AK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Fast" title="Apostles' Fast">Fast of the Holy Apostles</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Day_(United_States)" title="Flag Day (United States)">Flag Day</a> (36, proposed federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller_Day" title="Helen Keller Day">Helen Keller Day</a> (PA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_America_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Honor America Days">Honor America Days</a> (3 weeks)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Jefferson Davis Day">Jefferson Davis Day</a> (AL, FL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamehameha_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamehameha Day">Kamehameha Day</a> (HI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midsummer" title="Midsummer">Litha</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Sahib</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odunde_Festival" title="Odunde Festival">Odunde Festival</a> (Philadelphia, PA, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senior_Week" title="Senior Week">Senior Week</a> (week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist#Celebration" class="mw-redirect" title="Nativity of Saint John the Baptist">Saint John's Day</a> (PR, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Day" title="West Virginia Day">West Virginia Day</a> (WV)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">July</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Independence Day</a> (federal)</li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Mu%C3%B1oz_Rivera" title="Luis Muñoz Rivera">Birthday of Don Luis Muñoz Rivera</a> (PR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Celso_Barbosa" title="José Celso Barbosa">Birthday of Dr. José Celso Barbosa</a> (PR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day#United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day in the U.S. Virgin Islands</a> (VI, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Purnima" title="Guru Purnima">Guru Purnima</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khordad_Sal" title="Khordad Sal">Khordad Sal</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty_Restoration_Day" title="Sovereignty Restoration Day">Lā Hoʻihoʻi Ea</a> (HI, unofficial, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_the_B%C3%A1b" title="Execution of the Báb">Martyrdom of the Báb</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents%27_Day" title="Parents' Day">Parents' Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Day" title="Pioneer Day">Pioneer Day</a> (UT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Constitution_Day" title="Puerto Rico Constitution Day">Puerto Rico Constitution Day</a> (PR)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">July–August</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_vacation" title="Summer vacation">Summer vacation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a> (religious)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">August</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Day" title="American Family Day">American Family Day</a> (AZ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Day" title="Barack Obama Day">Barack Obama Day in Illinois</a> (IL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennington_Battle_Day" title="Bennington Battle Day">Bennington Battle Day</a> (VT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God#Dormition_versus_Assumption" title="Dormition of the Mother of God">Dormition of the Theotokos</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Ghadir" title="Eid al-Ghadir">Eid-e-Ghadeer</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God#Dormition_fast" title="Dormition of the Mother of God">Fast in Honor of the Holy Mother of Lord Jesus</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary#Feasts" title="Assumption of Mary">Feast of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statehood_Day_(Hawaii)" title="Statehood Day (Hawaii)">Hawaii Admission Day / Statehood Day</a> (HI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Krishna Janmashtami</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lammas" title="Lammas">Lammas</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Day" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson Day">Lyndon Baines Johnson Day</a> (TX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_Panchami" title="Naga Panchami">Naga Panchami</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aviation_Day" title="National Aviation Day">National Aviation Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paryushana" title="Paryushana">Paryushana</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Transfiguration" title="Feast of the Transfiguration">Transfiguration of the Lord</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Day_(United_States)" title="Victory Day (United States)">Victory Day</a> (RI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Equality_Day" title="Women's Equality Day">Women's Equality Day</a> (36)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">September <a href="/wiki/National_Prostate_Cancer_Awareness_Month" class="mw-redirect" title="National Prostate Cancer Awareness Month">Prostate Cancer Awareness Month</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Childhood_Cancer_Awareness_Month" title="National Childhood Cancer Awareness Month">Childhood Cancer Awareness Month</a> <a href="/wiki/Gospel_Music_Heritage_Month" title="Gospel Music Heritage Month">Gospel Music Heritage Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Day" title="Labor Day">Labor Day</a> (federal)</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Day" title="Brazilian Day">Brazilian Day</a> (NY, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Admission_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="California Admission Day">California Admission Day</a> (CA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Garner_Federal_Lands_Cleanup_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day">Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Day_and_Citizenship_Day" title="Constitution Day and Citizenship Day">Constitution Day and Citizenship Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Week" title="Constitution Week">Constitution Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defenders_Day_(Maryland)" title="Defenders