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also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">South African literature</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="الأدب في جنوب إفريقيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الأدب في جنوب إفريقيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lliteratura_de_Sud%C3%A1frica" title="Lliteratura de Sudáfrica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lliteratura de Sudáfrica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatur_S%C3%BCdafrikas" title="Literatur Südafrikas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Literatur Südafrikas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_de_Sud%C3%A1frica" title="Literatura de Sudáfrica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Literatura de Sudáfrica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litt%C3%A9rature_de_l%27Afrique_du_Sud" title="Littérature de l'Afrique du Sud – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Littérature de l'Afrique du Sud" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%86%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հարավաֆրիկյան Հանրապետության գրականություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հարավաֆրիկյան Հանրապետության գրականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letteratura_sudafricana" title="Letteratura sudafricana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Letteratura sudafricana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%96%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E2%80%8C%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1" title="တောင်အာဖရိကစာ‌ပေ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တောင်အာဖရိကစာ‌ပေ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%AE%D0%90%D0%A0" title="Литература ЮАР – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Литература ЮАР" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydafrikas_litteratur" title="Sydafrikas litteratur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sydafrikas litteratur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Література Південно-Африканської Республіки – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Література Південно-Африканської Республіки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_han_Salatan_nga_Aprika" title="Literatura han Salatan nga Aprika – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Literatura han Salatan nga Aprika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/150px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/225px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/300px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa" title="History of South Africa">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_South_Africa" title="Timeline of South Africa">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_South_Africa" title="List of years in South Africa">Years</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_South_Africa" title="Early history of South Africa">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe" title="Kingdom of Mapungubwe">Kingdom of Mapungubwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mutapa" title="Kingdom of Mutapa">Kingdom of Mutapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaditshwene" title="Kaditshwene">Kaditshwene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">Dutch Cape Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mthethwa_Paramountcy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mthethwa Paramountcy">Mthethwa Paramountcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndwandwe" title="Ndwandwe">Ndwandwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zulu Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State" title="Orange Free State">Orange Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Transvaal Republic">Transvaal Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First Boer War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_South_Africa" title="Great Depression in South Africa">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1994%E2%80%93present)" title="History of South Africa (1994–present)">Democratic South Africa</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_Africa" title="Ethnic groups in South Africa">People</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Languages of South Africa">Languages</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ndebele_language" title="Southern Ndebele language">Ndebele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sotho" title="Northern Sotho">Northern Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_language" title="Sotho language">Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swazi_language" title="Swazi language">Swazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Tswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsonga_language" title="Tsonga language">Tsonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venda_language" title="Venda language">Venda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/South_African_cuisine" title="South African cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Festivals</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_South_Africa" title="Public holidays in South Africa">Public holidays</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">Religion</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Art_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of South Africa">Art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of South Africa">Literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_African_comics" title="South African comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_poets" title="List of South African poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_writers" title="List of South African writers">Writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Africa" title="Music of South Africa">Music</a> and performing arts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_musicians" title="List of South African musicians">Musicians</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Media_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in South Africa">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_South_Africa" title="Television in South Africa">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Africa" title="Cinema of South Africa">Cinema</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_South_Africa" title="Sport in South Africa">Sport</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Monuments</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_South_Africa" title="List of World Heritage Sites in South Africa">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Symbols</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_South_Africa" title="Flag of South Africa">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_South_Africa" title="Coat of arms of South Africa">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_South_Africa" title="National anthem of South Africa">National anthem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/16px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/24px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/32px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:South_Africa" title="Portal:South Africa">South Africa portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_South_Africa" title="Template:Culture of South Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_South_Africa" title="Template talk:Culture of South Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_South_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of South Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>South African literature</b> is the literature of South Africa, which has 11 national languages: <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>, English, <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sotho_language" title="Sotho language">Sotho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedi language">Pedi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Tswana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venda_language" title="Venda language">Venda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swazi_language" title="Swazi language">Swazi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsonga_language" title="Tsonga language">Tsonga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ndebele_language" title="Southern Ndebele language">Ndebele</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_literature&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Elleke_Boehmer" title="Elleke Boehmer">Elleke Boehmer</a> (cf. Cullhed, 2006: 79) writes: "Nationalism, like patriarchy, favours singleness—one identity, one growth pattern, one birth and blood for all ... [and] will promote specifically unitary or 'one-eyed' forms of