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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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/></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litt%C3%A9rature_du_Rwanda" class="extiw" title="fr:Littérature du Rwanda">the corresponding article</a> in French</b>.  <i><small>(April 2009)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLitt%C3%A9rature_du_Rwanda&sl=fr&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en">View</a> a machine-translated version of the French article.</li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Consider <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Expand_French#Topics_and_categorization" title="Template:Expand French">adding a topic</a></b> to this template: there are already 1,627 articles in the <a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_translation_from_French_Wikipedia" title="Category:Articles needing translation from French Wikipedia">main category</a>, and specifying<code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|topic=</code> will aid in categorization.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at [[:fr:Littérature du Rwanda]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|fr|Littérature du Rwanda}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Rwandan_literature" title="Talk:Rwandan literature">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Rwandan literature</b> is <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a> both oral and written in <a href="/wiki/Kinyarwanda" title="Kinyarwanda">Kinyarwanda</a>, or <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, particularly by citizens of <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rwandan_literature&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rwanda's literary history is largely an oral one. The traditional texts were classed in two main categories: more formal, royal documents, which are described as 'official tradition', and the non-formal, popular literature. The distinction between these categories is based on whether or not the literature was controlled officially, rather than denoting any sort of value judgment regarding the content. </p><p>To this day, storytelling and public speaking are much admired, and good storytellers are respected in society. </p><p>Very little literature has been written in <i>Kinyarwanda</i> (the native language of the country), but there are a number of books written in French. The clergyman and historian <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Kagame" title="Alexis Kagame">Alexis Kagame</a> (1912–81) researched the oral history of Rwanda and published a number of volumes of poetry and Rwandan mythology. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saverio_Naigiziki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saverio Naigiziki (page does not exist)">Saverio Naigiziki</a> wrote an autobiography, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escapade_rwandaise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Escapade rwandaise (page does not exist)">Escapade rwandaise</a></i> (<i>Rwandan Adventure</i>) and a novel, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27Optimiste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L'Optimiste (page does not exist)">L'Optimiste</a></i> (<i>The Optimist</i>), about the marriage of a <a href="/wiki/Hutu" title="Hutu">Hutu</a> man and a <a href="/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi">Tutsi</a> woman. </p><p>In the aftermath of the 1994 <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Sehene" title="Benjamin Sehene">Benjamin Sehene</a> (b.1959) wrote <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Pi%C3%A8ge_ethnique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Piège ethnique (page does not exist)">Le Piège ethnique</a></i> (<i>The Ethnic Trap</i>) (1999), a study of what led to the genocide. He also wrote <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Feu_sous_la_soutane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Feu sous la soutane (page does not exist)">Le Feu sous la soutane</a></i> (<i>Fire under the Cassock</i>) (2005), an historical novel focusing on the true story of a <a href="/wiki/Hutu" title="Hutu">Hutu</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic priest">Catholic priest</a>, Father Stanislas, who offered protection to Tutsi refugees in his church before sexually exploiting the women and participating in massacres. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rwandan_writers_and_dramatists">Rwandan writers and dramatists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rwandan_literature&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rwandan writers and dramatists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scholastique_Mukasonga_-_salon_du_livre_Gen%C3%A8ve_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Scholastique_Mukasonga_-_salon_du_livre_Gen%C3%A8ve_2012.jpg/220px-Scholastique_Mukasonga_-_salon_du_livre_Gen%C3%A8ve_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Scholastique_Mukasonga_-_salon_du_livre_Gen%C3%A8ve_2012.jpg/330px-Scholastique_Mukasonga_-_salon_du_livre_Gen%C3%A8ve_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Scholastique_Mukasonga_-_salon_du_livre_Gen%C3%A8ve_2012.jpg/440px-Scholastique_Mukasonga_-_salon_du_livre_Gen%C3%A8ve_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3187" data-file-height="4781" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Scholastique_Mukasonga" title="Scholastique Mukasonga">Scholastique Mukasonga</a>, the author of <i><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Nile" title="Our Lady of the Nile">Our Lady of the Nile</a></i></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Kagame" title="Alexis Kagame">Alexis Kagame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholastique_Mukasonga" title="Scholastique Mukasonga">Scholastique Mukasonga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saverio_Naigiki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saverio Naigiki (page does not exist)">Saverio Naigiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Sehene" title="Benjamin Sehene">Benjamin Sehene</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rwandan_literature&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. 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href="/wiki/Ruanda-Urundi" title="Ruanda-Urundi">Ruanda-Urundi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_residents_of_Rwanda" title="List of colonial residents of Rwanda">Colonial residents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruzagayura_famine" title="Ruzagayura famine">Ruzagayura famine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Revolution" title="Rwandan Revolution">Rwandan Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_Gitarama" title="Coup of Gitarama">Coup of Gitarama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugesera_invasion" title="Bugesera invasion">Bugesera invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War" title="Rwandan Civil War">Rwandan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Initial_events_of_the_Rwandan_genocide" title="Initial events of the Rwandan genocide">Initial events</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Rwanda" title="Geography of Rwanda">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Rwanda" title="List of cities in Rwanda">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Rwanda" title="List of ecoregions in Rwanda">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Rwanda" title="List of lakes of Rwanda">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Rwanda" title="National parks of Rwanda">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Rwanda" title="List of volcanoes in Rwanda">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Rwanda" title="Wildlife of Rwanda">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Rwanda" title="Politics of Rwanda">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Rwanda" title="Constitution of Rwanda">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Rwanda" title="Elections in Rwanda">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Rwanda" title="Foreign relations of Rwanda">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Rwanda" title="Human rights in Rwanda">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Rwanda">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Rwanda" title="Law enforcement in Rwanda">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda_Defence_Force" title="Rwanda Defence Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Rwanda" title="Parliament of Rwanda">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Rwanda)" title="Senate (Rwanda)">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Rwanda)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Rwanda)">Chamber of Deputies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization_in_Rwanda" title="Decentralization in Rwanda">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Rwanda" title="List of political parties in Rwanda">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Rwanda" title="List of presidents of Rwanda">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Rwanda" title="Vice President of Rwanda">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Rwanda" title="Prime Minister of Rwanda">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Rwanda" title="Economy of Rwanda">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Rwanda" title="National Bank of Rwanda">National Bank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_franc" title="Rwandan franc">Franc <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Rwanda" title="Mining in Rwanda">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda_Stock_Exchange" title="Rwanda Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Rwanda" title="Telecommunications in Rwanda">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Rwanda" title="Tourism in Rwanda">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Rwanda" title="Transport in Rwanda">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Rwanda" title="Category:Society of Rwanda">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Rwanda" title="Demographics