Day (Maryland)">Defenders Day</a> (MD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevation_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Elevation of the Holy Cross">Elevation of the Holy Cross</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_San_Gennaro" title="Feast of San Gennaro">Feast of San Gennaro</a> (NY, cultural, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Star_Mother%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold Star Mother's Day">Gold Star Mother's Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Trizin_Ngawang_Kunga" title="Sakya Trizin Ngawang Kunga">His Holiness Sakya Trizin's Birthday</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_equinox" title="September equinox">Mabon</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandparents%27_Day" title="Grandparents' Day">National Grandparents Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Payroll_Week" title="National Payroll Week">National Payroll Week</a> (week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Mary" title="Nativity of Mary">Nativity of Mary / Nativity of the Theotokos</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Day" title="Native American Day">Native American Day</a> (proposed federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Day" title="Patriot Day">Patriot Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Steuben_Day" title="Von Steuben Day">Von Steuben Day</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">September–October <a href="/wiki/National_Hispanic_Heritage_Month" title="National Hispanic Heritage Month">Hispanic Heritage Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27een" class="mw-redirect" title="Arba'een">Chehlum Imam Hussain</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest_celebrations" title="Oktoberfest celebrations">Oktoberfest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitri_Paksha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitri Paksha">Pitri Paksha</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah / Feast of Trumpets</a> (TX, NY, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shemini_Atzeret" title="Shemini Atzeret">Shemini Atzeret</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simchat_Torah" title="Simchat Torah">Simchat Torah</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijaya Dashami</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur / Day of Atonement</a> (TX, NY, religious)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">October <a href="/wiki/National_Breast_Cancer_Awareness_Month" class="mw-redirect" title="National Breast Cancer Awareness Month">Breast Cancer Awareness Month</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Disability_Employment_Awareness_Month" title="National Disability Employment Awareness Month">Disability Employment Awareness Month</a> <a href="/wiki/Italian-American_Heritage_and_Culture_Month" title="Italian-American Heritage and Culture Month">Italian-American Heritage and Culture Month</a> <a href="/wiki/Filipino_American_History_Month" title="Filipino American History Month">Filipino American History Month</a> <a href="/wiki/LGBT_History_Month" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT History Month">LGBT History Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Day" title="Columbus Day">Columbus Day</a> (federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Day" title="Alaska Day">Alaska Day</a> (AK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Health_Day" title="Child Health Day">Child Health Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Pulaski_Memorial_Day" title="General Pulaski Memorial Day">General Pulaski Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German-American_Day" title="German-American Day">German-American Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Peoples%27_Day_(United_States)" title="Indigenous Peoples' Day (United States)">Indigenous Peoples' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Non-Violence" title="International Day of Non-Violence">International Day of Non-Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leif_Erikson_Day" title="Leif Erikson Day">Leif Erikson Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Day" title="Missouri Day">Missouri Day</a> (MO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanomonestotse" title="Nanomonestotse">Nanomonestotse</a> (cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_School_Lunch_Week" class="mw-redirect" title="National School Lunch Week">National School Lunch Week</a> (week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Day" title="Native American Day">Native American Day in South Dakota</a> (SD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Day" title="Nevada Day">Nevada Day</a> (NV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_Day" title="Spirit Day">Spirit Day</a> (cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweetest_Day" title="Sweetest Day">Sweetest Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot / Feast of Tabernacles</a> (religious, week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Islands%E2%80%93Puerto_Rico_Friendship_Day" title="Virgin Islands–Puerto Rico Friendship Day">Virgin Islands–Puerto Rico Friendship Day</a> (PR, VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Cane_Safety_Day" title="White Cane Safety Day">White Cane Safety Day</a> (36)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">October–November</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Holy_Birthdays" title="Twin Holy Birthdays">Birth of the Báb</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Birth of Baháʼu'lláh">Birth of Baháʼu'lláh</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Dead" title="Day of the Dead">Day of the Dead</a> (VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a> (NY, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid al-Nabi</a> (religious)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">November <a href="/wiki/Native_American_Indian_Heritage_Month" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Indian Heritage Month">Native American Indian Heritage Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_Day" title="Veterans Day">Veterans Day</a> (federal)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thanksgiving</a> (federal)</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBAbdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1" title="ʻAbdu'l-Bahá">Ascension