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id="toc-Biblical_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biblical_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Biblical names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biblical_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Later names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Giving_of_the_Torah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Giving_of_the_Torah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Giving of the Torah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Giving_of_the_Torah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agricultural" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agricultural"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Agricultural</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agricultural-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_observances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_observances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ancient observances</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ancient_observances-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ancient observances subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ancient_observances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pilgrimage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pilgrimage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pilgrimage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pilgrimage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bikkurim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bikkurim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span><i>Bikkurim</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bikkurim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shtei_Halechem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shtei_Halechem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span><i>Shtei Halechem</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shtei_Halechem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_religious_observances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_religious_observances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Modern religious observances</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_religious_observances-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern religious observances subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_religious_observances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Liturgical_poems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liturgical_poems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Liturgical poems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liturgical_poems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aqdamut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aqdamut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span><i>Aqdamut</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aqdamut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Azharot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Azharot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span><i>Azharot</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Azharot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yatziv_Pitgam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yatziv_Pitgam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span><i>Yatziv Pitgam</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yatziv_Pitgam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dairy_foods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dairy_foods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Dairy foods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dairy_foods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_of_Ruth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_of_Ruth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Book of Ruth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_of_Ruth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greenery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greenery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Greenery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greenery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-All-night_Torah_study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#All-night_Torah_study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>All-night Torah study</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-All-night_Torah_study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_secular_observance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_secular_observance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Modern secular observance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_secular_observance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confirmation_ceremonies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confirmation_ceremonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Confirmation ceremonies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confirmation_ceremonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Date</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Date-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Date subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Date-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Book_of_Jubilees_and_the_Essenes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Book_of_Jubilees_and_the_Essenes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>The Book of Jubilees and the Essenes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Book_of_Jubilees_and_the_Essenes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>General sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Shavuot</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjavuot" title="Sjavuot – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sjavuot" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schawuot" title="Schawuot – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schawuot" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9" title="عيد الأسابيع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عيد الأسابيع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Шавуот – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шавуот" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Шавуот – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шавуот" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chavouot" title="Chavouot – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Chavouot" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavuot" title="Xavuot – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Xavuot" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shavu%E2%80%99ot" title="Shavu’ot – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Shavu’ot" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0avu%27ot" title="Šavu'ot – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Šavu'ot" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Shavuot" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Shavuot" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schawuot" title="Schawuot – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schawuot" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0avuot" title="Šavuot – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Šavuot" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%8E%CF%84" title="Σαβουώτ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σαβουώτ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Shavuot" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Cavuot" title="Ŝavuot – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝavuot" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Shavuot" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AA" title="شاووعوت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شاووعوت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chavouot" title="Chavouot – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chavouot" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%A0%EC%B9%A0%EC%A0%88" title="칠칠절 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="칠칠절" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B8%D5%BF" title="Շավուոտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շավուոտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blagdan_sedmica" title="Blagdan sedmica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Blagdan sedmica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Shavuot" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Shavuot" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%AA" title="שבועות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שבועות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="შავუოთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შავუოთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sollemnitas_Hebdomadarum" title="Sollemnitas Hebdomadarum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sollemnitas Hebdomadarum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1vu%C3%B3t" title="Sávuót – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sávuót" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Shavuot" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="ഷാവൂത്ത് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഷാവൂത്ത്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9" title="عيد الاسابيع – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عيد الاسابيع" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Shavuot" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjavoeot" title="Sjavoeot – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sjavoeot" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%96%E3%82%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="シャブオット – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シャブオット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjabu%C3%B3t" title="Sjabuót – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sjabuót" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjabu%E2%80%98%C3%B3t" title="Sjabu‘ót – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sjabu‘ót" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szawuot" title="Szawuot – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szawuot" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Shavuot" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98avuot" title="Șavuot – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Șavuot" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Шавуот – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шавуот" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Shavuot" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0avuot" title="Šavuot – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Šavuot" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%82" title="Шавоут – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шавоут" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0avuot" title="Šavuot – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Šavuot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Shavuot" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shavu%E2%80%99ot" title="Shavu’ot – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Shavu’ot" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eavuot" title="Şavuot – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şavuot" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Шавуот – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шавуот" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AA" title="شبوعوت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شبوعوت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%AA" title="שבועות – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שבועות" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%83%E7%AF%80" title="七七節 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="七七節" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%83%E7%AF%80" title="七七節 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="七七節" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q201196#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Talmudical tractate, see <a href="/wiki/Shevu%27ot" title="Shevu'ot">Shevu'ot</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above hd" style="background-color: transparent">Shavuоt</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Moritz_Daniel_Oppenheim_-_Shavuot_(Pentecost)_(Das_Wochen-_oder_Pfingst-Fest)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Moritz_Daniel_Oppenheim_-_Shavuot_%28Pentecost%29_%28Das_Wochen-_oder_Pfingst-Fest%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/240px-Moritz_Daniel_Oppenheim_-_Shavuot_%28Pentecost%29_%28Das_Wochen-_oder_Pfingst-Fest%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Moritz_Daniel_Oppenheim_-_Shavuot_%28Pentecost%29_%28Das_Wochen-_oder_Pfingst-Fest%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/360px-Moritz_Daniel_Oppenheim_-_Shavuot_%28Pentecost%29_%28Das_Wochen-_oder_Pfingst-Fest%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Moritz_Daniel_Oppenheim_-_Shavuot_%28Pentecost%29_%28Das_Wochen-_oder_Pfingst-Fest%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/480px-Moritz_Daniel_Oppenheim_-_Shavuot_%28Pentecost%29_%28Das_Wochen-_oder_Pfingst-Fest%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3443" data-file-height="4060" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="caption"><i>Shavuot</i> by <a href="/wiki/Moritz_Daniel_Oppenheim" title="Moritz Daniel Oppenheim">Moritz Daniel Oppenheim</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">שבועות or חג השבועות</span> (<i>Ḥag HaShavuot</i> or <i>Shavuos</i>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Observed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samaritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaritan">Samaritans</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Jewish and Samaritan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Significance</th><td class="infobox-data summary">One of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Pilgrimage_Festivals" title="Three Pilgrimage Festivals">Three Pilgrimage Festivals</a>. Celebrates the revelation of the <a href="/wiki/Chumash_(Judaism)" title="Chumash (Judaism)">Five Books of the Torah</a> by <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">God</a> to <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> and to the <a href="/wiki/Israelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Israelite">Israelites</a> at <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a>, 49 days (seven weeks) after <a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">the Exodus</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>. Commemorates the wheat harvesting in the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>. Culmination of the 49 days of the <a href="/wiki/Counting_of_the_Omer" title="Counting of the Omer">Counting of the Omer</a>.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Celebrations</th><td class="infobox-data">Festive meals. All-night <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> study. Recital of <a href="/wiki/Akdamut" title="Akdamut">Akdamut</a> liturgical poem in <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazic</a> synagogues. Reading of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Book of Ruth</a>. Eating of <a href="/wiki/Dairy" title="Dairy">dairy</a> products. Decoration of homes and <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogues</a> with greenery (<a href="/wiki/Orach_Chayim" title="Orach Chayim">Orach Chayim</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://he.wikisource.