consciousness". The first problem any student of South African literature is confronted with, is the diversity of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_systems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literary systems (page does not exist)">literary systems</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Olivier" title="Gerrit Olivier">Gerrit Olivier</a> notes, "While it is not unusual to hear academics and politicians talk about a 'South African literature', the situation at ground level is characterised by diversity and even fragmentation". <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mossman" title="Robert Mossman">Robert Mossman</a> adds that "One of the enduring and saddest legacies of the apartheid system may be that no one – White, Black, Coloured (meaning of mixed-race in South Africa), or Asian – can ever speak as a "South African." The problem, however, pre-dates Apartheid significantly, as South Africa is a country made up of communities that have always been linguistically and culturally diverse. These cultures have all retained autonomy to some extent, making a compilation such as the controversial <i>Southern African Literatures</i> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Chapman_(South_Africa)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Chapman (South Africa) (page does not exist)">Michael Chapman</a>, difficult. Chapman raises the question: </p> <blockquote> <p>[W]hose language, culture, or story can be said to have authority in South Africa when the end of apartheid has raised challenging questions as to what it is to be a South African, what it is to live in, whether South Africa is mlg, and, if so, what its mythos is, what requires to be forgotten and what remembered as we scour the past in order to understand the present and seek a path forward into an unknown future. </p> </blockquote> <p>South Africa has 11 national languages: <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>, English, <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sotho_language" title="Sotho language">Sotho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedi language">Pedi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Tswana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venda" title="Venda">Venda</a>, <a href="/wiki/SiSwati" class="mw-redirect" title="SiSwati">SiSwati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsonga_language" title="Tsonga language">Tsonga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ndebele_language" title="Southern Ndebele language">Ndebele</a>. Any definitive literary history of South Africa should, it could be argued, discuss literature produced in all 11 languages. But the only literature ever to adopt characteristics that can be said to be "national" is Afrikaans. Olivier argues: "Of all the literatures in South Africa, Afrikaans literature has been the only one to have become a national literature in the sense that it developed a clear image of itself as a separate entity, and that by way of institutional entrenchment through teaching, distribution, a review culture, journals, etc. it could ensure the continuation of that concept." Part of the problem is that English literature has been seen within the greater context of English writing in the world, and has, because of English's global position as ', not been seen as autonomous or indigenous to South Africa – in Olivier’s words: "English literature in South Africa continues to be a sort of extension of British or international English literature." The African languages, on the other hand, are spoken across the borders of Southern Africa - for example, Tswana is spoken in Botswana, and in Zimbabwe, and in Lesotho. South Africa's borders were drawn up by the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and, as with all other colonies, these borders were drawn without regard for the people living within them. Therefore: in a history of South African literature, do we include all Tswana writers, or only the ones with South African citizenship? Chapman bypasses this problem by including "Southern" African literatures. </p><p>The second problem with the African languages is accessibility, because since the African languages are regional languages, none of them can claim the readership on a national scale comparable to Afrikaans and English. Sotho, for instance, while transgressing the national borders of the RSA, is on the other hand mainly spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Free_State_(South_African_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free State (South African province)">Free State</a>, and bears a great amount of relation to the language of for example, Zulu. So the language cannot claim a national readership, while on the other hand being "international" in the sense that it transgresses the national borders. </p><p>Olivier argues that "There is no obvious reason why it should be unhealthy or abnormal for different literatures to co-exist in one country, each possessing its own infrastructure and allowing theoreticians to develop impressive theories about polysystems". Yet political idealism proposing a unified "South Africa" (a remnant of the colonial British approach) has seeped into literary discourse and demands a unified national literature, which does not exist and has to be fabricated. It is unrealistic to ever think of South Africa and South African literature as homogenous, now or in the near or distant future, since the only reason it is a country at all is the interference of European colonial powers. This is not a racial issue, but rather has to do with culture, heritage and tradition (and indeed the constitution celebrates diversity). Rather, it seems more sensible to discuss South African literature as literature produced within the national borders by the different cultures and language groups inhabiting these borders. Otherwise the danger is emphasising one literary system at the expense of another, and more often than not, the beneficiary is English, with the African languages being ignored. The distinction "black" and "white" literature is further a remnant of colonialism that should be replaced by drawing distinctions between literary systems based on language affiliation rather than race. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_literature&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Afrikaans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_literature" title="Afrikaans literature">Afrikaans literature</a></div> <p>Afrikaans is a <a href="/wiki/Germanic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic language">Germanic language</a> closely related to <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>. It has its origins in the 17th century, but was only officially recognised in 1875 when the <i><a href="/wiki/Genootskap_van_Regte_Afrikaners" title="Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners">Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners</a></i> was established. Afrikaans is spoken throughout South Africa, and is the mother tongue of both whites and coloureds (in the South African sense, meaning a specific independent culture rather than the disparaging European or American use of the term). The literary history is thus short, but surprisingly vibrant. The major literary histories are H. P. Van Coller's <i>Perspektief en Profiel</i>, J. C. Kannemeyer's <i>Geskiedenis van die Afrikaanse literatuur</i>, and Dekker's <i>Afrikaanse Literatuurgeskiedenis</i>. <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Nkosi" title="Lewis Nkosi">Lewis Nkosi</a> (cf. Cullhed, 2006: 18) claims that "in South Africa there exists an unhealed—I will not say incurable—split between black and white writing". This split occurs because, Nkosi claims, black writers are "largely impervious for the most part to cultural movements which have exercised great influence in the development of white writing". The Afrikaans literary system, in contrast to the African languages, engages with European artistic movements such as <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">expressionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post-modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-modernism">post-modernism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dadaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadaism">Dadaism</a> and the like, offering literature familiar to a European or American audience. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry">Poetry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_literature&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the early names include <a href="/wiki/C._Louis_Leipoldt" title="C. Louis Leipoldt">Leipoldt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Jacobus_Langenhoven" title="Cornelis Jacobus Langenhoven">Langenhoven</a>, who wrote the national anthem (<i>"Die Stem"</i>). Early poetry often deal with the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Boer_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Boer War">Anglo-Boer War</a>, and it is only in the 1930s that poetry reaches a significant literary standard. <a href="/wiki/N._P._van_Wyk_Louw" title="N. P. van Wyk Louw">N. P. van Wyk Louw</a> is the vanguard of the new movement, called <i>Dertigers</i>, along with his brother <a href="/wiki/WEG_Louw" class="mw-redirect" title="WEG Louw">WEG Louw</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Eybers" title="Elisabeth Eybers">Elisabeth Eybers</a>, although they were all to write in future literary periods. Olivier notes Van Wyk Louw's predominance: "It was only in the Thirties that a fully developed theory about Afrikaans as a national literature was launched by the erudite poet, N. P. van Wyk Louw, in his two collections of essays <i>Lojale verset</i> (1939) and <i>Berigte te velde</i> (1939)". Van Wyk Louw introduced international literary theories and movements into the South African literary scene on a much larger scale than any of his predecessors, and his "theory provided the intellectual and philosophical space within which poets and novelists could exercise their craft without fear of transgression; in short, it became the paradigm for Afrikaans literature" (Olivier). <a href="/wiki/D._J._Opperman" title="D. J. Opperman">D. J. Opperman</a> started writing in the 1940s, and was to have a particularly prominent role with his anthology, <i>Groot Verseboek</i>. </p><p>The next major paradigm shift came in the 1960s, with <a href="/wiki/T._T._Cloete" title="T. T. Cloete">T. T. Cloete</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Jonker" title="Ingrid Jonker">Ingrid Jonker</a>, who, after her death, attained cult status. Cloete et al. discuss this literary watershed in <i>Rondom Sestig</i>. Cloete is further noteworthy for his compilation, <i>Literêre Terme en Teorieë</i> (1992), which is one of the most encompassing works on literary theory available on the global market, although written in Afrikaans. Some modern poets of note include <a href="/wiki/Joan_Hambidge" title="Joan Hambidge">Joan Hambidge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hennie_Aucamp" title="Hennie Aucamp">Hennie Aucamp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_van_Heerden" title="Ernst van Heerden">Ernst van Heerden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antjie_Krog" title="Antjie Krog">Antjie Krog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gert_Vlok_Nel" title="Gert Vlok Nel">Gert Vlok Nel</a>. <a href="/wiki/Breyten_Breytenbach" title="Breyten Breytenbach">Breyten Breytenbach</a> is regarded by many as one of the best, if not the best, Afrikaans poet. He spent a number of years in prison for his political beliefs during apartheid and later lived in France. Breytenbach's latest work, "Die windvanger" was published in 2007. The major poetry anthologies are DJ Opperman's <i>Groot Verseboek</i>, Foster and Viljoen's <i>Poskaarte</i>, Gerrit Komrij's controversial Die <i>Afrikaanse poësie in 1000 en enkele gedigte</i>, and André P. Brink's <i>Groot Verseboek</i>, a remake or reworking of Opperman's anthology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prose">Prose</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_literature&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Being a predominantly agricultural society, the <i>plaasroman</i> (farm novel) plays a prominent role in early as well as later novels. One of the archetypes is <a href="/wiki/C._M._van_den_Heever" title="C. M. van den Heever">C. M. van den Heever</a>'s <i>Laat Vrugte</i>, which lay the foundations for parodies in the 1960s and later such as <a href="/wiki/Etienne_Leroux" title="Etienne Leroux">Etienne Leroux</a>'s <i>Sewe dae by die Silbersteins</i>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_P._Brink" class="mw-redirect" title="André P. Brink">André P. Brink</a>'s <i>Houd-den-bek</i> and <a href="/wiki/Eben_Venter" title="Eben Venter">Eben Venter</a>'s <i>Ek stamel ek sterwe</i>. Another example is <a href="/wiki/Marie_Linde" title="Marie Linde">Marie Linde</a>'s novel <i>Onder bevoorregte mense</i>, published in 1925 and also issued in English as <i>Among Privileged People</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even some English novels, such as <a href="/wiki/J._M._Coetzee" title="J. M. Coetzee">J. M. Coetzee</a>'s <i>Disgrace</i>, remind one of the plaasroman. As urbanisation became more prominent during the time of the two World Wars, other forms emerged, notably the <i>dorpsroman</i> (town novel) such as <a href="/wiki/Lettie_Viljoen" title="Lettie Viljoen">Lettie Viljoen</a>'s <i>Karolina Ferreira</i>, <a href="/wiki/Etienne_van_Heerden" title="Etienne van Heerden">Etienne van Heerden</a>'s <i>Die Swye van Mario Salviati</i>, or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Strachan_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Strachan (writer) (page does not exist)">Alexander Strachan's</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Strachan" class="extiw" title="af:Alexander Strachan">af</a>]</span> <i>Die Werfbobbejaan</i>. </p><p>Afrikaans writing tends to be critical of conservative culture, and during the <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a> regime, critical of politics as well. André P. Brink and Etienne Leroux deserve special mention, Brink not only because he is accessible to English readers (he writes in English and Afrikaans, e.g. <i>Duiwelskloof</i> is available as <i>Devil's Valley</i>), but also because the vast oeuvre he produced (prose and drama) sets him apart as arguably the greatest South African writer. Leroux produced less, but had a profound influence on the literary scene. His characters are often outsiders, and his satirical view on South African issues embodies <a href="/wiki/Alchemistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemistic">alchemistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jungian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jungian">Jungian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cabbalistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabbalistic">Cabbalistic</a> theories and philosophies, with the novel reading like a <a href="/wiki/Palimpsest" title="Palimpsest">palimpsest</a> with different levels of meaning. This style had a profound influence on writers such as <a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Winterbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingrid Winterbach">Ingrid Winterbach</a> (Lettie Viljoen), Alexander Strachan, and Etienne van Heerden's <a href="/wiki/Magical_realist" class="mw-redirect" title="Magical realist">magical realist</a> novels. </p><p>With the war in <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, <i>grensliteratuur</i> (border literature) started playing an important role, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dine_van_Zyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dine van Zyl (page does not exist)">Dine van Zyl's</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dine_van_Zyl" class="extiw" title="af:Dine van Zyl">af</a>]</span> <i>Slagoffers</i>, <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Bakkes" title="Christiaan Bakkes">Christiaan Bakkes</a>'s <i>Skuilplek</i> and Alexander Strachan's '<i>n Wêreld sonder grense</i>. After political changes in 1994, an emphasis on the past has become an important feature as South Africans attempted to make sense of their past, of which <a href="/wiki/Dan_Sleigh" title="Dan Sleigh">Dan Sleigh</a>'s <i>Eilande</i> and <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_P._Brink" class="mw-redirect" title="André P. Brink">André P. Brink</a>'s <i>Duiwelskloof</i> are examples. <i>Triomf</i> by <a href="/wiki/Marlene_van_Niekerk" title="Marlene van Niekerk">Marlene van Niekerk</a> deals with poor Afrikaners in a legendary suburb of <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, where the Apartheid regime demolished the old black township <a href="/wiki/Sophiatown" title="Sophiatown">Sophiatown</a>, in order to build houses for the white lower-class. <i>Triomf</i> has been translated into English by Leon de Kock. </p><p>Another writer who often regresses to earlier times is André P. Brink, e.g. <i>Anderkant die Stilte</i> (in English available as <i>The Other Side of Silence</i>), which is set during the German occupation of <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Andre_Brink" class="mw-redirect" title="Andre Brink">Andre Brink</a> was the first <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaner">Afrikaner</a> writer to be <a href="/wiki/Banned_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Banned book">banned</a> by the government after he released the novel <i><a href="/wiki/A_Dry_White_Season" title="A Dry White Season">A Dry White Season</a></i> about a white South African who discovers the truth about a black friend who dies in police custody. In recent years, gay and lesbian writing has also begun to feature, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Johann_de_Lange" title="Johann de Lange">Johann de Lange</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eben_Venter" title="Eben Venter">Eben Venter</a>'s <i>Ek stamel ek sterwe</i>. Political turmoil and the opening of South Africa's borders after the 1994 elections have resulted in many writers moving abroad, or writing about their time spent overseas, e.g. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaco_Fouch%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaco Fouché (page does not exist)">Jaco Fouché</a>'s <i>Ryk van die Rawe</i>. Other contemporary issues include crime (Jaco Fouché's <i>Die avonture van Pieter Francken</i>, Etienne van Heerden's <i>In stede van die liefde</i> and others) and other government issues such as corruption. In short, Afrikaans prose tends to be critical of the dominant ideologies and the government of the time, the society inhabiting this space and the people living within this society. From a European perspective, Afrikaans prose produces works of a high standard and is artistically and intellectually capable of engaging with the best European and American writers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="English_literature">English literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_literature&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: English literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prose_2">Prose</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_literature&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the first literary works of note is <a href="/wiki/Olive_Schreiner" title="Olive Schreiner">Olive Schreiner</a>'s 1883 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_an_African_Farm" title="The Story of an African Farm">The Story of an African Farm</a></i>, which can be linked to Van den Heever's <i>Laat Vrugte</i> as a <i>plaasroman</i>. The novel was a revelation in Victorian literature: it is heralded by many as introducing feminism into the novel form. However, Mossman (1990: 41) argues that "The most frequently taught work of South African literature in American classrooms is <i><a href="/wiki/Cry,_the_Beloved_Country" title="Cry, the Beloved Country">Cry, the Beloved Country</a></i> (1948) by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Paton" title="Alan Paton">Alan Paton</a>". A possible reason for this is that it was made into a film starring <a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Jones" title="James Earl Jones">James Earl Jones</a>, and it depicts a typical racist situation that fits well with American perceptions of South African society. Paton also produced <i><a href="/wiki/Too_Late_the_Phalarope" title="Too Late the Phalarope">Too Late the Phalarope</a></i>, another text criticising <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a> politics, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Immorality_Act" title="Immorality Act">Immorality Act</a> that forbade interracial sexual relations. During the 1950s, <i><a href="/wiki/Drum_(South_African_magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drum (South African magazine)">Drum</a></i> became a hotbed of political <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a>, fiction, and essays, giving a voice to <a href="/wiki/Urban_culture" title="Urban culture">urban</a> black culture. Around the same time, future <a href="/wiki/Nobel_laureate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel laureate">Nobel laureate</a> <a href="/wiki/Nadine_Gordimer" title="Nadine Gordimer">Nadine Gordimer</a> began publishing her first stories. Her most famous novel, <i><a href="/wiki/July%27s_People" title="July's People">July's People</a></i>, was released in 1981, depicting the collapse of white-minority rule. <a href="/wiki/Athol_Fugard" title="Athol Fugard">Athol Fugard</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Tsotsi" title="Tsotsi">Tsotsi</a></i> was also made into a film, although Fugard is usually better known for his dramas. Several influential black poets became prominent in the 1970s such as <a href="/wiki/Mongane_Wally_Serote" title="Mongane Wally Serote">Mongane Wally Serote</a>, whose most famous work, <i>No Baby Must Weep</i>, gave insight into the everyday lives of black South Africans under Apartheid. Lewis Nkosi, essentially an essayist, made a crossover to novel writing and published three novels: <i>Mating Birds</i> (1986), <i>Underground People</i> (2002) and <i>Mandela's Ego</i> (2006). Another famous black novelist, <a href="/wiki/Zakes_Mda" title="Zakes Mda">Zakes Mda</a>, transitioned from poetry and plays to becoming a novelist. His novel <i>The Heart of Redness</i> won the 2001 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Writers_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Writers Prize">Commonwealth Writers Prize</a>, and was made a part of the school <a href="/wiki/Curriculum" title="Curriculum">curriculum</a> across South Africa. <a href="/wiki/Miriam_Tlali" title="Miriam Tlali">Miriam Tlali</a> was the first black woman to publish a novel in South Africa with <i>Muriel at Metropolitan</i> (1975) (also known as <i>Between Two Worlds</i>). <a href="/wiki/J._M._Coetzee" title="J. M. Coetzee">John Maxwell (J. M.) Coetzee</a> was also first published in the 1970s. He became internationally recognised in 1983 with his <a href="/wiki/Booker_Prize" title="Booker Prize">Booker Prize</a>-winning novel <i><a href="/wiki/Life_%26_Times_of_Michael_K" title="Life & Times of Michael K">Life & Times of Michael K</a></i>. His 1999 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Disgrace_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Disgrace (novel)">Disgrace</a></i> won him his second Booker Prize as well as the 2000 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Writers%27_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Writers' Prize">Commonwealth Writers' Prize</a>. He is also the recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize for Literature</a> in 2003. South African English writing has produced two <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> winners: Nadine Gordimer and J. M. Coetzee. </p><p>Other prominent texts include <i>Mine Boy</i> by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Abrahams" title="Peter Abrahams">Peter Abrahams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alex_La_Guma" title="Alex La Guma">Alex La Guma</a>'s <i>Walk in the Night</i>, <a href="/wiki/Breyten_Breytenbach" title="Breyten Breytenbach">Breyten Breytenbach</a>'s <i>The True Confessions of an Albino Terrorist</i>, <a href="/wiki/Marlene_van_Niekerk" title="Marlene van Niekerk">Marlene van Niekerk</a>'s <i>Triomf</i>, Nadine Gordimer's <i><a href="/wiki/Burger%27s_Daughter" title="Burger's Daughter">Burger's Daughter</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Andre_Brink" class="mw-redirect" title="Andre Brink">Andre Brink</a>'s <i>Dry White Season</i>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rive" title="Richard Rive">Richard Rive</a>'s <i>Buckingham Palace, District Six</i>, <a href="/wiki/Andre_Brink" class="mw-redirect" title="Andre Brink">Andre Brink</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Rumours_of_Rain" title="Rumours of Rain">Rumours of Rain</a></i>, Nadine Gordimer's <i>July's People</i>, <a href="/wiki/Sipho_Sepamla" title="Sipho Sepamla">Sipho Sepamla</a>'s <i>Ride on the Whirlwind</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Mongane_Serote" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongane Serote">Mongane Serote</a>'s <i>To every birth its blood</i>. <a href="/wiki/David_Lambkin" title="David Lambkin">David Lambkin</a> also deserves mentioning, <i>The Hanging Tree</i> reading like a <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Leroux" title="Gaston Leroux">Leroux</a> novel with various <a href="/wiki/Jungian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jungian">Jungian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemistic</a> substrates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drama">Drama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_literature&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Drama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Athol_Fugard" title="Athol Fugard">Athol Fugard</a>'s <i>Master Harold and the boys</i> is a drama about race relations, and <i>Boesman and Lena</i> depicts the hardships suffered by South Africa's poor. <a href="/wiki/Athol_Fugard" title="Athol Fugard">Athol Fugard</a>'s plays have been regularly premiered in <a href="/wiki/Fringe_theatre" title="Fringe theatre">fringe theatres</a> in South Africa, London (The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Court_Theatre" title="Royal Court Theatre">Royal Court Theatre</a>) and New York. Another noteworthy