of ‘Abdu’l Baha</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Saints' Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_Fast" title="Nativity Fast">Beginning of the Nativity Fast</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Day" title="Barack Obama Day">Barack Obama Day in Alabama</a> (Perry County, AL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Hamilton_Jackson" title="D. Hamilton Jackson">D. Hamilton Jackson Day</a> (VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)" title="Black Friday (shopping)">Day after Thanksgiving</a> (24)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Covenant_(Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD)" title="Day of the Covenant (Baháʼí)">Day of the Covenant</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery of Puerto Rico">Discovery of Puerto Rico Day</a> (PR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_Day_(United_States)" title="Election Day (United States)">Election Day</a> (CA, DE, HI, KY, MT, NJ, NY, OH, PR, VA, WV, proposed federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Day" title="Family Day">Family Day</a> (NV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendsgiving" title="Friendsgiving">Friendsgiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Gurpurab" title="Guru Nanak Gurpurab">Guru Nanak Gurpurab</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Hawaii)" title="Independence Day (Hawaii)">Lā Kūʻokoʻa</a> (HI, unofficial, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Heritage_Day" title="Native American Heritage Day">Native American Heritage Day</a> (MD, WA, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Mary" title="Presentation of Mary">Presentation of the Theotokos to the Temple</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_Day_of_Remembrance" title="Transgender Day of Remembrance">Trans Day of Remembrance</a> (cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unthanksgiving_Day" title="Unthanksgiving Day">Unthanksgiving Day</a> (cultural)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">December</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> (religious, federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve" title="New Year's Eve">New Year's Eve</a></li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent_Sunday" title="Advent Sunday">Advent Sunday</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Day" title="Alabama Day">Alabama Day</a> (AL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Birthday of Guru Gobind Singh Sahib</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Day" title="Bodhi Day">Bodhi Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalica" title="Chalica">Chalica</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a> (KY, NC, SC, PR, VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day">Day after Christmas</a> (KY, NC, SC, TX, VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festivus" title="Festivus">Festivus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HumanLight" title="HumanLight">HumanLight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a> (religious, week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Day" title="Indiana Day">Indiana Day</a> (IN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a> (cultural, week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Burhanuddin" title="Mohammed Burhanuddin">Milad Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pearl_Harbor_Remembrance_Day" title="National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day">National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve" title="New Year's Eve">Old Year's Night</a> (VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Aviation_Day" title="Pan American Aviation Day">Pan American Aviation Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivaya_Subramuniyaswami" title="Sivaya Subramuniyaswami">Pancha Ganapati</a> (religious, week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks_Day" title="Rosa Parks Day">Rosa Parks Day</a> (OH, OR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solemnity_of_Mary,_Mother_of_God" title="Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God">Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_Brothers_Day" title="Wright Brothers Day">Wright Brothers Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zartosht_No-Diso" title="Zartosht No-Diso">Zartosht No-Diso</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varies (year round)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a> (NY, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a> (NY, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_New_Year" title="Islamic New Year">Islamic New Year</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Arafah" title="Day of Arafah">Yawm al-Arafa</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Qadr" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylat al-Qadr">Laylat al-Qadr</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> (religious, four times a year)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Bon Festival">Obon</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a> (religious, month)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Festival" title="Ghost Festival">Ghost Festival</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Yawm Aashura</a> (religious)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size:90%;"><div>Legend: (federal) = federal holidays, (abbreviation) = state/territorial holidays, (religious) = religious 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class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-d8647bfd6-ctdcx","wgBackendResponseTime":160,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.909","walltime":"2.194","ppvisitednodes":{"value":15720,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":509297,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":22583,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":25,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":724576,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1838.569 1 -total"," 47.83% 879.316 3 Template:Reflist"," 20.86% 383.551 103 Template:Cite_web"," 11.31% 208.016 47 Template:Cite_news"," 8.74% 160.704 23 Template:Cite_book"," 5.51% 101.333 8 Template:Sfn"," 5.50% 101.061 7 Template:Navbox"," 5.27% 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