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9F_%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9A_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%97_%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%AA%D7%A6%D7%93_%D7%90">494</a>).</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Begins</th><td class="infobox-data">6th day of <a href="/wiki/Sivan" title="Sivan">Sivan</a> (or the Sunday following the 6th day of Sivan in <a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite Judaism</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ends</th><td class="infobox-data">7th (in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>: 6th) day of Sivan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">6 Sivan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2023 date</th><td class="infobox-data">Sunset, 25 May –<br />nightfall, 27 May</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2024 date</th><td class="infobox-data">Sunset, 11 June –<br />nightfall, 13 June</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2025 date</th><td class="infobox-data">Sunset, 1 June –<br />nightfall, 3 June</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2026 date</th><td class="infobox-data">Sunset, 21 May –<br />nightfall, 23 May</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related to</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>, which precedes Shavuot</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jewish_Papercut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Jewish_Papercut.jpg/220px-Jewish_Papercut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Jewish_Papercut.jpg/330px-Jewish_Papercut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Jewish_Papercut.jpg/440px-Jewish_Papercut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="623" /></a><figcaption>Coloured <a href="/wiki/Papercutting" title="Papercutting">papercut</a> in mixed technique depicting symbols pertinent to Judaism and nature. The inscription reads: "Yom Chag Ha Shavuot Ha Zeh". In the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_of_Switzerland" title="Jewish Museum of Switzerland">Jewish Museum of Switzerland</a>'s collection.</figcaption></figure> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:180%;"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">names</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Principles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvot</a> (<a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_and_customs_of_the_Land_of_Israel_in_Judaism" title="Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism"><span class="wrap">Land of Israel</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah"><span class="wrap">Bar and bat mitzvah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Bereavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_teshuva_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Baal teshuva movement">Baal teshuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusach_(Jewish_custom)" title="Nusach (Jewish custom)">Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Yosef_(book)" title="Beit Yosef (book)">Beit Yosef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Tur</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_Judea" title="Timeline of the name Judea">Name "Judea"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Jewish_historiography" title="Modern Jewish historiography">Modern historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population" title="Historical Jewish population">Historical population comparisons</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">Twelve Tribes of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah"><span class="wrap">Kingdom of Judah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Judaism" title="Jerusalem in Judaism">in Judaism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jerusalem" title="Timeline of Jerusalem">timeline</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem"><span class="wrap">Temple in Jerusalem</span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">First</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_captivity" title="Assyrian captivity"><span class="wrap">Assyrian captivity</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity"><span class="wrap">Babylonian captivity</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty"><span class="wrap">Hasmonean dynasty</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zealots" title="Zealots">Zealots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicarii" title="Sicarii">Sicarii</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">Great Revolt</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba</a></span>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a> and Middle Ages</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Christianity and Judaism</span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Hinduism and Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Islamic–Jewish</span> relations</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="History of European Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Golden Age</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Modern era</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbateans" title="Sabbateans">Sabbateans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Jewish atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Arab–Israeli</span> conflict</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Communities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Litvak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Juhurim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romanyotim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Bnei Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marranos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xueta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Mosaic Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subbotniks" title="Subbotniks">Subbotniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noahidism" title="Noahidism">Noahides</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_by_country" title="Judaism by country">Judaism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population_by_country" title="Historical Jewish population by country">Historical population by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_of_Jews" title="Genetic studies of Jews">Genetic studies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">New Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Africa" title="History of the Jews in Africa">Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Angola" title="History of the Jews in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Bilad_el-Sudan" title="Jews of Bilad el-Sudan">Bilad-el-Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Botswana" title="History of the Jews in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cameroon" title="History of the Jews in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cape_Verde" title="History of the Jews in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Benin" title="History of the Jews in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Djibouti" title="History of the Jews in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ethiopia" title="History of the Jews in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eritrea" title="History of the Jews in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eswatini" title="History of the Jews in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gabon" title="History of the Jews in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Gambia" title="History of the Jews in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ghana" title="History of the Jews in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea" title="History of the Jews in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="History of the Jews in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ivory_Coast" title="History of the Jews in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kenya" title="History of the Jews in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Libya" title="History of the Jews in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malawi" title="History of the Jews in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mali" title="History of the Jews in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mauritius" title="History of the Jews in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moroccan_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Moroccan Jews">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mozambique" title="History of the Jews in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Namibia" title="History of the Jews in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Nigeria" title="History of the Jews in Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="History of the Jews in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sierra_Leone" title="History of the Jews in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jews_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jews in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Africa" title="History of the Jews in South Africa"><span class="wrap">South Africa</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sudan" title="History of the Jews in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tanzania" title="History of the Jews in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tunisia" title="History of the Jews in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uganda" title="History of the Jews in Uganda">Uganda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abayudaya" title="Abayudaya">Abayudaya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zambia" title="History of the Jews in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zimbabwe" title="History of the Jews in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Asia</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bahrain" title="History of the Jews in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cambodia" title="History of the Jews in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Indonesia" title="History of the Jews in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Japan" title="History of the Jews in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jordan" title="History of the Jews in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kazakhstan" title="History of the Jews in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kuwait" title="History of the Jews in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="History of the Jews in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lebanon" title="History of the Jews in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malaysia" title="History of the Jews in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mongolia" title="History of the Jews in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Myanmar" title="History of the Jews in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Nepal" title="Judaism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oman" title="History of the Jews in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Pakistan" title="History of the Jews in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Philippines" title="History of the Jews in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Qatar" title="History of the Jews in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the Jews in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Korea" title="History of the Jews in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Singapore" title="History of the Jews in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sri_Lanka" title="History of the Jews in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Syria" title="History of the Jews in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tajikistan" title="History of the Jews in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Thailand" title="History of the Jews in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="History of the Jews in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uzbekistan" title="History of the Jews in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Vietnam" title="History of the Jews in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemen</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Europe</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria" title="History of the Jews in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus" title="History of the Jews in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria" title="History of the Jews in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cyprus" title="History of the Jews in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Jews in the Czech lands">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Denmark" title="History of the Jews in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Estonia" title="History of the Jews in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Finland" title="History of the Jews in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latvia" title="History of the Jews in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lithuania" title="History of the Jews in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Moldova" title="History of the Jews in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Norway" title="History of the Jews in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Serbia" title="History of the Jews in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain" title="History of the Jews in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sweden" title="History of the Jews in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the Jews in the United Kingdom"><span class="wrap">United Kingdom</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Northern America</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Canada" title="History of the Jews in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Greenland" title="Jews in Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and Caribbean</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Argentina" title="History of the Jews in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bolivia" title="History of the Jews in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Chile" title="History of the Jews in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Colombia" title="History of the Jews in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cuba" title="History of the Jews in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Jews in the Dominican Republic"><span class="wrap">Dominican Republic</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ecuador" title="History of the Jews in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_El_Salvador" title="History of the Jews in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guyana" title="History of the Jews in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Haiti" title="History of the Jews in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jamaica" title="History of the Jews in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico" title="History of the Jews in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Paraguay" title="History