of Rwanda">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Rwanda" title="Education in Rwanda">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Rwanda" title="Ethnic groups in Rwanda">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality_in_Rwanda" title="Gender equality in Rwanda">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Rwanda" title="Health in Rwanda">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Rwanda" title="Healthcare in Rwanda">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Rwanda" title="Human trafficking in Rwanda">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Rwanda" title="Prostitution in Rwanda">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Rwanda" title="Water supply and sanitation in Rwanda">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Rwanda" title="Culture of Rwanda">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_cuisine" title="Rwandan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Rwanda" title="Flag of Rwanda">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Rwanda" title="Languages of Rwanda">Languages</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Rwanda">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Rwanda" title="Music of Rwanda">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Rwanda" title="Public holidays in Rwanda">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Rwanda" title="Sport in Rwanda">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Rwanda" title="Outline of Rwanda">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Rwanda-related_articles" title="Index of Rwanda-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rwanda" title="Category:Rwanda">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_literature" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_topic" title="Template:African topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_topic" title="Template talk:African topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_literature" title="African literature">African literature</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_literature" title="Algerian literature">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_literature" title="Angolan literature">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beninese_literature" title="Beninese literature">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswanan_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Botswanan literature">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkinab%C3%A9_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Burkinabé literature">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burundian_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burundian literature (page does not exist)">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Cameroonian literature">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Verdean literature">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_African_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central African literature (page does not exist)">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_literature" title="Chadian literature">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comorian_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comorian literature (page does not exist)">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo literature (page does not exist)">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congo_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Republic of the Congo literature (page does not exist)">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Djiboutian literature">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_literature" title="Egyptian literature">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equatoguinean_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Equatoguinean literature (page does not exist)">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_literature" title="Eritrean literature">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swazi_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swazi literature (page does not exist)">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_literature" title="Ethiopian literature">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabonese_literature" title="Gabonese literature">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_literature" title="Gambian literature">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_literature" title="Ghanaian literature">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guinean_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guinean literature (page does not exist)">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bissau-Guinean_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bissau-Guinean literature (page does not exist)">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivorian_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivorian literature (page does not exist)">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_literature" title="Kenyan literature">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesothan_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesothan literature">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberian literature">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_literature" title="Libyan literature">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Malagasy literature">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malawian_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malawian literature (page does not exist)">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_literature" title="Malian literature">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritanian_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mauritanian literature (page does not exist)">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_literature" title="Mauritian literature">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_literature" title="Moroccan literature">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_literature" title="Mozambican literature">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Namibian literature">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nigerien_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nigerien literature (page does not exist)">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_literature" title="Nigerian literature">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Santomean_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Santomean literature (page does not exist)">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_literature" title="Senegalese literature">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seychellois_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seychellois literature (page does not exist)">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Leonean literature">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalian_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalian literature">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_literature" title="South African literature">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudanese_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Sudanese literature (page does not exist)">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_literature" title="Sudanese literature">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_literature" title="Tanzanian literature">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Togolese_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Togolese literature (page does not exist)">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_literature" title="Tunisian literature">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugandan_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ugandan literature (page does not exist)">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambian_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zambian literature (page does not exist)">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_literature" title="Zimbabwean literature">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited<br />recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sahrawi_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sahrawi literature (page does not exist)">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somaliland_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Somaliland literature (page does not exist)">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign territory">territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canarian_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canarian literature (page does not exist)">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceutan_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ceutan literature (page does not exist)">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Melillan_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melillan literature (page does not exist)">Melilla</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plazas de soberanía literature (page does not exist)">Plazas de soberanía</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madeiran_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madeiran literature (page does not exist)">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahoran_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahoran literature (page does not exist)">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9unionese_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Réunionese literature">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helenian_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Helenian literature (page does not exist)">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ascension Island literature (page does not exist)">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tristanian_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tristanian literature (page does not exist)">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table 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