drama is <a href="/wiki/Zakes_Mda" title="Zakes Mda">Zakes Mda</a>'s <i>We shall sing for the fatherland</i>. </p><p>Recent plays have addressed the high levels of violent crime, such as Lara Foot Newton's <i>Tshepang</i>, Athol Fugard's <i>Victory</i> and Mpumelelo Paul Grootboom's <i>Relativity</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry_2">Poetry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_literature&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tony Ullyatt's <i>The Lonely Art: An Anthology</i> includes South African English poetry. English poetry in South Africa is often considered "good" by whether or not it criticises <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a>, or whether or not it depicts life "as it is", rather than the Afrikaans emphasis on literary merit taken from <a href="/wiki/Russian_Formalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Formalism">Russian Formalism</a> and introduced by Van Wyk Louw. </p><p>Professor <a href="/wiki/Chris_Mann_(poet)" title="Chris Mann (poet)">Chris Mann</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a poet presently associated with <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_University" title="Rhodes University">Rhodes University</a> and has compiled a number of anthologies of poetry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="African_languages">African languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_literature&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: African languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although there are nine official African languages in South Africa, most speakers are fluent in Afrikaans and English. Coupled with the small market for writing in African languages, this has led many African writers to write in English and Afrikaans. The first texts produced by black authors were often inspired by missionaries and frequently deal with African history, in particular the history of kings such as King Shaka kaSenzangakhona. Modern South African writing in the African languages tends to play at writing realistically, at providing a mirror to society, and depicts the conflicts between rural and urban settings, between traditional and modern norms, racial conflicts and most recently, the problem of AIDS. </p><p>In the first half of the 20th century, epics largely dominated black male writing: historical novels, such as <a href="/wiki/Sol_T._Plaatje" class="mw-redirect" title="Sol T. Plaatje">Sol T. Plaatje</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Mhudi" title="Mhudi">Mhudi</a>: An Epic of South African Native Life a Hundred Years Ago</i> (1930), <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mofolo" title="Thomas Mofolo">Thomas Mofolo</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Chaka_(novel)" title="Chaka (novel)">Chaka</a></i> (trans. 1925), and epic plays including those of <a href="/wiki/H._I._E._Dhlomo" class="mw-redirect" title="H. I. E. Dhlomo">H. I. E. Dhlomo</a>, or heroic epic poetry such as the work of <a href="/wiki/Mazisi_Kunene" title="Mazisi Kunene">Mazisi Kunene</a>. These texts "evince black African patriarchy in its traditional form, with men in authority, often as warriors or kings, and women as background figures of dependency, and/or mothers of the nation" (Cullhed, 2006: 21). Female literature in the African languages is severely limited because of the strong influence of patriarchy, but over the last decade or two, society has changed much and it can be expected that more female voices will emerge. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zulu">Zulu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_literature&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Zulu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the most prominent Zulu authors are <a href="/wiki/BW_Vilakazi" class="mw-redirect" title="BW Vilakazi">BW Vilakazi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazisi_Kunene" title="Mazisi Kunene">Mazisi Kunene</a>, <a href="/wiki/RRR_Dhlomo" class="mw-redirect" title="RRR Dhlomo">RRR Dhlomo</a>, <a href="/wiki/HIE_Dhlomo" class="mw-redirect" title="HIE Dhlomo">HIE Dhlomo</a>, <a href="/wiki/JL_Dube" class="mw-redirect" title="JL Dube">JL Dube</a>, <a href="/wiki/Njabulo_Ndebele" title="Njabulo Ndebele">Njabulo Ndebele</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimrod_Ndebele&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nimrod Ndebele (page does not exist)">Nimrod Ndebele</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=EA_Made&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EA Made (page does not exist)">EA Made</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=DBZ_Ntuli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DBZ Ntuli (page does not exist)">DBZ Ntuli</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Xhosa">Xhosa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_literature&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Xhosa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ityala_lamawele" title="Ityala lamawele">Ityala lamawele</a> (<i>The Lawsuit of the Twins</i>) by <a href="/wiki/S._E._K._Mqhayi" class="mw-redirect" title="S. E. K. Mqhayi">S. E. K. Mqhayi</a> is the first extant novel in the Xhosa language. It was published in 1914 by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lovedale_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lovedale Press (page does not exist)">Lovedale Press</a>, and has been a significant influence on subsequent isiXhosa literature. </p><p>Other prominent Xhosa authors are <a href="/wiki/AC_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="AC Jordan">AC Jordan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=JJR_Jolobe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JJR Jolobe (page does not exist)">JJR Jolobe</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=ZS_Qangule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZS Qangule (page does not exist)">ZS Qangule</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=KS_Bongela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KS Bongela (page does not exist)">KS Bongela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Mzamane" title="Godfrey Mzamane">Godfrey Mzamane</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rubusana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rubusana (page does not exist)">Rubusana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mtuze" title="Peter Mtuze">Peter Mtuze</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guybon_Sinxo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guybon Sinxo (page does not exist)">Guybon Sinxo</a>. A female writer of note is <a href="/wiki/Sindiwe_Magona" title="Sindiwe Magona">Sindiwe Magona</a>. Her 1998 novel, <i>Mother to Mother</i>, deals with violence at the end of Apartheid through the killing of American student <a href="/wiki/Amy_Biehl" title="Amy Biehl">Amy Biehl</a>. Magona writes both in English and Xhosa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sesotho">Sesotho</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_literature&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sesotho"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the most prominent Sesotho authors are <a href="/w/index.php?title=MKPD_Maphala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MKPD Maphala (page does not exist)">MKPD Maphala</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=BM_Khaketla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BM Khaketla (page does not exist)">BM Khaketla</a>, <a href="/wiki/N.S._Puleng" title="N.S. Puleng">N.S. Puleng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mofolo" title="Thomas Mofolo">Thomas Mofolo</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Makali_Isabella_Mokitimi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makali Isabella Mokitimi (page does not exist)">Makali Isabella Mokitimi</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pedi">Pedi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_literature&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pedi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the most prominent Pedi authors are <a href="/w/index.php?title=OK_Matsepe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OK Matsepe (page does not exist)">OK Matsepe</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=HDN_Bopape&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HDN Bopape (page does not exist)">HDN Bopape</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=HP_Maredi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HP Maredi (page does not exist)">HP Maredi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SR_Machaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SR Machaka (page does not exist)">SR Machaka</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=MS_Nchabeleng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MS