of the Jews in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Peru" title="History of the Jews in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Puerto_Rico" title="History of the Jews in Puerto Rico"><span class="wrap">Puerto Rico</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Suriname" title="History of the Jews in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uruguay" title="History of the Jews in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Venezuela" title="History of the Jews in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oceania" title="History of the Jews in Oceania">Oceania</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Australia" title="History of the Jews in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Fiji" title="History of the Jews in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guam" title="History of the Jews in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_New_Zealand" title="History of the Jews in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Palau" title="History of the Jews in Palau">Palau</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Denominations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism"><span class="wrap">Reform</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Customs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">Minyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing" title="Jewish religious clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shidduch" title="Shidduch">Shidduch</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism"><span class="wrap">Conversion to Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiloni" title="Hiloni">Hiloni</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Jewish_music" title="Secular Jewish music">Secular</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Jewish_art" title="Ancient Jewish art">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_theatre" title="Yiddish theatre">Yiddish theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_dance" title="Jewish dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_humor" title="Jewish humor">Humour</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine#Ashkenazi" title="Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_literature" title="Yiddish literature">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_literature" title="Jewish American literature">American</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iranian_languages" title="Judeo-Iranian languages">Judaeo-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Ghardaïa Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judeo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic dialects">Judeo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_politics" title="Judaism and politics">Politics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundism" title="Bundism">Bundism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Territorial_Organization" title="Jewish Territorial Organization">Territorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Zionists" title="General Zionists">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Zionism" title="Green Zionism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Maximalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Zionism" title="Post-Zionism">Post-Zionism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Shavuot</b></i> (<span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/cf\/He-Shavuot.ogg\/He-Shavuot.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"He-Shavuot.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cf/He-Shavuot.ogg/He-Shavuot.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">listen</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:He-Shavuot.ogg" title="File:He-Shavuot.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>, from <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">שָׁבוּעוֹת</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Šāvūʿōṯ</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Weeks'), or <i><b>Shvues</b></i> (<span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/cc\/Yi-Shavuos.ogg\/Yi-Shavuos.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Yi-Shavuos.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cc/Yi-Shavuos.ogg/Yi-Shavuos.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">listen</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Yi-Shavuos.ogg" title="File:Yi-Shavuos.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>, in some <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi</a> usage), is a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Jewish holiday</a>, one of the biblically ordained <a href="/wiki/Three_Pilgrimage_Festivals" title="Three Pilgrimage Festivals">Three Pilgrimage Festivals</a>. It occurs on the sixth day of the Hebrew month of <a href="/wiki/Sivan" title="Sivan">Sivan</a>; in the 21st century, it may fall anywhere between May 15 and June 14 on the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shavuot marked the wheat harvest in the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> according to <a href="/wiki/Ki_Tissa#Sixth_reading—Exodus_34:10–26" title="Ki Tissa">Exodus 34:22</a>. In addition, rabbinic tradition teaches that the date also marks the revelation of the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a> to <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai_(Bible)" title="Mount Sinai (Bible)">Mount Sinai</a>, which, according to the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a>, occurred at this date in 1312<span class="nowrap"> </span>BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Timeline_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timeline-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word <i>Shavuot</i> means "weeks" in Hebrew, and marks the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Counting_of_the_Omer" title="Counting of the Omer">Counting of the Omer</a>. Its date is directly linked to that of <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>; the Torah mandates the seven-week Counting of the Omer, beginning on the second day of Passover, to be immediately followed by Shavuot. This counting of days and weeks is understood to express anticipation and desire for the giving of the Torah. On Passover, the people of Israel were freed from their enslavement to <a href="/wiki/Pharaohs_in_the_Bible#In_the_Book_of_Exodus" title="Pharaohs in the Bible">Pharaoh</a>; on Shavuot, they were given the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> and became a nation committed to serving God.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Shavuot is sometimes referred to as Pentecost (in <a href="/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinē Greek language">Koinē Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Πεντηκοστή</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Koinē Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Pentecostē</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Fiftieth') due to its timing fifty days after the first day of Passover, it is not the same celebration as the Christian <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a> or <a href="/wiki/Whitsun" title="Whitsun">Whitsun</a>, which comes fifty days after <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Neusner_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neusner-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That said, the two festivals are related, as the first Day of Pentecost, related in the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>, is said to have happened on Shavuot. </p><p>Shavuot is traditionally celebrated in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> for one day, where it is a public holiday, and <a href="/wiki/Yom_tov_sheni_shel_galuyot" title="Yom tov sheni shel galuyot">for two days in the diaspora</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-forward_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forward-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shavuot&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biblical_names">Biblical names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shavuot&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Biblical names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Bible, Shavuot is called the "Festival of Weeks" (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">חג השבועות</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Ḥāġ hašŠāvuʻoṯ</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0234.htm#22">34:22</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0516.htm#10">16:10</a>); "Festival of Reaping" (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">חג הקציר</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Ḥāġ HaqQāṣir</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0223.htm#16">23:16</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "Day of the First Fruits" (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">יום הבכורים</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Yom habBikkurim</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0428.htm#26">28:26</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Shavuot</i>, the plural of a word meaning "week" or "seven", alludes to the fact that this festival happens exactly seven weeks (i.e. "a week of weeks") after Passover.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_names">Later names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shavuot&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Later names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> refers to Shavuot as ʻAṣeret (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">עצרת</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ʻəṣereṯ</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'refraining, holding back') according to <a href="/wiki/Pesachim" title="Pesachim">Pesachim</a> 68b, referring to the prohibition against work on this holiday<sup id="cite_ref-sichos_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sichos-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also to the conclusion of the Passover holiday season.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other reason given is that just as <a href="/wiki/Shemini_Atzeret" title="Shemini Atzeret">Shmini ʿAṣeret</a> brings <a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a> to a close, ʿAṣeret brings Passover to a close. </p><p>Since Shavuot occurs fifty days after Passover, <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Jews</a> referred to it by the Koine name "Pentecost".<sup id="cite_ref-auto_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance">Significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shavuot&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Giving_of_the_Torah">Giving of the Torah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shavuot&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Giving of the Torah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shavuot is not explicitly named in the Bible as the day on which the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> was revealed by God to the Israelite nation at Mount Sinai, although this is commonly considered to be its main significance.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike other major holidays, the Torah does not specify the date of Shavuot, but only that it falls 50 days after Passover, placing it at the 6th of Sivan according to the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">current fixed calendar</a> (in earlier times when months were fixed by lunar observation, the date could vary by a day or two). The Torah states that the Israelites reached Sinai on the first<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> day of the third month following the Exodus, i.e. Sivan.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then several events occurred, taking a total of at least three days, before the Torah was given.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, it is plausible that the giving of the Torah occurred on or about Shavuot, but no exact date is mentioned. </p><p>Besides the timing, scholars have pointed to thematic connections between Shavuot and the giving of the Torah, which are indicated by the Bible itself: </p> <ul><li>Several aspects of the Shavuot Temple sacrifice (<i>shtei halechem</i>) suggest a connection to the Exodus and the giving of the Torah. The <i>shtei halechem</i> is the only holiday sacrifice which includes a communal <i>shelamim</i> ("peace") offering, recalling the communal <i>shelamim</i> offering which was offered after the acceptance of the Torah (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0224.htm#5">Exodus 24:5–11</a>). Also, the <i>shtei halechem</i> is one of the few sacrifices to include chametz, suggesting that Shavuot is a counterpoint to Passover and its historical events.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>From an early period, Shavuot was regarded as an appropriate time to make covenants between God and humanity. <a href="/wiki/Asa_of_Judah" title="Asa of Judah">Asa</a> chose to make his covenant (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b15.htm#8">2 Chronicles 15:8–15</a>) on or about Shavuot.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Similarly, according to <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Book of Jubilees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a> made his covenant with God on Shavuot.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) The association between Shavuot and covenants suggests a connection to the giving of the Torah, which itself was a covenant between God and Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nk_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nk-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the description of Asa's covenant repeatedly alludes both to the giving of the Torah<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to the Shavuot holiday,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggesting a link between the two.<sup id="cite_ref-nk_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nk-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Most of the <a href="/wiki/Chazal" title="Chazal">Talmudic sages</a> agreed that the Torah was given on the 6 <a href="/wiki/Sivan" title="Sivan">Sivan</a> (the date of Shavuot), but <a href="/wiki/Jose_ben_Halafta" title="Jose ben Halafta">Jose ben Halafta</a> holds that it was given on 7 Sivan.<sup id="cite_ref-s86_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s86-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the classical timeline, the Israelites arrived at the wilderness of Sinai on the new moon (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0219.htm#1">Exodus 19:1</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a> were given on the following <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a> (i.e., Saturday). The question of whether the new moon fell on Sunday or Monday is undecided.<sup id="cite_ref-s86_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s86-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, Shavuot is observed on 6 Sivan in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a second day is added in the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</a> (in keeping with a separate rabbinical ruling that applies to all biblical holidays, called <i><a href="/wiki/Yom_tov_sheni_shel_galuyot" title="Yom tov sheni shel galuyot">Yom tov sheni shel galuyot</a></i>, Second-Day Yom Tov in the diaspora).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, according to Jose ben Halafta, only outside Israel does Shavuot fall out on the day the Torah was given. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agricultural">Agricultural</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shavuot&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Agricultural"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>What is textually connected in the Bible to the Feast of Shavuot is the season of the grain harvest, specifically of the wheat, in the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>. In ancient times, the grain harvest lasted seven weeks and was a season of gladness (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jer." class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Jer.">Jer.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1105.htm#24">5:24</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deut." class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Deut.">Deut.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0516.htm#9">16:9–11</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isa." class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Isa.">Isa.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1009.htm#2">9:2</a>). It began with harvesting the barley during Passover and ended with harvesting the wheat at Shavuot. Shavuot was thus the concluding festival of the grain harvest, just as the eighth day of Sukkot was the concluding festival of the fruit harvest. During the existence of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Korban" title="Korban">offering</a> of two loaves of bread from the wheat harvest was made on Shavuot according to the commandment in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lev." class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Lev.">Lev.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0323.htm#17">23:17</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Neusner_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neusner-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The penultimate <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea text</a> to be published has been discovered to contain two festival dates observed by the sect at <a href="/wiki/Qumran" title="Qumran">Qumran</a> as part of their formally perfect 364-day calendar. It was dedicated to New Wine and New Oil, which are not mentioned in the Hebrew Bible but were known from another Qumran manuscript, the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Scroll" title="Temple Scroll">Temple Scroll</a>. These festivals "constituted an extension of the festival of Shavuot<span class="nowrap"> </span>... which celebrates the New Wheat." All three festivals are calculated starting from the first Sabbath following Passover by repeatedly adding exactly fifty days each time: first came New Wheat (Shavuot), then New Wine, and then New Oil.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (See also below, at <a href="#The_Book_of_Jubilees_and_the_Essenes">"The Book of Jubilees and the Essenes"</a>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_observances">Ancient observances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shavuot&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ancient observances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shavuot&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pilgrimage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shavuot was one of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Pilgrimage_Festivals" title="Three Pilgrimage Festivals">Three Pilgrimage Festivals</a> on which Jews would visit the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bikkurim"><i>Bikkurim</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shavuot&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bikkurim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bikkurim_(first-fruits)" title="Bikkurim (first-fruits)">bikkurim (first-fruits)</a></div> <p>Shavuot was also the first day on which individuals could bring the <a href="/wiki/Bikkurim_(first-fruits)" title="Bikkurim (first-fruits)">bikkurim</a> or "<a href="/wiki/First_Fruits" title="First Fruits">first fruits</a>" to the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bikkurim were so crucial to Shavuot that the Torah twice describes the holiday as a day of bikkurim;<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wheat was ready for harvest, summer fruits were beginning to ripen, and bikkurim were brought. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shtei_Halechem"><i>Shtei Halechem</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shavuot&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Shtei Halechem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Torah prescribes a unique sacrifice for Shavuot: the <i>shtei halechem</i> or Two Loaves, which (atypically for sacrifices) must be <a href="/wiki/Chametz" title="Chametz">chametz</a>, and which are described as <i>bikkurim</i> of the wheat harvest.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These loaves are accompanied by a set of other sacrifices.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Judah_Loew_ben_Bezalel" title="Judah Loew ben Bezalel">Judah Loew ben Bezalel</a>, there is a symbolic contrast between the <a href="/wiki/Omer_offering" title="Omer offering">omer offering</a> of Passover and the Two Loaves. The former consists of barley, which is typically an animal food, and represents the low spiritual level of the Israelites immediately upon leaving Egypt during <a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">the Exodus</a>; while the latter consists of wheat and represents the high spiritual level of the Israelites upon receiving the Torah.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_religious_observances">Modern religious observances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shavuot&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Modern religious observances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shavuot_synagogue2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Shavuot_synagogue2.jpg/220px-Shavuot_synagogue2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Shavuot_synagogue2.jpg/330px-Shavuot_synagogue2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Shavuot_synagogue2.jpg/440px-Shavuot_synagogue2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> sanctuary adorned in greenery in honor of Shavuot</figcaption></figure> <p>Nowadays in the post-Temple era, Shavuot is the only biblically ordained holiday that has no specific <a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">laws</a> attached to it other than usual festival requirements of abstaining from <a href="/wiki/Melacha" class="mw-redirect" title="Melacha">creative work</a>. The rabbinic observances for the holiday include reciting additional prayers, making <a href="/wiki/Kiddush" title="Kiddush">kiddush</a>, partaking of meals and being in a state of joy. There are however many <a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">customs</a> which are observed on Shavuot.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A mnemonic for the customs largely observed in Ashkenazi communities spells the Hebrew word <i>aḥarit</i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אחרית</span>‎, "last"): </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><b>א</b>קדמות</span>‎ – <i>Aqdamut</i>, the reading of a <a href="/wiki/Piyyut" title="Piyyut">piyyut</a> (liturgical poem) during Shavuot morning synagogue services</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><b>ח</b>לב</span>‎ – <i>ḥalav</i> (milk), the consumption of dairy products like milk and cheese</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><b>ר</b>ות</span>‎ – <i>Rut</i>, the reading of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Book of Ruth</a> at morning services (outside Israel: on the second day)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><b>י</b>רק</span>‎ – <i>Yereq</i> (greening), the decoration of homes and synagogues with greenery</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><b>ת</b>ורה</span>‎ – <i>Torah</i>, engaging in all-night Torah study.</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism"><i>yahrzeit</i></a> of <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">King David</a> is traditionally observed on Shavuot. <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic Jews</a> also observe the <i>yahrzeit</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Baal_Shem_Tov" title="Baal Shem Tov">Baal Shem Tov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liturgical_poems">Liturgical poems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shavuot&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Liturgical poems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aqdamut"><i>Aqdamut</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shavuot&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Aqdamut"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Akdamut" title="Akdamut">Akdamut</a></div> <p>The <i>Aqdamut</i> (<a href="/wiki/Imperial_Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Aramaic language">Imperial Aramaic</a>: <span lang="arc" dir="rtl">אקדמות</span>) is a liturgical poem recited by Ashkenazi Jews extolling the greatness of God, the Torah, and Israel that is read publicly in Ashkenazic synagogues in the middle of – or in some communities right before – the morning <a href="/wiki/Torah_reading" title="Torah reading">Torah reading</a> on the first day of Shavuot. It was composed by Meir of <a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a>. Meir was forced to defend the Torah and his Jewish faith in a debate with local priests and successfully conveyed his certainty of God's power, His love for the Jewish people, and the excellence of Torah. Afterwards he wrote the <i>Aqdamut</i>, a 90-line poem in <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> that stresses these themes. The poem is written in a double <a href="/wiki/Acrostic" title="Acrostic">acrostic</a> pattern according to the order of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a>. In addition, each line ends with the syllable <i>ta</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">תא</span>‎), the last and first letters of the Hebrew alphabet, alluding to the endlessness of Torah. The traditional melodies that accompanies this poem also conveys a sense of grandeur and triumph.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Azharot"><i>Azharot</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shavuot&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Azharot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Azharot" title="Azharot">Azharot</a></div> <p>There is an ancient tradition to recite poems known as <b>Azharot</b> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אזהרות</span></span> listing the commandments. This was already considered a well-established custom in the 9th century.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These piyyutim were originally recited during the chazzan's repetition of the <a href="/wiki/Mussaf" title="Mussaf">Mussaf</a> amidah, in some communities they were later moved to a different part of the service. </p><p>Some Ashkenazic communities maintain the original practice of reciting the Azharot during musaf; they recite "Ata hinchlata" on the first day and "Azharat Reishit" on the second, both from the early Geonic period. Italian Jews do the same except that they switch the piyyutim of the two day, and in recent centuries, "Ata hinchlata" has been truncated to include only one 22-line poem instead of eight. Many <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic Jews</a> recite the Azharot of <a href="/wiki/Solomon_ibn_Gabirol" title="Solomon ibn Gabirol">Solomon ibn Gabirol</a> before the mincha service; in many communities, the positive commandments are recited on the first day and the negative commandments on the second day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yatziv_Pitgam"><i>Yatziv Pitgam</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shavuot&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Yatziv Pitgam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The liturgical poem <i>Yatziv Pitgam</i> (<a href="/wiki/Imperial_Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Aramaic language">Imperial Aramaic</a>: <span lang="arc" dir="rtl">יציב פתגם</span>) is recited by some synagogues in the diaspora on the second day of Shavuot. The author signs his name at the beginning of the poem's 15 lines – Yaakov ben Meir Levi, better knows as <a href="/wiki/Rabbeinu_Tam" title="Rabbeinu Tam">Rabbeinu Tam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dairy_foods">Dairy foods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shavuot&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Dairy foods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheese_blintzes_with_blackberries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="picture of three cheese blintzes with blackberries and sauce on top" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Cheese_blintzes_with_blackberries.jpg/220px-Cheese_blintzes_with_blackberries.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Cheese_blintzes_with_blackberries.jpg/330px-Cheese_blintzes_with_blackberries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Cheese_blintzes_with_blackberries.jpg/440px-Cheese_blintzes_with_blackberries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption>Cheese <a href="/wiki/Blintz" title="Blintz">blintzes</a>, typically eaten by <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a> on Shavuot</figcaption></figure> <p>Dairy foods such as <a href="/wiki/Cheesecake" title="Cheesecake">cheesecake</a>, cheese <a href="/wiki/Blintz" title="Blintz"><i>blintzes</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and cheese <a href="/wiki/Kreplach" title="Kreplach"><i>kreplach</i></a> among <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-mama_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mama-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cheese <a href="/wiki/Sambusak" class="mw-redirect" title="Sambusak"><i>sambusak</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-sam_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sam-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:02_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>kelsonnes</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ravioli" title="Ravioli">ravioli</a> filled with <a href="/wiki/Tzfatit" title="Tzfatit">tzfatit</a> cheese),<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Qatayef" title="Qatayef">atayef</a></i> (a cheese-filled pancake)<sup id="cite_ref-foods_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foods-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jews" title="Syrian Jews">Syrian Jews</a>; <i>kahee</i> (a dough that is buttered and sugared) among <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Iraqi Jews</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-foods_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foods-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>kadeh</i> (a cheese-filled bread) among <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish Jews">Kurdish Jews</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a seven-layer cake called <i>siete cielos</i> (seven heavens) among <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tunisia" title="History of the Jews in Tunisia">Tunisian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jews" title="Moroccan Jews">Moroccan Jews</a><sup id="cite_ref-foods_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foods-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are traditionally consumed on the Shavuot holiday. As a dessert, Sephardic Jews traditionally consume <i><a href="/wiki/Rice_pudding" title="Rice pudding">sütlaç</a></i> (a rice pudding cooked in milk) decorated with cinnamon in designs such as the <a href="/wiki/Star_of_David" title="Star of David">Star of David</a>, flowers, and other patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemenite Jews</a> do not eat dairy foods on Shavuot.