Nchabeleng (page does not exist)">MS Nchabeleng</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramaila&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramaila (page does not exist)">Ramaila</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tswana">Tswana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_literature&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tswana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the most prominent Tswana authors are <a href="/wiki/Sol_Plaatje" title="Sol Plaatje">Sol Plaatje</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=DB_Moloto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DB Moloto (page does not exist)">DB Moloto</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=DPS_Monyaise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DPS Monyaise (page does not exist)">DPS Monyaise</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SA_Moroke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SA Moroke (page does not exist)">SA Moroke</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_Modise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gilbert Modise (page does not exist)">Gilbert Modise</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=MJ_Ntsime&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MJ Ntsime (page does not exist)">MJ Ntsime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leetile_Disang_Raditladi" title="Leetile Disang Raditladi">Leetile Disang Raditladi</a> (who had a crater on Mercury named after him), <a href="/w/index.php?title=MD_Mothoagae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MD Mothoagae (page does not exist)">MD Mothoagae</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=JHK_Molao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JHK Molao (page does not exist)">JHK Molao</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_festivals">Literary festivals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_literature&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Literary festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Book_fairs_in_South_Africa" title="Book fairs in South Africa">Book fairs in South Africa</a></div> <p>The Franschhoek Literary Festival was launched in 2007<sup id="cite_ref-flf.co.za_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flf.co.za-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has been taking place once a year since then. Its focus is on English-speaking South African literature<sup id="cite_ref-flf.co.za_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flf.co.za-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that includes fiction, non-fiction and poetry. Every year a few distinguished international authors are also invited.<sup id="cite_ref-flf.co.za_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flf.co.za-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Knysna Literary Festival first took place in 2009 with similar objectives.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, the Open Book Festival in Cape Town wants to be international with authors and audience from around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also sees itself as a place where South African writers can promote themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Open Book Festival was first launched in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All three festivals also aim to draw children and young adults into reading by organizing special events for these audiences and funding projects such as school libraries.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_literature&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_writers" title="List of South African writers">List of South African writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_poets" title="List of South African poets">List of South African poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_poetry" title="South African poetry">South African poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_awards" title="List of literary awards">List of literary awards</a>, South African section</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of South Africa">Media of South Africa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_literature&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Coller, 1998, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEve2003" class="citation book cs1">Eve, Jeanette (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uwFXGL059QgC&pg=PA136"><i>A Literary Guide to the Eastern Cape: Places and the Voices of Writers</i></a>. Juta and Company Ltd. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-919930-15-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-919930-15-2"><bdi>978-1-919930-15-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Literary+Guide+to+the+Eastern+Cape%3A+Places+and+the+Voices+of+Writers&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Juta+and+Company+Ltd&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-919930-15-2&rft.aulast=Eve&rft.aufirst=Jeanette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuwFXGL059QgC%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-flf.co.za-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-flf.co.za_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-flf.co.za_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-flf.co.za_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flf.co.za/about/">"about : FRANSCHHOEK LITERARY FESTIVAL"</a>. <i>www.flf.co.za</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.flf.co.za&rft.atitle=about+%3A+FRANSCHHOEK+LITERARY+FESTIVAL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flf.co.za%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knysnaliteraryfestival.co.za/">"Knysna Literary Festival"</a>. <i>www.knysnaliteraryfestival.co.za</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.knysnaliteraryfestival.co.za&rft.atitle=Knysna+Literary+Festival&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.knysnaliteraryfestival.co.za%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openbookfestival.co.za/about/">"About - Open Book Festival"</a>. <i>Open Book Festival</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open+Book+Festival&rft.atitle=About+-+Open+Book+Festival&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopenbookfestival.co.za%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.flf.co.za/about/">http://www.flf.co.za/about/</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.knysnaliteraryfestival.co.za/">http://www.knysnaliteraryfestival.co.za/</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://openbookfestival.co.za/about/">http://openbookfestival.co.za/about/</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_literature&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Attridge, Derek and Rosemary Jolly, eds. 1998. <i>Writing South Africa: Literature, Apartheid, and Democracy, 1970–1995</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaderoon2015" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gabeba_Baderoon" title="Gabeba Baderoon">Baderoon, Gabeba</a> (December 2015). Jain, Andrea R. (ed.). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"I Compose Myself": Lesbian Muslim Autobiographies and the Craft of Self-Writing in South Africa". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Academy_of_Religion" title="Journal of the American Academy of Religion">Journal of the American Academy of Religion</a></i>. <b>83</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Religion" title="American Academy of Religion">American Academy of Religion</a>: 897–915. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjaarel%2Flfv075">10.1093/jaarel/lfv075</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1477-4585">1477-4585</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7189">0002-7189</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43900142">43900142</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/sc76000837">sc76000837</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1479270">1479270</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Religion&rft.atitle=%22I+Compose+Myself%22%3A+Lesbian+Muslim+Autobiographies+and+the+Craft+of+Self-Writing+in+South+Africa&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=897-915&rft.date=2015-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43900142%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.eissn=1477-4585&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjaarel%2Flfv075&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1479270&rft.issn=0002-7189&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2Fsc76000837&rft.aulast=Baderoon&rft.aufirst=Gabeba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+literature" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Boehmer, Elleke. 1998. <i>Endings and New Beginning: South African Fiction in Transition</i>. Attridge and Jolly 43–56.