<sup id="cite_ref-foods_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foods-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In keeping with the observance of other <a href="/wiki/Jewish_holiday" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish holiday">Jewish holidays</a>, there is both a night <a href="/wiki/Seudat_mitzvah#Seudat_Shabbat_and_Seudat_Yom_Tov" title="Seudat mitzvah">meal</a> and a day meal on Shavuot. Meat is usually served at night and dairy is served either for the day meal<sup id="cite_ref-mama_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mama-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or for a morning <a href="/wiki/Kiddush#Synagogue_kiddush" title="Kiddush">kiddush</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the explanations given in rabbinic literature for the consumption of dairy foods on this holiday are:<sup id="cite_ref-why_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-why-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Before they received the Torah, the Israelites were not obligated to follow its laws, which include <i><a href="/wiki/Shechita" title="Shechita">shechita</a></i> (ritual slaughter of animals) and <a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">kashrut</a>. Since all their meat pots and dishes now had to be made kosher before use, they opted to eat dairy foods.</li> <li>The Torah is compared to milk by King <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>, who wrote: "Like honey and milk, it lies under your tongue" (<a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt3004.htm#11">4:11</a>).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Gematria" title="Gematria">gematria</a> of the Hebrew word <i>ḥalav</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">חלב</span>‎) is 40, corresponding to the forty days and forty nights that <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> spent on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a> before bringing down the Torah.</li> <li>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></i>, each day of the year correlates to one of the Torah's <a href="/wiki/613_Mitzvot" class="mw-redirect" title="613 Mitzvot">365 negative commandments</a>. Shavuot corresponds to the commandment "Bring the first fruits of your land to the house of God your Lord; do not cook a kid in its mother's milk" (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a> 34:26). Since the first day to bring <i>Bikkurim</i> (the first fruits) is Shavuot, the second half of the verse refers to the custom to eat two separate meals – one milk, one meat – on Shavuot.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2668.htm#16">Psalms 68:16–17</a> calls Mount Sinai<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Har Gavnunim</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">הר גבננים</span>‎, mountain of majestic peaks), which is possibly related to <i>gevinah</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">גבינה</span>‎, cheese).<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_of_Ruth">Book of Ruth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shavuot&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Book of Ruth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Julius_Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld-_Ruth_im_Feld_des_Boaz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Julius_Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld-_Ruth_im_Feld_des_Boaz.jpg/220px-Julius_Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld-_Ruth_im_Feld_des_Boaz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Julius_Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld-_Ruth_im_Feld_des_Boaz.jpg/330px-Julius_Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld-_Ruth_im_Feld_des_Boaz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Julius_Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld-_Ruth_im_Feld_des_Boaz.jpg/440px-Julius_Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld-_Ruth_im_Feld_des_Boaz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="5067" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ruth_(biblical_figure)" title="Ruth (biblical figure)">Ruth</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boaz#In_the_Bible" title="Boaz">Boaz</a>'s Field by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld" title="Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld">Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld</a>, oil on canvas, 1828; National Gallery, London</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Five_Megillot" title="Five Megillot">Five Megillot</a> – five books from the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> – are traditionally read in synagogue on various Jewish holidays. Of these, the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Book of Ruth</a> is read on Shavuot. Reasons given for this custom include: </p> <ol><li>Shavuot is harvest time (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0223.htm#16">Exodus 23:16</a>), and the events of Book of Ruth occur at harvest time.<sup id="cite_ref-abu_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abu-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Because Shavuot is traditionally cited as the day of the giving of the Torah, the entry of the entire Jewish people into the covenant of the Torah is a major theme of the day. Ruth's conversion to Judaism, and consequent entry into that covenant, is described in the book. This theme accordingly resonates with other themes of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-abu_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abu-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>King David (Ruth's descendant, whose genealogy appears at the end of the Book of Ruth) was traditionally born and died on Shavuot.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Gematria" title="Gematria">gematria</a> (numerical value) of Ruth is 606. Added to the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">Seven Laws of Noah</a>, the total equals the <a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613 commandments</a> in the Torah.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Another central theme of the book is <i>ḥesed</i> (loving-kindness), a major theme of the Torah.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greenery">Greenery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shavuot&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Greenery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Flowers_in_Judaism" title="Flowers in Judaism">Flowers in Judaism</a></div> <p>In many Jewish communities, there is a tradition to decorate homes and synagogues with plants, flowers and leafy branches on Shavuot.<sup id="cite_ref-Green2_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green2-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, Persian Jews referred to the holiday as "The Mo'ed of Flowers" (موعد گل) in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, and never as "Shavuot". </p><p>A common reason given for this custom is the story that Mount Sinai suddenly blossomed with flowers in anticipation of the giving of the Torah on its summit. This idea is first mentioned in medieval Ashkenazi sources such as <a href="/wiki/Maharil" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharil">Maharil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sichot_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sichot-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another interpretation, flowers represent the Jewish people, which received a covenant with God on this date.<sup id="cite_ref-sichot_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sichot-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other reasons have been suggested as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Green2_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green2-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some synagogues decorate the <a href="/wiki/Bema#Judaism" title="Bema">bimah</a> with a canopy of flowers and plants so that it resembles a <a href="/wiki/Chuppah" title="Chuppah">chuppah</a>, as Shavuot is mystically referred to as the day the matchmaker (Moses) brought the bride (the nation of Israel) to the chuppah (Mount Sinai) to marry the bridegroom (God); the <i><a href="/wiki/Ketubah" title="Ketubah">ketubah</a></i> (marriage contract) was the Torah. Some Eastern Sephardi communities read out a <i>ketubah</i> between God and Israel, composed by <a href="/wiki/Israel_ben_Moses_Najara" title="Israel ben Moses Najara">Israel ben Moses Najara</a> as part of the service. This custom was also adopted by some Hasidic communities, particularly from <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Vilna_Gaon" title="Vilna Gaon">Vilna Gaon</a> cancelled the tradition of decorating with trees because it too closely resembles the Christian decorations for their holidays.<sup id="cite_ref-Green2_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green2-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="All-night_Torah_study">All-night Torah study</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shavuot&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: All-night Torah study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some have the custom to learn Torah all night on the first night of Shavuot, a practice known as <i>Tiqqun Leyl Shavuot</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">תקון ליל שבועות</span>) ("Rectification for Shavuot Night"). </p><p>The custom is first recorded <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1300</span> in the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Or_Zarua_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Or Zarua II (page does not exist)">Or Zarua II</a> </i><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%93" class="extiw" title="he:דוד בן יהודה החסיד">he</a>]</span>. According to that work, "Our righteous forebears, servants of the Most High, would never sleep on Shavuot eve<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—and now we do this on both nights—for all night they would read the Torah and the <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a>, and they would skip around the Talmud and the <a href="/wiki/Aggadah" title="Aggadah">Aggadot</a>, and they would read the secret wisdoms until dawn broke, and they would hold the legacy of their fathers in their very hands".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The custom was later linked to a <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a> which relates that the night before the Torah was given, the Israelites retired early to be well-rested for the momentous day ahead. They overslept and <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> had to wake them up because God was already waiting on the mountaintop.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To rectify this perceived flaw in the national character, many religious Jews stay up all night to learn Torah.<sup id="cite_ref-sleepless_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sleepless-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1533 <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Caro" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Caro">Joseph Caro</a>, author of the <i><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Arukh</a></i>, then living in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Salonika" class="mw-redirect" title="Salonika">Salonika</a>, invited <a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Halevi_Alkabetz" class="mw-redirect" title="Shlomo Halevi Alkabetz">Shlomo Halevi Alkabetz</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalistic</a> colleagues to hold Shavuot-night study vigils for which they prepared for three days in advance, just as the Israelites had prepared for three days before the giving of the Torah. During one of those study sessions, an angel reportedly appeared and taught them <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-haaretz_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haaretz-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been suggested that the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a> throughout the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman empire">Ottoman empire</a> may have attributed to the "feasibility and popularity" of the practice of all-night Torah study.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, the custom of Yemenite Jews is to ingest the fresh leaves of a stimulant herb called <a href="/wiki/Khat" title="Khat">Khat</a> (containing <a href="/wiki/Cathinone" title="Cathinone">cathinone</a>) for the all-night ritual, an herb commonly used in that region of the world. </p><p>Any subject may be studied on Shavuot night, although <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> typically top the list. People may learn alone or with a <i><a href="/wiki/Chavruta" class="mw-redirect" title="Chavruta">chavruta</a></i> (study partner), or attend late-night <i><a href="/wiki/Shiur_(Torah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiur (Torah)">shiurim</a></i> (lectures) and study groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Fendel_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fendel-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In keeping with the custom of engaging in all-night Torah study, leading 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">kabbalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Luria" title="Isaac Luria">Isaac Luria</a> arranged a recital consisting of excerpts from the beginning and end of each of the 24 books of <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> (including the reading in full of several key sections such as <a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">the account of the days of creation</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">the Exodus</a>, the giving of the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shema" title="Shema">Shema</a>) and the 63 tractates of Mishnah,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by the reading of <i><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a></i>, the 613 commandments as enumerated by <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>, and excerpts from the <a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a>, with opening and concluding prayers. The whole reading is divided into thirteen parts, after each of which a <i>Kaddish d-Rabbanan</i> is recited when the <i>Tiqun</i> is studied with a <a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">minyan</a>. Today, this service is held in many communities, with the notable exception of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jew">Spanish and Portuguese Jews</a>. The service is printed in a book called <i>Tiqun Leyl Shavuot</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There exist similar books for the vigils before the seventh day of <a href="/wiki/Pesach" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesach">Pesach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hoshanah_Rabbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoshanah Rabbah">Hosha'ana Rabbah</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, at the conclusion of the night time study session, tens of thousands of people walk to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a> to pray with sunrise. A week after Israel captured the <a href="/wiki/Old_City_(Jerusalem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old City (Jerusalem)">Old City</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>, more than 200,000 Jews streamed to the site on Shavuot, it having been made accessible to Jews for the first time since <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fendel_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fendel-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wein_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wein-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_secular_observance">Modern secular observance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shavuot&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Modern secular observance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_5423_Shavuot_holiday.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/PikiWiki_Israel_5423_Shavuot_holiday.JPG/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_5423_Shavuot_holiday.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/PikiWiki_Israel_5423_Shavuot_holiday.JPG/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_5423_Shavuot_holiday.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/PikiWiki_Israel_5423_Shavuot_holiday.JPG/440px-PikiWiki_Israel_5423_Shavuot_holiday.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2447" data-file-height="1680" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bikkurim_(First-fruits)#Ceremonial_ritual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bikkurim (First-fruits)">Bikkurim ceremony</a> at Kibbutz <a href="/wiki/Givat_Haim_(Meuhad)" title="Givat Haim (Meuhad)">Givat Haim</a>, 1951</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_3003_Jewish_holidays_%D7%97%D7%92_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%92%D7%9F-%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/PikiWiki_Israel_3003_Jewish_holidays_%D7%97%D7%92_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%92%D7%9F-%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C_2009.jpg/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_3003_Jewish_holidays_%D7%97%D7%92_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%92%D7%9F-%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/PikiWiki_Israel_3003_Jewish_holidays_%D7%97%D7%92_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%92%D7%9F-%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C_2009.jpg/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_3003_Jewish_holidays_%D7%97%D7%92_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%92%D7%9F-%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/PikiWiki_Israel_3003_Jewish_holidays_%D7%97%D7%92_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%92%D7%9F-%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C_2009.jpg/440px-PikiWiki_Israel_3003_Jewish_holidays_%D7%97%D7%92_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%92%D7%9F-%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="797" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bikkurim_(First-fruits)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bikkurim (First-fruits)">Bikkurim festival</a> in <a href="/wiki/Giv%27at_Shmuel" title="Giv'at Shmuel">Giv'at Shmuel</a>, Israel, 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>In secular agricultural communities in Israel, such as most <a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">kibbutzim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moshav" title="Moshav">moshavim</a>, Shavuot is celebrated as a harvest and first-fruit festival including a wider, symbolic meaning of joy over the accomplishments of the year. As such, not just agricultural produce and machinery is presented to the community, but also the babies born during the preceding twelve months.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (May 2022)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Confirmation_ceremonies">Confirmation ceremonies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shavuot&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Confirmation ceremonies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 19th century several Orthodox synagogues in Britain and Australia held confirmation ceremonies for 12-year-old girls on Shavuot, a precursor to the modern <a href="/wiki/Bat_Mitzvah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bat Mitzvah">Bat Mitzvah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a> movement made Shavuot into a religious school graduation day.<sup id="cite_ref-forward_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forward-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, Reform synagogues in North America typically hold confirmation ceremonies on Shavuot for students aged 16 to 18 who are completing their religious studies. The graduating class stands in front of an open <a href="/wiki/Ark_(synagogue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ark (synagogue)">ark</a>, recalling the standing of the Israelites at <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a> for the giving of the Torah.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Date">Date</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shavuot&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Date"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Counting_of_the_Omer" title="Counting of the Omer">Counting of the Omer</a></div> <p>The Torah states that the <a href="/wiki/Omer_offering" title="Omer offering">Omer offering</a> (i.e., the first day of counting the Omer) is the first day of the barley harvest.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The omer count should begin "on the morrow after the <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a>", and continue to be counted for seven weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Talmudic Sages determined that "Shabbat" here means a day of rest and refers to the first day of Passover. Thus, the counting of the Omer begins on the second day of Passover and continues for the next 49 days, or seven complete weeks, ending on the day before Shavuot. According to this calculation, Shavuot will fall on the day of the week after that of the first day of Passover (e.g., if Passover starts on a Thursday, Shavuot will begin on a Friday). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Book_of_Jubilees_and_the_Essenes">The Book of Jubilees and the Essenes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shavuot&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: The Book of Jubilees and the Essenes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This literal interpretation of "Shabbat" as the weekly Shabbat was shared by the author of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Book of Jubilees</a>, who was motivated by the priestly sabbatical <a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">solar calendar</a> to have festivals and Sabbaths fall on the same day of the week every year. On this calendar (best known from the Book of Luminaries in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a>), Shavuot fell on the 15th of Sivan, a Sunday. The date was reckoned fifty days from the first Shabbat after Passover (i.e. from the 25th of Nisan). Thus, Jub. 1:1 claims that Moses ascended Mount Sinai to receive the Torah "on the sixteenth day of the third month in the first year of the Exodus of the children of Israel from Egypt". </p><p>In Jub. 6:15–22 and 44:1–5, the holiday is traced to the appearance of the first rainbow on the 15th of Sivan, the day on which God made his covenant with Noah. </p><p>The Qumran community, commonly associated with the Essenes, held in its library several texts mentioning Shavuot, most notably a Hebrew original of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Book of Jubilees</a>, which sought to fix the celebration of Shavuot on 15 Sivan, following their interpretation of Exodus 19:1.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (See also above, at <a href="#Agricultural">"Agricultural"</a>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shavuot&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The Christian observance of Pentecost is a different holiday, but was based on a New Testament event that happened around the gathering of Jesus's followers on this Jewish holiday (<a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> 2:1 and following).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yahadut.org/en/shabbat-and-festivals/shavuot/">"Shavuot - Jewish Tradition"</a>. <i>yahadut.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=yahadut.org&rft.atitle=Shavuot+-+Jewish+Tradition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyahadut.org%2Fen%2Fshabbat-and-festivals%2Fshavuot%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShavuot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Timeline-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpiro2009" class="citation web cs1">Spiro, Ken (May 9, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aish.com/48944541/">"History Crash Course 36: Timeline: From Abraham to Destruction of the Temple"</a>. <i>Aish</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aish&rft.atitle=History+Crash+Course+36%3A+Timeline%3A+From+Abraham+to+Destruction+of+the+Temple&rft.date=2009-05-09&rft.aulast=Spiro&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faish.com%2F48944541%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShavuot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/609663/jewish/What-Is-Shavuot-Shavuos.htm">"What Is Shavuot (Shavuos)? – And How Is Shavuot Celebrated?"</a>. <i>www.chabad.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chabad.org&rft.atitle=What+Is+Shavuot+%28Shavuos%29%3F+%E2%80%93+And+How+Is+Shavuot+Celebrated%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F609663%2Fjewish%2FWhat-Is-Shavuot-Shavuos.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShavuot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/is-shavuot-the-jewish-pentecost/">"Is Shavuot the Jewish Pentecost?"</a>. <i>My Jewish Learning</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 22,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=My+Jewish+Learning&rft.atitle=Is+Shavuot+the+Jewish+Pentecost%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.myjewishlearning.com%2Farticle%2Fis-shavuot-the-jewish-pentecost%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShavuot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neusner-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neusner_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neusner_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeusner1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Neusner" title="Jacob Neusner">Neusner, Jacob</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6M8oxDql1KIC&pg=PA58"><i>An Introduction to Judaism: A Textbook and Reader</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25348-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25348-6"><bdi>978-0-664-25348-6</bdi></a>. <q>The Feast of Weeks, Shavuot, or Pentecost, comes seven weeks after Passover. In the ancient Palestinian agricultural calendar, Shavuot marked the end of the grain harvest and was called the 'Feast of Harvest<span style="padding-right:0.15em;">'</span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Judaism%3A+A+Textbook+and+Reader&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25348-6&rft.aulast=Neusner&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6M8oxDql1KIC%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShavuot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-forward-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-forward_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-forward_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg2010" class="citation web cs1">Goldberg, J.J. (May 12, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forward.com/articles/127963/">"Shavuot: The Zeppo Marx of Jewish Holidays"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Forward" title="The Forward">The Forward</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shavuot%3A+The+Zeppo+Marx+of+Jewish+Holidays&rft.pub=The+Forward&rft.date=2010-05-12&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=J.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Farticles%2F127963%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShavuot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerel_Wein2010" class="citation web cs1">Berel Wein (May 21, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rabbiwein.com/blog/shavuot-thoughts-186.html">"Shavuot Thoughts"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a></i>. <q>Here in Israel all Israelis are aware of Shavuot, even those who only honor it in its breach<span class="nowrap"> </span>... In the diaspora, Shavuot is simply ignored by many Jews<span class="nowrap"> </span>...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Shavuot+Thoughts&rft.date=2010-05-21&rft.au=Berel+Wein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rabbiwein.com%2Fblog%2Fshavuot-thoughts-186.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShavuot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Rosenblum2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Rosenblum" title="Jonathan Rosenblum">Jonathan Rosenblum</a> (May 31, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishmediaresources.com/960/celebrating-shavuos-alone">"Celebrating Shavuos Alone"</a>. <i>Mishpacha</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2020</span>. <q>Yet most Jews have barely heard of Shavuos, the celebration of Matan Torah. In Eretz Yisrael, the contrast between Shavuos and the other yomim tovim could not be more stark. Shavuos is only about the acceptance of Torah. For those Israeli Jews for whom Torah has long since ceased to be relevant, the holiday offers nothing.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mishpacha&rft.atitle=Celebrating+Shavuos+Alone&rft.date=2006-05-31&rft.au=Jonathan+Rosenblum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishmediaresources.com%2F960%2Fcelebrating-shavuos-alone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShavuot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1989" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Marvin (1989). <i>Our Father Abraham: Jewish Roots of the Christian Faith</i>. p. 43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Father+Abraham%3A+Jewish+Roots+of+the+Christian+Faith&rft.pages=43&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Marvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShavuot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman1997" class="citation book cs1">Goodman, Robert (1997). <i>Teaching Jewish Holidays: History, Values, and Activities</i>. p. 215.