</li> <li>Brink, André, and J. M. Coetzee, eds. 1986. <i>A Land Apart: A South African Reader</i>. London: Faber and Faber.</li> <li>Chapman, Michael. <i>The Politics of Identity: South Africa, Story-telling, and Literary History</i>.</li> <li>Chapman, Michael. 1996. <i>Southern African Literatures</i>. London: Longman.</li> <li>Coetzee, J. M. 1988. <i>White Writing: On the Culture of Letters in South Africa</i>. New Haven: Yale UP.</li> <li>Cullhed, C. 2006. <i>Grappling with Patriarchies. Narrative Strategies of Resistance in Miriam Tlali's Writings</i>. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Studia Anglistica Upsaliensia 131. 233 pp. Uppsala.</li> <li>Dekker, G. 1961. <i>Afrikaanse literatuurgeskiedenis</i>. Cape Town: Nasionale Boekhandel Bpk.</li> <li>Fullerton, Ian. 1980, <i>Politics and the South African Novel in English</i>, in Bold, Christine (ed.), <i><a href="/wiki/Cencrastus" title="Cencrastus">Cencrastus</a></i> No. 3, Summer 1980, pp. 22–23.</li> <li>Jenkins, Elwyn. <i>National Character in South African Children’s Literature</i>. Routledge, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97676-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97676-3">978-0-415-97676-3</a>.</li> <li>Kannemeyer, J.C. 1978. <i>Die geskiedenis van die Afrikaanse literatuur</i>, Band I. Pretoria: Academica.</li> <li>Kannemeyer, J.C. 1983. <i>Die geskiedenis van die Afrikaanse literatuur</i>, Band 2. Pretoria: Academica.</li> <li>Koch, Jerzy, 2015. <i>A History of South African Literature: Afrikaans Literature 17th - 19th Centuries</i>, Pretoria: Van Schaik.</li> <li>Mossman, Robert. South African Literature: A Global Lesson in One Country. <i>The English Journal</i>, Vol. 79, No. 8 (December 1990), pp. 41–43.</li> <li>Olivier, Gerrit. <i>Afrikaans and South African literature</i>.</li> <li>Van Coller, H.P. (red.) 1998. <i>Perspektief en profiel. 'n Afrikaanse literatuurgeskiedenis</i> I. Pretoria: J.L. van Schaik.</li> <li>Van Coller, H.P. (red.) 1998. <i>Perspektief en profiel. 'n Afrikaanse literatuurgeskiedenis</i> II. Pretoria: J.L. van Schaik.</li> <li>Van Coller, H.P. (red.) 2006. <i>Perspektief en profiel. 'n Afrikaanse literatuurgeskiedenis</i> III. Pretoria: J.L. van Schaik.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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literature (page does not exist)">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_literature" title="Zimbabwean literature">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited<br />recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sahrawi_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sahrawi literature (page does not exist)">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somaliland_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Somaliland literature (page does not exist)">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign territory">territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canarian_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canarian literature (page does not exist)">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceutan_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ceutan literature (page does not exist)">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Melillan_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melillan literature (page does not exist)">Melilla</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plazas de soberanía literature (page does not exist)">Plazas de soberanía</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madeiran_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madeiran literature (page does not exist)">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahoran_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahoran literature (page does not exist)">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9unionese_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Réunionese literature">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helenian_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Helenian literature (page does not exist)">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ascension Island literature (page does not exist)">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tristanian_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tristanian literature (page does not exist)">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="South_Africa_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_Africa_topics" title="Template:South Africa topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_Africa_topics" title="Template talk:South Africa topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_Africa_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South Africa topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="South_Africa_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_South_Africa" title="Outline of South Africa">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa" title="History of South Africa">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_South_Africa" title="Timeline of South Africa">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_South_Africa" title="List of years in South Africa">Years</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_South_Africa" title="Early history of South Africa">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe" title="Kingdom of Mapungubwe">Kingdom of Mapungubwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mutapa" title="Kingdom of Mutapa">Kingdom of Mutapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaditshwene" title="Kaditshwene">Kaditshwene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">Dutch Cape Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mthethwa_Paramountcy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mthethwa Paramountcy">Mthethwa Paramountcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndwandwe" title="Ndwandwe">Ndwandwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zulu Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State" title="Orange Free State">Orange Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Transvaal Republic">Transvaal Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First Boer War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_South_Africa" title="Great Depression in South Africa">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1994%E2%80%93present)" title="History of South Africa (1994–present)">Democratic South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_South_Africa" title="Economic history of South Africa">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa" title="Military history of South Africa">Military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Africa" title="Geography of South Africa">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_South_Africa" title="Biodiversity of South Africa">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_South_Africa" title="Climate of South Africa">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_South_Africa" title="Climate change in South Africa">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_South_Africa" title="Districts of South Africa">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_South_Africa" title="List of earthquakes in South Africa">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estuaries_of_South_Africa" title="List of estuaries of South Africa">Estuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forests_of_South_Africa" title="List of forests of South Africa">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_South_Africa" title="List of islands of South Africa">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_South_Africa" title="List of lakes of South Africa">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges_of_South_Africa" title="List of mountain ranges of South Africa">Mountain ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_municipalities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of South African municipalities">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of South Africa">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_South_Africa" title="List of populated places in South Africa">Populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_South_Africa" title="Provinces of South Africa">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_South_Africa" title="List of rivers of South Africa">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_South_Africa" title="Wildlife of South Africa">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Africa" title="Politics of South Africa">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Africa" title="Constitution of South Africa">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_South_Africa" title="Courts of South Africa">Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_South_Africa" title="Corruption