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teaching+Jewish+Holidays%3A+History%2C+Values%2C+and+Activities&rft.pages=215&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShavuot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/shavuot-101/">"Shavuot 101"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shavuot+101&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.myjewishlearning.com%2Farticle%2Fshavuot-101%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShavuot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sichos-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sichos_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogomilsky2009" class="citation web cs1">Bogomilsky, Rabbi Moshe (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sie.org/templates/sie/article_cdo/aid/2865690/jewish/Dvar-Torah-Questions-and-Answers-on-Shavuot.htm">"Dvar Torah Questions and Answers on Shavuot"</a>. Sichos in English<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dvar+Torah+Questions+and+Answers+on+Shavuot&rft.pub=Sichos+in+English&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Bogomilsky&rft.aufirst=Rabbi+Moshe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sie.org%2Ftemplates%2Fsie%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F2865690%2Fjewish%2FDvar-Torah-Questions-and-Answers-on-Shavuot.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShavuot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWein2005" class="citation web cs1">Wein, Rabbi Berel (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.torah.org/learning/rabbiwein/5765/shavuos.html?print=1">"Shavuos"</a>. torah.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shavuos&rft.pub=torah.org&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Wein&rft.aufirst=Rabbi+Berel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.torah.org%2Flearning%2Frabbiwein%2F5765%2Fshavuos.html%3Fprint%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShavuot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ohr.edu/7864">"Stop! It's Shavuot! by Rabbi Reuven Chaim Klein"</a>. <i>Ohr Somayach</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ohr+Somayach&rft.atitle=Stop%21+It%27s+Shavuot%21+by+Rabbi+Reuven+Chaim+Klein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fohr.edu%2F7864&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShavuot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/holydays/shavuot.shtml">"BBC – Religions – Judaism:Shavuot"</a>. <i>BBC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+Religions+%E2%80%93+Judaism%3AShavuot&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fjudaism%2Fholydays%2Fshavuot.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShavuot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Z'man matan toratenu</i> ("the time of the giving of our Torah [Law]") is a frequent liturgical cognomen for Shavuot. See, for example, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/spb/spb29.htm">"The Standard Prayer Book:Kiddush for Festivals"</a>. <i>sacred-texts.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sacred-texts.com&rft.atitle=The+Standard+Prayer+Book%3AKiddush+for+Festivals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fjud%2Fspb%2Fspb29.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShavuot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The biblical phrase <i>yom hazeh</i> ("that very day"), following <i>hodesh</i> ("month" or "new month"), indicates the first day of the new month. See <a href="/wiki/Yoel_Bin-Nun" title="Yoel Bin-Nun">Yoel Bin-Nun</a> and Shaul Baruchi, <i>Mikraot: Iyun Rav Techumi Batorah: Yitro</i>, p.118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0219.htm#1">Exodus 19:1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0219.htm#2">Exodus 19:2–16</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Menachem Leibtag, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etzion.org.il/en/holidays/shavuot/shavuot-and-matan-torah">Shavuot and Matan Torah</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b15.htm#10">2 Chronicles 15:10</a> places it in "the third month"; according to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mg.alhatorah.org/Dual/Targum_Ketuvim/Divrei_HaYamim_II/15.11#m7e3n7">Targum Ketuvim, 2 Chronicles 15:11</a> the covenant occurred on Shavuot itself</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jubilees 6:1–21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0219.htm#5">Exodus 19:5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nk-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nk_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nk_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Neriah Klein, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://neriahklein.wixsite.com/hebrew/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D">חג השבועות בימי אסא</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g. "third month", "this day", "loud noise", "shofars", the people's agreement</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The description of this covenant follows the same literary structure which Chronicles typically uses for pilgrimage holidays such as Shavuot, and repeatedly uses the words <i>sheva</i> and <i>shevuah</i> which recall Shavuot. (See S.J. De Vries, 'Festival Ideology in Chronicles', in: H.T.C. Sun and K.L. Eades (eds.), <i>Problems in Biblical Theology: Essays in Honor of Rolf Knierim</i>, Eugene 1997, pp. 104–124 [105–110])</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s86-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s86_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s86_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Talmud, Shabbat 86b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldin2010" class="citation book cs1">Goldin, Shmuel (2010). <i>Unlocking the Torah Text: Vayikra</i>. Gefen Publishing House Ltd. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789652294500" title="Special:BookSources/9789652294500"><bdi>9789652294500</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unlocking+the+Torah+Text%3A+Vayikra&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Gefen+Publishing+House+Ltd&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789652294500&rft.aulast=Goldin&rft.aufirst=Shmuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShavuot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohn" class="citation web cs1">Kohn, Daniel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/extra-festival-days-in-the-diaspora/">"Why Some Holidays Last Longer Outside Israel"</a>. My Jewish Learning<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Some+Holidays+Last+Longer+Outside+Israel&rft.pub=My+Jewish+Learning&rft.aulast=Kohn&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myjewishlearning.com%2Farticle%2Fextra-festival-days-in-the-diaspora%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShavuot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPress_release_based_on_work_by_Dr._Eshbal_Ratson_and_Prof._Jonathan_Ben-Dov,_Department_of_Bible_Studies2018" class="citation web cs1">Press release based on work by Dr. Eshbal Ratson and Prof. Jonathan Ben-Dov, Department of Bible Studies (January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200526172537/https://www.haifa.ac.il/index.php/en/about-top-blue-3/2013-07-01-13-28-00/2814-university-of-haifa-researchers-decipher-one-of-the-last-two-remaining-unpublished-qumran-scrolls.html">"University of Haifa Researchers Decipher One of the Last Two Remaining Unpublished Qumran Scrolls"</a>. University of Haifa, Communications and Media Relations. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haifa.ac.il/index.php/en/about-top-blue-3/2013-07-01-13-28-00/2814-university-of-haifa-researchers-decipher-one-of-the-last-two-remaining-unpublished-qumran-scrolls.html">the original</a> on May 26, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Haifa+Researchers+Decipher+One+of+the+Last+Two+Remaining+Unpublished+Qumran+Scrolls&rft.pub=University+of+Haifa%2C+Communications+and+Media+Relations&rft.date=2018-01&rft.au=Press+release+based+on+work+by+Dr.+Eshbal+Ratson+and+Prof.+Jonathan+Ben-Dov%2C+Department+of+Bible+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haifa.ac.il%2Findex.php%2Fen%2Fabout-top-blue-3%2F2013-07-01-13-28-00%2F2814-university-of-haifa-researchers-decipher-one-of-the-last-two-remaining-unpublished-qumran-scrolls.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShavuot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSweeney" class="citation web cs1">Sweeney, Marvin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetorah.com/article/the-three-shavuot-festivals-of-qumran-wheat-wine-and-oil">"The Three Shavuot Festivals of Qumran: Wheat, Wine, and Oil"</a>. <i>The Torah</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.askmoses.com/en/article/594,88522/Why-do-we-eat-dairy-foods-on-Shavuot.html">the original</a> on August 9, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+do+we+eat+dairy+foods+on+Shavuot%3F&rft.pub=AskMoses.com&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Erdstein&rft.aufirst=Rabbi+Baruch+E.&rft.au=Kumer%2C+Nechama+Dina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.askmoses.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2F594%2C88522%2FWhy-do-we-eat-dairy-foods-on-Shavuot.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShavuot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abu-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-abu_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abu_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_Abudarham" title="David Abudarham">David Abudarham</a>, end of commentary to <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> <a href="/wiki/Mussaf" title="Mussaf">Mussaf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a> <a href="/wiki/Hagigah" title="Hagigah">Hagigah</a> 2:3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hidush.co.il/hidush.asp?id=597">מגילת רות – "אך טוב וחסד ירדפוני" </a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg" class="citation web cs1">Rosenberg, Yael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mazornet.com/holidays/Shavuot/readingruth.htm">"Reading Ruth: Rhyme and Reason"</a>. <i>Mazor Guide</i>. Mazornet, Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mazor+Guide&rft.atitle=Reading+Ruth%3A+Rhyme+and+Reason&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Yael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mazornet.com%2Fholidays%2FShavuot%2Freadingruth.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShavuot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Green2-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Green2_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Green2_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Green2_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss" class="citation web cs1">Ross, Lesli Koppelman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/shavuot-decorations/">"Shavuot Decorations"</a>. My Jewish Learning<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shavuot+Decorations&rft.pub=My+Jewish+Learning&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Lesli+Koppelman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myjewishlearning.com%2Farticle%2Fshavuot-decorations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShavuot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sichot-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sichot_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sichot_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sichot Talmidei Hachamim</i>, siman 296 (p.499) (see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forum.otzar.org/viewtopic.php?t=13483">Otzar thread</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/26001754/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%92_%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%95%D7%97_%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%90_%D7%91%D7%96%D7%94?auto=download">המנהג לשטוח עשבים ואילנות בבית הכנסת בשבועות, ודעת ה'גר"א' בזה</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman" class="citation web cs1">Goodman, Philip. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-shavuot-marriage-contract/">"The Shavuot Marriage Contract"</a>. My Jewish Learning<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Shavuot+Marriage+Contract&rft.pub=My+Jewish+Learning&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myjewishlearning.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-shavuot-marriage-contract%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShavuot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/he/books/NNL_ALEPH990026933430205171/NLI">"אור זרוע : ניסיונו של האדם לפגוש בבורא : פירוש קבלי מפורט למחזור / רבי דוד בן יהודה החסיד נכדו של ... (רמב"ן) ; ההדיר בן ציון בן לוי הכהן ; ... עם הארות והערות של ... בן ציון בן לוי הכהן | דוד בן יהודה, החסיד (כהן, בן ציון בן לוי ) | כהן, בן ציון בן לוי | הספרייה הלאומית"</a>. <i>www.nli.org.il</i> (in Hebrew)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nli.org.il&rft.atitle=%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8+%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A2+%3A+%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95+%D7%A9%D7%9C+%D7%94%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9D+%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A9+%D7%91%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90+%3A+%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9+%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99+%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98+%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A8+%2F+%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99+%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93+%D7%91%D7%9F+%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94+%D7%94%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%93+%D7%A0%D7%9B%D7%93%D7%95+%D7%A9%D7%9C+...+%28%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%91%22%D7%9F%29+%3B+%D7%94%D7%94%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A8+%D7%91%D7%9F+%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F+%D7%91%D7%9F+%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%99+%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%94%D7%9F+%3B+...+%D7%A2%D7%9D+%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%95%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%A9%D7%9C+...+%D7%91%D7%9F+%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F+%D7%91%D7%9F+%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%99+%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%94%D7%9F+%7C+%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93+%D7%91%D7%9F+%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94%2C+%D7%94%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%93+%28%D7%9B%D7%94%D7%9F%2C+%D7%91%D7%9F+%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F+%D7%91%D7%9F+%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%99+%29+%7C+%D7%9B%D7%94%D7%9F%2C+%D7%91%D7%9F+%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F+%D7%91%D7%9F+%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%99+%7C+%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94+%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nli.org.il%2Fhe%2Fbooks%2FNNL_ALEPH990026933430205171%2FNLI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShavuot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Shir Hashirim Rabbah</i> 1:57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sleepless-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sleepless_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUllman2004" class="citation web cs1">Ullman, Rabbi Yirmiyahu (May 22, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070314112809/http://ohr.edu/yhiy/article.php/1688">"Sleepless Shavuot in Shicago"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ohr_Somayach,_Jerusalem" title="Ohr Somayach, Jerusalem">Ohr Somayach</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ohr.edu/yhiy/article.php/1688">the original</a> on March 14, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sleepless+Shavuot+in+Shicago&rft.pub=Ohr+Somayach&rft.date=2004-05-22&rft.aulast=Ullman&rft.aufirst=Rabbi+Yirmiyahu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fohr.edu%2Fyhiy%2Farticle.php%2F1688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShavuot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltshuler2008" class="citation web cs1">Altshuler, Dr. Mor (December 22, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewish-studies.info/Tikkun-Leil-Sha.htm">"Tikkun Leil Shavuot of R. Joseph Karo and the Epistle of Solomon ha-Levi Elkabetz"</a>. jewish-studies.info<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 8,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tikkun+Leil+Shavuot+of+R.+Joseph+Karo+and+the+Epistle+of+Solomon+ha-Levi+Elkabetz&rft.pub=jewish-studies.info&rft.date=2008-12-22&rft.aulast=Altshuler&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Mor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewish-studies.info%2FTikkun-Leil-Sha.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShavuot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-haaretz-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-haaretz_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltshuler2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mor_Altshuler" title="Mor Altshuler">Altshuler, Mor</a> (May 22, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/862344.html">"Let each help his neighbor"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Torah Women.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.torahwomen.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=461:shavuot-sleepless-nights&catid=16:general&Itemid=37">the original</a> on January 14, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 8,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ABC%27s+of+Shavuot&rft.pub=Aish.com&rft.date=2001-05-12&rft.aulast=Simmons&rft.aufirst=Rabbi+Shraga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aish.com%2Fh%2Fsh%2Ft%2F48959111.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShavuot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.learnreligions.com/what-is-shavuot-2076487">"What Do Jewish People Celebrate on Shavuot?"</a>. <i>Learn Religions</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Origins+of+Bat-Mitzvah&rft.pub=OzTorah&rft.au=Raymond+Apple&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oztorah.com%2F2010%2F04%2Forigins-of-bat-mitzvah-ask-the-rabbi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShavuot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz2011" class="citation web cs1">Katz, Lisa (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111019040717/http://judaism.about.com/od/barandbatmitzvah/f/confirmation.htm">"What is Judaism's confirmation ceremony?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/About.com" class="mw-redirect" title="About.com">About.com</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://judaism.about.com/od/barandbatmitzvah/f/confirmation.htm">the original</a> on October 19, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Judaism%27s+confirmation+ceremony%3F&rft.pub=About.com&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjudaism.about.com%2Fod%2Fbarandbatmitzvah%2Ff%2Fconfirmation.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShavuot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0516.htm#9">16:9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0323.htm#11">23:11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fitzmyer" title="Joseph Fitzmyer">Joseph Fitzmyer</a> <i>Responses to 101 questions on the Dead Sea scrolls</i> 1992 p. 87 – "Particularly important for the Qumran community was the celebration of this Feast of Weeks on III/15, because according to Ex. 19:1 Israel arrived in its exodus-wandering at Mt. Sinai in the third month after leaving Egypt. Later the renewal of the Covenant came to be celebrated on the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Weeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast of Weeks">Feast of Weeks</a>. Qumran community was deeply researched by Flavius Josephus."</span> </li> </ol></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">lit. "hill of Bashan". But cf. <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Qimhi" class="mw-redirect" title="David Qimhi">David Qimhi</a> ad loc. and especially <i>Tanhuma</i> ed. Buber, Num. 7:1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Menahem_ben_Saruq" title="Menahem ben Saruq">Menahem b. Saruq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonah_ibn_Janah" title="Jonah ibn Janah">Jonah b. Janah</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Qimhi" class="mw-redirect" title="David Qimhi">David Qimhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gesenius" title="Wilhelm Gesenius">Wilhelm Gesenius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_J._A._Clines" title="David J. A. Clines">David J. A. Clines</a> do not relate the two words in their lexicons. However <a href="/wiki/Brown-Driver-Briggs" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown-Driver-Briggs">BDB</a> lists both under the same root גבנ "rounded" and <a href="/wiki/HALOT" class="mw-redirect" title="HALOT">HALOT</a> is unsure. James Prosser proposed translating גבננים "cheese-like" in his 1838 dictionary. In religious texts this explanation is quoted in the name of <a href="/wiki/Samson_ben_Pesah_Ostropoli" title="Samson ben Pesah Ostropoli">Samson Ostropoli</a>, who was apparently also the first to connect it to the Shavuot tradition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare <i>Zohar</i>, Emor 35: "When a person arrives at [Shavuot] eve, he must learn Torah and join with it . . . the Oral Torah . . . therefore the pietists of old did not sleep on this night, but studied Torah, and they say, 'Let us inherit a holy bequest, us and our children, in both worlds.'" The <i>Zohar</i> was composed in the 1280s, roughly contemporary with the <i>Or Zarua II</i>, which sometimes quotes it in an early form. The <i>Zohar</i> imitates Mishnaic legendary style (E.g. "One may only pray respectfully. The pietists of old would spend an hour preparing their minds to pray . . .") in recommending a new practice, and the <i>Or Zarua II</i> is the first to attest its adoption.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_sources">General sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shavuot&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: General sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrofsky2013" class="citation book cs1">Brofsky, David (2013). <i>Hilkhot Moadim: Understanding the Laws of the Festivals</i>. Jerusalem: Koren Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781592643523" title="Special:BookSources/9781592643523"><bdi>9781592643523</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hilkhot+Moadim%3A+Understanding+the+Laws+of+the+Festivals&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pub=Koren+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781592643523&rft.aulast=Brofsky&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShavuot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitov,_Eliyahu1978" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Eliyahu_Kitov" title="Eliyahu Kitov">Kitov, Eliyahu</a> (1978). <i>The Book of Our Heritage: The Jewish Year and Its Days of Significance</i>. Vol. 3: <i>Iyar-Elul</i>. Jerusalem: Feldheim Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87306-151-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87306-151-3"><bdi>978-0-87306-151-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Our+Heritage%3A+The+Jewish+Year+and+Its+Days+of+Significance&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pub=Feldheim+Publishers&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-87306-151-3&rft.au=Kitov%2C+Eliyahu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShavuot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScherman,_Nosson1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nosson_Scherman" title="Nosson Scherman">Scherman, Nosson</a>, ed. (1993). <a href="/wiki/Chumash_(Judaism)" title="Chumash (Judaism)"><i>The Chumash: The Torah: Haftaros and Five Megillos with a Commentary Anthologized from the Rabbinic Writings</i></a>. ArtScroll/Mesorah Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89906-014-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89906-014-9"><bdi>978-0-89906-014-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chumash%3A+The+Torah%3A+Haftaros+and+Five+Megillos+with+a+Commentary+Anthologized+from+the+Rabbinic+Writings&rft.pub=ArtScroll%2FMesorah+Publications&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-89906-014-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShavuot" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shavuot&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Jewish<br />holidays and<br />observances</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shabbat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Shabbat" title="Special Shabbat">Special Shabbat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Holy_Days" title="High Holy Days">High Holy Days</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Days_of_Repentance" title="Ten Days of Repentance">Ten Days of Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Three_Pilgrimage_Festivals" title="Three Pilgrimage Festivals">Three Pilgrimage<br />Festivals</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fast_of_the_Firstborn" title="Fast of the Firstborn">Fast of the Firstborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesach_Sheni" title="Pesach Sheni">Pesach Sheni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shavuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoshana_Rabbah" title="Hoshana Rabbah">Hoshana Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shemini_Atzeret" title="Shemini Atzeret">Shemini Atzeret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simchat_Torah" title="Simchat Torah">Simchat Torah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_tov_sheni_shel_galuyot" title="Yom tov sheni shel galuyot">Yom tov sheni shel galuyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chol_HaMoed" title="Chol HaMoed">Chol HaMoed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isru_chag" title="Isru chag">Isru chag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_Chodesh" title="Rosh Chodesh">Rosh Chodesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_of_Gedalia" title="Fast of Gedalia">Fast of Gedalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_of_Tevet" title="Tenth of Tevet">Tenth of Tevet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu_BiShvat" title="Tu BiShvat">Tu BiShvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_of_Esther" title="Fast of Esther">Fast of Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purim#Purim_Katan" title="Purim">Purim Katan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counting_of_the_Omer" title="Counting of the Omer">Counting of the Omer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lag_BaOmer" title="Lag BaOmer">Lag BaOmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_of_Tammuz" title="Seventeenth of Tammuz">17th of Tammuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Weeks" title="The Three Weeks">The Three Weeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nine_Days" title="The Nine Days">The Nine Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu_B%27Av" title="Tu B'Av">Tu B'Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah_LeMa%27sar_Behemah" title="Rosh Hashanah LeMa'sar Behemah">Rosh Hashanah LeMa'sar Behemah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Israel" title="Public holidays in Israel">Israeli public<br />holidays</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yom_HaShoah" title="Yom HaShoah">Yom HaShoah (Holocaust Remembrance Day)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_HaZikaron" title="Yom HaZikaron">Yom HaZikaron (Memorial Day)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Israel)" title="Independence Day (Israel)">Yom HaAtzmaut (Independence Day)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Day" title="Jerusalem Day">Yom Yerushalayim (Jerusalem Day)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_HaAliyah" title="Yom HaAliyah">Yom HaAliyah (Aliyah Day)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben-Gurion_Day" title="Ben-Gurion Day">Ben-Gurion Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzl_Day" title="Herzl Day">Herzl Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabotinsky_Day" title="Jabotinsky Day">Jabotinsky Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabin_Day" title="Rabin Day">Rabin Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Israeli ethnic</a><br />holidays</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mimouna" title="Mimouna">Mimouna</a></li> <li>Seharane</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigd" title="Sigd">Sigd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_to_Mark_the_Departure_and_Expulsion_of_Jews_from_the_Arab_Countries_and_Iran" title="Day to Mark the Departure and Expulsion of Jews from the Arab Countries and Iran">Day to Mark the Departure and Expulsion of Jews from the Arab Countries and Iran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew months</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nisan" title="Nisan">Nisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyar" title="Iyar">Iyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivan" title="Sivan">Sivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tammuz_(Hebrew_month)" title="Tammuz (Hebrew month)">Tammuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Av_(month)" title="Av (month)">Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elul" title="Elul">Elul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishrei" title="Tishrei">Tishrei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheshvan" title="Cheshvan">Cheshvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kislev" title="Kislev">Kislev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tevet" title="Tevet">Tevet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shevat" title="Shevat">Shevat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adar" title="Adar">Adar and Adar Sheni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_and_Israeli_holidays_2000%E2%80%932050" title="Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000–2050">Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000–2050</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201196#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4368795-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85121170">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Chavouot"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119817418">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Chavouot"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119817418">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007536434105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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