in South Africa">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_South_Africa" title="Elections in South Africa">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Africa" title="Foreign relations of South Africa">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Africa" title="Government of South Africa">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_South_Africa" title="Human rights in South Africa">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_South_Africa" title="Law of South Africa">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_South_Africa" title="Law enforcement in South Africa">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Defence_Force" title="South African National Defence Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Africa" title="Parliament of South Africa">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_South_Africa" title="List of political parties in South Africa">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Africa" title="President of South Africa">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lifespan_timeline_of_presidents_of_South_Africa" title="Lifespan timeline of presidents of South Africa">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Security_Agency_(South_Africa)" title="State Security Agency (South Africa)">State security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Africa" title="Economy of South Africa">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_South_Africa" title="Agriculture in South Africa">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_South_Africa" title="Banking in South Africa">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_South_Africa" title="List of companies of South Africa">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_South_Africa" title="Telecommunications in South Africa">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_South_Africa" title="Economic history of South Africa">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_South_Africa" title="Energy in South Africa">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_South_Africa" title="Foreign trade of South Africa">Foreign trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Income inequality in South Africa">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_South_Africa" title="Mining industry of South Africa">Mining industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_rand" title="South African rand">Rand <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_South_Africa" title="State-owned enterprises of South Africa">State-owned enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSE_Limited" title="JSE Limited">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_South_Africa" title="Taxation in South Africa">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_South_Africa" title="Tourism in South Africa">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_South_Africa" title="Trade unions in South Africa">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_South_Africa" title="Transport in South Africa">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_South_Africa" title="Water supply and sanitation in South Africa">Water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_inequality_in_South_Africa" title="Wealth inequality in South Africa">Wealth inequality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_South_Africa" title="Category:Society of South Africa">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_South_Africa" title="Cannabis in South Africa">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_South_Africa" title="Crime in South Africa">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_South_Africa" title="Disability in South Africa">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_South_Africa" title="Education in South Africa">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Africa" title="Feminism in South Africa">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_South_Africa" title="Health in South Africa">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_South_Africa" title="Healthcare in South Africa">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_South_Africa" title="Immigration to South Africa">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_South_Africa" title="Intersex rights in South Africa">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_invasion_in_South_Africa" title="Land invasion in South Africa">Land invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Languages of South Africa">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_South_Africa" title="LGBT rights in South Africa">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of South African provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in South Africa">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Africa" title="Racism in South Africa">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_South_Africa" title="Sexual violence in South Africa">Sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slum_clearance_in_South_Africa" title="Slum clearance in South Africa">Slum clearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_South_Africa" title="Smoking in South Africa">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Social issues in South Africa">Social issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_movements_in_South_Africa" title="List of social movements in South Africa">Social movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_South_Africa" title="Women in South Africa">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_South_Africa" title="Xenophobia in South Africa">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Africa" title="Culture of South Africa">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of South Africa">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_art" title="South African art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Africa" title="Cinema of South Africa">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_cuisine" title="South African cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_African_wine" title="South African wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_South_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in South Africa">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_South_Africa" title="Homelessness in South Africa">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in South Africa">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Africa" title="Music of South Africa">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_South_Africa" title="National symbols of South Africa">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_South_Africa" title="Public holidays in South Africa">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_South_Africa" title="Sport in South Africa">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_South_Africa" title="List of World Heritage Sites in South Africa">World Heritage Sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_in_South_Africa" title="List of heritage sites in South Africa">heritage sites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Africa" title="Demographics of South Africa">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu peoples in South Africa">South African Bantu-speaking peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Ndebele_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Ndebele people">Ndebele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedi_people" title="Pedi people">Pedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_people" title="Sotho people">Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swazi_people" title="Swazi people">Swazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsonga_people" title="Tsonga people">Tsonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tswana_people" title="Tswana people">Tswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venda_people" title="Venda people">Venda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_people" title="Xhosa people">Xhosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe" title="Khoekhoe">Khoekhoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_South_African" class="mw-redirect" title="White South African">Whites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_diaspora_in_Africa" title="British diaspora in Africa">British</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloureds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloureds" title="Cape Coloureds">Cape Coloureds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Malays" title="Cape Malays">Cape Malays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griqua_people" title="Griqua people">Griquas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_South_Africans" title="Indian South 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